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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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As we move into the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing era, the number of sensors deployed that seamlessly integrate themselves into environment is growing rapidly [1‒3]. The research and development challenges to create a smart and interconnected world necessitate a new paradigm in Internet architecture. This architecture requires the consideration of security, software platforms, ethical implications, standardization, smart sensors, and pragmatic business models. This chapter has honed down this broad vision to specifically focus on a few contributions from microfluidic sensors and circuits to better bridge the physical and digital world for healthcare applications.
As we move into the IoT and cloud computing era, the number of sensors deployed that seamlessly integrate themselves into environment is growing rapidly. This concept is described a totally interconnected world where devices of every shape and size are manufactured with “smart” capabilities that allow them to communicate and interact with other devices, exchange data, make autonomous decisions, and perform useful tasks based on preset conditions. Figure 1 shows an ecosystem of IoT’s relationship with people and the home within the modern cloud computing environment. Wearable devices and sensors would be ubiquitously employed to continuously monitor health and infrastructure that would subsequently be uploaded to data centers and archived as datasets. These datasets then provide the training necessary for data scientists and physicians to make intelligent predictions based on the behavior of its clients.
Data flow of Internet of Things devices for healthcare applications.
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field intersecting engineering, nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry with practical applications to design systems in which small volumes of fluids will be handled [4‒6]. In this chapter, we touch on the various facets of this multidisciplinary field and present applications on how microfluidic circuits and sensors can be utilized in an IoT environment. Figure 2 shows the variety of sensors and circuits for IoT healthcare applications ranging from cardiovascular sensing (to be integrated with smart-watch applications [7]) to unpowered microfluidic pressure sensors for glaucoma diagnosis [8] to flexible tactile sensor arrays for smart skin applications [9]. Each of these devices will be addressed in more detail throughout this chapter.
Example of IoT sensors for healthcare applications.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is estimated to affect 81 million Americans adults [10]. An important determinant of these diseases is the arterial wall stiffness [11]. This section describes the development of a simple, non-invasive, real-time detection system that utilizes pulse wave velocity and pressure pulsation measurements to estimate vascular resistance and compliance in the radial artery that can provide the physician important diagnostic information. This system is realized by utilizing a 780 nm laser Doppler velocimeter to obtain the local flow rates and a piezoelectric pressure sensor to measure the pressure pulsation at the radial artery. Here, the sensor measurement results at the proximal and distal radial arteries are presented in both the time and frequency domain. While the presented results are demonstrated utilizing table-top instrument, ultimately this system can be completely integrated for a light-weight, portable, real-time monitoring system that can potentially be embedded into textiles for seamless monitoring of important cardiovascular signals.
Figure 3 shows an overview of the IoT device that is used to monitor the vascular impedance through coupled optomechanical pressure (P) and flow (Q) measurements whose form factor should be small enough to be integrated with a wrist watch. On top of the biomaterial (bone, skin, blood, etc.) lies an optically transparent pressure sensor with integrated optics and electronics for digital signal processing and wireless communication to the cloud. Such a device facilitates the monitoring of signatures of cardiovascular disease using personalized datasets for real-time, continuous monitoring.
IoT vascular impedance assessment through coupled optomechanical pressure and flow measurements.
To measure the arterial flow, the laser Doppler principle, consisting of a laser light source shone on the radial artery and collection of the backscattered light collected by the photodiode, can be used. The total backscattered light consists of a component from the static tissue and a component with frequency shifted light, whose shifted amount is dependent on the speed of moving blood. These two components are collected and mixed on a photodetector whose corresponding photocurrent can then be post processed to indicate the velocity of moving red blood cells. This optical detection system should utilize
where
The pressure sensor utilizes the concept tonometry to apply tension to the radial artery. The pressure sensor should be sufficiently flexible to conform to the skin and be optically transparent to the laser Doppler velocimeter system. Furthermore, it should have a sensitivity of 2 mmHg with a dynamic pressure range of 200 mmHg and an electromechanical bandwidth of 10 Hz. A detailed description of the construction and operation of such a pressure sensor built on microfluidic concepts will be described later on in this chapter.
Model of cardiovascular system.
To describe the cardiovascular system, one can use transmission line analog between hydraulic transmission system of compliant tubes and an electrical transmission lines as shown Figure 4. Here, the blood flow and pressure waveforms are used to provide a baseline model to validate our measurement results where the signal source represents the heart. Based on the coupled Navier-Stokes equations [12]:
where arterial flow can be modeled as a dispersive transmission lines that broadens and distortions as it travels downward the hydraulic line. The different frequency components of propagation are then described by the standard impedance (
where
where resistance is the ratio of pressure over flow, compliance is the change of volume of fluid
When the pressure and flow can be modeled as a Gaussian pulse with reflected waves that occur during discontinuities of impedances:
Sample of measured results from vascular impedance assessment of coupled optomechanical pressure and flow: (a) time domain; (b) frequency domain.
A sample of the measured results is shown in Figure 5 where the vascular impedance values of compliance, inductance and resistance can be obtained. Using reflection amplitudes, we can obtain the source and load impedance values. From the waveform, we not only know the vascular impedance at the point of optomechanical measurement but we can also estimate the vascular impedance at the source and load. The discontinuities along the arterial hydraulic line are a result of bifurcations that leads to reflected waves along the dispersive line. Time domain information can also be discrete Fourier transformed, whose signal can be improved with windowing functions due to the discrete sampling nature, to find spectral information.
An important microfluidic sensor developed for IoT applications is for the continuous monitoring of glaucoma that an estimated 67 million people are believed to suffer worldwide [13]. Patients with glaucoma are considered “well controlled” if their mean intraocular pressure (IOP) is lower than 21 mmHg. Owing to a rapidly aging population, it is estimated that the number of open angle glaucoma cases will increase to 3.4 million in 2020, making it the second leading cause of blindness and the first leading cause of irreversible blindness in the United States. Since unregulated IOP can lead to irreversible blindness by pinching the optic nerve, as seen in Figure 6, it is of paramount importance to monitor this pressure and make low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tools available. Various wireless techniques have been conceived to continuously monitor intraocular pressure [16‒19], which require radio frequency (RF) power transfer to power the device. However, a slew of potential health issues can arise from long term exposure to the high RF power transfer needed to power the device. Microfluidic solutions provides an unique solution due to its low-cost and biocompatible material construct that is additionally amendible to large-scale manufacturing.
Glaucoma is a result of build up of intraocular pressure; figure adopted from [
The dynamical IOP measure is based on Laplace’s principle where the pressure inside the hydraulic chamber (
The device to test the sensing principle is illustrated in Figure 7. It consists of a large, circular sensing chamber network with height
Schematic illustration of calibration device.
The microfluidic network is carefully designed to prevent air bubble formation at the sensing chamber during the injection process. This is done by installing an injection port before the sensing chamber network. Laplace valves at the entrance and exit of the sensing chamber are designed to prevent bubble cavitation as the fluid flows from the fluidic interconnects to the sensing chamber. To minimize compressive effects of displacement of air in the sensing channel during fluidic displacement, a large out-flow chamber is designed to have a volume a thousand times larger than the sensing channel, acting as a pressure relief conduit. A long, rectangular straight sensing channel is used to characterize the sensing principle of the device since its laminar flow profile characteristics are well understood. By optically observing the magnitude of fluidic displaced, the resulting pressure on the sensing chamber can be determined.
Equivalent circuit model of transducer.
The mechano-fluidic transduction can be modeled as a circuit network as shown in Figure 8. Pressure applied to the sensing chamber with a set velocity results in a corresponding flow of fluid due to the change in the internal pressure displacement. A transformer is used to model the conversion from solid mechanical displacement of the elastomer to the fluidic displacement in the microfluidic network. The displacement amplification
According to the strain-stress relationship, the change of the micro-chamber height can be expressed as, Δ
To assess the frequency response of the sensor, the microfluidic sensing system can be modeled as a first-order linear circuit, in which the micro-chamber membrane compliance
where
Optical photograph of the microfabricated device; scale bar is 5 mm.
To analyze the fluidic response, it is assumed that flow is dominated by pressure driven flow in the laminar region so the lubrication theory approximation can be used for the Navier-Stokes equation. The cutoff frequency,
To accommodate the human cornea with an approximately a diameter of 7.8 mm, the microfluidic sensing chambers and corresponding meandered sensing channels are designed on the peripheral of the contact lens at the sclera area. A realized microfluidic device for IoT applications is shown in Figure 9. For the prototyped contact lens, the sensing channel length is over 80 mm with a sensing channel width of 20 μm. This corresponds to a dynamic range of 130 mmHg—more than sufficient for measuring the IOP. The characterization results of the device can be found in [8].
Ubiquitous sensing and smart skin applications that leverage flexible substrates for ultra-high sensitivity pressure sensing is of great interest to the IoT community. This is especially of interest when the sensor optical properties can be tuned to be optically transparent for a host of applications. Figure 10 shows a 3 × 3 array of optical transparent, microfluidic pressure sensors.
3 × 3 array of optically transparent, microfluidic pressure sensor array (scale bar is 1 mm) for smart skin applications.
The architecture of the microfluidic, capacitive pressure sensor is illustrated in Figure 11. It consists of a soft, micromachined elastomer to house fluid on a rigid plastic substrate. The highly deformable sensing chamber is designed to be tall and large to hold a volume of fluid much greater than the capacity of the sensing channel. Electrodes, in this case, transparent conductive oxide (TCO), are used to detect the degree of fluidic displacement as the sensing chamber deforms under applied pressures. Specifically, the large interfacial capacitance (>20 μF/cm2) from the TCO and room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) is employed [23]. To prevent air bubble generation, Laplace valves are placed at the exit and entrance of the sensing chambers. Optional mechanical concentrator(s) can be integrated to the sensor for additional sensitivity.
Microfluidic capacitive pressure sensor architecture.
As pressure is applied at the sensing chamber, strain is induced on the elastomer housing the microfluidic network. In turn, an internal pressure gradient between the sensing chamber and sensing channel leads to an outward fluid displacement across the sensing channel. Due to the geometry difference between the sensing chamber and sensing channel, mechanical displacement amplification occurs as a result of the conservation of mass—a small compressive strain in the sensing chamber leads to a large displacement of fluidic across the sensing channel. Consequently, a change in the interfacial capacitance is detected across the coplanar electrodes. The causality of physics is illustrated in Figure 12, leading to a change in capacitance—where the strain on the elastomeric housing is exaggerated for illustrative purposes. When pressure is released from the sensing chamber, vacuum force is generated from the elastomer recovery, receding the fluid back to the sensing chamber and away from the coplanar electrodes. A mechanical concentrator, constructed out of rigid (~3 GPa) plastic, can subsequently be superimposed on top of the sensing chamber to further improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The concentrator serves to focus the mechanical pressure on the sensing chamber by using the area difference between the top disk area and the bottom disk that is in contact with the sensing chamber.
Illustration of device operation with equivalent circuit: (a) initial pressure and capacitance; (b) measured pressure and capacitance.
At the interface between RTIL and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), there exists an electrochemical energy between
where
where
(a) Band diagram of the energy potential; (b) equivalent circuit model.
The associated change in fringe capacitance,
where
where
The equivalent electromechanical circuit model is shown in Figure 14. According to the strain-stress relationship, the change of the micro-chamber height (
As normal pressure is applied at the sensing chamber, a resulting strain is induced on the elastomer housing the microfluidic network following the simple stress-strain relationship
As a result, an internal pressure gradient occurs between the sensing chamber and sensing channel in the microfluidic channel creating an outward fluid displacement across the sensing channel due to conversation of mass, as exhibited by the
By inserting the stress-strain relationship and interfacial capacitance into the conversation of mass equation, the sensitivity of the device can be described by the following equation:
where
Equivalent electromechanical circuit model.
The fluidic resistance is assumed to operate by a pressure driven flow in the laminar region so the lubrication theory approximation can be used for the Navier-Stokes equation. The fluidic resistance, defined as ratio of hydrodynamic pressure over volume flow rate, of the sensing channel as
when
when
Additionally, the amplification of mechanical concentrator is simply:
where
Techniques to fabricate microfluidics [27, 28] have been modified for these devices. A typical fabrication process is illustrated in Figure 15. The master mold, shown in Figure 16a, is fabricated by a two-step SU-8 process on a silicon substrate. The first step consists of forming the buffer channel, sensing channel, drain channel, and the associated microfluidic interconnects to a height of 15 μm. The second step consists of forming the sensing chamber, out-flow chambers and injection port to have a height of 200 μm. The thin film ITO electrodes are patterned with a hydrochloric acid wet etch process and traditional photolithography. Next, the PDMS elastomer is fabricated with a 10:1 (base: agent) mixture to create a thick replica mold of 1 mm. This replica mold is subsequently aligned to the ITO electrode pattern and bonded onto the glass substrate through oxygen plasma pretreatment as shown in Figure 16c.
Microfabrication process.
(a) 3-D replica mold. (b and c) Device. (d) Schematic of mechanical amplifier. (e) Mechanical amplifier integrated with microfluidic, capacitive pressure sensor.
A BD 30½ G needle is inserted into the injection port of the elastomer housing and a controlled volume of fluid is infused into the microfluidic network from a glass syringe using a syringe pump at a calibrated flow rate. Due to the small diameter of the gauge needle, the puncture hole is self-sealed after withdrawal due to the elastomeric properties of the PDMS. For illustrative purposes, dyed glycerol is injected as shown in Figure 16b. After the injection of RTIL, the patterned microchannels become invisible due to the close refractive index between BMImBF4 (1.42) and the PDMS housing (1.4). The mechanical concentrator is constructed out of polystyrene, for its combination of mechanical rigidity (~3 GPa), optical transparency, low-cost and micromachinability with a programmable, CO2 laser (universal laser systems), whose schematic is illustrated in Figure 16d. Furthermore, polystyrene and PDMS can form covalent bonding through oxygen plasma treatment leading to simple integration. This is a result of the plasma, creating hydrogen bondings of silanol groups with C-OH and COOH moieties on the oxidized-rich polystyrene surface [29]. Additionally, the PDMS molds can be transferred to a suite of other plastic substrates through simple plasma assisted bonding to form an array of flexible pressure sensors [30]. The finished device is illustrated in Figure 16e.
The test setup to evaluate the sensor sensitivity is shown in Figure 17. It consists of a force gauge and a step motor mounted onto an optical table. As controlled normal pressure is applied to the sensing chamber, the fluidic displacement within the sensing channel is monitored with an optical microscope. The electrical impedance spectroscopy is monitored with a precision LCR meter and Labview software. The frequency dependent double layer capacitance response is plotted in Figure 18 where increments of 1 kPa are applied to the pressure sensor. The response double layer capacitance at the ITO/BMImBF4 interface has a peak capacitance of approximately 25 μF/cm2 at 30 Hz. This high capacitance per unit area indicates a successful surface engineering to roughen the electrode surface.
Measurement setup for sensitivity.
Frequency-dependent double layer capacitance versus frequency for applied pressure in increments of 1 kPa.
Measured capacitance versus applied pressure at 30 Hz of single pressure sensor within array (insets show images of fluidic displacement as a result of applied pressure with measured corresponding capacitance).
Images of the optically transparent, flexible pressure sensor array are shown in Figure 19 with device dimensions of
To further improve the sensitivity of the device, mechanical amplification is investigated. With the mechanical amplification (
where
Measured capacitance versus pressure response at 30 Hz underlying the empirical computation model.
The measured capacitance versus pressure response are overlaid with theoretical sensitivity, at a fixed frequency of 30 Hz, is shown in Figure 20. The dynamic range of the device is set by the length of the sensing channel. Beyond the dynamic range, the capacitive response saturates, exhibited thorough measurement results. With the mechanical concentrators, a mechanical gain of approximately 19.5 is measured for
To shed light on the relaxation time constant of the pressure sensor, time-resolved measurements are conducted. A schematic of the test setup is shown in Figure 21. A 30 Hz sine wave with 500 mVpk-pk is applied from a signal generator applied to one electrode and a ceramic capacitor with a value of 7.4 μF is connected to ground and parallel with the oscilloscope. The internal envelope detector function in the oscilloscope is used to smooth AC ripples. The data is saved on the oscilloscope and processed in Matlab®. The interface circuit does not amplify or compensate for the nonlinear characteristics of the sensor. The measured capacitance value follows the applied input pressure well indicating repeatability and negligible hysteresis.
Time-resolved test setup.
A computer-controlled step motor and a force sensor are used to apply an external pressure of 1000 Pa and 500 Pa, respectively, at 1 Hz and 2 Hz, while measuring the electrical response. The fluid is displaced in the middle-length of the sensing channel with an offset pressure of approximately 2 kPa. The measured electrical response of the mechanical input is plotted in Figure 22, indicating repeatability and negligible hysteresis of the sensor. There is an observable phase lag (
Time-resolved measurement results with applied input pressure on the left
The frequency is not limited by the elastomer response, since PDMS has a frequency response in excess of 200 Hz [31]. The
where
The development of ultra-high sensitivity, capacitive pressure sensors using ionic liquids is presented. These ultra-high sensitivities are achieved through three levels of amplification: (i) fluidic displacement amplification through the geometric volume difference between the large sensing chamber and small sensing channel; (ii) ultra-high, capacitance formed at the interface between the electrode-liquid surface; and (iii) mechanical concentration of the pressure onto the sensing chamber through the construction of a rigid construct relatively to the elastomeric housing. The measured results demonstrate a 2000× improvement sensitivity over traditional capacitive pressure sensors. Repeatability and hysteresis are investigated through time-resolved measurements demonstrating excellent performance. In addition to ultra-high sensitivity, the pressure sensor is constructed out of optically transparent material; here it displays a linear response and has a low-cost, simple fabrication process. Without the mechanical amplifier, this sensor can be readily integrated with other lab-on-chip components constructed out of PDMS. With the addition of the mechanical amplifier, such sensors have potential applications in ultra-high sensitivity tactile sensing.
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are indispensable for life as they are part of essential building blocks like amino acids, nucleotides, etc. 1,2,3-Triazoles are one of the most important nitrogen-containing five-membered heterocycles and have a wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, supramolecular chemistry, organic synthesis, chemical biology and industry [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The 1,2,3-triazoles has numerous useful properties like high chemical stability (usually inert to acidic or basic hydrolysis as well as oxidizing and reducing conditions even at high temperature), aromatic character, strong dipole moment (4.8–5.6 Debye), and hydrogen bonding ability [7]. These spectacular features make the substituted 1,2,3-triazole motif structurally resembling to the amide bond, mimicking an E or a Z amide bond. Many prominent medicinal compounds having a 1,2,3-triazole core are available in the market like anticonvulsant drug Rufinamide, broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic cefatrizine, an anticancer drug carboxyamidotriazole and
Owing to its versatile applications, the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles has been a subject of extensive research. The synthetic methodologies for the preparation of this important scaffold can be broadly divided into four categories (Figure 1) [9]:
Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Strain-promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition
Metal-free synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
Strategy of the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles.
Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was the most straightforward and atom-economical synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. However, elevated reaction temperature and poor regioselectivity (mixtures of 1,4- and 1,5-isomers) make this process unsatisfactory [10].
In 2001, Sharpless et al. coined the term “Click Chemistry,” a set of highly reliable, practical, and selective reactions for the rapid synthesis of valuable new compounds and combinatorial libraries. The click reaction should be
In 2005, Fokin and coworkers devised an efficient approach for the construction of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles by ruthenium cyclopentadienyl complexes (RuAAC). In addition, internal alkynes also effective in this protocol leading to fully substituted 1,2,3-triazoles [18].
The McNulty group reported a well-defined Ag(I) complex for the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles at room temperature [19].
An interesting Zn(OAc)2-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was developed by Postnikov and his research group affording 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles [20].
In 2017, Kim et al. devised Cp2Ni/Xantphos catalytic method to access 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles under mild condition [21].
Sun and coworkers reported intermolecular iridium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (IrAAC) of electron-rich internal alkynes [22].
Despite the overwhelming popularity of click chemistry in modern science and technology, the using of metals creates serious concern in biological system due to cellular toxicity. The Bertozzi group explored an interesting protocol of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction for bioconjugation. The driving force for this reaction was the release of large ring strain in the cycloalkynes which proceeds under physiological condition without any catalyst [23].
Organocatalytic reactions has gained considerable attention in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles using enamines, enolates as dipolarophiles. Besides, activated alkenes were established as a useful substrate for triazole formation.
Ramachary and coworkers developed L-proline-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles via an enamine mediated [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction [24].
In 2011, the regioselective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was achieved by Wang et al. using an organocatalytic enamine azide reaction [25].
The Bressy group reported synthesis of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles from unactivated ketone and aromatic azide using microwave condition [26].
Wang and coworkers devised an organocatalytic method for the preparation of fully substituted 1,2,3-triazoles by diethylamine-catalyzed reaction of azides and allyl ketones [27].
Iodine mediated, oxidant free synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was reported by the Wan group using primary amines, enamines and tosylhydrazine [28].
Using potassium carbonate, Kannan and co-workers developed a protocol for the synthesis of 4-acetyl-5-methyl-1,2,3-triazoles from acetylacetone and aromatic azides [29].
The Ramachary group described an efficient methodology for the preparation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles using organocatalytic azide-aldehyde [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction [30].
Paixão et al. reported the use of alkylidenemalononitriles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with aromatic azides mediated by DBU [31].
In their another pioneering work, Ramachary and coworkers reported an interesting organocatalytic [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of ketones with azides for synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-triazoles [32].
In a methodology published in 1986, Sakai et al. used primary amines and α,α-dichloro ketone derived tosylhydrazones for the metal free synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles [33].
Westermann and co-workers developed a cascade reaction using α,α-dichlorotosylhydrazones and primary amines in the presence of diisopropylethylamine [34].
Metal free regioselective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was reported by Dehaen et al. from aldehydes, nitroalkanes and organic azides [35].
The Guan group developed p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles from nitroolefins with sodium azide [36].
1,2,3-triazoles are stable towards metabolic degradation and easily form hydrogen bonding which can increase solubility favoring the binding of biomolecular targets. Owing to their unique properties, 1,2,3-triazoles are attractive building blocks in drug discovery.
Cancer is a major public health concern and second leading cause of mortality globally. Despite that numerous anticancer agents including taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, camptothecin derivatives, topotecan are available, search for novel compounds with different modes of actions has received significant interest.
Kallander et al. reported 4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles
Odlo and coworkers disclosed a series of cis-restricted 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues of combretastatin A-4. One of the triazole derivatives
The series of triazole-modified 20,30-dideoxy-20,30-diethanethioribonucleosides
Rangappa and coworkers prepared a series of 1,2-benzisoxazole tethered 1,2,3-triazoles
Using “click chemistry” approach, the Miller group prepared a series of N-((1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)arylamides and examined their antiproliferative activity. One of the compound
Lin and coworkers synthesized a series of heterocycle-fused 1,2,3-triazoles and evaluated their cytotoxic activity. With IC50 values lower than
1,2,3-triazole derivatives of betulinic acid were synthesized by Koul et al. and their cytotoxic activity against nine human cancer cell lines was evaluated (Figure 2). Two molecules
Some examples of 1,2,3-triazole containing molecules with anticancer activity.
Inflammation is particularly complex biological process of body tissues, where membrane-bound phospholipids release arachidonic acid (AA), followed by biotransformation processes using cycloxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways. Several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, and naproxen block arachidonic acid metabolism by obstructing cycloxygenase. Nevertheless the side effects associated with these drugs prompted medicinal chemists to develop alternative scaffolds.
The Jung group synthesized twenty-four phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives and studied their biological activity. At the same dose of 25 mg/kg, compound
Yar and coworkers reported 1,2,3-triazole tethered Indole-3-glyoxamide derivatives for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using click chemistry approach. Two compounds
Various examples of 1,2,3-triazole containing molecules with anti-inflammatory activity.
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by
Labadie and coworkers used click chemistry to synthesize a small library of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives and screened them against
Using click chemistry, the Boechat group reported 4-substituted N-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives for antimicrobial activity against
The Kantevari group described a molecular hybridization approach for the synthesis of triazole clubbed dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-based
Zhang et al. synthesized triazole-based library of benzofuran salicylic acid derivatives using click chemistry strategy. The compound
Representative examples of 1,2,3-triazole containing molecules with antitubercular activity.
Fungal and bacterial infections create severe apprehension for human and animal survival. The inefficacy of available drugs and rising resistant strains demand significant interest into new classes of antimicrobial agents.
Agarwal and coworkers synthesized 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of chalcones and flavones by click chemistry and screened their antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activity. Several compound including
The Murugulla group studied antimicrobial activity of theophylline containing 1,2,3-triazoles with variant nucleoside derivatives. Compound
Diaryl sulfone containing novel 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized by Jørgensen and coworkers and their biological evaluation was carried out as well. Compound
Zhou et al. reported a series of 1,2,3-triazole-derived naphthalimides for potential antimicrobial activity. Bioactive assay revealed that
5-nitrofuran—triazole congener—was prepared by the Kamal group and its biological activity was studied. Among the other compounds,
Representative examples of 1,2,3-triazole containing molecules with antimicrobial activity.
Viral diseases are caused by viruses infecting an organism body. Although vaccines and antiviral drugs are used for treating viral infections, advance of novel viruses creates health risk over the world. Therefore development of alternative antiviral agents is of significant interest.
Boechat and coworkers reported the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole nucleoside ribavirin analogs and studied their antiviral activity. The synthesized compound
Ribavirin analogues—4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole nucleosides—were synthesized by Zeidler et al. and screened for their biological activity. 5-ethynyl nucleoside
The Ding group targeted virus nucleoprotein and synthesized 1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives for anti-influenza drug development. The compound
Examples of 1,2,3-triazole containing molecules with antiviral activity.
In summary, 1,2,3-triazole moiety has proven to be a privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. The exceptional properties of this promising heterocycle facilitate its wide range of applications from material science to bioconjugation. Thanks to Sharpless for introducing “Click Chemistry,” one of the most prevailing tools in drug discovery, chemical biology, and proteomic applications and undoubtedly opens new avenue to the scientific community towards the improvement of life.
The author is thankful for the financial support by CSIR, New Delhi, India.
There are no conflicts to declare.
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Early studies are focusing on the miRNA profile as a biomarker in disease. As discovery of human miRNAs increased in the setting of disease, the research focus was gradually shifted towards miRNA therapeutic strategy for diagnostic and treatment of disease. Increasing evidences suggest that miRNAs are the next important class of antisense therapeutic molecules, which have significant advantage over antisense such as siRNAs because miRNAs are naturally occurring endogenous molecules. Aberrant alteration of the endogenous miRNAs has been linked to the development of certain diseases. Correcting these altered miRNAs by their mimics or inhibitors has been developed as potential therapeutic approaches. Some of the miRNA-based therapeutics are processed in preclinical and clinical trial for treatment hepatitis C, liver cancer, and other diseases. Currently, the major focus in the development of miRNA-based therapeutics is how to increase the miRNA stability and optimize delivery systems for specific disease with minimal off-target effect. This chapter will first overview the miRNA biogenesis, patho- and physiologic function, and regulation of miRNA molecules. 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As a consequence, plants have acquired several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that allow them to cope with such adverse conditions. Epigenetic regulation plays a key role in the mechanisms of plant response to the environment, without altering DNA sequences. Epigenetics refers to heritable alterations in chromatin architecture that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence but alter gene expression through DNA methylation or histone modifications. The epigenetic regulation of the plant genome is a highly dynamic process that fine-tunes the expression of a pertinent set of genes under certain environmental or developmental conditions. Over the past two decades rapid advancements in the field of high throughput sequencing unveil epigenetic information at genome wide level in various plant species. In view of the adverse effects of global climatic change, utilizing epigenetic differences for developing improved crop varieties is of paramount importance.",book:{id:"7995",slug:"epigenetics",title:"Epigenetics",fullTitle:"Epigenetics"},signatures:"Garima Singroha and Pradeep Sharma",authors:[{id:"142882",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"pradeep-sharma",fullName:"Pradeep Sharma"},{id:"281215",title:"Dr.",name:"Garima",middleName:null,surname:"Singroha",slug:"garima-singroha",fullName:"Garima Singroha"}]},{id:"32799",doi:"10.5772/33525",title:"GC3 Biology in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes",slug:"gc3-biology-in-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"1723",slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology",title:"DNA Methylation",fullTitle:"DNA Methylation - From Genomics to Technology"},signatures:"Eran Elhaik and Tatiana Tatarinova",authors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova"},{id:"105570",title:"Dr.",name:"Eran",middleName:null,surname:"Elhaik",slug:"eran-elhaik",fullName:"Eran Elhaik"}]},{id:"63488",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80874",title:"Nontransformative Strategies for RNAi in Crop Protection",slug:"nontransformative-strategies-for-rnai-in-crop-protection",totalDownloads:2088,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"RNAi in crop protection can be achieved not only by plant-incorporated protectants through plant transformation (transgenic) but also by nontransformative strategies such as formulations of sprayable dsRNAs used as direct control agents, resistance factor repressors, or developmental disruptors. Therefore, the RNAi-based biopesticides are expected to reach the market also in the form of nontransgenic strategies such as sprayable products, stem injection, root drenching, seed treatment, or powder/granule. While the delivery of dsRNA by transgenic expression is well established, it requires generations of crop plants and is costly, which may take years and delays for practical application, depending on the regulatory rules, plant transformability, genetic stability, and public acceptance of genetically modified crop species. DsRNA delivery as a nontransgenic approach was already published as a proof-of-concept work, so it is time to point out some directions on how the real potential for agriculture and crop protection is.",book:{id:"7331",slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",fullTitle:"Modulating Gene Expression - Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies"},signatures:"Deise Cagliari, Ericmar Avila dos Santos, Naymã Dias, Guy Smagghe\nand Moises Zotti",authors:null},{id:"64492",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82105",title:"Antisense Oligonucleotides, A Novel Developing Targeting Therapy",slug:"antisense-oligonucleotides-a-novel-developing-targeting-therapy",totalDownloads:3426,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have been validated as therapeutic agents and an important tool in molecular biology. Indeed, ASOs are used either in vitro or in vivo to generate mRNA selective knockouts. They can be used for human therapy since ASOs can inhibit specifically target genes especially whose are difficult to target with small molecules inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies. However, despite their specificity and broadness of use, some practical obstacles remain unsolved in antisense pharmacology, such as insufficient stability due to nucleases degradation activity, and poor cellular delivery as a result of low cellular uptake difficult biological membrane crossing. Moreover, in many cases, potential off-target effects and immunostimulation are also part of the problems derived from their use. In this review, we will discuss ASOs, their chemistry, limitation of use, some solutions to increase stability, and finally some of their therapeutical application.",book:{id:"6987",slug:"antisense-therapy",title:"Antisense Therapy",fullTitle:"Antisense Therapy"},signatures:"Sara Karaki, Clément Paris and Palma Rocchi",authors:[{id:"273516",title:"Dr.",name:"Palma",middleName:null,surname:"Rocchi",slug:"palma-rocchi",fullName:"Palma Rocchi"},{id:"275051",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Karaki",slug:"sara-karaki",fullName:"Sara Karaki"},{id:"282578",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:null,surname:"Paris",slug:"clement-paris",fullName:"Clement Paris"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66368",title:"Introductory Chapter: Gene Editing Technologies and Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",totalDownloads:1192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"8891",slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",title:"Gene Editing",fullTitle:"Gene Editing - Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",authors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}]},{id:"64290",title:"Strand Displacement Amplification for Multiplex Detection of Nucleic Acids",slug:"strand-displacement-amplification-for-multiplex-detection-of-nucleic-acids",totalDownloads:2213,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The identification of various targets such as bacteria, viruses, and other cells remains a prerequisite for point-of-care diagnostics and biotechnological applications. Nucleic acids, as encoding information for all forms of life, are excellent biomarkers for detecting pathogens, hereditary diseases, and cancers. To date, many techniques have been developed to detect nucleic acids. However, most of them are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. These methods are sensitive and robust, but they require expensive instruments and trained personnel. DNA strand displacement amplification is carried out under isothermal conditions and therefore does not need expensive instruments. It is simple, fast, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. In this chapter, we introduce the principles, methods, and updated applications of DNA strand displacement technology in the detection of infectious diseases. We also discuss how robust, sensitive, and specific nucleic acid detection could be obtained when combined with the novel CRISPR/Cas system.",book:{id:"7331",slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",fullTitle:"Modulating Gene Expression - Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies"},signatures:"Lingwen Zeng, Omar Mukama, Xuewen Lu, Shilin Cao and Donghai\nLin",authors:null},{id:"63557",title:"Molecular Identification of Genetically Modified Crops for Biosafety and Legitimacy of Transgenes",slug:"molecular-identification-of-genetically-modified-crops-for-biosafety-and-legitimacy-of-transgenes",totalDownloads:2033,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Crops undergo artificially DNA modifications for improvements are considered as genetically modified (GM) crops. These modifications could be in indigenous DNA or by introduction of foreign DNA as transgenes. There are 29 different crops and fruit trees in 42 countries, which have been successfully modified for various traits like herbicide tolerance, insect/pest resistance, disease resistance and quality improvement. GM crops are grown worldwide and its area is significantly increasing every year. Many countries have very strict rules and regulations for GM crops and are also a trade barrier in some situations. Hence, identification and testing of crops for GM contents is important for identity and legitimacy of transgene to simplify the international trade. Normally, molecular identification is performed at three different levels, i.e., DNA, RNA and protein, and each level has its own importance in testing about the nature and type of GM crops. In this chapter, current scenario of GM crops and different molecular testing tools are described in brief.",book:{id:"8891",slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",title:"Gene Editing",fullTitle:"Gene Editing - Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Shahid Nazir, Muhammad Zaffar Iqbal and Sajid-ur-Rahman",authors:null},{id:"38872",title:"Repetitive DNA: A Tool to Explore Animal Genomes/Transcriptomes",slug:"repetitive-dna-a-tool-to-explore-animal-genomes-transcriptomes",totalDownloads:4726,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"2748",slug:"functional-genomics",title:"Functional Genomics",fullTitle:"Functional Genomics"},signatures:"Deepali Pathak and Sher Ali",authors:[{id:"33032",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"sher-ali",fullName:"Sher Ali"},{id:"141455",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepali",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",slug:"deepali-pathak",fullName:"Deepali Pathak"}]},{id:"64492",title:"Antisense Oligonucleotides, A Novel Developing Targeting Therapy",slug:"antisense-oligonucleotides-a-novel-developing-targeting-therapy",totalDownloads:3423,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have been validated as therapeutic agents and an important tool in molecular biology. Indeed, ASOs are used either in vitro or in vivo to generate mRNA selective knockouts. They can be used for human therapy since ASOs can inhibit specifically target genes especially whose are difficult to target with small molecules inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies. However, despite their specificity and broadness of use, some practical obstacles remain unsolved in antisense pharmacology, such as insufficient stability due to nucleases degradation activity, and poor cellular delivery as a result of low cellular uptake difficult biological membrane crossing. Moreover, in many cases, potential off-target effects and immunostimulation are also part of the problems derived from their use. In this review, we will discuss ASOs, their chemistry, limitation of use, some solutions to increase stability, and finally some of their therapeutical application.",book:{id:"6987",slug:"antisense-therapy",title:"Antisense Therapy",fullTitle:"Antisense Therapy"},signatures:"Sara Karaki, Clément Paris and Palma Rocchi",authors:[{id:"273516",title:"Dr.",name:"Palma",middleName:null,surname:"Rocchi",slug:"palma-rocchi",fullName:"Palma Rocchi"},{id:"275051",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Karaki",slug:"sara-karaki",fullName:"Sara Karaki"},{id:"282578",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:null,surname:"Paris",slug:"clement-paris",fullName:"Clement Paris"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"396",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"