\r\n\tAt the same time, many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, eating and reproductive disorders emerge in the first time or symptoms peak in this period. For this reason, it is very important to know adolescence and to follow the healthy progress of the physiological period. Early diagnosis and treatment of problems that may be problematic in this period or later life is important.
\r\n\tThis book focuses on the normal physiological development and diseases of the whole adolescence period. I hope this book will help understand adolescents and solve their problems.
Despite the advent of supercomputers in numerical methods, increasing activities are devoted to solving nonlinear differential equations by analytical method in recent years [1, 2, 3]. Analytical solutions have their own importance concerning the physical phenomena as they are often pave the way to the construction of right theory [4]. Many methods have been proposed concerning this important problem and generally, for the problems with constant coefficients. One of the useful methods is the method of simplest Equation [5] or for some authors, the auxiliary Equations [6]. The method is built by the utilization of the first integral of simplest nonlinear differential equations, such as Bernoulli and Riccati Equations [7]. The method had produced many new solutions of the considered nonlinear differential equations, generally with constant coefficients [8, 9].
For the more general cases, we have found that the method can be extended such as involving the solution of the nonlinear differential equations with variable coefficients. The nature of variable coefficients often arises in the equation describing the heterogenous media and composites [10] or in other cases are produced by the coordinate transformation of the partial differential Equations [11]. Those two categories are developed rapidly in recent years with the capacity of high-speed super computers which sufficient for computing nonlinear problem with complex geometries [12, 13], as sometimes desired by engineering design activities. The role of analytical solutions is as a benchmark to validate the computer algorithm with simpler geometries as it is usually performed [14].
In this chapter, the solution method of the simplest equations is different from the cases of constant coefficients except, on Bernoulli equation. Hence, we will start from Riccati equation instead of Bernoulli equation as the simplest equation to highlight the novelty of the procedure. The method is then followed by examples and conclusion.
Consider the Riccati equation with variable coefficients as follows,
Let
and is separated as
The solutions for
and
The relation for
Without loss of generality, suppose that
Rearrange Eq. (5) and integrate once,
or
The solution for
where the coefficients
It is interesting to know that other simplest equations can also be rearranged into the Riccati-type equations. The famous examples are Jacobi [15] and Weierstrass Equations [16], which can solve a large class of nonlinear differential equations. Let us consider Jacobi type equation with variable coefficients,
and the Weierstrass equation as follows,
Here, the reader should not be confused by the coefficients which represent different functions with the same index. Take
Concerning the search for obtaining solution of (7) and (8), the balancing principle suggests the substitution of the first order series
Performing the Riccati equation
The coefficients of polynomial are then related with the coefficients in (9) in order to determine
Hence, the first equation gives,
and the second equation is then,
The next relation produces,
Eqs. (12) and (13) are thus substituted into the fourth relation of (12) to form the third order polynomial equation in term of
which the roots will determine the solution for
Therefore, the last equation gives the expression for
In this case the higher order polynomial will be solved by reducing the order.
Consider the sixth order polynomial equation as in the following,
First, multiply the above equation with the function
where
Note that, the coefficients
Hence, the relation for coefficients is,
The fifth coefficient relation is rearranged as,
and the roots are,
Also, the last relation is rewritten as,
Note that performing (19) into (21) will remove
which has the roots as,
Substituting back into
Therefore,
as reduced into the quartic equation the roots can be obtained by radical solution.
The procedure described by (17–25) can be applied and iterated into (16) until the polynomial equation of
Thus, following the method explained by (2–6) and (17–25), we have arrived at the solution of Jacobi and Weierstrass equations with variable coefficients.
As an application, consider the elliptic-like equation with forcing function,
The balance principle suggests that the solution should be in the form,
Substituting into (27) will reproduce the following expression,
The next step is to differentiate the Riccati equation once,
Substituting into Eq. (29) and it will produce the polynomial equation as in the following,
or the next step is to relate the coefficients as,
In this case, the first equation gives,
For the second equation,
Thus, provide the expression for
The third and fourth equations produce,
Substituting (32) into (31),
Replace
which then solves
The next example is for the Korteweg de Vries type equation,
The balancing principle with application of Riccati equation will determined the ansatz,
Performing into (35) will produce,
Performing the Riccati equation into (37) will produce the following polynomial,
From this step on, there is a little hope to solve all the coefficients as they are equal to zero. As it has also to be reduced, it is important to note that the problem of reduction here is different from the case of Jacobi equation since all the coefficients are in principle solvable in algebraic form. In this case, it is not practical to reduce the fifth order polynomial as the even highest power, i.e., as a tenth order polynomial equation. The calculation will become too tedious as the detail expression is needed in the reduced polynomial equation. The next sub section will illustrate the reduction of an odd highest power polynomial equation.
Consider Eq. (38) as follows,
Multiply by the function,
where,
Expanding the all the coefficients as,
Relate the coefficients as in the following,
The fifth equation of (41) gives the roots as,
Moving to the last equation, the functions
Substituting for
Substitute back to,
which then solves
which is reduced as,
Eq. (46) dictates that the relations,
The first equation gives,
The second equation is rewritten as,
The solution for
The third equation will produce,
Take the expression for
with,
The fourth relation of (47) will generate,
which then produce the solution of
Note that
Since only a few of the considered equation has a special polynomial to be solved by equating all the variable coefficients to zero, it is important to note that the reduction of polynomial order would be an important step. Solving all coefficients to zero often be an obstacle because the difficulty would be the same or even more than the original nonlinear ODEs. In this case, the reduction of polynomial manipulates and reduces the need for solving all coefficients.
However, it is possible not to search for the expression of variable coefficients, i.e.,
with
The definition for
Rearranging the above equation as,
Differentiating once,
Eq. (55) is a first order ODE in
In this section, the method of solution to the Riccati equation is extended for the class of the first order polynomial differential equation as,
The above equation can be always re-expressed as,
or
which the coefficients will be reformulated as,
In this case, we will always obtain the new coefficients
where
and is separated as,
The solutions for
The relation for
Without loss of generality, suppose that
Rearrange the above equation as,
Let
The solution for
In this chapter, we propose the method of the simplest or the auxiliary equation to solve the nonlinear differential equation with variable coefficients. The method is based on the solution of the generalized Riccati equation as the simplest equation. It is found that the other known simplest equations, i.e., Jacobi and Weierstrass equation, are also solved by the Riccati equation. The applications with the variable coefficients elliptic-like and Korteweg de Vries equations show that the problem of solving nonlinear differential equations with variable coefficients are simplified, especially by the reduction of the resulting polynomial equation in solving the Korteweg de Vries equation. The generalization of the method is also derived in detail.
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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