\r\n\tAnimal food additives are products used in animal nutrition for purposes of improving the quality of feed or to improve the animal’s performance and health. Other additives can be used to enhance digestibility or even flavour of feed materials. In addition, feed additives are known which improve the quality of compound feed production; consequently e.g. they improve the quality of the granulated mixed diet.
\r\n
\r\n\tGenerally feed additives could be divided into five groups: \r\n\t1.Technological additives which influence the technological aspects of the diet to improve its handling or hygiene characteristics. \r\n\t2. Sensory additives which improve the palatability of a diet by stimulating appetite, usually through the effect these products have on the flavour or colour. \r\n\t3. Nutritional additives, such additives are specific nutrient(s) required by the animal for optimal production. \r\n\t4.Zootechnical additives which improve the nutrient status of the animal, not by providing specific nutrients, but by enabling more efficient use of the nutrients present in the diet, in other words, it increases the efficiency of production. \r\n\t5. In poultry nutrition: Coccidiostats and Histomonostats which widely used to control intestinal health of poultry through direct effects on the parasitic organism concerned.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe aim of the book is to present the impact of the most important feed additives on the animal production, to demonstrate their mode of action, to show their effect on intermediate metabolism and heath status of livestock and to suggest how to use the different feed additives in animal nutrition to produce high quality and safety animal origin foodstuffs for human consumer.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-404-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-403-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-405-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",keywords:"Technological Feed Additives, Feed Industry, Quality of Compound Feed, Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoter, Product Quality, Additive Enzymes, Digestibility of Nutrients, NSP Enzymes, Farm Animals, Livestock, Immunity, Microbiome",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 10th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Emeritus from the University of Debrecen, Hungary who authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited 3 books. Member of various committees and chairman of the World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.jpg",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus of animal nutrition at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. From 1984 to 1985 he worked at the Agricultural University in Wageningen and in the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition in Lelystad (the Netherlands). He also worked at the Agricultural University of Vienna in the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition (Austria) and in the Oscar Kellner Research Institute in Rostock (Germany). From 1988 to 1992, he worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition (Agricultural University in Wageningen). In 1992 he obtained a PhD degree in animal nutrition from the University of Wageningen.He has authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters). He edited 3 books and 14 international conference proceedings. His total number of citation is 407. \r\nHe is member of various committees e.g.: American Society of Animal Science (ASAS, USA); the editorial board of the Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A- Animal Science (Norway); KRMIVA, Journal of Animal Nutrition (Croatia), Austin Food Sciences (NJ, USA), E-Cronicon Nutrition (UK), SciTz Nutrition and Food Science (DE, USA), Journal of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology (NJ, USA), Current Research in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences (USA). From 2015 he has been appointed chairman of World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).\r\nHis main research areas are related to pig and poultry nutrition: elimination of harmful effects of heat stress by nutrition tools, energy- amino acid metabolism in livestock, relationship between animal nutrition and quality of animal food products (meat).",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"25428",title:"Stability of Peptide in Microarrays: A Challenge for High-Throughput Screening",doi:"10.5772/30309",slug:"stability-of-peptide-in-microarrays-a-challenge-for-high-throughput-screening",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/25428.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25428",totalDownloads:2103,totalViews:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 16th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 4th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/25428",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/25428",book:{slug:"electropolymerization"},signatures:"Marie-Bernadette Villiers, Carine Brakha, Arnaud Buhot, Christophe Marquette and Patrice N. Marche",authors:[{id:"39201",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Marquette",fullName:"Christophe Marquette",slug:"christophe-marquette",email:"christophe.marquette@univ-lyon1.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"45838",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice N.",middleName:"N",surname:"Marche",fullName:"Patrice N. Marche",slug:"patrice-n.-marche",email:"Patrice.Marche@ujf-grenoble.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"81892",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Bernadette",middleName:null,surname:"Villiers",fullName:"Marie-Bernadette Villiers",slug:"marie-bernadette-villiers",email:"Marie-Bernadette.Villiers@ujf-grenoble.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Inserm",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"142128",title:"Dr.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Brakha",fullName:"Carine Brakha",slug:"carine-brakha",email:"carine.brakha@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"142129",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Buhot",fullName:"Arnaud Buhot",slug:"arnaud-buhot",email:"arnaud.buhot@cea.fr",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"607",title:"Electropolymerization",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electropolymerization",slug:"electropolymerization",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Ewa Schab-Balcerzak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/607.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73293",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Schab-Balcerzak",slug:"ewa-schab-balcerzak",fullName:"Ewa Schab-Balcerzak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"25419",title:"Electropolymerization of Polysilanes with Functional Groups",slug:"electropolymerization-of-polysilanes-with-functional-groups",totalDownloads:2708,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lai Chen, Xianfu Li and Jinliang Sun",authors:[{id:"76771",title:"Prof.",name:"Lai",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Lai Chen",slug:"lai-chen"},{id:"120213",title:"Mr.",name:"Xianfu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xianfu Li",slug:"xianfu-li"},{id:"120214",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinliang",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Jinliang Sun",slug:"jinliang-sun"}]},{id:"25420",title:"Electropolymerization of Some Ortho-Substituted Phenol Derivatives on Pt-Electrode from Aqueous Acidic Solution; Kinetics, Mechanism, Electrochemical Studies and Characterization of the Polymer Obtained",slug:"electropolymerization-of-some-ortho-substituted-phenol-derivatives-on-pt-electrode-from-aqueous-acid",totalDownloads:2682,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"S.M. Sayyah, A.B. Khaliel, R.E. Azooz and F. Mohamed",authors:[{id:"99788",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Said",middleName:null,surname:"Sayyah",fullName:"El-Said Sayyah",slug:"el-said-sayyah"},{id:"143697",title:"Dr.",name:"A.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Khaliel",fullName:"A.B. Khaliel",slug:"a.b.-khaliel"},{id:"143698",title:"Dr.",name:"R.E.",middleName:"Ebaid",surname:"Azooz",fullName:"R.E. Azooz",slug:"r.e.-azooz"}]},{id:"25421",title:"Oxidation of Porphyrins in the Presence of Nucleophiles: From the Synthesis of Multisubstituted Porphyrins to the Electropolymerization of the Macrocycles",slug:"oxidation-of-porphyrins-in-the-presence-of-nucleophiles-from-the-synthesis-of-multisubstituted-porph",totalDownloads:2493,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Delphine Schaming, Alain Giraudeau, Laurent Ruhlmann, Clémence Allain, Jian Hao, Yun Xia, Rana Farha, Michel Goldmann, Yann Leroux and Philippe Hapiot",authors:[{id:"76453",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Ruhlmann",fullName:"Laurent Ruhlmann",slug:"laurent-ruhlmann"},{id:"147217",title:"Dr.",name:"Delphine",middleName:null,surname:"Schaming",fullName:"Delphine Schaming",slug:"delphine-schaming"},{id:"147219",title:"Dr.",name:"Clémence",middleName:null,surname:"Allain",fullName:"Clémence Allain",slug:"clemence-allain"},{id:"147220",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Jian",fullName:"Hao Jian",slug:"hao-jian"},{id:"147221",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Jun Xia",slug:"jun-xia"},{id:"147222",title:"Dr.",name:"Rana",middleName:null,surname:"Farha",fullName:"Rana Farha",slug:"rana-farha"},{id:"147223",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Goldmann",fullName:"Michel Goldmann",slug:"michel-goldmann"},{id:"147224",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Leroux",fullName:"Yann Leroux",slug:"yann-leroux"},{id:"147225",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Hapiot",fullName:"Philippe Hapiot",slug:"philippe-hapiot"}]},{id:"25422",title:"Electrochemical Polymerization of Aniline",slug:"electrochemical-polymerization-of-aniline",totalDownloads:10933,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Milica M. Gvozdenović, Branimir Z. Jugović, Jasmina S. Stevanović, Tomislav Lj. Trišović and Branimir N. Grgur",authors:[{id:"73400",title:"Dr.",name:"Milica",middleName:null,surname:"Gvozdenović",fullName:"Milica Gvozdenović",slug:"milica-gvozdenovic"},{id:"78801",title:"Dr.",name:"Branimir",middleName:null,surname:"Jugović",fullName:"Branimir Jugović",slug:"branimir-jugovic"},{id:"78807",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasmina",middleName:null,surname:"Stevanović",fullName:"Jasmina Stevanović",slug:"jasmina-stevanovic"},{id:"120374",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Trišović",fullName:"Tomislav Trišović",slug:"tomislav-trisovic"},{id:"120376",title:"Prof.",name:"Branimir",middleName:null,surname:"Grgur",fullName:"Branimir Grgur",slug:"branimir-grgur"}]},{id:"25423",title:"Electrochemical Preparation and Properties of Novel Conducting Polymers Derived from 5-Amino-2naphtalensulfonic Acid, Luminol and from Mixtures of Them",slug:"electrochemical-preparation-and-properties-of-novel-conducting-polymers-derived-from-5-amino-2naphta",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luz María Torres-Rodríguez,\tMaría Irene López-Cázares, Antonio Montes-Rojas, Olivia Berenice Ramos-Guzmán and Israel Luis Luna-Zavala",authors:[{id:"84548",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Torres Rodríguez",fullName:"Luz Maria Torres Rodríguez",slug:"luz-maria-torres-rodriguez"},{id:"126403",title:"Dr.",name:"Montes Rojas",middleName:null,surname:"Antonio",fullName:"Montes Rojas Antonio",slug:"montes-rojas-antonio"},{id:"126407",title:"Mr.",name:"Luna Zavala",middleName:null,surname:"Israel Luis",fullName:"Luna Zavala Israel Luis",slug:"luna-zavala-israel-luis"},{id:"126409",title:"MSc.",name:"López -Cázares",middleName:null,surname:"Irene",fullName:"López -Cázares Irene",slug:"lopez-cazares-irene"},{id:"126410",title:"Ms.",name:"Ramos Guzman",middleName:null,surname:"Olivia Berenice",fullName:"Ramos Guzman Olivia Berenice",slug:"ramos-guzman-olivia-berenice"}]},{id:"25424",title:"Electrosynthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole in the Presence of 2,5-di-(2-thienyl)-Pyrrole (SNS)",slug:"electrosynthesis-and-characterization-of-polypyrrole-in-the-presence-of-2-5-di-2-thienyl-pyrrole-sns",totalDownloads:2355,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nasser Arsalani, Amir Mohammad Goganian, Gholam Reza Kiani, Mir Ghasem Hosseini and Ali Akbar Entezami",authors:[{id:"32212",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Entezami",fullName:"Ali Akbar Entezami",slug:"ali-akbar-entezami"},{id:"88504",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Arsalani",fullName:"Nasser Arsalani",slug:"nasser-arsalani"},{id:"89806",title:"Mr.",name:"Amir Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Goganian",fullName:"Amir Mohammad Goganian",slug:"amir-mohammad-goganian"},{id:"89807",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholam Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Kiani",fullName:"Gholam Reza Kiani",slug:"gholam-reza-kiani"},{id:"89808",title:"Dr.",name:"Mir Ghasem",middleName:null,surname:"Hosseini",fullName:"Mir Ghasem Hosseini",slug:"mir-ghasem-hosseini"}]},{id:"25425",title:"Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications",slug:"polypyrrole-composites-electrochemical-synthesis-characterizations-and-applications",totalDownloads:9480,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"R. N. Singh, Madhu and R. Awasthi",authors:[{id:"76444",title:"Prof.",name:"R. N.",middleName:"N.",surname:"Singh",fullName:"R. N. Singh",slug:"r.-n.-singh"},{id:"120352",title:null,name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Chemicals",fullName:"Madhu Chemicals",slug:"madhu-chemicals"},{id:"121107",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Awasthi",fullName:"Rahul Awasthi",slug:"rahul-awasthi"}]},{id:"25426",title:"Polypyrrole Soft Actuators",slug:"polypyrrole-soft-actuators",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasushiro Nishioka",authors:[{id:"73543",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nishioka",fullName:"Yasushiro Nishioka",slug:"yasushiro-nishioka"}]},{id:"25427",title:"Electrochemical Sensors Based on Electropolymerized Films",slug:"electrochemical-sensors-based-on-electropolymerized-films",totalDownloads:3543,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Xu Qin, Hu Xiao-Ya and Hao Shi-Rong",authors:[{id:"74407",title:"Prof.",name:"Hu",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao-Ya",fullName:"Hu Xiao-Ya",slug:"hu-xiao-ya"},{id:"74413",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",fullName:"Xu Qin",slug:"xu-qin"},{id:"124152",title:"MSc.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Shi-Rong",fullName:"Hao Shi-Rong",slug:"hao-shi-rong"}]},{id:"25428",title:"Stability of Peptide in Microarrays: A Challenge for High-Throughput Screening",slug:"stability-of-peptide-in-microarrays-a-challenge-for-high-throughput-screening",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marie-Bernadette Villiers, Carine Brakha, Arnaud Buhot, Christophe Marquette and Patrice N. Marche",authors:[{id:"39201",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Marquette",fullName:"Christophe Marquette",slug:"christophe-marquette"},{id:"45838",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice N.",middleName:"N",surname:"Marche",fullName:"Patrice N. Marche",slug:"patrice-n.-marche"},{id:"81892",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Bernadette",middleName:null,surname:"Villiers",fullName:"Marie-Bernadette Villiers",slug:"marie-bernadette-villiers"},{id:"142128",title:"Dr.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Brakha",fullName:"Carine Brakha",slug:"carine-brakha"},{id:"142129",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Buhot",fullName:"Arnaud Buhot",slug:"arnaud-buhot"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"21",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ferroelectrics",bookSignature:"Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/21.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"289832",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrani",surname:"Coondoo",slug:"indrani-coondoo",fullName:"Indrani Coondoo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12488",title:"Principle Operation of 3-D Memory Device based on Piezoacousto Properties of Ferroelectric Films",slug:"principle-operation-and-3-d-architectures-of-universal-memory-device-based-on-piezoacousto-propertie",signatures:"Ju. H. Krieger",authors:[{id:"14174",title:"Dr.",name:"Juri",middleName:null,surname:"Krieger",fullName:"Juri Krieger",slug:"juri-krieger"}]},{id:"12683",title:"Ferroelectric and Multiferroic Tunnel Junctions",slug:"tunneling-electroresistance-and-magnetoresistance-in-ferroelectrics-based-tunneling-junctions",signatures:"Tianyi Cai, Sheng Ju, Jian Wang and Zhen-Ya Li",authors:[null]},{id:"12489",title:"Photoluminescence in Low-Dimensional Oxide Ferroelectric Materials",slug:"photoluminescence-in-low-dimensional-oxide-ferroelectric-materials",signatures:"Dinghua Bao",authors:[{id:"15843",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinghua",middleName:null,surname:"Bao",fullName:"Dinghua Bao",slug:"dinghua-bao"}]},{id:"12490",title:"Optical Properties and Electronic Band Structures of Perovskite-Type Ferroelectric and Conductive Metallic Oxide Films",slug:"optical-properties-and-electronic-band-structures-of-perovskite-type-ferroelectric-and-conductive-me",signatures:"Zhigao Hu, Yawei Li, Wenwu Li, Jiajun Zhu, Min Zhu, Ziqiang Zhu and Junhao Chu",authors:[{id:"15342",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhigao",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Zhigao Hu",slug:"zhigao-hu"},{id:"15584",title:"Dr.",name:"Yawei",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yawei Li",slug:"yawei-li"},{id:"15585",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenwu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wenwu Li",slug:"wenwu-li"},{id:"15586",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Min Zhu",slug:"min-zhu"},{id:"15587",title:"Prof.",name:"Junhao",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"Junhao Chu",slug:"junhao-chu"},{id:"15629",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ziqiang Zhu",slug:"ziqiang-zhu"},{id:"23823",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiajun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Jiajun Zhu",slug:"jiajun-zhu"}]},{id:"12491",title:"Epitaxial SrRuO3 Thin Films Deposited on SrO buffered-Si(001) Substrates for Ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 Thin Films",slug:"the-structural-and-ferroelectric-properties-of-the-epitaxial-thin-films-grown-on-appropriate-buffer-",signatures:"Soon-Gil Yoon",authors:[{id:"15405",title:"Prof.",name:"Soon-Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Soon-Gil Yoon",slug:"soon-gil-yoon"}]},{id:"12492",title:"Electrocaloric Effect (ECE) in Ferroelectric Polymer Films",slug:"electrocaloric-effect-ece-in-ferroelectric-polymer-films",signatures:"S. G. Lu, B. Rozic, Z. Kutnjak and Q. M. Zhang",authors:[null]},{id:"12493",title:"Study on Substitution Effect of Bi4Ti3O12 Ferroelectric Thin Films",slug:"study-on-substitution-effect-of-bi4ti3o12-ferroelectric-thin-films",signatures:"Jianjun Li, Jun Yu and Ping Li",authors:[{id:"14227",title:"Prof.",name:"jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"li",fullName:"jianjun li",slug:"jianjun-li"},{id:"15749",title:"Prof.",name:"jun",middleName:null,surname:"yu",fullName:"jun yu",slug:"jun-yu"},{id:"24225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Ping Li",slug:"ping-li"}]},{id:"12494",title:"Uniaxially Aligned Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Carbon Nanofiber Yarns through Electrospinning of a Precursor",slug:"uniaxially-aligned-poly-p-phenylenevinylene-and-carbon-nanofiber-yarns-through-electrospinning-of-a-",signatures:"Hidenori Okuzaki and Hu Yan",authors:[{id:"13999",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",middleName:null,surname:"Okuzaki",fullName:"Hidenori Okuzaki",slug:"hidenori-okuzaki"},{id:"23875",title:"Dr.",name:"Hu",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Hu Yan",slug:"hu-yan"}]},{id:"12495",title:"Applications of Carbon Materials for Ferroelectric and Related Materials",slug:"carbon-composites-for-applications-as-ferroelectric-related-materials",signatures:"Young-Seak Lee, Euigyung Jeong and Ji Sun Im",authors:[{id:"7212",title:"Prof.",name:"Young-Seak",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Young-Seak Lee",slug:"young-seak-lee"}]},{id:"12496",title:"Dielectric Relaxation Phenomenon in Ferroelectric Perovskite-related Structures",slug:"dielectric-relaxation-phenomenon-in-ferroelectric-perovskite-related-structures",signatures:"Aimé Peláiz-Barranco and José De Los Santos Guerra",authors:[{id:"14679",title:"Dr.",name:"Aimé",middleName:null,surname:"Peláiz-Barranco",fullName:"Aimé Peláiz-Barranco",slug:"aime-pelaiz-barranco"},{id:"14726",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"De Los Santos Guerra",fullName:"José De Los Santos Guerra",slug:"jose-de-los-santos-guerra"}]},{id:"12497",title:"The Ferroelectric-Ferromagnetic Composite Ceramics with High Permittivity and High Permeability in Hyper-Frequency",slug:"the-ferroelectric-ferromagnetic-composite-ceramics-with-high-permittivity-and-high-permeability-in-h",signatures:"Yang Bai",authors:[{id:"14618",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Yang Bai",slug:"yang-bai"}]},{id:"12498",title:"Aging-Induced, Defect-Mediated Double Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loops and Large Recoverable Electrostrains in Mn-Doped Orthorhombic KNbO3-Based Lead-Free Ceramics",slug:"aging-induced-defect-mediated-double-ferroelectric-hysteresis-loops-and-large-recoverable-electrostr",signatures:"Siu Wing Or",authors:[{id:"15767",title:"Prof.",name:"Siu Wing",middleName:null,surname:"Or",fullName:"Siu Wing Or",slug:"siu-wing-or"}]},{id:"12499",title:"Effects of B-Site Donor and Acceptor Doping in Pb-Free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 Ceramics",slug:"doping-effects-in-pb-free-bi0-5na0-5-tio3-ceramics",signatures:"Yeon Soo Sung and Myong Ho Kim",authors:[{id:"16240",title:"Dr.",name:"Myong Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Myong Ho Kim",slug:"myong-ho-kim"},{id:"16246",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeon Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",fullName:"Yeon Soo Sung",slug:"yeon-soo-sung"}]},{id:"12500",title:"Enhanced Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Donor (W6+, Eu3+) Substituted SBT Ferroelectric Ceramics",slug:"enhanced-dielectric-and-ferroelectric-properties-of-donor-w6-eu3-substituted-sbt-ferroelectric-ceram",signatures:"Indrani Coondoo and Neeraj Panwar",authors:[{id:"289832",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrani",middleName:null,surname:"Coondoo",fullName:"Indrani Coondoo",slug:"indrani-coondoo"}]},{id:"12501",title:"Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Ferroelectric Phase Transitions",slug:"non-equilibrium-thermodynamics-of-ferroelectric-phase-transitions",signatures:"Shu-tao Ai",authors:[{id:"13804",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu-Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Shu-Tao Ai",slug:"shu-tao-ai"}]},{id:"12502",title:"Theories and Methods of First Order Ferroelectric Phase Transitions",slug:"theories-and-methods-of-first-order-ferroelectric-phase-transitions",signatures:"Chunlei Wang",authors:[{id:"14521",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunlei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Chunlei Wang",slug:"chunlei-wang"}]},{id:"12503",title:"Electroacoustic Waves in a Ferroelectric Crystal with of a Moving System of Domain Walls",slug:"electroacoustic-waves-in-a-ferroelectric-crystal-with-of-a-moving-system-of-domain-walls",signatures:"Evgeniy Vilkov and Sergey Maryshev",authors:[{id:"14628",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeniy",middleName:null,surname:"Vilkov",fullName:"Evgeniy Vilkov",slug:"evgeniy-vilkov"},{id:"14760",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Maryshev",fullName:"Sergey Maryshev",slug:"sergey-maryshev"}]},{id:"12504",title:"Ferroelectric Optics: Optical Bistability in Nonlinear Kerr Ferroelectric Materials",slug:"ferroelectric-optics-optical-bistability-in-nonlinear-kerr-ferroelectric-materials-",signatures:"Abdel-baset Ibrahim, Mohd Kamil Abd Rahman and Junaidah Osman",authors:[{id:"13792",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Baset",middleName:"M. A.",surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Abdel-Baset Ibrahim",slug:"abdel-baset-ibrahim"},{id:"14762",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Kamil",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Rahman",fullName:"Mohd Kamil Abd Rahman",slug:"mohd-kamil-abd-rahman"},{id:"23902",title:"Dr.",name:"Junaidah",middleName:null,surname:"Osman",fullName:"Junaidah Osman",slug:"junaidah-osman"}]},{id:"12505",title:"Nonlinear Conversion Enhancement for Efficient Piezoelectric Electrical Generators",slug:"nonlinear-conversion-enhancement-for-efficient-piezoelectric-electrical-generators",signatures:"Daniel Guyomar and Mickaël Lallart",authors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",middleName:null,surname:"Lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart"},{id:"10042",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Jean",surname:"Guyomar",fullName:"Daniel Guyomar",slug:"daniel-guyomar"}]},{id:"12506",title:"Quantum Chemical Investigations of Structural Parameters of PVDF-based Organic Ferroelectric Materials",slug:"quantum-chemical-investigations-of-structural-parameters-of-pvdf-based-organic-ferroelectric-materia",signatures:"Ortiz Elba, Cuan Angeles, NoreÑa Luis, Cortes- Romero Carlos and Wang Qing",authors:[{id:"14607",title:"Dr.",name:"Elba",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Elba Ortiz",slug:"elba-ortiz"},{id:"15561",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Cuan",fullName:"Angeles Cuan",slug:"angeles-cuan"},{id:"15562",title:"Dr.",name:"Noreña",middleName:null,surname:"Luis",fullName:"Noreña Luis",slug:"norena-luis"},{id:"15563",title:"Dr.",name:"Cortes- Romero",middleName:null,surname:"Carlos",fullName:"Cortes- Romero Carlos",slug:"cortes-romero-carlos"},{id:"15564",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qing Wang",slug:"qing-wang"}]},{id:"12507",title:"An Exact Impedance Control of DC Motors Using Casimir Functions",slug:"an-exact-impedance-control-for-dc-motor-using-casimir-functions",signatures:"Satoru Sakai",authors:[{id:"13709",title:"Prof.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Satoru Sakai",slug:"satoru-sakai"}]},{id:"12508",title:"Stabilization of Networked Control Systems with Input Saturation",slug:"stabilization-of-networked-control-systems-with-input-saturation",signatures:"PooGyeon Park and Sung Hyun Kim",authors:[{id:"7092",title:"Dr.",name:"Sung Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sung Hyun Kim",slug:"sung-hyun-kim"},{id:"14243",title:"Prof.",name:"PooGyeon",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"PooGyeon Park",slug:"poogyeon-park"}]},{id:"12509",title:"Robust Sampled-Data Control Design of Uncertain Fuzzy Systems with Discrete and Distributed Delays",slug:"robust-sampled-data-control-design-of-uncertain-fuzzy-systems-with-discrete-and-distributed-delays",signatures:"Yuzu Uchida, Makoto Nishigaki and Jun Yoneyama",authors:[{id:"6944",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Yoneyama",fullName:"Jun Yoneyama",slug:"jun-yoneyama"},{id:"15518",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuzu",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Yuzu Uchida",slug:"yuzu-uchida"},{id:"15519",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Nishigaki",fullName:"Makoto Nishigaki",slug:"makoto-nishigaki"}]},{id:"12510",title:"Numerical Solution of a System of Polynomial Parametric Form Fuzzy Linear Equations",slug:"numerical-solution-of-a-system-of-polynomial-parametric-form-fuzzy-linear-equations",signatures:"Majid Amirfakhrian",authors:[{id:"13687",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Amirfakhrian",fullName:"Majid Amirfakhrian",slug:"majid-amirfakhrian"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70192",title:"Stability Constants of Metal Complexes in Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90183",slug:"stability-constants-of-metal-complexes-in-solution",body:'
1. Introduction
Stability constant of the formation of metal complexes is used to measure interaction strength of reagents. From this process, metal ion and ligand interaction formed the two types of metal complexes; one is supramolecular complexes known as host-guest complexes [1] and the other is anion-containing complexes. In the solution it provides and calculates the required information about the concentration of metal complexes.
Solubility, light, absorption conductance, partitioning behavior, conductance, and chemical reactivity are the complex characteristics which are different from their components. It is determined by various numerical and graphical methods which calculate the equilibrium constants. This is based on or related to a quantity, and this is called the complex formation function.
During the displacement process at the time of metal complex formation, some ions disappear and form a bonding between metal ions and ligands. It may be considered due to displacement of a proton from a ligand species or ions or molecules causing a drop in the pH values of the solution [2]. Irving and Rossotti developed a technique for the calculation of stability constant, and it is called potentiometric technique.
To determine the stability constant, Bjerrum has used a very simple method, and that is metal salt solubility method. For the studies of a larger different variety of polycarboxylic acid-, oxime-, phenol-containing metal complexes, Martel and Calvin used the potentiometric technique for calculating the stability constant. Those ligands [3, 4] which are uncharged are also examined, and their stability constant calculations are determined by the limitations inherent in the ligand solubility method. The limitations of the metal salt solubility method and the result of solubility methods are compared with this. M-L, MLM, and (M3) L are some types of examples of metal-ligand bonding. One thing is common, and that is these entire types metal complexes all have one ligand.
The solubility method can only usefully be applied to studies of such complexes, and it is best applied for ML; in such types of system, only ML is formed. Jacqueline Gonzalez and his co-worker propose to explore the coordination chemistry of calcium complexes. Jacqueline and et al. followed this technique for evaluate the as partial model of the manganese-calcium cluster and spectrophotometric studies of metal complexes, i.e., they were carried calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile and calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine by them.
Spectrophotometric programming of HypSpec and received data allows the determination of the formation of solubility constants. The logarithmic values, log β110 = 5.25 for calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine, log β110 = 4.072 for calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine, and log β110 = 4.69 for calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, are obtained for the formation constants [5]. The structure of Cimetidine and histamine H2-receptor is a chelating agent. Syed Ahmad Tirmizi has examined Ni(II) cimetidine complex spectrophotometrically and found an absorption peak maximum of 622 nm with respect to different temperatures.
Syed Ahmad Tirmizi have been used to taken 1:2 ratio of metal and cimetidine compound for the formation of metal complex and this satisfied by molar ratio data. The data, 1.40–2.4 × 108, was calculated using the continuous variation method and stability constant at room temperature, and by using the mole ratio method, this value at 40°C was 1.24–2.4 × 108. In the formation of lead(II) metal complexes with 1-(aminomethyl) cyclohexene, Thanavelan et al. found the formation of their binary and ternary complexes. Glycine, l-proline, l-alanine, l-isoleucine, l-valine, and l-leucine are α-amino acids, and these are important biologically [6]. These α-amino acids are also investigated by potentiometric technique at 32°C. The mixed ligands were also studied using these methods. 50% (v/v) DMSO-water medium used for the determination of acidity constants and their stability constants these type ligands. In a stepwise manner, the ternary complexes were synthesized.
Using the stability constant method, these ternary complexes were found out, and using the parameters such as Δ log K and log X, these ternary complex data were compared with binary complex. The potentiometric technique at room temperature (25°C) was used in the investigation of some binary complex formations by Abdelatty Mohamed Radalla. These binary complexes are formed with 3D transition metal ions like Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ and gallic acid’s importance as a ligand and 0.10 mol dm−3 of NaNO3. Such types of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are very important biologically. Many acid-base characters and the nature of using metal complexes have been investigated and discussed time to time by researchers [7].
The above acids (gallic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid) were taken to determine the acidity constants. For the purpose of determining the stability constant, binary and ternary complexes were carried in the aqueous medium using the experimental conditions as stated above. The potentiometric pH-metric titration curves are inferred for the binary complexes and ternary complexes at different ratios, and formation of ternary metal complex formation was in a stepwise manner that provided an easy way to calculate stability constants for the formation of metal complexes.
The values of Δ log K, percentage of relative stabilization (% R. S.), and log X were evaluated and discussed. Now it provides the outline about the various complex species for the formation of different solvents, and using the concentration distribution, these complexes were evaluated and discussed. The conductivity measurements have ascertained for the mode of ternary chelating complexes.
A study by Kathrina and Pekar suggests that pH plays an important role in the formation of metal complexes. When epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid combine with copper(II) to form metal complexes, the pH changes its speculation. We have been able to determine its pH in frozen and fluid state with the help of multifrequency EPR spectroscopy [8]. With the help of this spectroscopy, it is able to detect that each polyphenol exhibits the formation of three different mononuclear species. If the pH ranges 4–8 for di- or polymeric complex of Cu(II), then it conjectures such metal complexes. It is only at alkaline pH values.
The line width in fluid solutions by molecular motion exhibits an incomplete average of the parameters of anisotropy spin Hamilton. If the complexes are different, then their rotational correlation times for this also vary. The analysis of the LyCEP anisotropy of the fluid solution spectra is performed using the parameters determined by the simulation of the rigid boundary spectra. Its result suggests that pH increases its value by affecting its molecular mass. It is a polyphenol ligand complex with copper, showing the coordination of an increasing number of its molecules or increasing participation of polyphenol dimers used as ligands in the copper coordination region.
The study by Vishenkova and his co-worker [8] provides the investigation of electrochemical properties of triphenylmethane dyes using a voltammetric method with constant-current potential sweep. Malachite green (MG) and basic fuchsin (BF) have been chosen as representatives of the triphenylmethane dyes [9]. The electrochemical behavior of MG and BF on the surface of a mercury film electrode depending on pH, the nature of background electrolyte, and scan rate of potential sweep has been investigated.
Using a voltammetric method with a constant-current potential sweep examines the electrical properties of triphenylmethane dye. In order to find out the solution of MG and BF, certain registration conditions have been prescribed for it, which have proved to be quite useful. The reduction peak for the currents of MG and BF has demonstrated that it increases linearly with respect to their concentration as 9.0 × 10−5–7.0 × 10−3 mol/dm3 for MG and 6.0 × 10−5–8.0 × 10−3 mol/dm3 for BF and correlation coefficients of these values are 0.9987 for MG and 0.9961 for BF [10].
5.0 × 10−5 and 2.0 × 10−5 mol/dm3 are the values used as the detection limit of MG and BF, respectively. Stability constants are a very useful technique whose size is huge. Due to its usefulness, it has acquired an umbrella right in the fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine. No science subject is untouched by this. Stability constants of metal complexes are widely used in the various areas like pharmaceuticals as well as biological processes, separation techniques, analytical processes, etc. In the presented chapter, we have tried to explain this in detail by focusing our attention on the applications and solutions of stability of metal complexes in solution.
2. Stability constant of metal complexes
Stability or formation or binding constant is the type of equilibrium constant used for the formation of metal complexes in the solution. Acutely, stability constant is applicable to measure the strength of interactions between the ligands and metal ions that are involved in complex formation in the solution [11]. A generally these 1-4 equations are expressed as the following ways:
Metal+Ligand⇆Metal−LigandK1=MLMLE1
Metal+Ligands⇆Metal+Ligand2K2=ML2MLLE2
Metal+Ligand3⇆Metal+Ligand3K3=ML3ML2LE3
Thus
Metal+Ligandn−1+L⇆Metal+Ligand−nKn=MLnMLn−1LE4
K1, K2, K3, … Kn are the equilibrium constants and these are also called stepwise stability constants. The formation of the metal-ligand-n complex may also be expressed as equilibrium constants by the following steps:
Metal+Ligand→B1Metal−Ligand,β=MLMLE5
Metal+2Ligand→B2Metal−Ligand2,β2=ML2ML2E6
Thus Metal+nLigand→BnMetal−ligandLn,βn=MLnMLnE7
β1, β2, β3, … βn are the equilibrium constants, and these equilibrium constants are known as overall stability constants or overall formation. βn is called as the nth cumulative or overall formation constant [12]. Any metal complexes will be of greater stability if its stability constant has the higher value. Sometimes the 1/k values are alternative values of stability constant, and now this is called as instability constant. Log10K1, log10K2 … log10Kn, and log10βn are the ways that expressed the stepwise and cumulative stability constants.
3. Relationship or interaction between βn and K1, K2, K3, … Kn
The parameters K and β are related together, and these are expressed in the following example:
β3=ML3ML3E8
Now the numerator and denominator are multiplied together with the use of [metal-ligand] [metal-ligand2], and after the rearranging we get the following equation:
From the above relation, it is clear that the overall stability constant βn is equal to the product of the successive (i.e., stepwise) stability constants, K1, K2, K3,…Kn. This in other words means that the value of stability constants for a given complex is actually made up of a number of stepwise stability constants. The term stability is used without qualification to mean that the complex exists under a suitable condition and that it is possible to store the complex for an appreciable amount of time. The term stability is commonly used because coordination compounds are stable in one reagent but dissociate or dissolve in the presence of another regent. It is also possible that the term stability can be referred as an action of heat or light or compound. The stability of complex [13] is expressed qualitatively in terms of thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability.
3.1 Thermodynamic stability
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is a state in which the concentration of reactants and products does not change over time. Often this condition occurs when the speed of forward reaction becomes the same as the speed of reverse reaction. It is worth noting that the velocities of the forward and backward reaction are not zero at this stage but are equal.
If hydrogen and iodine are kept together in molecular proportions in a closed process vessel at high temperature (500°C), the following action begins:
H2+I2→2HIE12
In this activity, hydrogen iodide is formed by combining hydrogen and iodine, and the amount of hydrogen iodide increases with time. In contrast to this action, if the pure hydrogen iodide gas is heated to 500°C in the reaction, the compound is dissolved by reverse action, which causes hydrogen iodide to dissolve into hydrogen and iodine, and the ratio of these products increases over time. This is expressed in the following reaction:
2HI→H2+I2E13
For the formation of metal chelates, the thermodynamic technique provides a very significant information. Thermodynamics is a very useful technique in distinguishing between enthalpic effects and entropic effects. The bond strengths are totally effected by enthalpic effect, and this does not make any difference in the whole solution in order/disorder. Based on thermodynamics the chelate effect below can be best explained. The change of standard Gibbs free energy for equilibrium constant is response:
ΔG=−2.303RTlog10β.E14
Where:
R = gas constant
T = absolute temperature
At 25°C,
ΔG = (− 5.708 kJ mol−1) · log β.
The enthalpy term creates free energy, i.e.,
ΔG=ΔH–TΔSE15
For metal complexes, thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability are two interpretations of the stability constant in the solution. If reaction moves from reactants to products, it refers to a change in its energy as shown in the above equation. But for the reactivity, kinetic stability is responsible for this system, and this refers to ligand species [14].
Stable and unstable are thermodynamic terms, while labile and inert are kinetic terms. As a rule of thumb, those complexes which react completely within about 1 minute at 25°C are considered labile, and those complexes which take longer time than this to react are considered inert. [Ni(CN)4]2− is thermodynamically stable but kinetically inert because it rapidly exchanges ligands.
The metal complexes [Co(NH3)6]3+ and such types of other complexes are kinetically inert, but these are thermodynamically unstable. We may expect the complex to decompose in the presence of acid immediately because the complex is thermodynamically unstable. The rate is of the order of 1025 for the decomposition in acidic solution. Hence, it is thermodynamically unstable. However, nothing happens to the complex when it is kept in acidic solution for several days. While considering the stability of a complex, always the condition must be specified. Under what condition, the complex which is stable or unstable must be specified such as acidic and also basic condition, temperature, reactant, etc.
A complex may be stable with respect to a particular condition but with respect to another. In brief, a stable complex need not be inert and similarly, and an unstable complex need not be labile. It is the measure of extent of formation or transformation of complex under a given set of conditions at equilibrium [15].
Thermodynamic stability has an important role in determining the bond strength between metal ligands. Some complexes are stable, but as soon as they are introduced into aqueous solution, it is seen that these complexes have an effect on stability and fall apart. For an example, we take the [Co (SCN)4]2+ complex. The ion bond of this complex is very weak and breaks down quickly to form other compounds. But when [Fe(CN)6]3− is dissolved in water, it does not test Fe3+ by any sensitive reagent, which shows that this complex is more stable in aqueous solution. So it is indicated that thermodynamic stability deals with metal-ligand bond energy, stability constant, and other thermodynamic parameters.
This example also suggests that thermodynamic stability refers to the stability and instability of complexes. The measurement of the extent to which one type of species is converted to another species can be determined by thermodynamic stability until equilibrium is achieved. For example, tetracyanonickelate is a thermodynamically stable and kinetic labile complex. But the example of hexa-amine cobalt(III) cation is just the opposite:
CoNH363++6H3O+→CoH2O63++6NH4+E16
Thermodynamics is used to express the difference between stability and inertia. For the stable complex, large positive free energies have been obtained from ΔG0 reaction. The ΔH0, standard enthalpy change for this reaction, is related to the equilibrium constant, βn, by the well thermodynamic equation:
ΔG0=−RTlnβE17
ΔG0=ΔH0−TΔS0E18
For similar complexes of various ions of the same charge of a particular transition series and particular ligand, ΔS0 values would not differ substantially, and hence a change in ΔH0 value would be related to change in βn values. So the order of values of ΔH0 is also the order of the βn value.
3.2 Kinetic stability
Kinetic stability is referred to the rate of reaction between the metal ions and ligand proceeds at equilibrium or used for the formation of metal complexes. To take a decision for kinetic stability of any complexes, time is a factor which plays an important role for this. It deals between the rate of reaction and what is the mechanism of this metal complex reaction.
As we discuss above in thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability is referred for the complexes at which complex is inert or labile. The term “inert” was used by Tube for the thermally stable complex and for reactive complexes the term ‘labile’ used [16]. The naturally occurring chlorophyll is the example of polydentate ligand. This complex is extremely inert due to exchange of Mg2+ ion in the aqueous media.
4. Factors affecting the stability of complexes
The nature of central atom of metal complexes, dimension, its degree of oxidation, electronic structure of these complexes, and so many other properties of complexes are affected by the stability constant. Some of the following factors described are as follows.
4.1 Nature of central metal ion
In the coordination chemistry, metal complexes are formed by the interaction between metal ions and ligands. For these type of compounds, metal ions are the coordination center, and the ligand or complexing agents are oriented surrounding it. These metal ions mostly are the transition elements. For the determination of stability constant, some important characteristics of these metal complexes may be as given below.
4.2 Ionic size
Ligands are oriented around the central metal ions in the metal complexes. The sizes of these metal ions determine the number of ligand species that will be attached or ordinated (dative covalent) in the bond formation. If the sizes of these metal ions are increased, the stability of coordination compound defiantly decreased. Zn(II) metal ions are the central atoms in their complexes, and due to their lower size (0.74A°) as compared to Cd(II) size (0.97A°), metal ions are formed more stable.
Hence, Al3+ ion has the greatest nuclear charge, but its size is the smallest, and the ion N3− has the smallest nuclear charge, and its size is the largest [17]. Inert atoms like neon do not participate in the formation of the covalent or ionic compound, and these atoms are not included in isoelectronic series; hence, it is not easy to measure the radius of this type of atoms.
4.3 Ionic charge
The properties of stability depend on the size of the metal ion used in the complexes and the total charge thereon. If the size of these metal ions is small and the total charge is high, then their complexes will be more stable. That is, their ratio will depend on the charge/radius. This can be demonstrated through the following reaction:
Fe3++6CN−⇆FeCN63−logβ=31More StableE19
Fe2++6CN−⇆FeCN64−logβ=8.3Less StableE20
An ionic charge is the electric charge of an ion which is formed by the gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons from an atom or group of atoms. If we talk about the stability of the coordination compounds, we find that the total charge of their central metal ions affects their stability, so when we change their charge, their stability in a range of constant can be determined by propagating of error [18]. If the charge of the central metal ion is high and the size is small, the stability of the compound is high:
Li+>Na+>K+>Rb+>Cs+E21
Th4+>Y3+>Ca2+>Na+andLa3+>Sr2+>K+E22
In general, the most stable coordination bonds can cause smaller and highly charged rations to form more stable coordination compounds.
4.4 Electronegativity
When an electron pair attracts a central ion toward itself, a strong stability complex is formed, and this is due to electron donation from ligand → metal ion. This donation process is increasing the bond stability of metal complexes exerted the polarizing effect on certain metal ions. Li+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, etc. are such type of metal cation which is not able to attract so strongly from a highly electronegative containing stable complexes, and these atoms are O, N, F, Au, Hg, Ag, Pd, Pt, and Pb. Such type of ligands that contains P, S, As, Br and I atom are formed stable complex because these accepts electron from M → π-bonding. Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Bi3+ metal ions are also electronegative ions which form insoluble salts of metal sulfide which are insoluble in aqueous medium.
4.5 Temperature and pressure
Volatile ligands may be lost at higher temperature. This is exemplified by the loss of water by hydrates and ammonia:
CoNH36Cl3∆175−180°C→CoNH35ClCl2+NH3E23
The transformation of certain coordination compounds from one to another is shown as follows:
AgHgAgI4red45°C⇆Ag2HgI4yellowE24
4.6 Ligand nature
A ligand is an ion or small molecule that binds to a metal atom (in chemistry) or to a biomolecule (in biochemistry) to form a complex, such as the iron-cyanide coordination complex Prussian blue or the iron-containing blood-protein hemoglobin. The ligands are arranged in spectrochemical series which are based on the order of their field strength. It is not possible to form the entire series by studying complexes with a single metal ion; the series has been developed by overlapping different sequences obtained from spectroscopic studies [19]. The order of common ligands according to their increasing ligand field strength is
The above spectrochemical series help us to for determination of strength of ligands. The left last ligand is as weaker ligand. These weaker ligand cannot forcible binding the 3d electron and resultant outer octahedral complexes formed. It is as-Mn2+<Ni2+<Co2+<Fe2+<V2+<Fe3+<Cr3+<V3+<Co3+. For the given ligand, it is not possible to say about the exerted strong or weaker field on the central metal ion. The values of Δ are observed as:
Increasing the oxidation number the value of Δ increased.
Δ increases from top to bottom.
However, when we consider the metal ion, the following two useful trends are observed:
Δ increases with increasing oxidation number.
Δ increases down a group. For the determination of stability constant, the nature of the ligand plays an important role.
The following factors described the nature of ligands.
4.7 Size and charge
The size and charge are two factors that affect the production of metal complexes. The less charges and small sizes of ligands are more favorable for less stable bond formation with metal and ligand. But if this condition just opposite the product of metal and ligand will be a more stable compound. So, less nuclear charge and more size= less stable complex whereas if more nuclear charge and small in size= less stable complex. We take fluoride as an example because due to their smaller size than other halide and their highest electro negativity than the other halides formed more stable complexes. So, fluoride ion complexes are more stable than the other halides:
FeF2+logβ=6.0E26
FeCl2+logβ=1.3E27
As compared to S2− ion, O22− ions formed more stable complexes.
4.8 Basic character
It is suggested by Calvin and Wilson that the metal complexes will be more stable if the basic character or strength of ligands is higher. It means that the donating power of ligands to central metal ions is high [20].
It means that the donating power of ligands to central metal ions is high. In the case of complex formation of aliphatic diamines and aromatic diamines, the stable complex is formed by aliphatic diamines, while an unstable coordination complex is formed with aromatic diamines. So, from the above discussion, we find that the stability will be grater if the e-donation power is greater.
Thus it is clear that greater basic power of electron-donating species will form always a stable complex. NH3, CN−, and F− behaved as ligands and formed stable complexes; on the other hand, these are more basic in nature.
4.9 Ligand concentration
We know that if the concentration of coordination group is higher, these coordination compounds will exist in the water as solution. It is noted that greater coordinating tendency show the water molecules than the coordinating group which is originally present. SCN− (thiocynate) ions are present in higher concentration; with the Co2+ metal ion, it formed a blue-colored complex which is stable in state, but on dilution of water medium, a pink color is generated in place of blue, or blue color complex is destroyed by [Co(H2O)6]2+, and now if we added further SCN−, the pink color will not appear:
CoSCN42−+H2O⇆CoH2O62++4SCN−BluePinkE28
Now it is clear that H2O and SCN− are in competition for the formation of Co(II) metal-containing complex compound. In the case of tetra-amine cupric sulfate metal complex, ammonia acts as a donor atom or ligand. If the concentration of NH3 is lower in the reaction, copper hydroxide is formed but at higher concentration formed tetra-amine cupric sulfate as in the following reaction:
CuSO4+NH4OH→CuOH2Small quantity of ligandE29
CuSO4+NH4OH→CuOH2CuNH42SO4.H2OHigh concentration of ligandE30
4.10 Chelating effect
For a metal ion, chelating ligand is enhanced and affinity it and this is known as chelate effect and compared it with non-chelating and monodentate ligand or the multidentate ligand is acts as chelating agent. Ethylenediamine is a simple chelating agent (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Structure of ethylenediamine.
Due to the bidentate nature of ethylenediamine, it forms two bonds with metal ion or central atom. Water forms a complex with Ni(II) metal ion, but due to its monodentate nature, it is not a chelating ligand (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 2.
Structure of chelating configuration of ethylenediamine ligand.
Figure 3.
Structure of chelate with three ethylenediamine ligands.
The dentate cheater of ligand provides bonding strength to the metal ion or central atom, and as the number of dentate increased, the tightness also increased. This phenomenon is known as chelating effect, whereas the formation of metal complexes with these chelating ligands is called chelation:
Metal+2Ligand↔MetalLigand2K=ML2ML2E31
Metal+Ligand–Ligand↔MetalLigand−LigandE32
or
E33
Some factors are of much importance for chelation as follows.
4.11 Ring size
The sizes of the chelating ring are increased as well as the stability of metal complex decreased. According to Schwarzenbach, connecting bridges form the chelating rings. The elongated ring predominates when long bridges connect to the ligand to form a long ring. It is usually observed that an increased a chelate ring size leads to a decrease in complex stability.
He interpreted this statement. The entropy of complex will be change if the size of chelating ring is increased, i.e., second donor atom is allowed by the chelating ring. As the size of chelating ring increased, the stability should be increased with entropy effect. Four-membered ring compounds are unstable, whereas five-membered are more stable. So the chelating ring increased its size and the stability of the formed metal complexes.
4.12 Number of rings
The number of chelating rings also decides the stability of complexes. Non-chelating metal compounds are less stable than chelating compounds. These numbers increase the thermodynamic volume, and this is also known as an entropy term. In recent years ligands capable of occupying as many as six coordination positions on a single metal ion have been described. The studies on the formation constants of coordination compounds with these ligands have been reported. The numbers of ligand or chelating agents are affecting the stability of metal complexes so as these numbers go up and down, the stability will also vary with it.
For the Ni(II) complexes with ethylenediamine as chelating agent, its log K1 value is 7.9 and if chelating agents are trine and penten, then the log K1 values are 7.9 and 19.3, respectively. If the metal ion change Zn is used in place of Ni (II), then the values of log K1 for ethylenediamine, trine, and penten are 6.0, 12.1, and 16.2, respectively. The log βMY values of metal ions are given in Table 1.
Metal ion
log βMY (25°C, I = 0.1 M)
Ca2+
11.2
Cu2+
19.8
Fe3+
24.9
Table 1.
Metal ion vs. log βMY values.
Ni(NH3)62+ is an octahedral metal complex, and at 25 °C its log β6 value is 8.3, but Ni(ethylenediamine)32+ complex is also octahedral in geometry, with 18.4 as the value of log β6. The calculated stability value of Ni(ethylenediamine)32+ 1010 times is more stable because three rings are formed as chelating rings by ethylenediamine as compared to no such ring is formed. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is a hexadentate ligand that usually formed stable metal complexes due to its chelating power.
4.13 Steric effect
A special effect in molecules is when the atoms occupy space. This is called steric effect. Energy is needed to bring these atoms closer to each other. These electrons run away from near atoms. There can be many ways of generating it. We know the repulsion between valence electrons as the steric effect which increases the energy of the current system [21]. Favorable or unfavorable any response is created.
For example, if the static effect is greater than that of a product in a metal complex formation process, then the static increase would favor this reaction. But if the case is opposite, the skepticism will be toward retardation.
This effect will mainly depend on the conformational states, and the minimum steric interaction theory can also be considered. The effect of secondary steric is seen on receptor binding produced by an alternative such as:
Reduced access to a critical group.
Stick barrier.
Electronic resonance substitution bond by repulsion.
Population of a conformer changes due to active shielding effect.
4.14 Macrocyclic effect
The macrocyclic effect is exactly like the image of the chelate effect. It means the principle of both is the same. But the macrocyclic effect suggests cyclic deformation of the ligand. Macrocyclic ligands are more tainted than chelating agents. Rather, their compounds are more stable due to their cyclically constrained constriction. It requires some entropy in the body to react with the metal ion. For example, for a tetradentate cyclic ligand, we can use heme-B which forms a metal complex using Fe+2 ions in biological systems (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Structure of hemoglobin is the biological complex compound which contains Fe(II) metal ion.
The n-dentate chelating agents play an important role for the formation of more stable metal complexes as compared to n-unidentate ligands. But the n-dentate macrocyclic ligand gives more stable environment in the metal complexes as compared to open-chain ligands. This change is very favorable for entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) change.
5. Determination of stability constants of complexes in solution
There are so many parameters to determination of formation constants or stability constant in solution for all types of chelating agents. These numerous parameters or techniques are refractive index, conductance, temperature, distribution coefficients, refractive index, nuclear magnetic resonance volume changes, and optical activity.
5.1 Methods based on study of heterogeneous equilibrium
5.1.1 Solubility methods
Solubility products are helpful and used for the insoluble salt that metal ions formed and complexes which are also formed by metal ions and are more soluble. The formation constant is observed in presence of donor atoms by measuring increased solubility.
5.1.2 Distribution method
To determine the solubility constant, it involves the distribution of the ligands or any complex species; metal ions are present in two immiscible solvents like water and carbon tetrachloride, benzene, etc.
5.1.3 Ion exchange method
In this method metal ions or ligands are present in solution and on exchanger. A solid polymers containing with positive and negative ions are ion exchange resins. These are insoluble in nature. This technique is helpful to determine the metal ions in resin phase, liquid phase, or even in radioactive metal. This method is also helpful to determine the polarizing effect of metal ions on the stability of ligands like Cu(II) and Zn(II) with amino acid complex formation.
5.1.4 Electrometric techniques
At the equilibrium free metal and ions are present in the solution, and using the different electrometric techniques as described determines its stability constant.
5.1.5 Potentiometric methods
This method is based upon the titration method or follows its principle. A stranded acid-base solution used as titrate and which is titrated, it may be strong base or strong acid follows as potentiometrically. The concentration of solution using 103− M does not decomposed during the reaction process, and this method is useful for protonated and nonprotonated ligands.
5.1.6 Polarographic method
This is the graphic method used to determine the stability constant in producing metal complex formation by plotting a polarograph between the absences of substances and the presence of substances. During the complex formation, the presence of metal ions produced a shift in the half-wave potential in the solution.
5.2 Other methods
5.2.1 Rate method
If a complex is relatively slow to form and also decomposes at measurable rate, it is possible, in favorable situations, to determine the equilibrium constant.
5.2.2 Freezing technique
This involves the study of the equilibrium constant of slow complex formation reactions. The use of tracer technique is extremely useful for determining the concentrations of dissociation products of the coordination compound.
5.2.3 Biological method
This method is based on the study of the effect of an equilibrium concentration of some ions on the function at a definite organ of a living organism. The equilibrium concentration of the ion studied may be determined by the action of this organ in systems with complex formation.
5.2.4 Spectrophotometric method
The solution of 25 ml is adopted by preparing at the 1.0 × 10−5 M ligand or 1.0 × 10−5 M concentration and 1.0 × 10−5 M for the metal ion:
The solutions containing the metal ions were considered both at a pH sufficiently high to give almost complete complexation and at a pH value selected in order to obtain an equilibrium system of ligand and complexes.
In order to avoid modification of the spectral behavior of the ligand due to pH variations, it has been verified that the range of pH considered in all cases does not affect absorbance values. Use the collected pH values adopted for the determinations as well as selected wavelengths. The ionic strengths calculated from the composition of solutions allowed activity coefficient corrections. Absorbance values were determined at wavelengths in the range 430–700 nm, every 2 nm.
5.2.5 Bjerrum’s method
For a successive metal complex formation, use this method. If ligand is protonate and the produced complex has maximum number of donate atoms of ligands, a selective light is absorbed by this complex, while for determination of stability constant, it is just known about the composition of formed species.
Bjerrum (1941) used the method stepwise addition of the ligands to coordination sphere for the formation of complex. So, complex metal–ligand-n forms as the following steps [22]. The equilibrium constants, K1, K2, K3, … Kn are called stepwise stability constants. The formation of the complex metal-ligandn may also be expressed by the following steps and equilibrium constants.
Where:
M = central metal cation
L = monodentate ligand
N = maximum coordination number for the metal ion M for the ligand
If a complex ion is slow to reach equilibrium, it is often possible to apply the method of isotopic dilution to determine the equilibrium concentration of one or more of the species. Most often radioactive isotopes are used.
5.2.7 Conductance measurement method
This method was extensively used by Werner and others to study metal complexes. In the case of a series of complexes of Co(III) and Pt(IV), Werner assigned the correct formulae on the basis of their molar conductance values measured in freshly prepared dilute solutions. In some cases, the conductance of the solution increased with time due to a chemical change, e.g.,
CoNH34Br2++2H2OCoNH34H2O23++2Br−E38
6. Conclusion
It is concluded that the information presented is very important to determine the stability constant of the ligand metal complexes. Some methods like spectrophotometric method, Bjerrum’s method, distribution method, ion exchange method, electrometric techniques, and potentiometric method have a huge contribution in quantitative analysis by easily finding the stability constants of metal complexes in aqueous solutions.
Acknowledgments
All the authors thank the Library of University of Delhi for reference books, journals, etc. which helped us a lot in reviewing the chapter.
\n',keywords:"thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability, chelate effect, distribution method, ion exchange method, Bjerrum’s method",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70192.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/70192.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70192",totalDownloads:1259,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 10th 2019",dateReviewed:"October 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 25th 2019",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"In the formation of metal complexes in an aqueous medium, equilibrium constant or stability constant is used to determine the strength of interaction between reagents that make the final product after the formation of bonds. In general stability means that a complex may be stored for a long time under suitable conditions or this compound may be existing under suitable conditions. Regarding how much is the concentration of complexes in solution, stability constant provides this information via calculations. These calculations are very much important in many areas of science like chemistry, biology, and medicine. During the complex formation in aqueous medium, two types of stabilities are considered: one is the thermodynamic stability, and the other is kinetic stability. Stability of metal complexes may be affected by various factors like nature of central metal ion and ligand, chelating effect, etc., and some parameters like distribution coefficients, conductance, refractive index, etc. are useful for the determination of stability constants. Various modern techniques are used to determine the stability constant of simple as well as mixed ligand compounds.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70192",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70192",signatures:"Jagvir Singh, Abhay Nanda Srivastav, Netrapal Singh and Anuradha Singh",book:{id:"9190",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",publishedDate:"July 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9190.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",middleName:"Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Stability constant of metal complexes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Relationship or interaction between βn and K1, K2, K3, … Kn",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Thermodynamic stability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Kinetic stability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Factors affecting the stability of complexes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Nature of central metal ion",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2 Ionic size",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.3 Ionic charge",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.4 Electronegativity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.5 Temperature and pressure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.6 Ligand nature",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.7 Size and charge",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.8 Basic character",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.9 Ligand concentration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.10 Chelating effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.11 Ring size",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"4.12 Number of rings",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"4.13 Steric effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"4.14 Macrocyclic effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"5. Determination of stability constants of complexes in solution",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"5.1 Methods based on study of heterogeneous equilibrium",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"5.1.1 Solubility methods",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"5.1.2 Distribution method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"5.1.3 Ion exchange method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24_3",title:"5.1.4 Electrometric techniques",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"5.1.5 Potentiometric methods",level:"3"},{id:"sec_26_3",title:"5.1.6 Polarographic method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_28_2",title:"5.2 Other methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28_3",title:"5.2.1 Rate method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_29_3",title:"5.2.2 Freezing technique",level:"3"},{id:"sec_30_3",title:"5.2.3 Biological method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_31_3",title:"5.2.4 Spectrophotometric method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_32_3",title:"5.2.5 Bjerrum’s method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_33_3",title:"5.2.6 Isotopic dilution method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_34_3",title:"5.2.7 Conductance measurement method",level:"3"},{id:"sec_37",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_38",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Rossotti HS. Limitations of the ligand solubility method for studying complex formation. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. Apr 1960;13(1-2):18-21'},{id:"B2",body:'Jacqueline GG, Monica NL, Varinia LR, Juan ARV, Jose JN, Segoviano G. Spectrophotometric determination of the formation constants of Calcium(II) complexes with 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile. Journal of Green Energy & Environment (KeAi). 2017;1:51-57'},{id:"B3",body:'Syed AT, Feroza HW, Muhammad HSW, Saadia S, Allah NM, Allah BG. Spectrophotometric study of stability constants of cimetidine–Ni(II) complex at different temperatures. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2012;2:309-314'},{id:"B4",body:'Thanavelan R, Ramalingam G, Manikandan G, Thanikachalam V. Stability constants of mixed ligand complexes of lead(II) with 1-(aminomethyl) cyclohexane acetic acid and α-amino acids. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2014;18(3):227-233'},{id:"B5",body:'Abdelatty MR. Potentiometric studies on ternary complexes involving some divalent transition metal ions, gallic acid and biologically abundant aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions, Beni-Suef University. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2015;4(2):174-182'},{id:"B6",body:'Katharina FP, Maria CB, Riccardo B, Bernard AG. Influence of pH on the speciation of copper(II) in reactions with the green tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid. Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2012;112:10-16'},{id:"B7",body:'Vishenkova DA, Korotkova EI, Sokolova VA, Ratochvil BK. Electrochemical determination of some triphenylmethane dyes by means of voltammetry. Procedia Chemistry. 2015;15:109-114'},{id:"B8",body:'Lorenzo T, Zsolt B, Luca G, Attila F, Adrienn VMB. Thermodynamic stability, kinetic inertness and relaxometric properties of monoamide derivatives of lanthanide(III) DOTA complexes. Dalton Transactions. 2015;44:5467-5478'},{id:"B9",body:'Nagypal I. Chemistry of complex equilibria. Horwood. 1990;85312:143-145'},{id:"B10",body:'Dyrssen D, Ingri N, Sillen LG. Pit-mapping—A general approach to computer refinement of stability constants. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 1961;15:694-696'},{id:"B11",body:'Ingri N, Sillen LG. High-speed computers as a supplement to graphical methods. Arkivor Kemi. 1964;23:97-121'},{id:"B12",body:'Sayce IG. Computer calculations of equilibrium constants of species present in mixtures of metal ions and complexing reagents. Talanta. 1968;15(12):1397-1421'},{id:"B13",body:'Sabatini A, Vacca A, Gans P. MINIQUAD—A general computer program for the computation of stability constants. Talanta. 1974;21(1):53-77'},{id:"B14",body:'Pearson RG. Chemical Hardness: Applications from Molecules to Solids. Manhattan, New York City: Springer-VCH; 2005. p. 210. ISBN: 978-3-527-60617-7'},{id:"B15",body:'Drago RS, Wong N, Bilgrien C, Vogel C. E and C parameters from Hammett substituent constants and use of E and C to understand cobalt-carbon bond energies. Inorganic Chemistry. 1987;26(1):9-14'},{id:"B16",body:'Vacca A, Nativi C, Cacciarini M, Pergoli R, Roelens S. A new tripodal receptor for molecular recognition of monosaccharides. A paradigm for assessing glycoside binding affinities and selectivity by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2004;126(50):16456-16465'},{id:"B17",body:'Marcotte N, Taglietti A. Transition-metal-based chemo sensing ensembles: ATP sensing in physiological conditions. Supramolecular Chemistry. 2003;15(7):617-717'},{id:"B18",body:'Boiocchi M, Bonizzoni M, Fabbrizzi L, Piovani G, Taglietti A. A di-metallic cage with a long ellipsoidal cavity for the fluorescent detection of dicarboxylate anions in water. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2004;43(29):3847-3852'},{id:"B19",body:'Gampp M, Maeder M, Mayer CJ, Zuberbuhler AD. Calculation of equilibrium constants from multiwavelength spectroscopic data-I: Mathematical considerations. Talanta. 1985;32'},{id:"B20",body:'Frassineti C, Alderighi L, Gans P, Sabatini A, Vacca A, Ghelli S. Determination of protonation constants of some fluorinated polyamines by means of 13C NMR data processed by the new computer program Hyp-NMR 2000. Protonation sequence in polyamines. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003;376(7):1041-1052'},{id:"B21",body:'Jiaxin Z, Guoyu T, Peng S. Understanding thermodynamic and kinetic contributions in expanding the stability window of aqueous electrolytes. 2018;4(12):2872-2882'},{id:"B22",body:'Gans P, Sabatini A, Vacca A. Investigation of equilibria in solution. Determination of equilibrium constants with the HYPERQUAD suite of programs. Talanta. 1996;43(10):1739-1753'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Jagvir Singh",address:"singhjagvir0143@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Chemistry, ARSD College, University of Delhi, India
Department of Zoology, Raghuveer Singh Govt Degree College, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9190",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",publishedDate:"July 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9190.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",middleName:"Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"140060",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul A.",middleName:null,surname:"Cahill",email:"paul.cahill@dcu.ie",fullName:"Paul A. Cahill",slug:"paul-a.-cahill",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Dublin City University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Vascular Stent Design Optimisation Using Numerical Modelling Techniques",slug:"vascular-stent-design-optimisation-using-numerical-modelling-techniques",abstract:null,signatures:"Houman Zahedmanesh, Paul A. Cahill and Caitríona Lally",authors:[{id:"112385",title:"Dr.",name:"Caitriona",surname:"Lally",fullName:"Caitriona Lally",slug:"caitriona-lally",email:"triona.lally@dcu.ie"},{id:"112397",title:"Dr.",name:"Houman",surname:"Zahedmanesh",fullName:"Houman Zahedmanesh",slug:"houman-zahedmanesh",email:"houman.zahedmanesh2@mail.dcu.ie"},{id:"140060",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul A.",surname:"Cahill",fullName:"Paul A. Cahill",slug:"paul-a.-cahill",email:"paul.cahill@dcu.ie"}],book:{title:"Applied Biological Engineering",slug:"applied-biological-engineering-principles-and-practice",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{title:"The Dichotomy of Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation/De- Differentiation in Health and Disease",slug:"the-dichotomy-of-vascular-smooth-muscle-differentiation-de-differentiation-in-health-and-disease",abstract:"Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are thought to display cellular plasticity by alternating between a quiescent ‘contractile’ differentiated phenotype and a proliferative ‘synthetic’ de-differentiated phenotype in response to induction of distinct developmental pathways or to local micro-environmental cues. This classic de-differentiation and re-programming process is associated with a significant loss in the expression of key SMC differentiation marker genes for a large number of proliferative vascular diseases in vivo and in sub-cultured cells in vitro. Regarded as essential for vascular regeneration and repair in vivo, phenotypic modulation represents a critical target for therapeutic intervention. However, recent evidence now suggests that this process of vascular regeneration may also involve differentiation of resident vascular stem cells and the accumulation of stem cell-derived myogenic, osteochondrogenic and macrophage-like phenotypes within vascular lesions in vivo and across sub-cultured SMC cell populations in vitro. This review summarises our current knowledge of vascular regeneration, de-differentiation and re-programming of vascular SMCs, and focuses on the accumulating evidence of a putative role for stem cell-derived progeny and the evolving dichotomy of the origin of SMC-like cells during intimal-medial thickening and the progression of arteriosclerotic disease.",signatures:"Mariana di Luca, Roya Hakimjavadi, Denise Burtenshaw, Emma\nFitzpatrick, Pattie Mathiue, Catriona Lally, Eileen M Redmond and\nPaul A Cahill",authors:[{id:"140060",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul A.",surname:"Cahill",fullName:"Paul A. Cahill",slug:"paul-a.-cahill",email:"paul.cahill@dcu.ie"},{id:"234826",title:"Prof.",name:"Eileen",surname:"Redmond",fullName:"Eileen Redmond",slug:"eileen-redmond",email:"eileen_redmond@urmc.rochester.edu"},{id:"234868",title:"Dr.",name:"Roya",surname:"Hakimjavadi",fullName:"Roya Hakimjavadi",slug:"roya-hakimjavadi",email:"roya.hakimjavadi@dcu.ie"},{id:"234869",title:"Ms.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Di Luca",fullName:"Mariana Di Luca",slug:"mariana-di-luca",email:"mariana.diluca2@mail.dcu.ie"},{id:"249306",title:"Ms.",name:"Emma",surname:"Fitzpatrick",fullName:"Emma Fitzpatrick",slug:"emma-fitzpatrick",email:"FITZPAE3@tcd.ie"},{id:"249307",title:"Prof.",name:"Catriona",surname:"Lally",fullName:"Catriona Lally",slug:"catriona-lally",email:"Lallyca@tcd.ie"},{id:"249308",title:"Ms.",name:"Pattie",surname:"Mathieu",fullName:"Pattie Mathieu",slug:"pattie-mathieu",email:"mathieup@tcd.ie"},{id:"249309",title:"BSc.",name:"Denise",surname:"Burtenshaw",fullName:"Denise Burtenshaw",slug:"denise-burtenshaw",email:"denise.burtenshaw3@mail.dcu.ie"}],book:{title:"Muscle Cell and Tissue",slug:"muscle-cell-and-tissue-current-status-of-research-field",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"107801",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksander",surname:"Paterno",slug:"aleksander-paterno",fullName:"Aleksander Paterno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"107817",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",surname:"Hermann Negri",slug:"lucas-hermann-negri",fullName:"Lucas Hermann Negri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"107952",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Bertemes-Filho",slug:"pedro-bertemes-filho",fullName:"Pedro Bertemes-Filho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"107956",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Melges",slug:"danilo-melges",fullName:"Danilo Melges",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107956/images/795_n.jpg",biography:"Danilo Melges is an Electronic Engineer (2003, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ), and acquired his Master and PhD degree, respectively in 2005 and 2009 by the Biomedical Engineering Program (COPPE/UFRJ). Currently, he is with the Electrical Engineering Department of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, as Associate Professor. His reserach field is the Biomedical Engineering, specially biomedical signal processing and neurosciences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"108367",title:"Dr.",name:"Seishin",surname:"Takao",slug:"seishin-takao",fullName:"Seishin Takao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hokkaido University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"113108",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Mauricio",surname:"Miranda De Sá",slug:"antonio-mauricio-miranda-de-sa",fullName:"Antonio Mauricio Miranda De Sá",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"113110",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Fernando",surname:"Infantosi",slug:"antonio-fernando-infantosi",fullName:"Antonio Fernando Infantosi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"149617",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeru",surname:"Tadano",slug:"shigeru-tadano",fullName:"Shigeru Tadano",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"149618",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Taguchi",slug:"hiroshi-taguchi",fullName:"Hiroshi Taguchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"149619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroki",surname:"Shirato",slug:"hiroki-shirato",fullName:"Hiroki Shirato",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"why-publish-with-intechopen",title:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",intro:"
IntechOpen offers several publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.
",metaTitle:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",metaDescription:"IntechOpen offers publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/why-publish-with-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
What makes IntechOpen such a good choice?
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
Over 4,500 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized process enables publication in 8–12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support each step of the way
\\n\\t
+108,170 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
Over 4,500 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized process enables publication in 8–12 months
\n\t
Personal support each step of the way
\n\t
+108,170 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5703},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5174},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1690},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10246},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:889},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15653}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117316},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{"sort=dateEndThirdStepPublish":null},books:[{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in Asia and Africa - Examining Climate, Its Flux, the Consequences, and Society's Responses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1bd1a5a4dba07b95a5ae5ef0ecf9f74",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7829",title:"Psychosis - Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a211068a33e47af974e3823f33feaa43",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kenjiro Fukao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7921",title:"Optogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ae7e24d8f03ff3932bceee4b8d3e727",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8575",title:"Animal Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"689b9f46c48cd54a2874b8da7386549d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8575.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8950",title:"Birds - Challenges and Opportunities for Business, Conservation and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"404a05af45e47e43871f4a0b1bedc6fd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8950.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hiroyuki Kagechika and Dr. Hitoshi Shirakawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9016",title:"Psychoneuroendocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb4ce09b8e853bef06c572df42933500",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9016.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"307495",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifigenia",surname:"Kostoglou-Athanassiou",slug:"ifigenia-kostoglou-athanassiou",fullName:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9046",title:"Amyloidosis History and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"371a4ad514bb6d6703406741702a19d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jonathan Harrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9046.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Harrison",slug:"jonathan-harrison",fullName:"Jonathan Harrison"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9226",title:"Intelligent User Interfaces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2540a73b78f2f13158366ac0ab9d62a1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rüdiger Heimgärtner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9226.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"135236",title:"Dr.",name:"Rüdiger",surname:"Heimgärtner",slug:"rudiger-heimgartner",fullName:"Rüdiger Heimgärtner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:55},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:283},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5146},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"534",title:"Information Security",slug:"information-security",parent:{title:"Communications and Security",slug:"communications-and-security"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:18,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5775",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e8cfc4e4aca32b98ee8c7c18d133c0f",slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151924",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54749",doi:"10.5772/67801",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"54465",doi:"10.5772/67721",title:"Implementation of a Multimaps Chaos-Based Encryption Software for EEG Signals",slug:"implementation-of-a-multimaps-chaos-based-encryption-software-for-eeg-signals",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Chin-Feng Lin and Che-Wei Liu",authors:[{id:"15251",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chin-feng-lin",fullName:"Chin-Feng Lin"},{id:"196965",title:"Mr.",name:"Che-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"che-wei-liu",fullName:"Che-Wei Liu"}]},{id:"54809",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68412",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55682",title:"Machine Learning in Application Security",slug:"machine-learning-in-application-security",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Nilaykumar Kiran Sangani and Haroot Zarger",authors:[{id:"196324",title:"Mr.",name:"Nilay",middleName:"K",surname:"Sangani",slug:"nilay-sangani",fullName:"Nilay Sangani"},{id:"198200",title:"Mr.",name:"Haroot",middleName:null,surname:"Zarger",slug:"haroot-zarger",fullName:"Haroot Zarger"}]},{id:"54749",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"54671",title:"Proactive Detection of Unknown Binary Executable Malware",slug:"proactive-detection-of-unknown-binary-executable-malware",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Eric Filiol",authors:[{id:"101428",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Filiol",slug:"eric-filiol",fullName:"Eric Filiol"}]},{id:"54465",title:"Implementation of a Multimaps Chaos-Based Encryption Software for EEG Signals",slug:"implementation-of-a-multimaps-chaos-based-encryption-software-for-eeg-signals",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Chin-Feng Lin and Che-Wei Liu",authors:[{id:"15251",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chin-feng-lin",fullName:"Chin-Feng Lin"},{id:"196965",title:"Mr.",name:"Che-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"che-wei-liu",fullName:"Che-Wei Liu"}]},{id:"54809",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]},{id:"55748",title:"Advanced Access Control to Information Systems: Requirements, Compliance and Future Directives",slug:"advanced-access-control-to-information-systems-requirements-compliance-and-future-directives",totalDownloads:2216,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Faouzi Jaidi",authors:[{id:"196358",title:"Dr.",name:"Faouzi",middleName:null,surname:"Jaidi",slug:"faouzi-jaidi",fullName:"Faouzi Jaidi"}]},{id:"55820",title:"Implementing Secure Key Coordination Scheme for Line Topology Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"implementing-secure-key-coordination-scheme-for-line-topology-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Walid Elgenaidi, Thomas Newe, Eoin O’Connel, Muftah Fraifer,\nAvijit Mathur, Daniel Toal and Gerard Dooly",authors:[{id:"14279",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Newe",slug:"thomas-newe",fullName:"Thomas Newe"},{id:"68370",title:"Dr.",name:"Eoin",middleName:null,surname:"O\\'Connell",slug:"eoin-o'connell",fullName:"Eoin O\\'Connell"},{id:"197649",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Elgeanidi",slug:"walid-elgeanidi",fullName:"Walid Elgeanidi"},{id:"204613",title:"Dr.",name:"Muftah",middleName:null,surname:"Fraifer",slug:"muftah-fraifer",fullName:"Muftah Fraifer"},{id:"204645",title:"MSc.",name:"Avijit",middleName:null,surname:"Mathur",slug:"avijit-mathur",fullName:"Avijit Mathur"}]},{id:"55851",title:"Energy-Secrecy Trade-offs for Wireless Communication",slug:"energy-secrecy-trade-offs-for-wireless-communication",totalDownloads:684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Ruolin Zhang",authors:[{id:"198089",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruolin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ruolin-zhang",fullName:"Ruolin Zhang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/140060/paul-a-cahill",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"140060",slug:"paul-a-cahill"},fullPath:"/profiles/140060/paul-a-cahill",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()