Parameter model of peak outflow rate.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-642-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-641-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-643-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",bookSignature:"Prof. Antonio Morata, Dr. Iris Loira and Prof. Carmen González",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",keywords:"Grape, Wine, Vine Biotechnology, Plant Disease, Vine Physiology, Wine Technology, Winemaking, Fungal Disease, Biological Control, Vigor Management, Aroma Compound, Polysaccharide",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 1st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 31st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 18th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"23 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Morata is the Spanish delegate at the group of experts in wine microbiology and wine technology of the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). His team won the international Enoforum award 2019 by the application of UHPH in wines and was among the 5 finalists in 2020 by using PL.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180952/images/system/180952.jpg",biography:"Antonio Morata is a professor of Food Science and Technology at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain, specializing in wine technology. He is the coordinator of the Master in Food Engineering Program at UPM, and a professor of enology and wine technology in the European Master of Viticulture and Enology, Euromaster Vinifera-Erasmus+. He is the Spanish delegate at the group of experts in wine microbiology and wine technology of the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). He is the author of more than 70 research articles, 3 books, 4 edited books, 6 special issues and 16 book chapters.",institutionString:"Technical University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"186423",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Loira",slug:"iris-loira",fullName:"Iris Loira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186423/images/system/186423.jpg",biography:"Iris Loira is an assistant professor of Food Science and Technology at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain. She is the author of 46 research articles, 3 books and 11 book chapters.",institutionString:"Technical University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"201384",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"carmen-gonzalez",fullName:"Carmen González",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201384/images/system/201384.jpg",biography:"Dr González-Chamorro has worked as a professor at the UPM since 1993. She has dedicated her teaching work to food technology and applications in the fruit and vegetable industries and fermented meat products. From 2004 until 2016 she held management positions in the university (Ombudsman and Deputy Director of University extension and International Relations). Her research activity has focused on the field of oenological biotechnology and on the selection of microorganisms (yeasts and BAL) that are of special interest in wine making processes. She has extensive experience in the use of instrumental and sensory tests to assess the quality of alcoholic beverages (wine and beer) and meat products. She has participated in different educational innovation projects and coordinated three of them. These projects have made it possible to coordinate working groups for the implementation of degrees in the EEES, and apply new teaching methodologies that allow the acquisition of horizontal competences by students. She has also evaluated research projects and national and international degrees (different Quality Agencies).",institutionString:"Technical University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347258",firstName:"Marica",lastName:"Novakovic",middleName:null,title:"Dr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"marica@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"73558",title:"Introductory Chapter: Resources of Water and the Need for Conservation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94098",slug:"introductory-chapter-resources-of-water-and-the-need-for-conservation",body:'\nUnlike other natural resources such as wind and solar, water resources are limited and can include surface water, ground water, rain water and saltwater. Of all the water resources present on earth, only 2.5% exists as freshwater. Fresh water can exist in the form of ground water, surface water and water present in glaciers and ice. A major fraction of fresh water is present in glaciers with only a tiny fraction available as surface water.
\nIncreasing population and urbanization has increased our water demands and place undue stress on the existing water resources. Studies indicate that by 2030 there will be a 40% deficit between the world water demand and the available water resources [1]. People in the developing world are most vulnerable to climate changes; changes in rainfall pattern as a consequence of climate change have largely affected the world in recent years. Extreme changes in the rainfall patterns have increased the frequency of floods and droughts. Exploitation of the available water resources affects all aspects of human existence in addition to disrupting the fine balance in the ecosystem. Erratic and unseasonal rainfall largely affects agricultural activity which mainly sustains the economy of most of the developing countries. Sustainable water management practices are therefore critical to ensure conservation of the existing water resources. Development of policies on smart water practices and its implementation need to go hand in hand to promote conservation of water resources. Many countries around the world have adopted different strategies to reduce the pressure on their available water resources and interesting case studies on their success stories exist.
\nSome of the strategies that can be adopted for sustainable water management are: (i) re-use of treated water for various end uses such as agriculture, horticulture, ground water recharge, aqua culture etc., (ii) revival of water bodies; (iii) reduction in non-revenue water losses. These strategies need to be executed in parallel to conserve and sustain the water resources.
\nTreated water from the Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) can be used to cater to horticultural needs, irrigation and partly for the daily water requirements. The city of Delhi for example has three sources of water: (1) Surface water supplied by river basins; (2) groundwater; (3) Treated water- the status of which will depend on the quality of treatment. The daily water requirement for Delhi is around 1120 MGD, of which 840 MGD is extracted from River Yamuna and 80 MGD is extracted from groundwater. Currently most of the treated water from STPs are discharged into the major drains and reach River Yamuna. As of 2019, out of 720 MGD generated as raw sewage, only 90 MGD is currently being utilized by various agencies for non-potable purposes like horticulture and in STPs. Some of the advantages of utilizing treated wastewater are:
It will reduce the ever-increasing gap of Potable Water Supply and Demand in Urban Cities.
It can bring down billing charges of fresh water which are a result of long-distance transportation, gradient and higher energy costs.
It can mitigate conflicts of water resource allocation between the Domestic and Agriculture/ Industry.
It can reduce groundwater extraction and also aid in conservation of water resources.
It can make water and sanitation sector sustainable.
Water bodies are an excellent source to conserve rain water which otherwise can lead to flooding due to complete concretization of cities. Revival of existing water bodies and creation of new water bodies can have many advantages; few of which are mentioned below:
Additional Reserves of water can be created within the city which can be utilized in case of scarcity
Ground water recharge
Treated water coming from STPs can be utilized which currently discharge into drains
Rain water can be captured and stored at massive level
Excess water can be utilized to meet needs of the people
Social and Cultural connected – Community owned space – Protection of water bodies
Non-revenue water loss refers to the produced water that is lost during distribution without generating revenue and comprises of components such as real losses, apparent losses and unbilled water consumption [2]. Real losses and apparent losses in a distribution network can be reduced considerably by efficient water auditing. Water flow meters play a critical role in water auditing and give an idea on water losses and usage during each stage. Electromagnetic flow meters can be fitted at different stages of the water supply and a typical scheme of attached flow meters is shown in Figure 1. Water from the source water body reaches a Water Treatment Plant (WTPs) and following treatment is diverted to various primary underground reservoirs. Water from the primary underground reservoir can be tapped to various locations and can also be stored in a number of secondary underground reservoirs. Water flow meters installed at different stages can help identify water losses, water consumption patterns and enable better water accounting. The capital city of Delhi for example has Ten WTPs and until 2015 had a total of 350 water flow meters. Sustainable water management practices in the recent years have led to better water accounting and until 2019, a total of 2000 water flow meters have been installed. This has enabled efficient distribution of available water resources and decreased water losses during distribution and water theft.
\nInstallation of flow meters in a water distribution network.
Sustainable management of water resources to provide safe drinking water to all and to protect the natural reserves is one of the major goals of the SDGs put forth by the United Nations. In the current scenario of climate change and water scarcity, it is of utmost importance to strategize urban water management focusing of water use and reuse, conservation of available water resources and sustainable plans to reduce water losses. Sustaining a low water footprint can effectively reduce water scarcity. The developing world is already taking considerable measures to achieve sustainable use of available water resources while many nations in the developing world have started taking initiatives to adopt sustainable water management. Sustainable water management practices can go a long way in protecting the available water resources and preserving the fragile ecosystem for the future generations.
\nChina has nearly 100,000 reservoir dams, of which earth-rock dams account for more than 95% [1, 2]. Most of these reservoir dams were built in the 1950s and 1970s. Due to economic and technical conditions at that time, the problem of dangerous reservoirs in China was outstanding [3]. According to statistics [4], from 1954 to 2018, 3541 reservoir dams broke in China. The “75·8” flood occurred in Henan in 1975, which led to the collapse of 2 large reservoirs in Banqiao and Shimantan (Figures 1 and 2), 2 medium-sized reservoirs in Tiangang and Zhugou, and 58 small reservoirs, causing heavy casualties and property losses [5]. In the twenty-first century, with the improvement of the dam safety management level and the comprehensive development of the reservoir’s risk elimination and reinforcement, the number of dam breaks has been significantly reduced, but due to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, dams’ breaching still occur frequently. On July 19, 2018, the Zenglongchang Reservoir in Inner Mongolia and the Sheyuegou Reservoir in Xinjiang on August 1, 2018, successively dams’ breaching [4] (Figures 3 and 4).
\nFinal breach of Banqiao dam.
Final breach of Shimantan dam.
Final breach of Zenglongchang dam.
Final breach of Sheyuegou dam.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a mathematical model and numerical calculation method that reasonably simulates the process of overtopping and seepage failure collapse, improves the prediction accuracy of the flood flow process of earth-rock dam collapse, and provides theoretical and technical support for the evaluation of the consequences of dam collapse and the preparation of emergency plans. This article will briefly introduce the research progresses on the mechanisms and numerical models of earth-rock dams’ breaching, especially the latest research results of the author’s research team in recent years, and make suggestions for future research.
\nThe mathematical model of earth-rock dams’ breaching is generally divided into three categories [6]: The first category is the parameter model. Most of these models are based on statistical analysis of dam-break case data, and empirical formulas are used to calculate and obtain dam-break-related parameters. Although most models cannot consider the erosion characteristics of damming materials, but the parameter model formula is simple and fast to calculate and is also often used for rapid evaluation of the consequences of dams’ breaching. The second category is a simplified mathematical model based on the mechanism of failure. It is generally assumed that the shape of the fractured breach (rectangular, inverted trapezoidal, triangular, etc.) remains unchanged during the dams’ breaching. The method based on the flow shear stress and the critical shear stress of the dam material or the erosion formula of the dam material is used to calculate the breach development process; the weir flow is used (overtopping dam failure) or pore flow (seepage failure dam breaching) formulas are used to calculate the breach flow. The stability analysis of the breach slope mostly uses the limit equilibrium method; generally, the numerical calculation method based on time step iteration is used to simulate the breach development process and the breach flow process. The advantage of this type of model is that it considers the failure mechanism of earth-rock dams, and the calculation speed is relatively fast, which is the most widely used in the numerical simulation of earth-rock dams dam breaching process. The third category is a detailed mathematical model based on the failure mechanism. In recent years, a series of researches on one-dimensional, average two-dimensional, and three-dimensional mathematical models based on the hydrodynamic dam material erosion equation have made significant progress, which can simulate the dams’ breaching process of earth-rock dams in more detail. In order to deal with the diffuse overtopping flow composed of discontinuous mixed flow states, shock wave capturing methods such as approximate Riemann solution method and total variation declining (TVD) method are generally used, and finite volume method, level set method, and smooth particle hydrodynamic method are used to solve the governing equation. This type of model is a fast-developing simulation method in recent years, but it can only be used for the simulation of the overtopping collapse process of homogeneous dams or landslide dams. It has not been used to simulate the process of seepage and failure of earth-rock dams and the simulation of the process of overtopping failure of other types of earth-rock dams [6].
\nIn 1977, Kirkpatrick [7] proposed the first empirical formula for predicting peak outflow Qp\n, and then scholars from various countries proposed a series of models. With the continuous enrichment of dam failure case investigation data and the deepening of research, the dam failure parameter model has gradually evolved from the single-parameter model to a multi-parameter model, and the output results have increased from the original peak outflow of the breach to the final average width of the breach and the duration of the dam and can consider the shape of the dam body, reservoir capacity, dam material characteristics, etc. The peak outflow rate of breach is very important for the evaluation of the consequences of dam breaching. Therefore, domestic and foreign scholars have studied more. The commonly used parameter model of peak outflow rate is shown in Table 1.
\nModel | \nCase number | \nExpression | \n
---|---|---|
Kirkpatrick (1977) [7] | \n19 | \n\nQp\n = 1.268(hw\n + 0.3)2.5\n | \n
Soil Conservation Service (1981) [8] | \n13 | \n\nQp\n = 16.6hw\n\n1.85\n | \n
Hagen (1982) [9] | \n6 | \n\nQp\n = 0.54(hdS)0.5\n | \n
Singh and Snorrason (1984) [10] | \n28 | \n\nQp\n = 13.4hd\n\n1.89 or Qp\n = 1.776S\n0.47\n | \n
MacDonald and Langridge-Monopolis (1984) [11] | \n23 | \n\nQp\n = 1.154(Vwhw\n)0.412\n | \n
Costa (1985) [12] | \n31 | \n\nQp\n = 0.981(hdS)0.42\n | \n
Evans (1986) [13] | \n29 | \n\nQp\n = 0.72Vw\n\n0.53\n | \n
USBR (1988) [14] | \n21 | \n\nQp\n = 19.1hw\n\n1.85\n | \n
Froehlich (1995) [15] | \n22 | \n\nQp\n = 0.607Vw\n\n0.295\nhw\n\n1.24\n | \n
Walder and O’Connor (1997) [16] | \n18 | \n\nQp\n = 0.031 g\n0.5\nVw\n\n0.47\nhw\n\n0.15\nhb\n\n0.94\n | \n
Xu and Zhang\n1\n (2009) [17] | \n75 | \n\nQp\n = 0.175 g\n0.5\nVw\n\n5/6(hd\n/hr\n)0.199(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)−1.274\neB\n\n4\n | \n
Pierce et al. (2010) [18] | \n87 | \n\nQp\n = 0.0176(Vh)0.606or Qp\n = 0.038 V\n0.475 h\n1.09\n | \n
Thornton et al. (2011) [19] | \n38 | \n\nQp\n = 0.1202 L\n1.7856 or Qp\n = 0.863 V\n0.335\nhd\n\n1.833\nWave\n\n−0.663or\nQp\n = 0.012 V\n0.493\nhd\n\n1.205\nL\n0.226\n | \n
Lorenzo and Macchione (2014) [20] | \n14 | \n\nQp\n = 0.321 g\n0.258(0.07Vw\n)0.485\nhb\n\n0.802(overtopping) \nQp\n = 0.347 g\n0.263(0.07Vw\n)0.474\nhb\n\n−2.151\nhw\n\n2.992(seepage failure) | \n
Hooshyaripor et al. (2014) [21] | \n93 | \n\nQp\n = 0.0212 V\n0.5429\nh\n0.8713 or Qp\n = 0.0454 V\n0.448\nh\n1.156\n | \n
Azimi et al. (2015) [22] | \n70 | \n\nQp\n = 0.0166(gV)0.5\nh\n | \n
Froehlich\n2\n (2016) [23] | \n41 | \n\nQp\n = 0.0175kMkH\n(gVwhwhb\n\n2/Wave\n)0.5\n | \n
Mei Shiang et al. (2018) [24] | \n154 | \n\nQp = Vwg\n0.5\nhw\n\n−0.5(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)−1.58(hw\n/hb\n)−0.76(hd\n/h\n0)0.10e−4.55(homogeneous dam) \nQp = Vwg\n0.5\nhw\n\n−0.5(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)−1.51(hw\n/hb\n)−1.09(hd\n/h\n0)−0.12e−3.61 (core-wall dam) | \n
Parameter model of peak outflow rate.
The expression of parameter B\n4 is B\n4 = b\n3 + b\n4 + b\n5, for core-wall dam, concrete face rockfill dam or homogeneous dam, b\n3 is taken as −0.503, 0.591, or − 0.649, respectively; for overtopping or seepage failure, b\n4 is taken as −0.705 or − 1.039, respectively; for dam materials with high, medium, or low erosion rate, b5\n is taken as −0.007, −0.375, or − 1.362, respectively.
For overtopping dam failure, kM\n = 1.85; for seepage failure dam failure, kM\n = 1; when hb\n ≤ 6.1 m,kH\n = 1; when hb\n > 6.1 m, kH\n = (hb\n/6.1)1/8.
\nQp\n is the peak outflow of the breach; hw\n is the water depth above the bottom of the breach when the dam breaks; hd\n is the height of the dam; S is the reservoir capacity; Vw\n is the reservoir capacity above the bottom of the breach when the dam breaks; g is the gravity acceleration; hb\n is the depth of the dam breaks; hr\n is the reference dam height, take 15 m; V is the reservoir capacity at dam breaching; h is the water level at dam breaching; L is the length of the dam; Wave\n is the average width of the dam; kM\n and kH\n are coefficients.
In 1988, the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) [14] proposed the first empirical formula for predicting the final average width of the breach Bave\n, and then scholars from various countries put forward a series of models. The commonly used parameter model of the final average width of the breach is shown in Table 2.
\nModel | \nCase number | \nExpression | \n
---|---|---|
USBR (1988) [14] | \n21 | \n\nBave\n = 3hw\n\n | \n
Von Thun and Gillette\n1\n (1990) [25] | \n57 | \n\nBave\n = 2.5 hw\n + Cb\n\n | \n
Froehlich\n2\n (1995) [26] | \n22 | \n\nBave\n = 0.1803 K\n0(Vw\n)0.32(hb\n)0.19\n | \n
Xu and Zhang\n3\n (2009) [17] | \n75 | \n\nBave\n = 0.787(hb\n)(hd\n/hr\n)0.133(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)0.652\neB\n\n3\n | \n
Froehlich\n4\n (2016) [23] | \n41 | \n\nBave\n = 0.27kM\n(Vw\n)1/3\n | \n
Mei Shiang et al. (2018) [24] | \n154 | \n\nBave = hb\n(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)0.84(hw\n/hb\n)2.30(hd\n/h\n0)0.06e−0.90(homogeneous dam) \nBave = hb\n(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)0.55(hw\n/hb\n)1.97(hd\n/h\n0)−0.07e−0.09(core-wall dam) | \n
Parameter model of the final average width of the breach.
When S < 1.2335 × 106 m3, Cb\n = 6.096; when 1.2335 × 106 m3 ≤ S < 6.1676 × 106 m3, Cb\n = 18.288; when 6.1676 × 106 m3 ≤ S < 1.2335 × 107 m3, Cb\n = 42.672; when S ≥ 1.2335 × 107 m3, Cb\n = 54.864.
For overtopping dam failure, K\n0 = 1.4; for seepage failure dam breaching, K\n0 = 1.0.
\nhr\n is the dam height, which is 15 m; the expression of parameter B\n3 is B\n3 = b\n3 + b\n4 + b\n5, for core-wall dam, concrete face rockfill dam or homogeneous dam, b\n3 takes −0.041, 0.026 or 0.226; for overtopping or seepage failure, b\n4 = 0.149 or − 0.389, respectively; for dams with high, medium, or low erosion rate, b5\n is 0.291, 0.14, or 0.391, respectively.
For overtopping dam failure, kM\n = 1.3; for seepage failure dam breaching, kM\n = 1.0.
In 1984, MacDonald and Langridge-Monopolis [42] proposed the first empirical formula for predicting the duration of dam failure, and then scholars from various countries proposed a series of models. Commonly used dam-break duration parameter model is shown in Table 3.
\nModel | \nCase number | \nExpression | \n
---|---|---|
MacDonald and Langridge-Monopolis (1984) [11] | \n23 | \n\nTf\n = 0.0179(0.0261(Vwhw\n)0.769)0.364\n | \n
USBR (1988) [14] | \n21 | \n\nTf\n = 0.011Bave\n\n | \n
Froehlich (1995) [26] | \n22 | \n\nTf\n = 0.00254(Vw\n)0.53(hb\n)−0.9\n | \n
Xu and Zhang\n1\n (2009) [17] | \n75 | \n\nTf\n = 0.304Tr\n(hd\n/hr\n)0.707(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)1.228\neB\n\n5\n | \n
Froehlich (2016) [23] | \n41 | \n\nTf\n = 63.2(Vw\n/(ghb\n\n2))0.5\n | \n
Mei Shiang et al.\n2\n (2018) [24] | \n154 | \n\nTf = T\n0(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)0.56(hw\n/hb\n)−0.85(hd\n/h\n0)−0.32e−0.20(homogeneous dam) \nTf = T\n0(Vw\n\n1/3/hw\n)1.52(hw\n/hb\n)−11.36(hd\n/h\n0)−0.43e−1.57(core-wall dam) | \n
Dam-break duration parameter model.
Tr means the duration of the reference dam break, take 1 h; the expression of parameter B5 is B5 = b3 + b4 + b5, for core-wall dam, concrete face rockfill dam, or homogeneous dam, b3 takes −0.327, −0.674, or − 0.189; for overtopping or seepage failure, b4 = −0.579 or − 0.611, respectively; for dam materials with high, medium, or low erosion rate, b5 is −1.205, −0.564, or 0.579 respectively.
T0 means unit duration, take 1 h.
Due to the difficulties in obtaining the dam-break duration, the relatively low accuracy of the data, and the small number of samples, the dam-break duration model has a large deviation in the calculation of individual cases.
\nIn order to fully consider the dam type, dam breach mode, reservoir characteristics, and breach characteristics, the reservoir capacity (Vw\n) is above the bottom of the breach at the dam break, the water depth (hw\n) above the bottom of the dam at the dam break (hd\n), and the final depth of the rupture (hb\n). For other parameters, the method of statistical regression is used to obtain the results of the peak flow of the breach, the final average width of the breach, and the duration of the dam breach. From the above statistics, it can be seen that the parameter model can simulate the dam-break parameters simply and quickly, which is an efficient and rapid evaluation method, but the parameter model cannot provide the dam-break flood flow process line.
\nIn the 1960s, European and American scholars began to study a simplified mathematical model based on the mechanism of collapse based on hydraulics and sediment transport formulas. This model is also the most widely used mathematical model of earth-rock dams’ breaching. In 1965, from the US Bureau of Reclamation, Cristofano [27] established the first mathematical model of homogeneous dam overtopping failure. Afterward, scholars from various countries proposed a series of mathematical models for simulating earth-rock dam collapse [6, 28]. The most widely used is the NWS BREACH model developed by Fread from the National Weather Service [29]. In recent years, the Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute and China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research have conducted systematic research work on the mathematical model of earth-rock dams’ breaching, establishing NHRI-DB series and DB-IWHR series dam-break mathematical models, respectively. The commonly used simplified mathematical model of earth-rock dam breaching is shown in Table 4.
\nModel | \nShape of breach | \nThe flow of the breach | \nErosion formula | \nMechanical analysis | \nBreach mode | \nType of dam | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cristofano (1965) [27] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula | \nCristofano formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous | \n
BRDAM (1981) [30] | \nParabolic | \nWide crest weir formula, vent flow formula | \nSchoklitsch formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse (overtopping), top collapse (seepage) | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous | \n
DAMBRK (1984) [31] | \nTrapezoid or rectangle | \nWide crest weir formula | \nEven flush | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous | \n
BEED (1985) [32] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula | \nEinstein and Brown formula, Meyer-Peter-Mueller formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous | \n
NWS BREACH (1988) [29] | \nTrapezoid or rectangle | \nWide crest weir formula, vent flow formula | \nCorrection Meyer-Peter-Mueller formula | \nCollapse laterally (overtopping), top collapse (seepage) | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous, core wall | \n
HR BREACH (2002, 2009) [33, 34] | \nEffective stress method | \n1D stable non-uniform weir flow formula | \nSediment transport formula or erosion rate formula | \nSingle (two) side erosion, collapse laterally, stability analysis of core wall | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous earth dam, core wall | \n
FIREBIRD (2006) [35] | \nTrapezoid | \nUnsteady Saint-Venant equation | \nSediment transport formula or erosion rate formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous | \n
WinDAM/SIMBA (2005, 2006, 2010) [36, 37, 38] | \nRectangle | \nWide crest weir formula | \nErosion rate formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous | \n
DLBreach (2013) [40] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula, vent flow formula | \nSediment transport formula or erosion rate formula | \nSingle (two) side erosion, collapse laterally, stability analysis of core wall, dam foundation erosion | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous, core wall | \n
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology model [39] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula, vent flow formula | \nErosion rate formula | \nCollapse laterally (overtopping), top collapse (seepage) | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous, landslide | \n
DB-IWHR series dam-break mathematical model of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research [41, 42, 43] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula | \nErosion rate formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nOvertopping | \nHomogeneous, core wall, landslide dam | \n
NHRI-DB series dam-break mathematical model of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute [44, 45, 46, 47, 48] | \nTrapezoid | \nWide crest weir formula, vent flow formula | \nSediment transport formula or erosion rate formula | \nShearing or dumping of the core wall, panel break, collapse laterally (overtopping), top collapse (seepage) | \nOvertopping or seepage | \nHomogeneous, core wall, face dam, landslide | \n
Simplified mathematical model of earth-rock dam breaching.
It can be seen from the above analysis that this type of model is mainly aimed at the two failure modes of earth-rock dam overtopping and seepage failure. By assuming the shape of the breach, different flow calculation formulas and erosion formulas are used to simulate the scouring of the dam material, and different simulation methods are used to analyze the vertical undercut and lateral expansion of the breach. Most of the models use iterative numerical calculation methods based on time steps to simulate the process of dam break and can output the parameters of dam break (such as the flow of the breach, the size of the breach, the water level of the reservoir, etc.) at each time step.
\nFor example, based on the overtopping breach mechanism of the clay-core wall dam, a mathematical model to simulate its breach process is proposed. The model is based on the shape of the dam body and the characteristics of the flood flow to determine the initial scoring position of the downstream slope during erosion. The flow formula of the wide crested weir is used to calculate the rupture flow. The mechanical equilibrium method is used to simulate the tipping and shear failure of the core wall; the model can also consider the erosion of the dam body on one side, the erosion on both sides, and the erosion of the dam foundation and the process of water and soil coupling during dam break.
\nBased on the mechanism revealed by the model test of the overtopping breach of the homogeneous cohesive earth dam, the author has established a mathematical model that can simulate its collapse process (Figure 5). The specific modules of the model are as follows.
\nSchematic diagram of the author’s model calculation process. (1) Breach formation, (2) Scarp formation, (3) Scarp widen, (4) Headcut scour, (5) Breach widen, (6) Breach fully formed.
This model is based on the shape of the dam body and the characteristics of the flow at the top of the crater to determine the formation position of the “dark ridge.” The traceable erosion formula that can consider the physical and mechanical characteristics of the dam material is used to simulate the movement of the “dark ridge.” The collapse of the dam body: choose a reasonable erosion formula of the dam material to simulate the development of the dam crest and the downstream slope failure, and use the limit equilibrium method to simulate the failure of the collapse slope. The model considers incomplete dam failure and erosion of the dam foundation, as well as erosion on one side and both sides of the dam body.
\nThe flow chart of the model calculation process of the collapse process of the homogeneous earth dam is shown in Figure 6.
\nCalculation flow chart of the process of overburden collapse of the homogeneous earth dam.
There are two major highlights of the NHRI-DB concrete-face dam-break mathematical model [47]: the adoption of total-load nonequilibrium transport equation (Eq. (1)) [72] to simulate the erosion process of sand gravels with a wide range of gradation and the establishment of an analogy to simulate the failure process of each concrete-face slab under various loads during the dam breaching process.
\nwhere t = time; x = longitudinal coordinate; A = cross-sectional flow area in the breach channel; Ct\n = actual total-load sediment concentration; Ct\n = sediment concentration at the equilibrium state; and L\ns = adaptation length characterizing the adjustment of sediment from a nonequilibrium state to equilibrium state.
\nIn the NHRI-DB core dam-break mathematical model [45], a hydraulic method was used to predict the initial scour position for high dam. A time averaged erosion equation was adopted to simulate the backward erosion of dam’s shoulder. The broad-crested weir equation (Eqs. (2) and (3)) [73, 74] was adopted to calculate the breach flow discharge. Furthermore, the sliding or overturning failure was adopted as the key mechanism for the core, which was judged based upon numerical analysis. The calculated results show that the proposed model gives reasonable peak outflow, final breach width, and failure time.
\nwhere Bb\n is the bottom width of the breach (m), H represents the difference “zs − zb\n” (m), in which zb\n is the elevation of the breach bottom (m), m is the side slope (horizontal/vertical) of the breach, c1\n and c2\n are the discharge coefficients with values of 1.7 m0.5/s and 1.3 m0.5/s [73], and ksm is the submergence correction factor for tailwater effects on weir outflow.
\nwhere zt\n is the tailwater level (m).
\nThe advantage of this type of model is that it can consider the failure mechanism of the earth-rock dam and can use a short calculation time to complete the simulation of the dam-break process; however, most models cannot really consider the water-soil coupling effect during the dam-break process.
\nIn order to fully describe the water-soil coupling effect in the process of dams’ breaching, in recent years, with the improvement of computer performance and the development of sediment science and computational fluid dynamics, a series of nonequilibrium dam material transport theory has emerged based on shallow water hypothetical detailed mathematical model for dam failure [49]. The commonly used detailed mathematical model of earth-rock dams’ breaching is shown in Table 5.
\nModel | \nDetermination method of breach shape | \nFlow of breach | \nDam material erosion | \nMechanical analysis | \nCalculation method | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang and Bowles (2006) [50] | \nScour without sediment motion | \nShallow water equations | \nErosion rate formula | \nThree-dimensional collapse laterally | \nFinite different method | \n
Faeh (2007) [51] | \nTwo-dimensional Exner equations | \nShallow water equations | \nTraction load and suspended load formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Wu et al. (2007, 2012) [52, 53] | \nOne- and two-dimensional nonequilibrium total sand transport equations | \nGeneral shallow water equations | \nTotal sand transport formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Swartenbroekx et al. (2010) [54] | \nTwo-dimensional Exner equations | \nShallow water equations | \nTraction load formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Li et al. (2011) [55] | \nTwo-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations (suspended load) | \nShallow water equations | \nEmpirical formulas of sediment carrying rate and Sedimentation rate | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method | \n
Cao et al. (2011) [56] | \nTwo-dimensional nonequilibrium total sediment transport equations | \nGeneral shallow water equations | \nTraction load formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Rosatti and Begnudelli (2013) [57, 58] | \nTwo-dimensional mass conservation and energy conservation equations (solid phases) | \nShallow water equations (liquid) | \nFloe concentration formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method | \n
Juez et al. (2013, 2014) [59, 60] | \nOne- and two-dimensional Exner equations | \nSaint-Venant equations and shallow water equations | \n10 different erosion formulas | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method | \n
Swartenbroekx et al. (2013) [61] | \nTwo-dimensional mass conservation and energy conservation equations (traction load) | \nShallow water equations (clean water) | \nErosion rate formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method | \n
Guan et al. (2014) [62] | \nTwo-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations (traction load) | \nShallow water equations (pure water) | \nTraction load formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Kesserwani et al. (2014) [63] | \nTwo-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations (suspended load) | \nShallow water equations | \nEmpirical formulas of sediment carrying rate and sedimentation rate | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nIntermittent Galerkin method | \n
Razavitoosi et al. (2014) [64] | \nN-S equations (solid phases, non-Newtonian fluid) | \nN-S equations (liquid, non-Newtonian fluid) | \n/ | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nSmoothed particle hydrodynamics method | \n
Marsooli and Wu (2015) [65] | \nThree-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations | \nN-S equations | \nTraction load and suspended load formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method and volume of fluid | \n
Abderrezza et al. (2016) [66] | \nTwo-dimensional Exner equations | \nShallow water equations | \nTraction load formula | \nCollapse laterally | \nFinite volume method | \n
Cantero-Chinchilla et al. (2016) [67] | \nOne-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations | \nSaint-Venant equations, vertical momentum equation | \nTraction load and suspended load formula | \nBreach without lateral collapse | \nFinite volume method | \n
Cristo et al. (2016, 2018) [68, 69] | \nTwo-dimensional mass conservation and energy conservation equations (solid phase) | \nShallow water equations (liquid) | \nTraction load formula | \nBed collapse algorithm | \nFinite volume method | \n
YAN Zhikun et al. (2019) [70] | \nTwo-dimensional nonequilibrium sediment transport equations | \nGeneral shallow water equations | \nTotal sand transport formula considering bed slope | \nBed collapse algorithm | \nFinite volume method | \n
Detailed mathematical model of earth-rock dams’ breaching.
It can be seen from the above statistics that this type of model is mainly based on the continuity equations of water flow (Eq. (4)), momentum equations (Eq. (5)), and energy equations (Eq. (6)), coupled with the sediment movement equation, and the finite volume method and other numerical simulation methods are used to discretely solve the governing equations
\nIn Yan Zhikun’s model [70], based on the continuity equations of water flow, momentum equations, and nonequilibrium sediment transport equations, a planar two-dimensional mathematical model of dam rupture along the depth average is proposed. The sand capacity and the collapse mechanism of the two-dimensional slope during the dam-break process. The fully coupled method is used to convert the hydrodynamic equation and the nonequilibrium sediment transport equation into a shallow water equation with source terms and is based on the finite volume method under a rectangular grid. Discrete processing, using conservative, non-negative water depth numerical reconstruction format to make the model have second-order accuracy in the space–time direction, using HLLC [71] approximate Riemann solver to calculate grid boundary flux, SGM (Surface Gradient Method) format to calculate water surface gradient source terms, semi-implicit format. For the bottom bed friction term, the explicit gradient calculation of the source term of the concentration gradient is used to numerically solve the control equation.
\nSuch models can achieve detailed simulation of the dam-break process, but the calculation speed is slow, and it can only be used for the numerical simulation of the overtopping dams’ breaching. However, this method can fully consider the coupling effect of water-soil coupling in the process of dam failure and can simulate complex boundary conditions, which is the development direction of numerical simulation of earth-rock dams’ breaching.
\nEarth-rock dams’ breaching mechanism and dam-break process simulation are the foundation of dam-break disaster assessment and emergency response. They involve fluid mechanics, sediment kinematics, soil mechanics, and other disciplines. They are complex water-soil coupling problems. After decades of research and exploration, various mathematical models of dams’ breaching have been developed and made a series of innovative achievements, which provide theoretical support for improving the accuracy of flood disaster prediction of earth-rock dams. It is suggested that in the future, research efforts should be intensified on the mathematical model of the detailed simulation of the earth-rock dam breaching process, focusing on the application of visualization technology in the simulation of the dam-break process and accelerating the development of a universal and friendly simulation of the earth-rock dams’ breaching and the visual calculation of the disaster-causing process software.
\nCustomer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10772",title:"Parasitic Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31abd439b5674c91d18ad77dbc52500f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Maria Gonzalez and Dr. Hector Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fbf391f2093649bcf3bd674f7e32189",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Balkrishna Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10777.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206647",title:"Dr.",name:"Balkrishna",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"balkrishna-ghimire",fullName:"Balkrishna Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10749",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49d3123cde96adbe706adadebebc5ebb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences",parent:{title:"Social Sciences and Humanities",slug:"social-sciences-and-humanities"},numberOfBooks:87,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1355,numberOfWosCitations:542,numberOfCrossrefCitations:429,numberOfDimensionsCitations:841,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"social-sciences",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9251",title:"Pleistocene Archaeology",subtitle:"Migration, Technology, and Adaptation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65e1040ad23f0385a56f2d0472b4aee5",slug:"pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",bookSignature:"Rintaro Ono and Alfred Pawlik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177123",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rintaro",middleName:null,surname:"Ono",slug:"rintaro-ono",fullName:"Rintaro Ono"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:"who-wants-to-retire-and-who-can-afford-to-retire-",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10032",title:"Fire Safety and Management Awareness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba924ac3ec282316ae8ba97882cc4592",slug:"fire-safety-and-management-awareness",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Anujit Ghosal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7806",title:"Public Sector Crisis Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84a998820880e0f006a5e9eac40d83e7",slug:"public-sector-crisis-management",bookSignature:"Alexander Rozanov, Alexander Barannikov, Olga Belyaeva and Mikhail Smirnov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9256",title:"Risk Management and Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5547d1d68d2db6f22eedb8f306b0276",slug:"risk-management-and-assessment",bookSignature:"Jorge Rocha, Sandra Oliveira and César Capinha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7810",title:"Quality of Life",subtitle:"Biopsychosocial Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0392d2712c58885b729bd943f9aac37f",slug:"quality-of-life-biopsychosocial-perspectives",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Federico Durbano and Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6927",title:"Intellectual Property Rights",subtitle:"Patent",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd5884b3bce2ec6f77a8356ea384a37",slug:"intellectual-property-rights-patent",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu, Suriyaprakash Tnk, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:87,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42656",doi:"10.5772/55538",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:8959,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:56,book:{slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:8024,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:1660,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:8640,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"34156",title:"History and Sociology: What is Historical Sociology?",slug:"history-and-sociology-what-is-historical-sociology-",totalDownloads:14888,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"sociological-landscape-theories-realities-and-trends",title:"Sociological Landscape",fullTitle:"Sociological Landscape - Theories, Realities and Trends"},signatures:"Jiri Subrt",authors:[{id:"119641",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Subrt",slug:"subrt",fullName:"Subrt"}]},{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:6971,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:5902,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"42656",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:8954,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:56,book:{slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"45760",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:8013,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"52503",title:"Gender and Leadership",slug:"gender-and-leadership",totalDownloads:3103,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Kathryn E. Eklund, Erin S. Barry and Neil E. Grunberg",authors:[{id:"191531",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Grunberg",slug:"neil-grunberg",fullName:"Neil Grunberg"},{id:"191532",title:"Dr.",name:"Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Barry",slug:"erin-barry",fullName:"Erin Barry"},{id:"191533",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Eklund",slug:"kathryn-eklund",fullName:"Kathryn Eklund"}]},{id:"60813",title:"Crisis Management: A Historical and Conceptual Approach for a Better Understanding of Today’s Crises",slug:"crisis-management-a-historical-and-conceptual-approach-for-a-better-understanding-of-today-s-crises",totalDownloads:3191,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"crisis-management-theory-and-practice",title:"Crisis Management",fullTitle:"Crisis Management - Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Khaled Zamoum and Tevhide Serra Gorpe",authors:[{id:"230918",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Serra",middleName:null,surname:"Gorpe",slug:"t.-serra-gorpe",fullName:"T. Serra Gorpe"},{id:"230920",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Zamoum",slug:"khaled-zamoum",fullName:"Khaled Zamoum"}]},{id:"63707",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"social-sciences",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96206",book:{title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"75268",title:"How Philosophizing the Dialogos Way Can Promote Education for Sustainable Development",slug:"how-philosophizing-the-dialogos-way-can-promote-education-for-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96198",book:{title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Eirik Hæreid Marcussen, Michael Weiss and Guro Hansen Helskog"},{id:"75591",title:"Quality Inclusion of Young Children with Disabilities: Taking a Stance to Support Early Childhood Leaders",slug:"quality-inclusion-of-young-children-with-disabilities-taking-a-stance-to-support-early-childhood-lea",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96511",book:{title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Sara Movahedazarhouligh"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:55},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/137483/coumba-thiandoum",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"137483",slug:"coumba-thiandoum"},fullPath:"/profiles/137483/coumba-thiandoum",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()