Emissivity classes with the values for the parameters of the method in the 11 and 12 μm channels.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5264",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Carbon Nanostructures",title:"Advances in Carbon Nanostructures",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Carbon atoms have the amazing ability to bond in remarkable different manners that can assume distinct astonishing dimensional arrangements from which absolutely diverse and interesting nanostructured carbon materials are obtained. This book aims to cover the most recent advances in (i) Graphene and derivatives, including graphene-based magnetic composites, membranes, wafer devices, and nanofibers for several applications, as well as some particular properties, such as light emission from graphene; (ii) Carbon nanotubes heaters and fibers for reinforcement of cement and diamond-based thin films; and (iii) Nanofluids consisting of both graphene and carbon nanotubes, apart from reporting some important case studies dealing with carbon nanostructures and their use in sensors, coatings, or electromagnetic wave absorbers.",isbn:"978-953-51-2643-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2642-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5080-0",doi:"10.5772/61730",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-carbon-nanostructures",numberOfPages:256,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"a2cbe263263702a40103d439ce853297",bookSignature:"Adrian M.T. Silva and Sonia A.C. Carabineiro",publishedDate:"October 5th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5264.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19495,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:78,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 2nd 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 23rd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 27th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 27th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 26th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"27536",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrián",middleName:"M.T.",surname:"Silva",slug:"adrian-silva",fullName:"Adrián Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27536/images/4820_n.jpg",biography:"Adrián M.T. Silva, PhD, has expertise in the preparation, characterization, and application of nano- and macro-structured carbon-based materials (namely, activated carbons, carbon xerogels, carbon foams and fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene and its derivatives, among others). His most recent research interests are in the field of metal-free carbon catalysts and carbon-based composites for separation and reaction engineering, including water treatment as well as magnetic nanostructures for biomedical applications.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"200546",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:"A.C.",surname:"Carabineiro",slug:"sonia-carabineiro",fullName:"Sónia Carabineiro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200546/images/4939_n.jpg",biography:"Sónia A.C. Carabineiro, PhD, has research interests in the synthesis and characterization of carbon materials (namely, activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, carbon xerogels, and microdiamonds and nanodiamonds, among others) to be employed as catalysts, templates, and supports for nanoparticles and for heterogenization of homogenous metal complexes, to be used for gas pollution abatement and synthesis of high-added value products.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"498",title:"Nanochemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-nanochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"51437",title:"Magnetic-Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and Respective Applications",doi:"10.5772/64319",slug:"magnetic-graphene-based-nanocomposites-and-respective-applications",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova, Beatriz Ortega García, Boris Ildusovich\nKharisov and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51437",authors:[{id:"13939",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Kharisov",slug:"boris-kharisov",fullName:"Boris Kharisov"},{id:"13941",title:"Dr.",name:"Oxana V.",surname:"Kharissova",slug:"oxana-v.-kharissova",fullName:"Oxana V. Kharissova"},{id:"13942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",surname:"Ortiz Mendez",slug:"ubaldo-ortiz-mendez",fullName:"Ubaldo Ortiz Mendez"},{id:"181033",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Ortega García",slug:"beatriz-ortega-garcia",fullName:"Beatriz Ortega García"}],corrections:null},{id:"51515",title:"Next-Generation Graphene-Based Membranes for Gas Separation and Water Purifications",doi:"10.5772/64396",slug:"next-generation-graphene-based-membranes-for-gas-separation-and-water-purifications",totalDownloads:2230,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Quan Xu and Wenwen Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51515",authors:[{id:"181574",title:"Prof.",name:"Quan",surname:"Xu",slug:"quan-xu",fullName:"Quan Xu"},{id:"184960",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenwen",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wenwen-zhang",fullName:"Wenwen Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"51584",title:"Laser-Scribing Technology for Wafer-Scale Graphene Devices",doi:"10.5772/64228",slug:"laser-scribing-technology-for-wafer-scale-graphene-devices",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"He Tian, Mohammad Ali Mohammad, Wen-Tian Mi, Yi Yang and\nTian-Ling Ren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51584",authors:[{id:"16043",title:"Prof.",name:"Tian-Ling",surname:"Ren",slug:"tian-ling-ren",fullName:"Tian-Ling Ren"},{id:"179567",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Ali",surname:"Mohammad",slug:"mohammad-ali-mohammad",fullName:"Mohammad Ali Mohammad"},{id:"179571",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Yang",slug:"yi-yang",fullName:"Yi Yang"},{id:"180990",title:"Dr.",name:"He",surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"},{id:"191694",title:"Mr.",name:"Wen-Tian",surname:"Mi",slug:"wen-tian-mi",fullName:"Wen-Tian Mi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51102",title:"Light Emission from Graphene",doi:"10.5772/64051",slug:"light-emission-from-graphene",totalDownloads:1304,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Young Duck Kim and Myung‐Ho Bae",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51102",authors:[{id:"181485",title:"Dr.",name:"Youngduck",surname:"Kim",slug:"youngduck-kim",fullName:"Youngduck Kim"},{id:"182175",title:"Dr.",name:"Myung-Ho",surname:"Bae",slug:"myung-ho-bae",fullName:"Myung-Ho Bae"}],corrections:null},{id:"50978",title:"Electrospun Graphene Oxide-Based Nanofibres",doi:"10.5772/64055",slug:"electrospun-graphene-oxide-based-nanofibres",totalDownloads:1880,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Izzati Fatimah Wahab, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, Nor Syuhada Azmi,\nFarah Nuruljannah Dahli, Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof and Nadirul\nHasraf Mat Nayan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50978",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50978",authors:[{id:"181477",title:"Dr.",name:"Saiful Izwan Abd",surname:"Razak",slug:"saiful-izwan-abd-razak",fullName:"Saiful Izwan Abd Razak"},{id:"183941",title:"MSc.",name:"Farah Nuuruljannah",surname:"Dahli",slug:"farah-nuuruljannah-dahli",fullName:"Farah Nuuruljannah Dahli"},{id:"183942",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor Fadzliana",surname:"Ahmad Sharif",slug:"noor-fadzliana-ahmad-sharif",fullName:"Noor Fadzliana Ahmad Sharif"},{id:"183953",title:"MSc.",name:"Izzati Fatimah",surname:"Wahab",slug:"izzati-fatimah-wahab",fullName:"Izzati Fatimah Wahab"},{id:"185063",title:"MSc.",name:"Nor Syuhada",surname:"Azmi",slug:"nor-syuhada-azmi",fullName:"Nor Syuhada Azmi"},{id:"185064",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadirul Hasraf",surname:"Mat Nayan",slug:"nadirul-hasraf-mat-nayan",fullName:"Nadirul Hasraf Mat Nayan"},{id:"185066",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Halim",surname:"Mohd Yusof",slug:"abdul-halim-mohd-yusof",fullName:"Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof"}],corrections:null},{id:"51306",title:"Flexible Low-Voltage Carbon Nanotube Heaters and their Applications",doi:"10.5772/64054",slug:"flexible-low-voltage-carbon-nanotube-heaters-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:1295,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Seyram Gbordzoe, Rachit Malik, Noe Alvarez, Robert Wolf and\nVesselin Shanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51306",authors:[{id:"154058",title:"Prof.",name:"Vesselin",surname:"Shanov",slug:"vesselin-shanov",fullName:"Vesselin Shanov"},{id:"185721",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyram",surname:"Gbordzoe",slug:"seyram-gbordzoe",fullName:"Seyram Gbordzoe"},{id:"185722",title:"Mr.",name:"Rachit",surname:"Malik",slug:"rachit-malik",fullName:"Rachit Malik"},{id:"185723",title:"Dr.",name:"Noe",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"noe-alvarez",fullName:"Noe Alvarez"},{id:"185724",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Wolf",slug:"robert-wolf",fullName:"Robert Wolf"}],corrections:null},{id:"51542",title:"Recent Trends of Reinforcement of Cement with Carbon Nanotubes and Fibers",doi:"10.5772/64307",slug:"recent-trends-of-reinforcement-of-cement-with-carbon-nanotubes-and-fibers",totalDownloads:1989,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Oxana V. Kharissova, Leticia M. Torres Martínez and Boris I. Kharisov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51542",authors:[{id:"13939",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Kharisov",slug:"boris-kharisov",fullName:"Boris Kharisov"}],corrections:null},{id:"51835",title:"Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films for Advanced Applications",doi:"10.5772/64701",slug:"polycrystalline-diamond-thin-films-for-advanced-applications",totalDownloads:1537,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Irena Kratochvilova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51835",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51835",authors:[{id:"104482",title:"Prof.",name:"Irena",surname:"Kratochvílová",slug:"irena-kratochvilova",fullName:"Irena Kratochvílová"}],corrections:null},{id:"51765",title:"Nanofluids Based on Carbon Nanostructures",doi:"10.5772/64553",slug:"nanofluids-based-on-carbon-nanostructures",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Hammad Younes, Amal Al Ghaferi, Irfan Saadat and Haiping Hong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51765",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51765",authors:[{id:"182125",title:"Dr.",name:"Hammad",surname:"Younes",slug:"hammad-younes",fullName:"Hammad Younes"}],corrections:null},{id:"51361",title:"Carbon Nanostructure‐Based Scale Sensors Using Inkjet Printing and Casting Techniques",doi:"10.5772/64196",slug:"carbon-nanostructure-based-scale-sensors-using-inkjet-printing-and-casting-techniques",totalDownloads:956,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Hammad Younes, Amal Al Ghaferi and Irfan Saadat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51361",authors:[{id:"182125",title:"Dr.",name:"Hammad",surname:"Younes",slug:"hammad-younes",fullName:"Hammad Younes"}],corrections:null},{id:"51913",title:"Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Coatings Reinforced with Well-Dispersed Graphene",doi:"10.5772/64097",slug:"corrosion-resistance-and-tribological-properties-of-epoxy-coatings-reinforced-with-well-dispersed-gr",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Liu Shuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51913",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51913",authors:[{id:"181699",title:"Dr.",name:"Liu",surname:"Shuan",slug:"liu-shuan",fullName:"Liu Shuan"}],corrections:null},{id:"51326",title:"Fully Configurable Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers by Using Carbon Nanostructures",doi:"10.5772/64213",slug:"fully-configurable-electromagnetic-wave-absorbers-by-using-carbon-nanostructures",totalDownloads:1314,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Davide Micheli, Roberto Pastore, Antonio Vricella and Mario\nMarchetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51326",authors:[{id:"17946",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",surname:"Micheli",slug:"davide-micheli",fullName:"Davide Micheli"},{id:"20303",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",surname:"Marchetti",slug:"mario-marchetti",fullName:"Mario Marchetti"},{id:"127258",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Pastore",slug:"roberto-pastore",fullName:"Roberto Pastore"},{id:"183044",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Vricella",slug:"antonio-vricella",fullName:"Antonio Vricella"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8384",title:"Nanocatalysts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c060b2129b43d45f90846a5adccd8e5d",slug:"nanocatalysts",bookSignature:"Indrajit Sinha and Madhulata Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213995",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrajit",surname:"Sinha",slug:"indrajit-sinha",fullName:"Indrajit Sinha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65667",slug:"erratum-the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",title:"Erratum - The Roll of the Entrepreneur in the Establishment of Economic Equilibria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65667.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65667",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65667",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65667",chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]},book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9878",leadTitle:null,title:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tElectromagnetic imaging is an emerging biomedical imaging modality, which when matured, might present an effective supplement to current imaging technologies for non-invasive assessment of functional and pathological conditions of tissues. This book aims to provide a state-of-art for the most relevant advancements in the development of electromagnetic sensing and imaging for non-invasive detection, by covering all aspects related to the design, modeling, and experimentation. The authors are welcome to submit original research and review articles reporting recent advances in the application of electromagnetic waves technologies in industry and bioengineering.
\r\n\r\n\tThe scope of this book will be the collection of new and/or review results exploring the use of electromagnetic waves for industrial and biomedical applications with particular focus on inclusion detection and medical treatment as well as a diagnostic tool for disease detection. Potential topics include but are not limited to the following: Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for industry applications, Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for biomedical applications, Microwave sensing and imaging , Non-invasive electromagnetic diagnostic tools, Usage of electromagnetic waves for probing organs and advanced MRI techniques, Theoretical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation, Application of electromagnetic waves in advanced MRI techniques, RF sensors and coils, Biomaterials for wearable sensors, In vitro and in vivo testing.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-582-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-581-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-583-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e57ef4b5bada0d966637cd303d76278f",bookSignature:"Distinguished Prof. Lulu Wang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9878.jpg",keywords:"Electromagnetic Sensing, Imaging, Biomedical Applications, Electromagnetic Measurements, Conductivity, Electromagnetic Induction Tomography, Electric Impedance Imaging, Microwave Imaging, Biomaterials, RF Coils, Electromagnetic Scattering Problems, Integral Equations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"With an M.E. (Hons.) and a Ph.D. degree from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, Dr. Wang is the first author of over 60 peer-reviewed publications, received multiple national and international awards from various professional societies and organizations she is a member of (ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ ).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257388/images/system/257388.jpg",biography:"Lulu Wang is a Full Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Shenzhen Technology University in China. She received the M.E. (First class Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2015, she was a Research Fellow with the Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. In 2015, Dr. Wang became an Associate Professor of biomedical engineering with the Hefei University of Technology. In 2019, she became a Full Professor of biomedical engineering with the College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University. Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. Over the past five years, Dr. Wang is the first author of 60 peer-reviewed publications, 2 ASME books, 7 book chapters, and 12 innovation patents. She has edited three books and two special issues of international journals. Dr. Wang is a member of ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ. She has been an active scientific reviewer for numerous journals and international conferences. She received multiple National and International Awards from various professional societies and organizations.",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6835",title:"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19f08ef15d97900c94dc8fb04f9afb5f",slug:"computer-methods-and-programs-in-biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18715",title:"Automatic Generation of Land Surface Emissivity Maps",doi:"10.5772/24968",slug:"automatic-generation-of-land-surface-emissivity-maps",body:'The remote sensing measurement of the land surface temperature (LST) from satellites provides an overview of this magnitude on a continuous and regular basis. The study of its evolution in time and space is a critical factor in many scientific fields such as weather forecasting, detection of forest fires, climate change, etc.
The main problem of making this measurement from satellite data is the need to correct the effects of the atmosphere and the land surface emissivity (LSE). Nowadays, these corrections are usually made using a split-window algorithm, which has an explicit dependence on land surface emissivity.
Therefore, the aim of our work was to define an enhanced vegetation cover method and develop a computer system that used it, in order to calculate and generate, automatically, maps of land surface emissivity from images of the AATSR (Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer) onboard the ENVISAT satellite.
The most innovative part of our method is that we provide it with the resources and the capability to calculate the most accurate coefficients according to the specific characteristics of each area (vegetation cover fraction, vegetation type, season, etc.). This allows the method to be applied to generate large-scale maps of this magnitude (Caselles et al., 2009).
On the other hand, the current procedure (global, fully operational and supported by ESA) for obtaining the emissivity from an AATSR pixel (Noyes et al. 2007) causes systematic errors when calculating the temperature of 2 to 5 K (Coll et al. 2005), showing that the current classification and the vegetation cover maps made with a resolution of 0.5º x 0.5º could be highly improved and provided with the same spatial resolution of the AATSR images (1km x 1km). This is the main reason of this paper.
In this chapter, this new method is presented, with its algorithm, and it is applied to several different types of vegetation in AATSR images of Europe, making all the calculations automatically with the developed software.
Eventually, an on field validation of the method was carried out by comparing the data of the generated emissivity maps (as the one in figure 6) with the values obtained in previous campaigns (Coll et al. 2005) carried out in the area of rice fields of Valencia, Spain (Caselles et al., 2009). An error of less than ±0.01 in the land surface emissivity assessment was successfully obtained.
Its validation was made by comparing the obtained results and the values measured in previous field campaigns carried out in the area of rice fields of Valencia, Spain.
So far, different methods to obtain the land surface emissivity based on different ideas have been purposed (Caselles et al., 1997). The main disadvantages they present, especially when your final aim is to calculate this magnitude automatically, are:
Their high complexity, since it is difficult to apply them operatively, carrying out huge computational calculations.
Their error, because the propagation of errors is bigger in complex algorithms.
Their bias, which can be introduced if the approaches of the model are not fulfilled exactly.
For that reason, an enhanced mathematically simple method (Caselles et al., 2009) was defined, without important bias, to obtain the surface emissivity from satellite images, inspired by the results of Valor & Caselles (1996), who purposed a relation between thermal emissivity and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
The general philosophy of this new method is similar to some extent to the algorithm for LSE estimation used by the LST product of Terra-MODIS (Snyder et al. 1998), and for LSE estimations in Meteosat-SEVIRI (Peres & DaCamara 2005; Trigo et al. 2008)
As we have already mentioned, to produce the emissivity maps, we used an improved geometric model based on the one described in Valor & Caselles (1996). This model can be summarized in the following equation (1).
where εv and εg are, respectively, the vegetation and soil emissivities, <dε> is the effective cavity term and Pv is the vegetation cover fraction. It allows us to calculate the effective emissivity in a heterogeneous surface from a land use map and vegetation cover fraction image.
Therefore, we need to know the pure surfaces emissivities (εv and εg), that is, the emissivity of the vegetation and the existing ground under it, as well as the effective cavity term (<dε>). Since we do not have field measures from all over Europe and our system is aimed to be applied to the whole planet, the only existing possibility is to use average values obtained considering the possible variation ranges, experimentally observed.
In order to estimate the vegetation cover fraction (Pv), if we know the reflectivity values and iv and ig are the NDVI values obtained for a full vegetated surface and for a bare soil one, respectively, and K is given by:
being ρ2v and ρ1v the near infrared and red vegetation reflectivities, respectively, and ρ2g and ρ1g the same measurements made on bare soil.
In order to be able to obtain the most accurate values for the coefficients that have some dependence on vegetation and ground properties, we made our own collection, because we needed a concrete and adapted classification to the purpose of this chapter.
For that purpose, we studied some of the most famous existing land cover classifications, specially the Corine Land Cover (Buttner et al. 2004) of the European Environment Agency and the Ionia GLOBCOVER (Bicheron et al. 2008) of the European Space Agency. It is possible to read a complete analysis of both of them in Neumann et al. (2007). Eventually, we decided to use the second one, obtained from MERIS images, as our starting point, since it was updated recently to a newer version 2.2 (year 2008) and its higher spatial resolution (300 meters).
Furthermore, we made our own collection (see Table 1), by grouping the GLOBCOVER classes with similar emissivity characteristics (see Table 2), because we needed a more concrete and adapted to the purpose of this work classification. We did this following the land cover classification methodology explained by the FAO in DiGregorio & Jansen (2000).
Emissivity Class | AATSR-11 μm | AATSR-12 μm |
Flooded vegetation/ crops/grasslands | εv =0.983±0.005 | εv =0.989±0.005 |
εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εg =0.977±0.004 (ground) | |
εg =0.991±0.001 (water) | εg =0.985±0.001 (water) | |
<dε"/>=0 | <dε"/>=0 | |
Flooded forest/shrubland | εv =0.981±0.008 | εv =0.982±0.009 |
εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εg =0.977±0.004 (ground) | |
εg =0.991±0.001 (water) | εg =0.985±0.001 (water) | |
<dε"/>=0.014±0.004 (ground) | <dε"/>=0.010±0.003 (ground) | |
<dε"/>=0.004±0.001 (water) | <dε"/>=0.007±0.002 (water) | |
Croplands/grasslands | εv =0.983±0.005 | εv =0.989±0.005 |
εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εg =0.977±0.004 (ground) | |
<dε"/>=0 | <dε"/>=0 | |
Shrublands | εv =0.981±0.008 | εv =0.982±0.009 |
εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εg =0.977±0.004 (ground) | |
<dε"/>=0.014±0.004 (ground) | <dε"/>=0.010±0.003 (ground) | |
Broadleaved/needleleaved deciduous | εv =0.973±0.005 | ev=0.973±0.005 |
forest | εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εs =0.977±0.004 (ground) |
<dε"/>=0.019±0.006 | <dε"/>=0.015±0.004 | |
Broadleaved/needleleaved evergreen | εv =0.989±0.005 | εv =0.991±0.005 |
forest | εg =0.970±0.005 (ground) | εg =0.977±0.004 (ground) |
<dε"/>=0.019±0.005 | <dε"/>=0.015±0.004 | |
Urban area | ε =0.969±0.006 | ε =0.976±0.004 |
Bare rock | ε =0.93±0.05 | ε =0.95±0.05 |
Water | ε =0.991±0.001 (water) | ε =0.985±0.001 (water) |
Snow and ice | ε =0.990±0.004 | ε =0.971±0,014 |
Emissivity classes with the values for the parameters of the method in the 11 and 12 μm channels.
Emissivity Class | GLC Class | GLC Label |
Flooded | 11 | Post-flooding or irrigated croplands (or aquatic) |
vegetation/crops/grasslands | 13 | Post-flooding or irrigated herbaceous crops |
180 | Closed to open ("/>15%) grassland or woody vegetation on regularly flooded or waterlogged soil - Fresh, brackish or saline water | |
185 | Closed to open ("/>15%) grassland on regularly flooded or waterlogged soil - Fresh or brackish water | |
Flooded forest/shrubland | 170 | Closed ("/>40%) broadleaved forest or shrubland permanently flooded - Saline or brackish water |
Croplands/grasslands | 14 | Rainfed croplands |
15 | Rainfed herbaceous crops | |
20 | Mosaic cropland (50-70%) / vegetation (grassland/shrubland/forest) (20-50%) | |
21 | Mosaic cropland (50-70%) / grassland or shrubland (20-50%) | |
120 | Mosaic grassland (50-70%) / forest or shrubland (20-50%) | |
140 | Closed to open ("/>15%) herbaceous vegetation (grassland, savannas or lichens/mosses) | |
141 | Closed ("/>40%) grassland | |
150 | Sparse (<15%) vegetation | |
151 | Sparse (<15%) grassland | |
Shrublands | 16 | Rainfed shrub or tree crops (cash crops, vineyards, olive tree, orchards…) |
30 | Mosaic vegetation (grassland/shrubland/forest) (50-70%) / cropland (20-50%) | |
130 | Closed to open ("/>15%) (broadleaved or needleleaved, evergreen or deciduous) shrubland (<5m) | |
131 | Closed to open ("/>15%) broadleaved or needleleaved evergreen shrubland (<5m) | |
134 | Closed to open ("/>15%) broadleaved deciduous shrubland (<5m) | |
152 | Sparse (<15%) shrubland | |
Broadleaved/needleleaved deciduous forest | 40 | Closed to open ("/>15%) broadleaved evergreen or semi-deciduous forest ("/>5m) |
41 | Closed ("/>40%) broadleaved deciduous forest ("/>5m) | |
50 | Closed ("/>40%) broadleaved deciduous forest ("/>5m) | |
60 | Open (15-40%) broadleaved deciduous forest/woodland ("/>5m) | |
90 | Open (15-40%) needleleaved deciduous or evergreen forest ("/>5m) | |
91 | Open (15-40%) needleleaved deciduous forest ("/>5m) | |
Broadleaved/needleleaved | 32 | Mosaic forest (50-70%) / cropland (20-50%) |
evergreen forest | 70 | Closed ("/>40%) needleleaved evergreen forest ("/>5m) |
92 | Open (15-40%) needleleaved evergreen forest ("/>5m) | |
100 | Closed to open ("/>15%) mixed broadleaved and needleleaved forest ("/>5m) | |
101 | Closed ("/>40%) mixed broadleaved and needleleaved forest ("/>5m) | |
110 | Mosaic forest or shrubland (50-70%) / grassland (20-50%) | |
Urban area | 190 | Artificial surfaces and associated areas (Urban areas "/>50%) |
Bare rock | 200 | Bare areas |
201 | Consolidated bare areas (hardpans, gravels, bare rock, stones, boulders) | |
202 | Non-consolidated bare areas (sandy desert) | |
203 | Salt hardpans | |
Water | 210 | Water bodies |
Snow and ice | 220 | Permanent snow and ice |
230 | No data (burnt areas, clouds,…) |
Correspondence between GLOBCOVER classes and the emissivity classes.
A reduction from the 22 initial classes of the GLOBCOVER classification (Bicheron et al. 2008) was carried out to 10 classes, taking into account similarities between related classes from the point of view of its components and their typical structure. So, for each vegetated area we calculated average values of the ground (εg) and vegetation emissivity (εv) in each spectral band (11 and 12 μm) from the spectra of soils and vegetation emissivity given in the ASTER spectral library version 2 (Baldridge et al., 2009).
Along with these coefficients, it has been calculated an average value of the cavity term (<dε>) too, taking into account the structure of each vegetation type as described in the GLOBCOVER classification (Bicheron et al., 2008), by using the procedure defined in Valor & Caselles (2005).
In the case of water surfaces, snow and ice, or bare soil it has been allocated directly emissivity values from samples of the ASTER library. On the other hand, for urban areas, it has been used the effective value proposed by Valor et al. (2000), determined by the emissivity values of urban materials (mainly concrete, asphalt, ceramics) and the structure of buildings. Table 1 shows the defined classes, their descriptions, and the values applicable to the equation (1).
The software developed to produce the emissivity maps uses the land cover map, a table with the information for each land cover class and the different AATSR images of the area we want to produce the map. So, it extracts the required data from them, in order to be able to apply the mathematical model (1), previously explained.
These AATSR images have its own format, defined in the specification of the sensor. The system obtains the coordinates of the studied surface and the measured values at each channel of the sensor.
The land cover classification map used is similar to the GLOBCOVER v2.2 one (see Bicheron et al. (2008)). It uses the GeoTIFF format (as detailed in Richter & Ruth (2000)) and the system uses it to obtain the ground type of a pixel given by the coordinates of an AATSR image. This image has a spatial resolution of 300 m, while the ones produced by the sensor have a 1 km resolution. That is the reason why the system has been equipped with an interpolation by proportion of occupied areas algorithm to be able to combine them accurately, knowing the geographical coordinates of both images or maps.
A detailed example of the interpolation that this algorithm does between an AATSR pixel (red square) and its correspondent GLOBCOVER pixels (black edge squares) is shown in figure 1. Since the algorithm know the geographical coordinates of the center of the AATSR pixel and the geographical coordinates of the GLOBCOVER pixels, it knows where the surface of this pixel is in the GLOBCOVER image. In the example, it is centered in the coordinates (15.75, 20.32). Then, knowing the resolution of both pixels, the algorithm will detect which GLOBCOVER pixels are completely or partially inside by the AATSR one and the actual proportion of each of the firsts is occupied by the second one.
Example of an AATSR pixel (1 km) in red interpolated with GLOBCOVER pixels (300 m) with black edge, according to the interpolation by proportion of occupied areas algorithm. Numbers between parentheses represent coordinates where the AATSR pixel is located in the GLOBCOVER image. Numbers near the green lines are the portion of the size of each side of every GLOBCOVER pixel inside the AATSR one.
The proposed interpolation algorithm obtains the different types of vegetation and soil that form each AATSR pixel and very accurately estimates the proportion of the area that each vegetation and soil type represents. First, the pixels of 300 m that the 1 km one overlaps with are obtained, identifying the GLC class each of them belongs and therefore the emissivity coefficients associated with them.
Subsequently, the exact area of each GLC pixel overlapped by the AATSR pixel is calculated based on their geographical coordinates and resolutions. eventually, the algorithm is able to estimate the values that need to be applied to each coefficient of equation (1), calculating each one as the weighted average of the values for that coefficient related to all the emissivity classes involved, and determining the influence of each emissivity class by the percentage that its area represents in the total area occupied by the AATSR pixel.
Therefore, the system processes all the pixels for each AATSR image, one by one, using the following algorithm (see flowchart in figure 2), reading the reflectivities (in the red and infrared channels) of each pixel and applying to them the mentioned model (1) to obtain the emissivity. Once all the pixels of one AATSR image are processed, a map with the calculated emissivities is generated for the same original surface studied by the sensor.
Finally, the system produces an output file, also following the mentioned GeoTIFF format, where it is stored: the average emissivity map, a confidence band, a land cover map, one NDVI map and one vegetation cover fraction (Pv) map, all of them for the original AATSR studied area. Any interested reader may ask the authors for a copy of this program, if desired.
a) Main flowchart of the system designed to produce emissivity maps. b) Main flowchart of the system designed to produce emissivity maps.
Once the enhanced method to calculate the land surface emissivity and the algorithm used by the system developed are defined. In this chapter, they are applied to Europe, in order to obtain a map of mean emissivities to a particular month of summer. Subsequently, a validation of that image is carried out to evaluate the system, comparing its results with actual measures.
As a result of using the above explained system, we have produced the emissivity map for Europe shown in Figure 3. It has been generated combining the output products of the system (in GeoTIFF format) for a set of 183 AATSR images, measured by this sensor in July, 2007. So, for each AATSR image, we have obtained the corresponding emissivity product and finally, we have joined them to create this composite. Also, figures 4 and 5 give the vegetation cover fraction and the confidence band for the same European area, respectively.
Average emissivity map (between channels 11 and 12 μm) for Europe (July, 2007).
Vegetation cover fraction (Pv) map for Europe (July, 2007).
Confidence band for the product (valid pixels are in black).
The validation of the whole system was carried out by comparing the data of the generated emissivity maps (as the one in figure 6) with the values obtained in previous campaigns (Coll et al. 2005) carried out in the area of rice fields of Valencia, Spain (Caselles et al. 2009). In order to compare them, we took all the measures data and the corresponding (by geographical coordinates) emissivity pixels and calculated the mean and the range of error for all, in each channel, as shown in Table 3.
Average emissivity map (between channels 11 and 12 μm) for the AATSR sensor of the validation area (Valencian Community, Spain, 20/07/2007).
Channel (μm) | Measured value | System’s value |
10.5-11.5 | 0.985 ± 0.002 | 0.982 ± 0.001 |
11.5-12.5 | 0.980 ± 0.005 | 0.988 ± 0.002 |
Comparison between experimentally measured values of emissivity and the ones obtained by the system for the same area of rice fields (Valencia, Spain).
Comparing both values, a difference of less than 1% (see Table 3) is obtained. This difference is derived from the original model, as explained in Valor & Caselles (1996), and it represents an error of ±0.5 K (Mira et al. 2007) when studying the temperature.
Since the magnitude of the error of this model is very important because the emissivity error determines the temperature error and the temperature is a determinant input parameter in a wide number of models, such as circulation models, global change models, energy balance models, climatic models, etc. Therefore, our present research objective is to work to keep reducing the magnitude of this error in the future. Some possible lines to investigate are the emissivity angular dependence and the emissivity soil water content dependence.
In this work, we have developed a system able to obtain, automatically, the surface emissivity with an ±1% error (as explained in Valor & Caselles (1996)). Although we have validated it in the area of Valencia, so we have verified that commits this error; in the future we hope to be able to validate it with field measures of other European regions.
Our algorithm combines, automatically, the data measured by the sensor onboard a satellite with the information contained in the land cover classification maps. We believe this algorithm, as the developed system that implements it, come to fill the gap that nowadays exists between the different methods and techniques to generate emissivity maps from satellite images.
This new model, by using the simple interpolation function between areas measured by the satellite and the land cover classification maps, could be the best solution, since it is easy to understand that finding the correct type of soil and vegetation for each area, in order to obtain and apply the most appropriate coefficients for it is always a more accurate procedure than considering a single value of emissivity or fixed coefficients for all the surfaces.
It would also be interesting to make the system capable of differentiating between images from different months of the year, since not all surfaces remain with the same characteristics of vegetation and soil along the different seasons. So we would be able to perform more accurate calculations, according to the date on which the original AATSR image was taken.
In this chapter, this method is applied to the European territory, but it is important to remember that it was developed always keeping in mind the need to allow it to be used worldwide in a near future. Despite there are several differences that should be taken into account, we already have the right tools to do it. So this should not be a really hard process.
Although the AATSR sensor has been used as the source of the required satellite data to apply this model, one can see that this algorithm has been developed to be applied to any other similar sensors. It would be only necessary to recalculate the parameters for the required channels.
On the other hand, as we said at the beginning of this document, this method will be used as the first step, in order to be able to use a split-window algorithm (with the purpose of correcting the atmospherical effect in satellite measures) to obtain the land surface temperature automatically.
All this effort provides an important advance in the study of climate change, weather forecasting, forest protection, fire detection, etc. All of them processes that have been traditionally tedious and cost intensive to implement, while remote sensing allow us to make this studies in a faster and more affordable way. This can be determinant in sparsely populated zones, areas of difficult access such as large forests and especially in developing countries, whose resources are often more limited.
This work was financed by the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/086, and contract of Eduardo Caselles) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project CGL2010-17577). AATSR data were provided by European Space Agency under Cat-1 project 3466. The authors thank ESA and the ESA GLOBCOVER Project, led by MEDIAS-France, for the GLOBCOVER classification data. The authors also wish to thank the suggestions made by Prof. C. Coll, Dr. J. M. Sánchez, Dr. M. Mira, J.M. Galve, V. García, M.M. Bisquert and C. Doña, of the University of Valencia.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal food and consumed, providing energy and nutrients for more than half of the world’s population, particularly in Asian countries [1]. An increasing in rice consumption in Africa and Latin America has been observed in the past decade, mainly due to urbanization and changes in eating habits. In addition, European, US and Australian citizens are eating more rice, possibly due to an increased interest in global traveling and Asian cuisines. The world production of rice (paddy) was 782.00 million metric tons in 2018 [2]. The most common rice consumed by human is white rice (85%) and the rest is pigmented rice.
\nRice paddy consists of hull and caryopsis. The hull or the outer layer constitutes about 20% of the total paddy rice contain minerals and cellulose. The hulling process also separated the hull from the grain or kernel. After removing of husk, whole-grain rice is the unpolished version of the grains consisting of the germ (2-3%), bran (6-7%), and endosperm (about 90%), and is also called brown rice [3]. Consequently, the process of milling is carried out to obtained white rice, also referred to as milled or polished rice, by removing 8-10% of external layers (mainly bran) from brown rice [4]. The endosperm of rice contains water 12%, carbohydrate 75–80%, and protein 7% [5]. Rice carbohydrate is primarily a starch which is made up of linear amylose and branched amylopectin [6–8]. According to the amylose content in rice, rice cultivars can be classified into five groups including waxy (1-2%), very low (2-9%), low (10-20%), intermediate (20-25%) and high (25-33%) [9].
\nWhite rice is a common source of starches and phtochemicals including phenolic compounds, sterols, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienols and tocopherols which locate particularly in the outer layer such as pericarp and aleurone of rice grains [10]. In addition, pigmented or colored rice including black, red and dark purple rice is well known by the rice pericarp or grain having a black, red brown or dark purple color in its covering layers. The pigments, which are located in the aleuronic layer of rice grain, have been reported to consist of a mixture of anthocyanin compounds [6, 10–13]. The pigmented rice has been cultivated and consumed in Asia including China, Japan, Korea, and South East Asian countries for a long time and is widely known as “forbidden rice.” Royal families and kings used to consume these special varieties of rice in order to have their health improvement and to enhance their wealth [14]. In addition, many varieties of dark pigmented rice including Japonica black rice, Chinese black rice, Thai black rice and Indonesian black rice have been widely studied. Similar to white rice, pigmented rice is found in short-grained and long-grained, waxy (glutinous) and non-waxy (non-glutinous), husked and early maturing stages. The black and red rice have been used as a functional food and their extracts are also used as food colorants in breads, ice cream and liquor [8, 15].
\nInterestingly, an increased incidence in non-communicate including heart disease, Type II diabetes, obesity, and cancers in both developing and developed countries has been observed. Recently, pigmented rice varieties have gained an increase in attention from consumers due to its high nutritional value and bioactive compounds, providing its potential health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic [8, 11, 16, 17]. In addition, many epidemiological and interventional studies have reported that the consumption of fruits and vegetables, cereal, whole grains, wine, cocoa, coffee and tea can reduce the risks of non-communicable disease including obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, Type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases [18, 19]. For the most part, the biological functional effects in acute and chronic diseases of plants have been traced to their phenolic compounds. Various studies have shown that phenolic compounds act as antioxidants [20]. Antioxidants control and reduce the oxidative damage in foods by delaying or inhibiting oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), extending the shelf-life and quality of food products [21]. In addition, beta carotene, ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds play important roles in delaying aging, reducing inflammation, and preventing certain cancers in human. The health benefits of whole grains are mainly contributed by one of its major constituents of phenolic compounds including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, which are the most common secondary metabolites in cereal grains, exist in pigmented grains and are considered to be the most effective antioxidants in nature [12]. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in regard to bioactive constituents, extraction and analytical methods, and their potential health benefits. Special attention is paid to bioactivities of pigmented rice and its main anthocyanins.
\nCereal grains are composed of nutrients and phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are bioactive, non-nutritional plant compounds, which typically occur in small quantities in plants foods, for example, fruits and vegetables, whole grains and cereals. The most important groups of dietary phytochemicals can be divided into general categories as phenolics, alkaloids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds, phytosterols, and carotenoids [18]. In addition, bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocols, dietary fibers (mainly beta-glucan), lignans, alkylresorcinols, phytic acid, γ-oryzanols, avenanthramides, inositols and betaine are obtained from whole grain cereals [19, 22]. Some bioactive compounds are quite specific to certain cereals, for example, γ-oryzanol in rice, avenanthramide and saponins in oats, beta glucans in oats and barley and alkylresorcinol in rye, although these are also present in other cereals like wheat but relatively in fewer amounts.
\nPhenolics compounds or polyphenols contain one or more aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups and generally are categorized as phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, coumarins and tannins [18]. Phenolic compounds are the secondary metabolites plants, providing essential function in the reproduction and growth of the plant, acting as defense mechanisms against pathogens, parasites and environments (light, chilling, pollution, etc.), and contributing to the color of plant [23, 24]. In addition to their roles in plants, phenolic compounds in human diet provide health benefits associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases [22].
\nPhenolic acids in rice grain present in two forms including soluble and insoluble forms. The soluble form, including free and conjugated forms, the former of which can be extracted by solvent, such as aqueous methanol, ethanol, and acetone, and the latter can be hydrolyzed from soluble phenolics by alkali. However, the insoluble form, also called bound phenolics, which esterify to the cell walls. Among these three phenolic fractions, the most abundant is insoluble bound phenolic acids, followed by soluble conjugated phenolic acids and the least is soluble free phenolic acids [25]. In addition, phenolic acids mainly exist in rice bran with trace amounts in endosperm in different rice genotypes. Phenolic acids are widely distributed into two sub-classes including hydrobenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives. Figure 1 shows the structure of some common phenolic acids detected in rice. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivates include p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic acid, vannilic, syringic and gallic acids. In addition, hydroxycinnamic acid derivates like p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids. Phenolic acids in many plants are polymerized into larger molecules such as the proanthocyanins. Moreover, phenolic acids may arise in food plants as glycosides or esters with other natural compounds such as sterols, alcohols, glucosides and hydroxy fatty acids.
\nThe chemical structures of the main phenolic acids.
Like as phenolic acids, flavonoids are secondary metabolites of plants with polyphenolic structure. Flavonoids consist of a 15-carbon skeleton organized by a three-carbon chain (C6–C3–C6 structure) and they are the most diverse compounds in the plant kingdom. Flavonoids can be classified in to several sub-classes including flavanols, flavones, flavones, isoflavones and anthocyanins. The most common flavonoids of rice belong to a wide variety of sub-families such as flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanons, and anthocyanins.
\nAnthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are known as color pigments found in several varieties of rice as bioactive compounds. These colorful pigment bioactive compounds are located in the aleurone layer of rice grain [26]. Pigmented rice is diverse in the color, mainly due to the grain’s high anthocyanin content. Several pigmented rice including black, brown, dark brown, dark purple and red-grain rice have been reported have been reported, which its color is depend upon the kinds of pigment colors [17].
\nAnthocyanins is a group of reddish to purple water-soluble flavonoids existing in pigmented rice and other cereal grains [27, 28]. The anthocyanidins or aglycons, the basic structure of anthocyanins, consist of an aromatic C6 (A ring) that bonded to a heterocyclic C3 (C ring) that contains oxygen, which is bonded by a carbon-carbon bond to a third aromatic C6 (B ring). When the anthocyanidins are bonded to a sugar moiety in the glycosidic linkage, they are known as anthocyanins [26]. In plants, they are found in mono, di, or tri of O-glycosides and acylglycosides of anthocyanidins [17]. Individual differences in anthocyanidins are related to the number of hydroxyl groups; the nature, number and position of sugars linked to the molecule; and the presence of aliphatic or aromatic acids attached to the sugar molecule. Anthocyanins are derived from the most common six anthocyanidins (aglycones) including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin and pelargonidin. Several anthocyanins have been isolated and identified from pigmented rice including cyaniding 3-glucoside, cyaniding 3-galactoside, cyaniding 3-rutinoside, cyaniding 3, 5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3, 5-diglucoside [6, 13, 28] and the basic chemical structures of the main anthocyanidins are shown in Figure 2\n. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside has been identified in black rice as the significantly higher than others [6, 13].
\nThe chemical structures of the main anthocyanidins.
Proanthocyanidins are a group of polymeric phenolic compounds consisting mainly of flavan-3-ol units such as afzelechin, epiafzelechin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin (Figure 3) [26]. More complex proanthocyanidins, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of tannins. Proanthocyanidins can be A-type or B type structure with flavan-3-ol units doubly linked by C4-C8 and C2-O7 or C4-C6 and C2-O7 for the former, and linked mainly through C4-C8 or C4-C6 for the latter B-type proanthocyanidin is very common in nature. In red rice, the block unit of proanthocyanidin consists of catechin and epicatechin. Proanthocyanidins are synthesized in plants by using anthocyanidins as key intermediates. These pigmented compounds are also responsible for red and purple color in rice.
\nThe chemical structures of the main proanthocyanidins.
The determination of phenolic compounds is a necessary prerequisite not only to define the nutritional qualities of whole grain rice, but mostly to investigate on the health benefits associated to the consumption of these food plants [30]. Therefore, the most recent techniques for the extraction of the target compounds from rice along with the analytical approaches adopted for the separation, identification and quantification of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins must be fully studied. Extraction is a process used for separating bioactive compounds from solutions using specific solvents by applying standard procedures. In addition, extraction of bioactive compounds can be obtained by using either conventional or non-conventional methods [31, 32].
\nConventional extraction is being used at a small-scale level to extract bioactive components from several plant materials. This technique is usually based on the extraction efficiency of different solvents, which are being used for this purpose. The manual solvent extraction at ambient temperature is the most commonly used method in extracting bioactive compounds from grains. The solvents included acidified methanol with 1.0 N HCl (85:15, v/v), acidified methanol with 1 M phosphoric acid (95:5 v/v), acidified methanol with trifluoro acetic acid (99.8:0.2, v/v), acidified methanol with glacial acetic acid (95:5, v/v), and acetone/water (80:20, v/v). The extraction ratio was a material to solvent at 1:10 (w/v) [31]. In addition, in cold conditions, methanol (85%) and HCl (1 mol/L) was found to be an appropriate extraction solvent for anthocyanins, along with 85% methanol or 70:29.5:0.5, v/v acetone:water:acetic acid for free proanthocyanidins [17].
\nAccording to Shao et al., [12] soluble-free, soluble-conjugated and insoluble-bound phenolics of white, red and black rice were extracted by using 80% methanol. The soluble phenolics mixture was extracted and concentrated to obtain soluble phenolics. In order to get soluble-free phenolics, the concentrated soluble phenolics were further extracted by ethyl acetate three times, and then dried by a rotary evaporator, and dissolved in 5 mL of 50% methanol. To get soluble-conjugated phenolics, the concentrated soluble phenolics were hydrolyzed using 4 M NaOH for 2 h followed by adjusting pH to 1.5–2.0, extraction with ethyl acetate, drying using a vacuum evaporator, and then dissolving in 5 mL of 50% methanol. After the extraction of soluble phenolics, the residues were used to extract insoluble-bound phenolics. Similarly, the soluble-conjugated phenolics could be prepared from the concentrated soluble phenolics extracts by using 4 M NaOH and ethyl acetate.
\nIn addition, our group [13] also used solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques to purify and prepare soluble-free (unbound fraction) and soluble-conjugated (polyphenol-rich bound fraction) phenolic compounds of pigmented rice. The crude extracts of colored rice were purified by applied to C18 solid phase extraction unit. The solid phase cartridge was pre-washed in 0.2% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile and then pre-equilibrated in 0.2% (v/v) formic acid in water. The unbound materials including free sugars, organic acids and vitamin C were collected. The SPE unit was then washed with a unit volume of 0.2% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and then with 2 volumes of ultra-pure water. The polyphenol-rich bound fraction was eluted with a unit volume of 80% (v/v) acetonitrile in water.
\nThe longer extraction time, costly and high purity solvent, evaporation of the huge amount of solvent, low extraction selectivity, and thermal decomposition of thermolabile compounds are major challenges of conventional extraction. These limitations of conventional extraction methods can be improved by introducing the promising techniques or non-conventional extraction techniques, for example, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [32].
\nMicrowave-assisted extraction has been implemented as an alternative technique for extracting anthocyanins from pigmented rice because of its ability to reduce both consumption time and solvent volume. For the MAE method, a combination of 70°C, 300 W, with 10 min in MAE was the most effective in extracting anthocyanins from blue wheat and purple corn compared with 50°C, 1200 W, and 20 min for black rice [31]. Moreover, this technique reduced the losses of the biochemical compounds being extracted.
\nUltrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been used in applications of food-processing technology to extract bioactive compounds from plant materials. Ultrasound at levels greater than 20 kHz is used to disrupt plant cell walls. It helps to improve the solvent’s ability to penetrate the cells and obtain a higher extraction yield. The UAE operates at a low operating temperature through processing and maintain a high extract quality for compounds. Recently, Setyaningsiha et al. (2019) reported the optimization of the UAE conditions for individual phenolic compounds extraction from rice grains using 80% methanol in water for 25 min at 45°C with amplitude 47%, cycle 0.4 s − 1, pH 4.25 and sample-to solvent ratio of 1:5 [33]. The developed method presented the acceptable value for linearity and precision (RSD). Therefore, the proposed UAE method is an effective technique for the determination of individual phenolic compounds including caffeic, p-coumaric, syringic, chlorogenic, isovanillic, isoferulic ferulic, p-hydroxybenzoic, sinapic, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechuic, vanillic acids, protocatechuic aldehyde and quercetin in rice samples. However, the UAE has two main negative properties mainly related to experimental repeatability and reproducibility [32].
\nAfter the extraction of bioactive compounds, the separation, identification and quantitation are necessary to sudied. In the past few decades, there are a huge number of published reports on HPLC analysis of extracted bioactive compounds from rice grains describe as the most widely used analytical method. Recently, Prabhakaran et al. (2019) reported the analyzed method of selected phenolic compounds in rice grains and its by-products using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) [34].
\nIn addition, our group developed an identification and quantification techniques for phenolic acids and anthocyanins in pigmented rice by using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS analysis [13]. The analysis was performed using a UPLC coupled with a mass spectrometer. The separation was carried out by UPLC HSS T3 column 1.8 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm. Column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (solvent B) and the flow rate was set at 0.4 mL/min. The injection volume was 2.0 μL. A stepwise gradients B (%) including an initial isocratic at 2.0% for 1 min, then linear gradient to 98% in 5 min, and by return to the initial condition of 2% B in 7 min. Therefore, the total operation time was 12 min. The solvents and extracts were previously filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane. Mass spectral data were obtained in positive or negative mode with a mass range between m/z 0 to m/z 500. The Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) transitions and compound parameters for the target phenolic compounds were developed. Identification was confirmed by comparing m/z values, retention times and fragmentation patterns with those of references standards. In addition, the concentration of phenolic compounds was quantified using external standard method. Our study showed that eight target phenolic compounds were detected and identified in both the unbound and polyphenol-rich bound fractions of pigmented rice [13]. The identification of compounds was carried out by applying one quantification transition (quantifier ion) and/or one or two confirmation transitions (qualifier ions) to assess the detection and quantification specific to each compound (Table 1). Positive ionization mode was selected for caffeic, ferulic acids, (+)-catechin and anthocyanins while negative ionization mode was applied for p-coumaric acid and quercetin, due to the chemical structures of the analyses and their ionization behavior observed in ion mode.
\nPigmented rice is diverse in color, mainly due to the grain’s high anthocyanins content. The contents of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, as examples of the phytochemicals that were isolated and analyzed from pigmented rice including black, red, and purple rice varieties. A range of phenolic compounds including vanillic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, caffeic and ferulic acids has been detected in pigmented rice. In pigmented rice, the major phenolic acid was ferulic acid [6, 13, 25, 29]. Moreover, major flavonoids present in pigmented rice are quercetin and catechin. In addition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is the most predominant anthocyanins in pigmented rice. A mean of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside content in black rice was about higher than that of red rice [6, 13, 25, 29]. However, malvidin-3-O-glucoside was not observed in pigmented rice.
\nQualified compound | \nRetention time (min) | \nm/z Precursor ion | \nm/z Quantifier | \nm/z Qualifier | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
(+)-Catechin | \n3.04 ± 0.01 | \n291.10 | \n130.01 | \n123.03 | \n
Caffeic acid | \n3.29 ± 0.01 | \n181.02 | \n163.03 | \n145.01 | \n
\np-Coumaric acid | \n3.72 ± 0.01 | \n162.95 | \n118.96 | \n92.95 | \n
Ferulic acid | \n3.87 ± 0.01 | \n195.02 | \n134.00 | \n145.02 | \n
Quercetin | \n4.59 ± 0.01 | \n300.90 | \n178.05 | \n150.92 | \n
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | \n2.87 ± 0.01 | \n449.10 | \n287.05 | \n137.00 | \n
Pelargonidin-3-glucoside | \n3.03 ± 0.01 | \n433.10 | \n271.05 | \n121.00 | \n
Peonidin-3-glucoside | \n3.10 ± 0.01 | \n463.10 | \n301.08 | \n286.03 | \n
Phenolic acids | \nPigmented rice varieties | \nExtracting solvent | \nAnalysis method | \nContent (mg/g) | \nReference | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vanillic acid | \nPurple Rice | \nMethanol | \nHPLC | \n0.19 ± 0.06 | \n[37] | \n
\n | 95% Ethanol | \nHPLC | \n0.77 ± 0.02 | \n||
\n | Deionized water | \nHPLC | \n1.15 ± 0.08 | \n||
\n | Purple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.34 ± 0.02 | \n[38] | \n
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \nnd | \n||
p-Coumaric acid | \nBlack rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.05 ± 0.01 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.04 ± 0.00 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.02 ± 0.00 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.06 ± 0.00 | \n||
\n | Purple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.31 ± 0.02 | \n[37] | \n
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.01 ± 0.20 | \n||
Protocatechuic acid | \nPurple Rice | \nMethanol | \nHPLC | \n0.24 ± 0.05 | \n[37] | \n
\n | 95% Ethanol | \nHPLC | \n1.02 ± 0.08 | \n||
\n | Deionized water | \nHPLC | \n1.26 ± 0.01 | \n||
Protocatechuic acid | \nPurple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n1.60 ± 0.02 | \n[38] | \n
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.31 ± 0.02 | \n||
Caffeic acid | \nBlack rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \nnd | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \nnd | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \nnd | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.02 ± 0.00 | \n||
\n | Purple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.98 ± 0.32 | \n[38] | \n
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \nnd | \n||
Ferulic acid | \nBlack rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.25 ± 0.01 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.40 ± 0.03 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.24 ± 0.02 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.57 ± 0.02 | \n||
Purple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n1.03 ± 0.02 | \n[12] | \n|
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.34 ± 0.05 | \n||
Catechin | \nPurple Rice | \nMethanol | \nHPLC | \n0.09 ± 0.01 | \n[37] | \n
\n | 95% Ethanol | \nHPLC | \n1.73 ± 0.05 | \n||
\n | Deionized water | \nHPLC | \n0.37 ± 0.09 | \n||
\n | Black rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.12 ± 0.01 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.10 ± 0.01 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.01 ± 0.00 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.91 ± 0.08 | \n||
Quercetin | \nPurple rice | \n80% Methanol | \nReversed-phase HPLC | \n0.29 ± 0.22 | \n[38] | \n
Red rice | \n80% Methanol | \n\n | n.d | \n||
\n | Black rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.07 ± 0.03 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.08 ± 0.00 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.10 ± 0.01 | \n
Phenolic compound contents in pigmented rice.
n.d: not detectable.
Anthocyanins | \nPigmented rice varieties | \nExtracting solvent | \nAnalysis method HPLC | \nContent (mg/g) | \nReference | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin 3-glucoside | \nBlack rice cv. Niaw Dam Pleuak Khao | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n137.41 ± 16.66 | \n[6] | \n
Black rice cv. Niaw Dam Pleuak Dam | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n19.39 ± 0.09 | \n\n | |
\n | Purple Rice | \nMethanol | \nHPLC | \n21.09 ± 1.09 | \n[37] | \n
Ethanol | \nHPLC | \n8.40 ± 0.00 | \n\n | ||
Deionized water | \nHPLC | \nn.d | \n|||
\n | Thai black rice | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n142 ± 1.5 | \n[39] | \n
Thai Jasmine red rice | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \nn.d | \n||
\n | Black rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n132.96 ± 393 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n47.80 ± 0.44 | \n\n | |
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n11.75 ± 0.32 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.06 ± 0.00 | \n||
Pelargonidin 3-glucoside | \nBlack rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.23 ± 0.01 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \n\n | UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.07 ± 0.00 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \n\n | UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.03 ± 0.00 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \n\n | \n | n.d | \n||
Malvidin 3-glucoside | \nPurple Rice | \nMethanol | \nHPLC | \nn.d | \n[37] | \n
Ethanol | \nHPLC | \nn.d | \n|||
Deionized water | \nHPLC | \nn.d | \n|||
Peonidin-3-glucoside | \nBlack rice cv. Niaw Dam Pleuak Khao | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n11.07 ± 0.97 | \n[6] | \n
Black rice cv. Niaw Dam Pleuak Dam | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n12.75 ± 0.51 | \n\n | |
\n | Black rice cv. Hom nil | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n19.56 ± 0.39 | \n[13] | \n
Black rice cv. Rice berry | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n6.94 ± 0.26 | \n||
Purple rice cv. Khoa kum | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n5.29 ± 0.10 | \n||
Red rice cv. Hom deang | \nAcidified methanol | \nUPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS | \n0.01 ± 0.0 | \n||
\n | Thai black rice | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \n98 ± 0.5 | \n[39] | \n
\n | \n | \n | n.d | \n||
Thai Jasmine red rice | \nAcidified methanol | \nHPLC | \nn.d | \n
Anthocyanins contents in pigmented rice.
n.d: not detectable.
Our UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS analysis for phenolic acids and anthocyanins in pigmented rice showed that the retention times for the target phenolic compounds ranged between 2.9 and 4.6 min An example of a UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS chromatogram for cyanidin-3-O-glucoside for the polyphenol-rich bound fraction of black rice cv. Hom nil is shown in Figure 4. Hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were characterized by the loss of the carboxylic acid group (-COO; −44 m/z) [35]. The loss of the carboxylic acid group was observed for p-courmaric acid giving m/z at 119 [M-H-44]−, as a characteristic ion. For acids with a methoxy moiety, such as ferulic acid, the -COO loss was found by a loss of the methyl group (-CH3; −15 m/z, -COO; − 44 m/z and -CH3; −59 m/z). The peak with m/z 195 was contributed to the ferulic acid’s precursor ion while the peak of product ion at m/z 136 was characterized to -COO and -CH3 moiety. In addition, the characterization of anthocyanin was mostly based on the loss of glucose (162 m/z). A molecular ion at m/z 449 [M + H] + corresponding with glycoside derivative of cyanidin and a major fragmentation occurring at m/z 287 [M + H-162] + corresponding with a cyanidin aglycone was observed in the polyphenol-rich bound fraction of black rice cv. Hom nil (Figure 5(a)). The MS/MS spectrum of pelargonidin-3-glucoside in the positive ionization mode (Figure 5(b)) of the polyphenol rich bound fraction of black rice cv. Hom nil showed protonated molecular ions at m/z 433 [M + H]+. The product ion of aglycone at m/z 271 [M + H-162] + corresponds to the loss of a pelargonidin moiety. The positive ion mass spectrum of the polyphenol-rich bound fraction of black rice cv. Hom nil (Figure 5(c)) showed its molecular ion at m/z 463 [M + H] + and a major fragment at m/z 301 [M + H-162]+. These data indicated the presence of a peonidin aglycone and a hexose moiety.
\nChromatogram of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside [13].
(a) MS/MS spectrum of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. (b) MS/MS spectrum of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside. (c) MS/MS spectrum of peonidin 3-O-glucoside [13].
Proanthocyanidins are high molecular weight of flavan-3-ol polymers that consist of catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin units that can also be found in rice germ and bran, particularly in pigmented rice. Proanthocyanidins were only detected in red and black rice, and their contents were dependent on the genotypes which differed from 15.57 mg/kg to 1417.12 mg/kg, respectively. In red rice, the majority of proanthocyanidins are oligomers of 5–8 mers (40%), whereas the polymers (DP > 10) accounted for 29% [12]. Moreover, total proanthocyanidins of the traditional Sri Lankan red-grained rice varieties ranged from 11.95 to 24.70 mg/g in bran samples and from 1.07 to 2.27 mg/g in brown rice samples [36].
\nPhenolic compounds have many biological activities, for instance, antioxidant [40, 41] and anti-inflammatory properties [42]. Several epidemiological studies suggested that high dietary consumption of polyphenols is associated with decreased risk of a range of diseases including antidiabetic [43, 44], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [45], and neurodegenerative diseases [46].
\nPhenolic acids and flavonoids function as reducing agents, free radical scavengers, and quenchers of singlet oxygen formation. The antioxidant property of the phenolic ring depends on the number and location of the hydroxy groups [47]. Pigmented rice varieties showed high antioxidant capacity along with the highest flavonoid and polyphenol content [42]. Flavonoids and phenolic acids components play important roles in the control of oxidative stress, which is considered to be substantial in an initiation and development of many current conditions and diseases including inflammation, hyperglycemia, hypertension, heart diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and in the aging process. However, antioxidants are substances that significantly delay or prevent the oxidation of an oxidisable substrate when present in low concentrations compared to the substrate.
\nHyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar, is one of the most common disorders. Antidiabetic activity of phenolic acids and flavonoids has been reported by several studies. It has been reported that these anthocyanins have various beneficial effects, including inhibitory effects against carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes, including in α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Our study on α-amylose inhibitory action of cyanidin-3-glucoside, ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g DM in the red rice sample to 138.8 mg/100 g DM in the black rice sample, showed that the IC50 value for potential inhibition against α-amylase activity of crude extract of colored rice samples ranged from 2.5 μg/mL to 14.4 μg/mL. The potential inhibition against α-amylase activity in black rice samples were higher than those in red and purple rice samples, respectively [13]. In addition, the percentage inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of fragrant black rice fractions had higher potential than acarbose, a synthetic antidiabetic drug [48]. However, variation in the structure of anthocyanins makes it difficult to determine their effects on Type II diabetes. Understanding the absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins is important for understanding their role in the improvement of this disease. Previous literature suggested that anthocyanins may lower blood glucose by improving insulin resistance, protecting β cells, increasing secretion of insulin and reducing digestion of sugars in the small intestine. The mechanisms of action are primarily related to their antioxidant properties, but enzymatic inhibition and other pathways may also be relevant [49].
\nOverproduction of free radicals and/or oxidants can cause oxidative stress and oxidative damage to biological macromolecules including lipid, protein and nucleic acids, which are associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disease [42]. In addition, free radicals including superoxide anion, (NO) and peroxynitrite play important roles in the inflammatory process. According to the study carried out by Chalermpong et al. (2012) on the anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive rich extracts from Thai glutinous purple rice bran [50], the extracts of five purple rice bran sample showed a strong anti-inflammatory activity through inhibitory effect on nitric/oxide (NO) production in combined LPS-IFN-γ-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Moreover, the results also indicated that γ-oryzanol rich extracts from Thai glutinous purple rice bran were acting as a lipophilic radical scavenger better than a hydrophilic radical scavenger. Moreover, these extracts exert a potent anti-inflammatory activity.
\nCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disease related to a range of genetic and environmental factors including smoking, high saturated fat diets and physical inactivity. Moreover, coronary heart disease and stroke are a major cause of mortality in developed countries Dyslipidemia is an abnormal high level of dietary lipids such as plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, or a low level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). In addition, dyslipidemia often increases the risk factor for atherosclerosis, which further increases the risk for developing coronary heart diseases that are the leading cause of death among the aged population [51]. Several studies indicated a correlation between the intake of flavonols, flavones and flavanols and a reduced risk of coronary artery disease and anthocyanin and flavanone intake and reduced CVD related mortality. Lo et al., (2016) demonstrated the effects of the newly bred Korean non-germinated and germinated pigmented rice cultivars on ovariectomized (OVX) rats in comparison with the nonpigmented normal brown rice [45]. All rat groups were fed with 20% rice per total diet and showed that the supplementation of germinated rice for some groups, particularly pigmented rice cultivars, resulted in better a lipid profile compared to the groups that consumed non-germinated rice cultivars. In addition, germination increased the quantities of the bioactive compounds that are responsible for the hypolipidemic activities of these rice grains. Showed a low total cholesterol levels, high levels of high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol, high fecal lipid output, low hepatic lipid values, and low hepatic adipocyte accumulation. There were also an increase in the rate of lipolysis and decrease in lipogenesis based on the lipid-regulating enzyme activity profiles obtained for the groups that fed on germinated rice. Also, results revealed that pigmented rice cultivars had superior effects in improving the lipid metabolism relative to the non-pigmented normal brown rice variety. The application of germinated rice, blackish-purple cultivars enhanced potential for the prevention and occurrence of dyslipidemias.
\nNeurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases have been increasing in our aging societies. Flavonoids may act to protect the brain in a number of ways, including by protection of vulnerable neurons, the enhancement of existing neuronal function or by stimulating neuronal regeneration. Vargas et al. (2018) reported the of studies using neuron-like cells, such as the SH-SY5Y cell line, allowed the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of compounds in human cells with biochemical characteristics similar to neurons, indicated the extract of bioactive compounds in red and black rice brans extracts was able to prevent H2O2-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells [46].
\nPigmented rice especially black rick contains a wide range of biologically active compounds for example cyanidin O-glucoside that can be used in a various in functional foods and in nutraceuticals applications. The advancement of isolation and quail-quantification techniques provides more opportunities for in-vitro and in vivo studies on potential health benefits, given by pigmented rice and its by-products. In addition, most of the studies on the biological properties of black or red rice bioactive compounds have been conducted through an in vitro approach; however, more preclinical or in animal studies should be considered. Further investigations will be needed to study evidence on the efficacy of bioactive compounds including phenolic acids and anthocyanins in pigmented rice in terms of antagonistic, additive/non-interactive, or synergistic effect on potential health benefits.
\nThe author would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University for a financial support of this work.
\nThe author declares no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"qngrRaqGuveqFgrcChoyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1178",title:"Electrophysiology",slug:"electrophysiology",parent:{title:"Neurophysiology",slug:"neurophysiology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:108,numberOfWosCitations:84,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:106,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"electrophysiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"543",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a986185a49802e1e3beaf6cdc6dde8d",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",bookSignature:"Martin H. Maurer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",middleName:"H.",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26540",doi:"10.5772/30897",title:"Protein Aggregates in Pathological Inclusions of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"protein-aggregates-in-pathological-inclusions-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Yoshiaki Furukawa",authors:[{id:"84665",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Furukawa",slug:"yoshiaki-furukawa",fullName:"Yoshiaki Furukawa"}]},{id:"26529",doi:"10.5772/32384",title:"Dynamic Meta-Analysis as a Therapeutic Prediction Tool for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"dynamic-meta-analysis-as-a-therapeutic-prediction-tool-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Cassie S. Mitchell and Robert H. Lee",authors:[{id:"91289",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassie",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"cassie-mitchell",fullName:"Cassie Mitchell"}]},{id:"26543",doi:"10.5772/30341",title:"Innate Immunity in ALS",slug:"innate-immunity-in-als",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"John D. Lee, Jia Y. Lee, Stephen M. Taylor, Peter G. Noakes and Trent M. Woodruff",authors:[{id:"82094",title:"Dr.",name:"Trent",middleName:null,surname:"Woodruff",slug:"trent-woodruff",fullName:"Trent Woodruff"},{id:"91937",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"john-lee",fullName:"John Lee"},{id:"91938",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"jia-lee",fullName:"Jia Lee"},{id:"91939",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"stephen-taylor",fullName:"Stephen Taylor"},{id:"91941",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Noakes",slug:"peter-noakes",fullName:"Peter Noakes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"26527",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Introduction to Treatment and Trials",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-an-introduction-to-treatment-and-trials",totalDownloads:5458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Martin H. Maurer",authors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",middleName:"H.",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer"}]},{id:"26540",title:"Protein Aggregates in Pathological Inclusions of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"protein-aggregates-in-pathological-inclusions-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Yoshiaki Furukawa",authors:[{id:"84665",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Furukawa",slug:"yoshiaki-furukawa",fullName:"Yoshiaki Furukawa"}]},{id:"26534",title:"Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Motor Neuron Degeneration in ALS",slug:"role-of-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-motor-neuron-degeneration-in-als",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Luz Diana Santa-Cruz, Uri Nimrod Ramírez-Jarquín and Ricardo Tapia",authors:[{id:"86426",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia",slug:"ricardo-tapia",fullName:"Ricardo Tapia"}]},{id:"26548",title:"Genetics of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"genetics-of-familial-als",totalDownloads:2666,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Emily F. Goodall, Joanna J. Bury, Johnathan Cooper-Knock, Pamela J. Shaw and Janine Kirby",authors:[{id:"90305",title:"Dr.",name:"Janine",middleName:null,surname:"Kirby",slug:"janine-kirby",fullName:"Janine Kirby"},{id:"91729",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnathan",middleName:null,surname:"Cooper-Knock",slug:"johnathan-cooper-knock",fullName:"Johnathan Cooper-Knock"},{id:"91731",title:"MSc.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Bury",slug:"joanna-bury",fullName:"Joanna Bury"},{id:"91733",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Goodall",slug:"emily-goodall",fullName:"Emily Goodall"},{id:"91737",title:"Prof.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",slug:"pamela-shaw",fullName:"Pamela Shaw"}]},{id:"68369",title:"Cerebral Spectral Perturbation during Upper Limb Diagonal Movements",slug:"cerebral-spectral-perturbation-during-upper-limb-diagonal-movements",totalDownloads:337,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing"},signatures:"Fabio Marson, Patrizio Paoletti, Stefano Lasaponara, Joseph Glicksohn, Antonio De Fano and Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",authors:[{id:"191040",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan"},{id:"195042",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Glicksohn",slug:"joseph-glicksohn",fullName:"Joseph Glicksohn"},{id:"309442",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Marson",slug:"fabio-marson",fullName:"Fabio Marson"},{id:"309443",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Paoletti",slug:"patrizio-paoletti",fullName:"Patrizio Paoletti"},{id:"309444",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Lasaponara",slug:"stefano-lasaponara",fullName:"Stefano Lasaponara"},{id:"309445",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"De Fano",slug:"antonio-de-fano",fullName:"Antonio De Fano"}]},{id:"26535",title:"Role of Neuronal Mitochondrial Metabolic Phenotype in Pathogenesis of ALS",slug:"role-of-neuronal-mitochondrial-metabolic-phenotype-in-pathogenesis-of-als",totalDownloads:1852,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Alexander Panov, Nury Steuerwald, Valentin Vavilin, Svetlana Dambinova and Herbert L. Bonkovsky",authors:[{id:"82483",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"V.",surname:"Panov",slug:"alexander-panov",fullName:"Alexander Panov"},{id:"127580",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Bonkovsky",slug:"herbert-bonkovsky",fullName:"Herbert Bonkovsky"}]},{id:"68413",title:"Correlations of Gait Phase Kinematics and Cortical EEG: Modelling Human Gait with Data from Sensors",slug:"correlations-of-gait-phase-kinematics-and-cortical-eeg-modelling-human-gait-with-data-from-sensors",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing"},signatures:"Chaitanya Nutakki, Sandeep Bodda and Shyam Diwakar",authors:[{id:"71863",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyam",middleName:null,surname:"Diwakar",slug:"shyam-diwakar",fullName:"Shyam Diwakar"},{id:"300655",title:"Mr.",name:"Chaitanya",middleName:null,surname:"Nutakki",slug:"chaitanya-nutakki",fullName:"Chaitanya Nutakki"},{id:"300656",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Bodda",slug:"sandeep-bodda",fullName:"Sandeep Bodda"}]},{id:"70077",title:"Computer Simulations of Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Cleft Zinc Movements",slug:"computer-simulations-of-hippocampal-mossy-fiber-cleft-zinc-movements",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing"},signatures:"Johnattan C.S. Freitas, João N. Miraldo, Carlos Manuel M. Matias, Fernando D.S. Sampaio dos Aidos, Paulo J. Mendes, José C. Dionísio, Rosa M. Santos, Luís M. Rosário, Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira and Emília Quinta-Ferreira",authors:[{id:"308359",title:"Dr.",name:"Emília",middleName:null,surname:"Quinta-Ferreira",slug:"emilia-quinta-ferreira",fullName:"Emília Quinta-Ferreira"},{id:"308361",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Matias",slug:"carlos-matias",fullName:"Carlos Matias"},{id:"311289",title:"Mr.",name:"Johnattan C.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"johnattan-c.s.-freitas",fullName:"Johnattan C.S. Freitas"},{id:"311290",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando D.S,",middleName:null,surname:"Sampaio Dos Aidos",slug:"fernando-d.s-sampaio-dos-aidos",fullName:"Fernando D.S, Sampaio Dos Aidos"},{id:"311291",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"paulo-j.-mendes",fullName:"Paulo J. Mendes"},{id:"311292",title:"Dr.",name:"José C.",middleName:null,surname:"Dionísio",slug:"jose-c.-dionisio",fullName:"José C. Dionísio"},{id:"311293",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa M.",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"rosa-m.-santos",fullName:"Rosa M. Santos"},{id:"311294",title:"Dr.",name:"Luís M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rosário",slug:"luis-m.-rosario",fullName:"Luís M. Rosário"},{id:"311295",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa M.",middleName:null,surname:"Quinta-Ferreira",slug:"rosa-m.-quinta-ferreira",fullName:"Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira"},{id:"311296",title:"Mr.",name:"João N.",middleName:null,surname:"Miraldo",slug:"joao-n.-miraldo",fullName:"João N. Miraldo"}]},{id:"26529",title:"Dynamic Meta-Analysis as a Therapeutic Prediction Tool for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"dynamic-meta-analysis-as-a-therapeutic-prediction-tool-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Cassie S. Mitchell and Robert H. Lee",authors:[{id:"91289",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassie",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"cassie-mitchell",fullName:"Cassie Mitchell"}]},{id:"26531",title:"Advantages and Pitfalls in Experimental Models Of ALS",slug:"advantages-and-pitfalls-in-experimental-models-of-als",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},signatures:"Marina Boido, Elisa Buschini, Antonio Piras, Giada Spigolon, Valeria Valsecchi, Letizia Mazzini and Alessandro Vercelli",authors:[{id:"86826",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Vercelli",slug:"alessandro-vercelli",fullName:"Alessandro Vercelli"},{id:"91887",title:"MSc",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Boido",slug:"marina-boido",fullName:"Marina Boido"},{id:"91890",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Buschini",slug:"elisa-buschini",fullName:"Elisa Buschini"},{id:"91891",title:"Dr.",name:"Giada",middleName:null,surname:"Spigolon",slug:"giada-spigolon",fullName:"Giada Spigolon"},{id:"91892",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Piras",slug:"antonio-piras",fullName:"Antonio Piras"},{id:"91893",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Valsecchi",slug:"valeria-valsecchi",fullName:"Valeria Valsecchi"},{id:"125841",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzini",slug:"letizia-mazzini",fullName:"Letizia Mazzini"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"electrophysiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/139038/safia-alleg",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"139038",slug:"safia-alleg"},fullPath:"/profiles/139038/safia-alleg",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()