Results of Bonferroni’s multiple comparison for accuracy rates and response times in cases of row-wise and column-wise patterns.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8260",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Urban and Architectural Heritage within Sustainability is interested in the cities of the future, which must tie together the past, present, and future through an advanced connective chain that meets all humans' requirements in any era. This book attempts to answer many questions, such as what is urban conservation? How do cities of historical depth deal with modern planning policies and our conservation policies, rehabilitation, restoration, and preservation of historical cities and heritage buildings? How can we explain sustainable heritage and sustainability? Comprised of four sections, this book includes six chapters by noted experts and researchers. Section 1 covers heritage conservation and rehabilitation of architectural and urban heritage. Section 2 investigates current retrofitting strategies and interventions in heritage buildings through the viewpoint of energy efficiency. Section 3 redefines what identity is and explores how new places and spaces offer an eyrie of cultural values. And Section 4 establishes heritage significant values and assesses sustainable heritage conservation options.",isbn:"978-1-83880-882-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-881-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-883-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78244",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6594cc0ad7cb888bfdc4ac97c9a281f7",bookSignature:"Kabila Hmood",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8260.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11234,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/214741/images/system/214741.png",biography:"Kabila Faris Hmood has been a Full Professor of Architectural Engineering since 2004. She is Vice Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Design, and also the head of Architecture Department at Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, where she has been working since 2013. Prior to that time, she worked at the University of Baghdad from 1986 until 2010. She received from the Eni Award Scientific Secretariat an invitation to propose her candidature to 2008’s edition of the Eni Award, specifically for her research on \\Solar Energy and the Arab Architecture Engineering Experience.\\ She also received an invitation to participate in the 2009 and 2010 edition of the Eni Awards. Dr. Hmood received her Ph.D. in 1996. She has published many books, one of them published in three editions, in addition she has more than 35 research papers, published in scientific journals or presented at international scientific conferences.",institutionString:"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"871",title:"Urban Ecology",slug:"urban-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"67342",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heritage Conservation - Rehabilitation of Architectural and Urban Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86670",slug:"introductory-chapter-heritage-conservation-rehabilitation-of-architectural-and-urban-heritage",totalDownloads:2630,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kabila Faris Hmood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67342",authors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}],corrections:null},{id:"63991",title:"Improving Environmental Sustainability in Reuse of Some of England’s Churches: Challenges and Options for Sustainable Practices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81222",slug:"improving-environmental-sustainability-in-reuse-of-some-of-england-s-churches-challenges-and-options",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Considering the spontaneous growth in retrofitting practices, existing buildings, particularly those of historical significance are being transformed using a wide range of interventions. However, the pervasiveness of these interventions constitutes a serious challenge to retrofitting heritage buildings. The aim of this paper is to investigate current retrofitting strategies and interventions in heritage buildings. The purpose is to assess current performance through the viewpoint of energy efficiency. The paper adopted pragmatic analytic and comparative approach and methodology to investigating retrofitting interventions in the reuse of England listed churches. A top down approach method of data collection was employed to collect energy use data from monthly utility bills and meter printer outs from selected buildings. Findings show that in terms of energy performance, the majority of the surveyed buildings are currently under-performing. Recommendations for low energy use interventions for operational management of retrofitting projects were proposed. It concluded that the low operational energy use should be a key priority for effectiveness in any proposed retrofitting intervention on heritage building projects.",signatures:"Oluwafemi K. Akande",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63991",authors:[{id:"257636",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Akande",slug:"oluwafemi-akande",fullName:"Oluwafemi Akande"}],corrections:null},{id:"64907",title:"New Additions to Existing Built Heritage and Their Contributions to Sustainable Development: Cases from Ankara, Turkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82734",slug:"new-additions-to-existing-built-heritage-and-their-contributions-to-sustainable-development-cases-fr",totalDownloads:1269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"New additions to historic buildings are mostly required either to extend the longevity of the building or to meet the new program requirements imposed to the built heritage as part of historic preservation process. The additions might be in the form of a rooftop, front, rear, side, or basement attachment. In all cases, the question of what is a sensitive addition according to the world-wide preservation standards is to be well analyzed. This study uses data from a new survey on five case study historic mosques and khans in Ankara with new exterior or interior additions to reveal the quality, compatibility and/or incompatibility of contemporary new additions and their contributions to sustainability. Case study analysis, in-situ observations, archival and literature survey are the principle methods applied during the study. Research findings show that, the additions follow different paths; they can be differentiated from the main historic building with their massing, material, and either color, or they hinder the existing built heritage, or even damage its character-defining features. Hence, for sensitive and successful new additions, restorations should be in compatible with world-wide standards and should be well analyzed and applied by the related authorities both during project approval and restoration phases.",signatures:"Gulsen Disli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64907",authors:[{id:"281382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulsen",surname:"Disli",slug:"gulsen-disli",fullName:"Gulsen Disli"}],corrections:null},{id:"64381",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82025",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:4455,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources; sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",signatures:"Maha Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64381",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}],corrections:null},{id:"64618",title:"Repackaging “Traditional” Architecture of the African Village in Zimbabwe",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81450",slug:"repackaging-traditional-architecture-of-the-african-village-in-zimbabwe",totalDownloads:1077,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Repackaging is being done through construction of buildings with connections to traditional architecture as well as respective traditional naming of such symbolizing a return to African values. Naming of spaces and buildings is closely tied to the architecture of African heritage. This chapter explores the architecture of selected outdoor spaces in Zimbabwe. It is argued that the new places symbolize, represent African culture in terms of homage, food, hospitality, and cultural security. Furthermore, it is argued the spaces offer an eyrie of cultural values as housed in the architecture as well as names of the spaces thus communicating African sensibilities, aura of the traditional village at the same time sustainably conserving the architecture authored as by African heritage. One of the conclusions made is that the urban landscape can store and communicate African heritage; interestingly, requisite architecture can be used in this endeavor. Data were gathered qualitatively, and participant observations, interviews and extensive desktop research were involved.",signatures:"Umali Saidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64618",authors:[{id:"259999",title:"Dr.",name:"Umali",surname:"Saidi",slug:"umali-saidi",fullName:"Umali Saidi"}],corrections:null},{id:"66856",title:"Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85759",slug:"assessment-of-selected-english-colonial-heritage-features-for-sustainable-conservation-in-kaduna-met",totalDownloads:992,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heritage conservation is an avenue for human sociocultural value sustenance. This book chapter establishes the significant heritage values, determines the relative influential index of deterioration as well as assesses the suitable sustainable heritage conservation options within colonial town of Kaduna. Questionnaires were processed based on purposive sampling and administering 80 of them to building industry and allied heritage professionals, having 50 questionnaires that is about 62% dully filled and returned for analysis. The research instrument was validated using face and content analysis, while the Cronbach’s alpha reliability test value for internal consistency of questionnaire instrument was established as being greater than 0.7. The study findings affirmed that historic factors were most significant in value of heritage, while government neglect is the most significant cause of deterioration. Correspondingly, heritage value criteria were considered as more significant than heritage deterioration agents in ascertaining the preferred sustainable conservation options. Conclusively, heritage conservation can be achievable by aptly establishing its significant value and undertaking timely deterioration assessment. This study recommended fashioning of conservation policy model by experts that will guide government agencies on conservation programs for sustainable heritages. The model will encourage local community sociocultural and economic partnership for tourism development.",signatures:"Marcus Balah Ryal-Net, Bogda Prucnal-Ogunsote and Erekpitan Omoikhefe Ola-Adisa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66856",authors:[{id:"284805",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marcus Balah",surname:"Ryal-Net",slug:"marcus-balah-ryal-net",fullName:"Marcus Balah Ryal-Net"},{id:"294175",title:"Prof.",name:"Bogda",surname:"Prucnal-Ogunsote",slug:"bogda-prucnal-ogunsote",fullName:"Bogda Prucnal-Ogunsote"},{id:"294176",title:"Dr.",name:"Erekpitan Omoikhefe",surname:"Ola-Adisa",slug:"erekpitan-omoikhefe-ola-adisa",fullName:"Erekpitan Omoikhefe Ola-Adisa"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"23",label:"women in science book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5235",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76200e89c8c93b3c0b22062aa09a84ff",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5235.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe global population will be nearly 10 billion by 2050, which means there will be about 2 billion more mouths to feed than in 2021. Rice is one of the most important staple foods in the world, where more than half of the population relies on it for more than 20% of their daily caloric intake. It is projected that global rice production will need to increase by 70% by 2050 to meet the food demands of the world’s growing population. Satisfying future rice demands will mainly depend on our ability to improve rice productivity rather than on the area enlargement of rice paddies because of space limitations caused by urban expansion. At the same time, we also require efforts to improve the rice quality because the demand and consumption of high-quality rice will increase as living standards improve. In addition, we urgently need to develop new technologies and strategies to overcome the constraints (e.g., climate change, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss) confronting the sustainable development of rice production. This book will aim to collect original research and review articles focused on but not limited to, the topics of rice productivity, quality, and sustainability.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-102-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-101-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-103-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",keywords:"High-Yielding Cultivation, Intensive Cropping System, Yield Gap, Yield Potential, Grain Quality, Evaluation Methodology, Postharvest Technology, Rice Product, Climate Resilience, Environmental Impact, Resource Use Efficiency, Biodiversity",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in rice and product ecophysiology, appointed professor at the Hunan Agricultural University, China. Member of The Crop Cultivation Professional Council of the Crop Science Society of China and The Council of the International Forum on Rice Development.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A researcher in rice physiology and ecology, appointed lecturer at the Hunan Agricultural University, China.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"A researcher in rice genetic resources was appointed the deputy director of the Key Laboratory of Indica Rice Genetics and Breeding of Hunan Province, China.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"A researcher in farming ecology was appointed the director of the Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, China.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189829/images/system/189829.JPG",biography:"Dr. Min Huang received his bachelor’s degree in Biological Science from Zhejiang Normal University, China in 2005, and obtained his master’s degree and Ph.D. in Crop Cultivation and Farming System from Guangxi University (GXU) and Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2008 and 2011, respectively. He successively held the positions of assistant and associate professor at the Department of Agronomy of GXU from 2012 to 2014. He joined the faculty in the Department of Agronomy of HNAU as an associate professor in 2015 and was promoted to the position of professor in 2017. 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She worked as a postdoctor in Grass Science at HNAU from 2017 to 2020, and held the position of lecturer at HNAU in 2021.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Hunan Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"460052",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaowu",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"xiaowu-pan",fullName:"Xiaowu Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/a043Y00000vBvpbQAC/Co2_Profile_Picture__c%202022-03-10%2009%3A04%3A55.386",biography:"Dr. Xiaowu Pan received his bachelor’s degree in Biological Science from Hunan Normal University, China in 2007, got his master’s degree in Crop Genetics and Breeding from Central South University, China in 2010, and obtained his Ph.D. in Seed Science and Technology from Hunan Agricultural University, China in 2016. He held the positions of assistant and associate research professor at Hunan Rice Research Institute, China in 2013 and 2017, respectively.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Hunan Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"460045",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiming",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"haiming-tang",fullName:"Haiming Tang",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/a043Y00000vBvpbQAC/Co1_Profile_Picture__c%202022-03-10%2009%3A05%3A37.552",biography:"Dr. Haiming Tang received his bachelor’s degree in Agronomy at Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2002, got his master’s degree in Crop Genetics and Breeding from HNAU in 2005, and obtained his Ph.D. in Crop Science from HNAU in 2008. He held the positions of associate professor and professor at Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, China in 2011 and 2017, respectively.",institutionString:"Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Facility managers are obliged to install fire extinguishing equipment, sufficient emergency exit and guide lights to make evacuee find proper path to the exit by the Japanese Fire Service Law, even if they are not familiar with the layout of the area [1]. Recently, several urban commercial premises have become huge and complex in order to provide efficiency and convenience. Evacuees are not able to intuitively find out evacuation routes in these buildings and structures without proper guidance to exits due to their spatial complexity. Active evacuation guidance systems have been developed to control different light and acoustic stimuli that provide evacuation guidance information to evacuees to construct a safe and secure evacuation environment [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Conventional evacuation guidance systems in buildings and structures are not designed to react to changes in situations, such as collapses or other disturbances. Evacuation guidance systems must be able to autonomously determine which evacuation routes have not been damaged by the disaster to achieve rapid evacuation in emergency situations. An autonomous route-detection system, in which several smoke and heat sensors could be placed at key points in the objective area to determine the evacuation route based on the overall condition, was proposed [7]. An evacuation route guidance system that considers evacuees’ current location and building safety using a smart building-sensor network and is able to recommend the best evacuation route for each localized evacuee through their mobile terminals was proposed and evaluated [8]. A method for determining evacuation routes has been proposed that uses location information from mobile devices to determine effective routes [9, 10].
It is crucial to guide the evacuees along the determined evacuation route to effectively use route-detection systems in disasters. However, the evacuation and pathway guide lights in the conventional evacuation guidance were not sufficient to lead the evacuees to the relevant routes adapted to the situation. Therefore, a system is required to guide evacuees flexibly in disasters. Several systems that help evacuees select the route to appropriately exit using light and sound stimuli have been proposed.
Several previous studies have researched active evacuation guidance systems that utilize the precedence effect (Haas effect) to help evacuee realize evacuation direction. It is a psychological feature in hearing acrostic stimuli. When two identical sounds are presented in close succession, the spatial location of the auditory stimulus is dominated by the first arriving sound [11]. Additionally, the implementation of sound equipment (such as loudspeakers and signal processors) and sound-stimuli presentations in evacuation guidance systems have been standardized by the Japan Lighting Manufactures Association (JLMA), such that evacuees can correctly identify evacuation routes [2]. Furthermore, an improved evacuation system utilizing the precedence effect, in which loudspeakers were set beside a wall in a passageway to avoid the disappearance of the precedence effect of an audio signal, was proposed [12, 13].
The evacuation guidance systems using the precedence effect able to lead evacuees to one or two exits predefined as an emergency exit, however, they provide only the direction to the exit and not a detailed evacuation path to the exit using acoustic stimulus. Therefore, the evacuee must discover an evacuation route to the exit using acoustic stimulus even if the guidance using the precedence effect to the exit were provided. If there were several obstacles in the current place, it might not be easy to avoid damaged passageways and a fire outbreak caused by a disaster.
Passengers and crew may quickly lose situational awareness in a smoke-filled cabin of an aircraft. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations stipulate requirements for emergency floor-path illumination in all aircraft to achieve faster evacuation. Thus, guiding pathways to exits makes sense in situations where vision does not work well. However, there are few studies that provide a pathway to exits using emitting acoustic stimuli sequentially. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new active evacuation guidance system using acoustic cues, in which guidance-sound stimuli are sequentially emitted along an evacuation path instead of relying on the precedence effect [6].
This study’s objective is to develop an active evacuation guidance system to direct evacuees along an evacuation route by sequentially emitting sound stimuli. In the first stage of the study, we analyzed participants’ capacity to identify sound stimuli emitted through a set of loudspeakers. We conducted experiments to investigate the recognition properties of the position and direction of the emitting sound, in which four factors, such as the stimulus type and emission-time interval might affect their capacity to identify the stimuli. Additionally, the identification performance of the evacuee for the emitting sequences along the straight and bent lines was considered. Subsequently, we considered whether the evacuee could follow the emitting sound on a set of loudspeakers in sequence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proposed guidance system using the sound provided a more detailed evacuation route for evacuees.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the advantages of the proposed evacuation guidance system that emits sound stimuli sequentially. Section 3 summarizes properties of auditory recognition for the emitting sound stimuli based on our previous research [6]. Section 4 describes the subjects’ ability to follow the sequence of the emitting sound based on experiments and discusses the practicality and feasibility of the proposed evacuation guidance systems. Finally, the usefulness of a sound-based guidance system proposed in this paper is summarized in Section 5.
First, an overview and advantages of evacuation guidance systems using emitting sound sources on a set of loudspeakers are described. Conventional guidance systems assume that evacuees can determine their evacuation route based on guide lights in an emergency situation. However, it might be difficult for them to find the relevant or correct route if they are not familiar with the spatial location. Therefore, there are two types of evacuation guidance systems that use acoustic stimuli to indicate the evacuation direction. In this study, we propose a method that uses an emitting sound source on a loudspeaker along routes to guide evacuees. If several loudspeakers are placed in the objective area, the sound sources could be sequentially emitted from one loudspeaker to another. People would be able to recognize them as the stream of sound in the evacuation direction. The recognition of the direction of the sound stream is generalized by the sequence of sound localization for a single-sound source.
In shopping centers, a wide floor is occupied by display cases of goods, which can be an obstacle to evacuation in the event of a disaster. The proposed new evacuation guidance system would be able to provide a pathway to avoid these obstacles because it shows the sequence of the route to exit by emitting sound. This study describes the feasibility and performance of the new evacuation guidance system using the emitting acoustic sound stimuli.
In this section, as a first step towards developing the guidance system utilizing a sound sequence emitting a sound stimulus to induce people to exit, two experiments to test whether people can identify the sound sequence is described with reference to our previous research [6]. The actual evacuation routes include a variety of patterns, so the two sequence patterns of sounds, straight-line and right-angle patterns were evaluated in the following subsection.
First, this study assesses individuals’ capacity to identify a spatial sequence of sound stimuli and examines the factors that influence individuals’ identification performance. Therefore, two experiments were conducted for ten healthy male students (20–21 years old) of Hannan University with no abnormal hearing diagnosed during their annual medical examination. They participated in this experiment without remuneration. Experimenter and all participants provided informed consent before these experiments.
The identification procedure of sound sequence requires the participants to continuously recognize sound localization for sequentially emitting sound through the loudspeakers. The sound localization is a listener’s ability to identify the location of a detected sound in direction and distance. Various factors that cause changes in the pressure and sound wave frequency affect individuals’ sound localization performance. Therefore, it is expedient to consider the influence of emission speed (emission-time interval) and the distance between loudspeakers to assess the subjects’ identification performance. Furthermore, considering the preceding effect, the position of the subject relative to the loudspeaker should be considered a factor affecting the identification of the sound stimulus. Thus, the stimulus type, emission-time interval, distance between loudspeakers, and subject’s position were considered as experimental factors in the first experiment.
Previous studies on emergency-alert sounds reported that stimuli containing a wide range of frequencies are more likely to be recognized than those with a single frequency [12]. Furthermore, swept-sound stimuli from low to high frequencies can be recognized more easily during evacuation guidance procedures. Therefore, in this experiment, the phrase “Here is an emergency exit,” spoken by a female voice in Japanese because the human voice is an acoustic stimulus with many frequencies superimposed on it. It also was used in previous studies on evacuation guidance procedures using the preceding effect [4, 5].
As a result of the above considerations, the two types of acoustic stimulus were set to experimental factor, the female voice and a sound that linearly changed from 500 to 1000 Hz in 1 s (swept-sound). The distance between the loudspeakers was set to two levels, 3 and 5 m, while the emission-time intervals were set to 1 and 0.5 s. The longer the time interval, the faster the sound moved. The subjects were instructed to stand in one of two fixed places—just below a loudspeaker in the center of the grid or between loudspeakers.
Our proposed evacuation guidance system help evacuee realize the path to the exit using sequence of acoustic stimuli emitted thought several loudspeakers which were arranged on the ceiling of buildings. In the first experiment loudspeakers were arranged in a 5 × 5 grid 4 m above from floor level in the gymnasium of Hanna University. The experimental environment and the arrangement of the loudspeakers are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The numbers rounded with squares in Figure 2 are the index of loudspeakers.
Experimental environment and the arrangement of the loudspeakers.
Arrangement of the loudspeakers, subjects’ position, and sequential pattern of sound stimuli in the first experiment.
During the experiment, the subjects stood in one of two possible positions, just below loudspeaker 13 or between loudspeakers 13 and 17. The loudspeakers were a capacitor-type flat speakers with stronger directionality than conventional dynamic speakers. We used a switching device with a small controller (Arduino Uno) that could be controlled by the software to emit the sound stimulus on all 25 loudspeakers in a sequence for specific time intervals. The sound stimulus level was set for each stimulus type (voice or swept-sound), such that the A-weighted noise level was 80 dB at a position 1 m from the loudspeaker. The noise level was measured using an integrated average-type sound-level meter (LA-1441, Ono Sokki Co., Ltd.).
In the first experiment, the sound stimulus (the voice or swept-sound) was emitted sequentially through five loudspeakers. For example, it is the sequence from loudspeakers 1–21 in the order of 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 in a straight line shown by an arrow in Figure 2. All 12 distinct sequence patterns of the sound stimuli (including five row-wise ones (left-to-right or right-to-left), five column-wise ones (front-to-back or back-to-front), and two diagonal ones (front-to-back or back-to-front) are shown by an arrow in Figure 2. Considering that the sequences were emitted in both ascending and descending order, there were totally 24 sequence patterns. For example, the emitting sequence in ascending order was set to five straight line patterns: numbers 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and 21–25.
The subjects were instructed to listen to the sequence at a specific position (as mentioned earlier, position just below loudspeaker 13 or the other) and identify the sequence pattern as quickly as possible. We conducted a trial for each subject to listen to the sound stimuli and answer which patterns were emitted before conducting the first experiment. The first experiment, in which the 24 sequence patterns were emitted randomly in each trial under different conditions (combining the four factors) was then conducted. The sound stimulus continued until the subjects returned their answer. Sixteen trials under each experimental condition combining the four factors were conducted for each subject repeatedly because four two-level experimental factors were considered in this experiment. An experimenter recorded the participants’ response time and the accuracy of their answers (accuracy rate).
Figure 3 shows the mean accuracy rates and response times of identification of emitting sequence regarding four experimental factors. We conducted a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean-accuracy rates and response times, considering three within-subject factors: stimulus type, emission-time interval, and the distance between loudspeakers.
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding experimental factors. (From Miyoshi [
In the ANOVA results for accuracy rate, significant differences were observed for both stimulus type (
The influence of four factors on the identification of sequence pattern of sound stimuli was evaluated through the experiment. The overall identification rate was over 80% across 24 sequence patterns. Comparing four factors affecting the accuracy and response time, the significant effects with respect to the type of sound source and the emission-time interval was confirmed. The type of sound source had a particularly strong effect for the results. The accuracy rate of identification was higher, and the response time was shorter when the voice sound emitted as acoustic stimuli than the swept-sound. These results suggest that the use of voice rather than swept-sound as a sound source enables the correct recognition of the direction of guidance.
Aoki conducted the sound localization experiments for middle-aged and elderly subjects using multiple sound sources including voice as acoustic stimuli. As the results it was reported that the incorrect response rate was lowest, and the reaction time was shortest when vocal stimuli were used [13]. Thus, we could easily perceive the vocal phrase and identify its localization. Our experiment task was the identification of the sequence of emitting sound source, and the performance of task become higher for voice stimuli due to the ease of sound location for it.
The differences in the accuracy rates and response times classed according to the different emission-time intervals (1 and 0.5 s) are summarized in Figure 3b). The mean-accuracy rate for both sound stimuli emitted in the interval 1 s was higher than in interval 0.5 s, although there was not a significant difference in response time between both intervals. These results indicate that the stimulus sequence can be identified more easily when the emission-time interval is 1 s.
The accuracy rates and response times of the subjects were compared among sequence patterns, such as row-wise and column-wise sequences. Figure 4a and b illustrate the mean accuracy rates and response times for the row-wise sequence patterns and the left-right direction, respectively. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to detect whether there were statistically significant differences in the mean scores regarding the five row-wise sequence patterns and the left-right directions, considering within-subject factors. It was confirmed that there were the significant differences in the main factor (row-wise sequential pattern) for both the accuracy rate (
Mean accuracy rates and response times for horizontal and vertical patterns in a straight line. (a) Mean accuracy rates regarding row-wise pattern from left and right. (b) Mean response times regarding row-wise pattern on the left and right hand sides. (c) Mean accuracy rates regarding column-wise pattern from left and right. (d) Mean response times regarding column-wise pattern from left and right. (From Miyoshi [
Bonferroni’s multiple comparison (comparison count: 10 times) of the accuracy rate and response time among the 5 stimulus sequences was conducted and its results were shown in Table 1a. The accuracy rate for the row-wise sequence from 11 to 15 was the highest and response time is shortest among the row-wise ones. This result suggests that it is easier to identify the sequence that pass the subject standing point, the loudspeaker 13 and the identification performance became higher as the distance to the sound sequence from subject decreases.
Accuracy rate | Response time | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | |||||||||
Patterns | 1–5 | 6–10 | 11–15 | 16–20 | Patterns | 1–5 | 6–10 | 11–15 | 16–20 |
1–5 | — | — | — | — | 1-5 | — | — | — | — |
6–10 | 0.035 | — | — | — | 6-10 | 0.002 | — | — | — |
11–15 | <0.001 | 0.652 | — | — | 11-15 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | — |
16–20 | 0.008 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | 16-20 | 0.006 | 1.00 | <0.001 | — |
21–25 | 1.00 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 21-25 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
(b) | |||||||||
Patterns | 1-21 | 2-22 | 3-23 | 4-24 | Patterns | 1-21 | 2-22 | 3-23 | 4-24 |
1–21 | — | — | — | — | 1-21 | — | — | — | — |
2–22 | 0.007 | — | — | — | 2-22 | 0.076 | — | — | — |
3–23 | <0.001 | 1.00 | — | — | 3—23 | <0.001 | 0.275 | — | — |
4–24 | 0.97 | 0.716 | 1.00 | — | 4-24 | 1.00 | 0.088 | <0.001 | — |
5—25 | 1.00 | 0.057 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 5–25 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Results of Bonferroni’s multiple comparison for accuracy rates and response times in cases of row-wise and column-wise patterns.
In the same way as row-wise patterns, Figure 4c and d illustrate the mean accuracy rates and response times for the column-wise patterns and the direction from front/behind, respectively. The two-way ANOVA also were conducted for the mean scores regarding the sequence patterns and the direction. It was confirmed that the significant differences regarding main effect of sequence pattern were detected in both the accuracy rate (
The accuracy rate for the sequence from 3 to 23 was the highest and the response time is shortest among the column-wise ones. In the same as results regarding the row-wise sequence, it is easier to identify the sequence that pass the subject standing point, the loudspeaker 13 and the identification performance became higher as the distance to the sound sequence from subject decreases. However, the performances (accuracy rate and response time) for the sequences in the second and fourth line were as well as the third centered line. These results suggest that there may be a range in which people could properly identify the location and the direction of the sound sequence.
The first experiment investigated the identification performance of the subjects for the straight sequence of the emitted sound. The actual evacuation paths to exit include the straight and right-angle paths. For example, an evacuee evacuates from the inside of a building to the outside by going straight and turning. The identification performance for the emitting sound in right-angle sequences must be evaluated to ensure that the proposed guidance system works effectively in the event of a disaster. In this section, we summarized the second experiment to evaluate the performance of identification for right-angle sequences based on a reference [6].
In the second experiment, the sequence of sound stimuli was generated in the same experimental environment with the first experiment as shown in Figure 1. Twenty-five loudspeakers were arranged in a 5 × 5 grid 4 m above from floor level. For this experiment, the distance between the loudspeakers was fixed at 3 m to compare the emission patterns of the straight and right-angle lines. Considering the three experimental factors: sequence shape (two levels of straight and right-angle sequences), stimulus type (voice and swept-sound), and emission-time interval (0.5 and 1 s), the experiment was conducted to assess whether or how these factors affect identification of the sound sequence. The second experiment was conducted under eight experimental conditions, including all combinations of the above three factors. In each trial, sound stimuli were emitted in four right-angle and two straight-line sequences. In addition, the both directionalities of all the sequences, front-to-back one and back-to-front one, were considered, as illustrated by green and bidirectional arrows in Figure 5.
Arrangement of audio loudspeakers, subject position, and sequential pattern of sound stimuli in the second experiment.
The subjects were instructed to stand at a specific position near by the loudspeaker 23 and listened to and identified the sequence pattern as quickly as possible. The sound sequences were randomly selected from 12 possible sequential patterns and start position of sound sequence was determined randomly. The sound stimulus continued until the subjects returned their answer. An experimenter recorded the participants’ response time and the accuracy of their answers (accuracy rate). The subjects of the second experiment were seven male students (20–21 years old) who had participated in the first experiment.
Firstly, the mean accuracy rates and response times for each stimulus type and emission-time interval in the second experiment were illustrated in Figure 6. It was confirmed that there were the significant differences in accuracy rates for two factors: stimulus type (
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding two experimental factors. (From Miyoshi [
Comparing the identification performance between sound types, the accuracy rate of identification for sound sequence using voice with emission-time interval 0.5 s was less than other cases, but the one for the other conditions was almost 100% because the task was performed completely. The identification of the emitting patterns of voice became difficult when the emitting voice stimulus switched to another speaker in the middle of the phrase. The performance in these emitting conditions became lower than in the other conditions.
Comparing the results for the sequences emitting along the right-angle pattern to the one emitting along the straight-pattern (Figures 3 and 7), the mean-accuracy rates were higher for the emitting pattern at the right angle than in the straight line. In the second experiment, the subjects stood nearby the loudspeaker 23 and identified the sound sequences emitting in front of them. This is because identification performance for the sequence emitting in front of subjects was better than the backward ones as evaluated in the first experiment.
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding the spatial proximity to sequence. (From Miyoshi [
Next, the results regarding the sequence patterns are described. The mean accuracy rates and the response times, classed according to the sequence pattern and the spatial proximity to the stimulus from subject standing position were illustrated in Figure 7. The 12 sound sequences were classed into two level in the spatial proximity, “near” and “far” that were indicated with yellow and green lines in Figure 5 respectively.
A two-way ANOVA was used to estimate how the means of the accuracy rates and the response times changed according to the levels of two factors, the sequence patterns and spatial proximity of stimuli from subjects. It was not confirmed that there was neither significant difference in the main factors nor in their interactions. The accuracy rate was almost 100% in all the cases. These results mean that there was no difference in the accuracy rates and response times depending on the sequence pattern, and that the subjects could perceive the sequences of acoustic stimuli emitted in front of them and identify the sequence pattern almost completely in cases where the emission pattern is a straight or right-angle. Therefore, the subjects might be able to follow the acoustic sequence of the emitting stimulus to the emergency exit more quickly even if the evacuation path is more complicate route including straight and right-angle paths. In discussing the practicality of evacuation guidance systems, the results are preferable for realizing a guidance system that emits acoustic stimuli along a predetermined evacuation path.
However, we observed no difference between the sequence shapes, which could be because there was a consistent distance between the loudspeakers. During an actual emergency, the evacuation path may contain a series of short paths to the exit. Therefore, in future, we will verify the subjects’ performance with a smaller distance between the loudspeakers.
We conducted the third experiment to investigate whether the subjects were able to follow the sound emitted along the evacuation paths. Additionally, we investigated whether it is possible for people to follow complex routes that have a lot of turning points on it. In this experiment, the complexity of the guidance is defined by the number of turning points on itself. As the number of turning points included in a guidance patten increases, it gets more complicated. In case of moving along the more complex path on which subjects turn to the right and left repeatedly in a short time, more accurate and quick sound localization is required to identify the sound stream. Therefore, we defined the complexity of the evacuation path by the number of turning points on it as the difficulty to identify and follow the acoustic stimuli.
In this experiment, the configurations about the locations of loudspeakers and sound sources were the same as those in the previous experiments. Figure 8 shows the experimental configuration and subjects following the sequence. The distance between the loudspeakers and their heights were set to 3 and 4 m, respectively.
Experimental configuration and a subject following the sound sequence.
The three factors considered important to the performance of the experimental task were the type of sound source, the type of loudspeaker, and the patterns of emitting sound sequences in the third experiment. Two levels, voice and swept-sound, were set with respect to the type of sound source. In the same way with previous experiments, the phrase in female voice, “Here is an emergency exit” was used as voice sound and the acoustic stimuli whose frequency changed from 500 to 1000 Hz continuously was used as the swept-sound.
The two levels, a capacitor-type speaker and a dynamic range one, were set with respect to the type of loudspeaker on which the sound stimuli were emitted. The capacitor-type flat and the conventional dynamic rage speakers have different specifications for directionality, which is the property to focus audio and deliver clear sound precisely where it is needed. In other words, the reduction in sound level through the capacitor-type speaker is smaller even when the reach is farther away because sound spread is smaller than the dynamic one. The capacitor-type one has higher performance than the dynamic range one in the specification of directionality. This factor was designed to evaluate whether the directionality of the loudspeaker affects the sound localization performance for a moving sound source.
The third factor in this experiment is the pattern of emitting sequences. Figure 9 shows the emitting sequence patterns of sound, which are drawn as connections of consecutive column-wise and row-wise line segments. “S” and “G” in Figure 9 indicate the start and goal points of each sound sequence. The sequence patterns are classified into five categories based on the number of turning points in themselves. There were 20 sequences (two sequences in conditions of the number of turning points and start-goal places), as shown in Figure 9. A sequence with one turning point means that the subjects turn for direction once during following it. The third experiment was finally designed under all the combination conditions of three factors (2 levels × 2 levels × 20 patterns) as described above.
Sound-spatial sequences provided to subjects.
The sound source level of voice and swept-sound were set to 80 dB (A-weighted loudness level) at 1 m from the loudspeaker. The noise level was measured using an integrating average-type sound-level meter (LA-1441, Ono Sokki). The sequences of sound were emitted from the lower left (loudspeaker 21) or lower right (loudspeaker 25) to the upper right (loudspeaker 5) or upper left (loudspeaker 1) which were indicated by circle “G” are shown in Figure 9. The evacuation routes with one to five turning points are also illustrated by the solid and dotted lines in Figure 9, which were formed symmetrically with respect to the diagonal.
The subjects were seven students (six males and one female, 20–21 years old) with no hearing abnormalities during their annual medical examination. The subjects were instructed to follow the sound sequence at walking speed. The sequences of emitting sound were randomly presented to them. In each trial the first point of the sequence was randomly chosen so as not to infer the emitting sequence pattern based on it. The subject stood up at the point under the loudspeaker 23, and identified the sequence of emitting sound and followed it.
The experiment using voice as the sound source was conducted first, and one using swept-sound was conducted two months later. In each experiment the subject performed the trial to identify and follow the sequence of sound that was emitting on two types of loudspeakers, the capacitor-type and the conventional dynamic range speakers. The half of subjects (five subjects) performed the trial using the capacitor-type speakers at first and the one using the conventional dynamic range one after it. The remaining subjects (three subjects) performed the trial in reverse order with respect to the type of loudspeakers.
In the third experiment, we recorded the success or failure of following the sequences of the emitting sound and time required to follow the sound from the start and end points. The following three experimental factors were considered in this experiment: the type of sound source (voice and swept-sound), type of loudspeaker (capacitor-flat and dynamic ones), and complexity of the sequence that was defined from one to five by the number of turning points.
The mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for each factor are shown in the Figures 10–12. A three-way ANOVA within-subject was used to estimate how the means of the success rates and the required times changed according to the levels of three factors as mentioned above. No significant differences were observed in the success rates for all main factors and their interaction. In the result with respect to the required time, there was no significant difference in the type of sound source (
Mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for sound sources.
Mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for loudspeaker types.
Five-level Bonferroni’s multiple comparison of the complexity of the emitting patterns.
The average of success rate was 0.970 for all experimental condition, which shows that people were able to identify and follow the sequence of sound in almost all cases. Therefore, there were no significant differences among the sound source, loudspeaker type, and sequence patterns. Even though the success rate of the following is high, the required time is considered as the measure for the difficulty to identify and follow the emitting sound source. In the third experiment, we compared the time required to follow the emitting sound source because the success rate of following the sequences of sound sources was extremely high and no significant difference was observed between the factors.
Figure 10 shows that there was the difference in the required following time between types of sound source and it is slightly longer for swept-sounds than voice. However, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference between them in contrast to the results of the first experiment. The task in experimental trial is identifying and following the sequence of emitting sound. The subject is required to repeatedly perform the sound localization for moving sound on the loudspeaker near own current location in the task. The experimental results that the success rates were extremely high illustrate that the subjects were able to perform the continuous sound localization precisely even though the complexity of the guiding routes were relatively high. Therefore, this result suggests that the proposed guidance system using the emitting sound is effective and feasible to lead the predetermined evacuating route even if the voice was used instead of the swept-sound as the acoustic source.
Figure 11 shows the mean of the required time for following the sequence of the emitting sound on two type loudspeakers, the capacitor flat one and the conventional dynamic range one. The required time is shorter in using the dynamic speaker than the capacitor flat speaker. This result suggests that subjects are able to perform sound localization for a sequence of the sounds emitting on the dynamic range speakers more easily than on capacitor flat one, also were able to follow them. Some subjects commented that they could listen to sounds on the dynamic speaker more clearly than the capacitor one. This tendency is obvious for the sounds emitting on speaker far from their current position. In the task of the third experiment subjects were required to repeatedly perform sound localization for the sound source in spatially wide area. The capacitor flat speaker has stronger directionality than the dynamic range one, then the sound emitting on the dynamic range speaker acoustic stimuli spread more widely and was easier to catch up than on the capacitor one. It is reasonable to assume that the difference of the acoustic property between two types of speakers results the difference of the required time to follow.
Figure 12 shows a comparison of the required time and the success rates according to the complexity of sequence patterns. There is a little difference in success rates but significant difference (
As the number of turning points in the emitting pattern increases, the success rate slightly decreases, and the required time increases as shown in Figure 12. This result suggests that the evacuation performance decreases as the pattern becomes more complicated in the proposed evacuation system.
In this study, the subjects’ ability to identify the location and direction of acoustic spatial sequences and follow it was evaluated through three experiments to discuss the practicality and feasibility of the proposed evacuation guidance systems.
In the first and second experiments, the accuracy rate and response time of subjects for identification the different sequences of sound stimuli were compared among several experimental conditions combining factors: the stimulus the type, emission interval, the distance between loudspeakers, and the sequence patterns. In the first experiment, the accuracy rates improved when the voice stimulus was used and when the emission-time interval was extended. Additionally, it was confirmed that the identification performance becomes better as the distance from the position of subject gets shorter.
In the second experiment, we observed no significant difference in the accuracy rates and response times for different sequence patterns (straight line and right-angle) under the experimental conditions.
In the third experiment the ability of people to follow the sequences of the emitting sound was evaluated based on the success rate and the required time to do so. The three experimental factors were considered, which were the stimulus type, the type of loudspeaker, and complexity of the sequence measured by number of turning points on it. In the third experiment, people took more time but could follow the sequences of emitting sound, which included five turning points. The required time is shorter in using the dynamic speaker than the capacitor flat speaker. This result suggests that subjects can perform sound localization for a sequence of the sounds emitting on dynamic speakers more easily than the capacitor flat one.
The results of this study demonstrate the practicality of an evacuation guidance system using a sound sequence that emits specific sounds on a set of loudspeakers. The factors affecting the performance of subject’s identification of the acoustic stimuli were examined and analyzed, but the level of factors dealt with was limited such as the frequency change region of the swept-sound. Therefore, a more detailed analysis of the degree of influence of each factor is needed in the practical application of the proposed guidance stem for further studies.
This research was funded by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 19K04937. I express my gratitude here.
The enrichment of lakes and reservoirs with nutrients leads to an increase in the growth of algae, especially cyanobacteria, forming floating masses on the surface, causing a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen and death in fish, and the death of livestock and other animals as a result of ingesting algae toxins. Filamentous cyanobacteria and green algae (Chlorophytes) cause clogging in filters of water treatment systems or problems in industrial systems when such water is used. The dinoflagellates are another group of phytoplankton that can secrete toxic substances. One of the by-products of algal blooms are high concentrations of organic carbon [1]. Increased phosphorous concentration and low P:N ratio are major factors for such a condition, and several studies indicate that toxins from cyanobacteria pose a health risk. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum acceptable concentration of the toxic substance (Microcystin-LR) in tank water that may be used for drinking is (0.5–1.0 μg/cubic decimeter), as exposure to an increase of this substance causes liver cancer. Human exposure to this type of poison is possible because it is difficult to carry out a complete treatment of cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water plants. Cyanobacteria also cause the death of animals when they ingest these toxins and also lead to a lack of oxygen and the death of fish [2]. Algae are distributed worldwide in the sea, in freshwater and in wet situations on land. Most are microscopic algae, but some of them are so large, also some marine seaweeds that can exceed 50 m in length. The algae have chlorophyll and can make their own food through the steps of photosynthesis. Recently they are classified in the kingdom of protiste, which include a variety of unicellular and some basic multinuclear and multicellular eukaryotic organisms that have cells. Algal poisoning is an intense, often lethal condition caused by high concentrations of toxic blue-green algae (more commonly known as cyanobacteria—literally blue-green bacteria) in drinking water as well as in water used for recreation, agriculture and aquaculture. Severe illness of livestock and Fatalities, birds, pets, fish and wildlife from high growths of cyanobacteria water blooms occur almost in all of the countries in the world. Severe deadly poisonings have also been notarized in people. Poisoning usually comes during warm seasons when the water blossom are more acute and of longer duration. Almost poisonings come among animals drinking cyanobacteria infested freshwater, but aquatic animals, mostly mariculture fish and prawn, are also affected. The toxins of cyanobacteria comprise six special chemical classes collectively called cyanotoxins [3]. Toxic algae, micro-algal blooms, phytoplankton blooms, red tides, or harmful algae, are all terms for normally occurring phenomena. Around 300 species of micro algae are notify at times to form mass appearance, so called blooms. About one fourth of these species are recognized to produce toxins. The scientific society points out to these events with a generic term, ‘Harmful Algal Bloom’ (HAB), understanding that, because a wide range of organisms are implicated and some species have toxic impacts at low cell intensity, not all HABs are ‘algal’ and not all occur as ‘blooms’ [4]. Many of the organisms in charge for red tides are closely distributed and, in recent years, the organisms appear to be markedly spreading. Natural events such as hurricanes can spread over organisms, and it is doubtful that some organisms may be moved long distances in ship ballast waters. Another factor that may motivate algal proliferation in both freshwater and marine systems is augmentation nutrient loading. Certain algae occur more usually in some areas than others and it is useful to know which ones are problems in particular locations. Good sources of information about algal blooms are the State public health department or the State division of marine resources or marine fisheries [5].
Water, especially surface water, is exposed to the dangers of pollution, as the water source is considered polluted when it directly or indirectly changes its composition or condition as a result of human action, that is, if it becomes less suitable for some or all uses. These include sewage, household waste, hospital wastewater, and rainwater, where these pollutants are loaded with large quantities of various organic and inorganic materials and many types of microorganisms that cause many diseases, as well as urination, defecation, and throwing dead animals into the water, especially in rural areas, as well as picnic places represented by excreta. and food waste, where the type of sewage network systems plays a major role in the aggravation of these pollutants, as there are two types of sewage network systems in Baghdad, which are the separate system and the combined system. Also, the term (red tide) is considered to refer to types of Plankton (phytoplankton) that are spread in high density in any water body (may reach more than ten million cells per liter) and are known as harmful algae. Of the (4400 species) of Plankton plant there are only from (50–60 poisonous species). One of the most important spread of the phenomenon of red tide is a defect in environmental factors, including the difference in the ratio of phosphorous to nitrogen through sewage pollution. The higher the phosphorous rate in the water mass, the higher the rate of red tide or harmful algae appearing with the availability of other environmental conditions. The effects of the red tide are the destruction of fish from economic fish farms if this phenomenon spreads in the farm and costs thousands or even millions of dollars annually. The eyes, nose and mouth are irritated during the presence of algae toxins in the tourist beaches. The toxins increase the toxicity rate of marine food, which is transmitted to humans through marine meals (Figure 1).
Fish damage through the spread of toxin-producing algae.
Industrial and domestic flows result in high concentrations of pollutants that find their way into natural waters, and they are among the primary factors that lead to the deterioration of water quality. As it is known, one of the reasons for the occurrence of nutritional enrichment is the influx of these pollutants containing high concentrations of nutrients estimated at more than (four times) than what is present in natural waters. Therefore, reducing or limiting these sources of pollution is the first successful and important step for water quality management. It is easy to control the known sources of pollution using treatment methods, the most important and most effective of which is the establishment of wet areas (Wetlands) (Figure 2).
Nutritional enrichment in the waters of the Iraqi marshes.
Sources that cause problems that are difficult to control and unknown sources of pollution prepare more nutrients resulting from the modification that humans make in nature such as deforestation, agriculture, industrial and urban development. These sources supply fresh water with low concentrations of nutrients, but it is difficult to control because they are transferred to water bodies from the vast surrounding lands. The preparation of these sources increases in the heavy rainy season, which leads to erosion in the surface of the soil and then filtering of these nutrients from the soil to the aquatic organisms. Man directly and indirectly affects the occurrence of the phenomenon of food enrichment from several aspects, in addition to the industrial, household and agricultural waste it raises. There are many sources of pollutants affecting the Tigris River, including human pollutants, industrial pollutants, agricultural pollutants, and pollutants resulting from groundwater, and thus affected the physical, chemical and biological characteristics, which can be broadly classified into:
Cyanobacteria create a variety of toxic secondary metabolites that are detrimental to a variety of other organisms. Scientists feel that these pollutants are currently posing a serious threat to society’s health in numerous parts of the world. The toxins produced by cyanobacteria and the species that produce them are listed in Table 1. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria are divided into two categories: cytotoxins and biotoxins [7]. The varieties of algal toxins produced by various blue-green algae, as well as their impacts, are listed in Table 1.
Toxin types | Cyanobacteria genera | Effect of toxins |
---|---|---|
Hepatoxins Microcystin Nodularin | These toxins directly affect the zooplankton community, especially those that prefer cyanobacteria species as an important food source for them | |
Neurotoxins Anatoxin-a Homoanatoxin-a Anatoxin-a (s) Saxitoxin | Infection with these types of toxins leads to the inability to breathe and then death through paralysis of the respiratory muscles | |
Cytotoxin Cylindrospermopsin | Its toxic effect on the liver, but it was found that it affects the kidneys as well, causing the destruction of the tissues that it attacks | |
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) | Many species of Cyanobacteria | These substances have a toxic effect that causes ill health in humans, and it was also found that they are fatal to mice when injected into the peritoneal membranes |
Cyanotoxins with public health significance from acute exposures [6].
This type of toxin is produced by some marine cyanobacteria species, and while it has no harmful effects on animals, it is poisonous to cells generated in cell cultures and inhibits the growth of a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Toxins such as these are examples (Tolytoxin, Tubericidin, Scytophycins and Actiphycins). Indolocarbazoles, tautazoles, microbilinisonitriles, and paracyclophares are more examples).
These compounds are made by cyanobacteria, which can have a variety of negative health consequences on humans and animals, and are frequently lethal. Toxins are categorized into three categories: neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, and endotoxins [7].
Alkaloids are poisonous in a short amount of time and are usually lethal, as they cause paralysis of the surrounding skeletal muscles, followed by paralysis of the respiratory muscles, resulting in incapacity to breathe and death. Several forms of these toxins have been identified (e.g.,
Toxins of this sort cause a variety of types and strains that belong to the genera (
They’re monocyclic seven-chain peptides with an unique amino acid named Adda connecting the side chains. Because the peptide ring comprises five amino acids that are used in the synthesis of all forms of microcystins produced by the species (
It’s a pentacyclic monocyclic peptide that looks a lot like MC–LR but is smaller. The peptide ring has a molecular weight of 824 Da and comprises amino acids similar to those found in MC–LR. Only one variety has been identified as being produced by the species (
It is one of the toxins produced by the type (
It refers to the lipo polysaccharide (LPS) that forms the cell wall of pan cyanobacteria, and it has been discovered that these chemicals are hazardous to humans. When injected into the peritoneal membranes at a dose of (1–1.2 mg/kg after 48 h), it was likewise proven to be deadly to rats [12].
Many researches have confirmed that the compounds produced by various varieties of cyanobacteria are harmful to many animals and humans, as they have been discovered to cause the death of many creatures in many parts of the world, including cattle, horses, dogs, birds, fish, and crocodiles. These toxins have a direct impact on society Zooplankton, particularly those that prefer cyanobacteria species as a major food source, such as the genus Daphnia, where it was discovered that low concentrations of these toxins reduce the ability of these organisms to reproduce new generations, as well as their members’ growth rates. Toxic levels above a certain threshold cause death [13]. The use of water contaminated with microcystins in the dialysis process in a hospital’s hemodialysis unit, which resulted in damage Acute hepatitis, confirms the seriousness of these toxins, as the worst accident recorded so far occurred in 1996, with the victim (60 patients) due to the use of water contaminated with microcystins in the dialysis process. Due to the usage of recycled water for drinking, Western culture is one of the societies most exposed to these poisons, as proven by two occurrences in Australia. Due to pollution of drinking water with these chemicals, the first victim (139 children) and a number of adults became infected, resulting in severe liver, hematuria, renal failure, and death. The high concentration of toxin in the drinking water was caused by the chemical treatment of water containing blooming algae (
Environmental parameters such as temperature, illumination, pH, salinity, macro- and micronutrients are among the most important regulators of toxins production from blue-green algae, according to environmental studies in continuous cultures of algae. Microcytins and Anatoxin-a are maintained to a significant extent inside the cell. Because the degree of (Microcytins) harm to the environment and neighboring creatures increases as the logarithmic length of growth increases, the presence of (Microcytins) cannot be overlooked. According to certain research, the quantities of toxins in water containing creatures that emit toxins range from (1–100 g/l) and can be higher, and as a result, (microcytins) are among the contents that pose a health risk and have an effect if the water has been ingested from change the detoxification of cyanobacteria and their cells [15].
After reducing the quantity of algae that produces food enrichment (excessive growth), a potassium permanganate mixture with a concentration of 30 mg/l textured alum as coagulate was used. The concentrations of chlorophyll algal toxins per transaction were examined and compared to the standard at the end of the 72-h experiment mediated by the GC/MS device, in addition to reducing the productivity of the initial algae by reducing the concentrations of chlorophyll algal toxins per transaction. The results revealed the presence of algal toxins belonging to the groups Neurotoxins, Hepatotoxins, Pyriproxyfen, Emodin, Brevetoxins-10 (A), and Cytotoxins in the standard treatment, with a note detoxification algal 100% concentrations of 8 and 16 mg/l, respectively, textured potassium permanganate in comparison to the standard, which contained a lot of chemical compounds to algal toxins (Figure 3).
GC-MASS of algal toxins within the treated standard.
A result of the cessation of photovoltaic installation process stops the outer wall systems (systems enzymatic) to withdraw nutrients that enter into the composition of the algal toxin combination the non-arrival of light to stop light receptors [16], and the concentrations of 2 and 4 mg/l for the same article have some toxic compounds converted into non-toxic compounds and Figures 4–8 describe them. Were treated toxins algal belonging to the group Neurotoxins a Besnfein Anatoxin-a, Homoanatoxin-a and the various toxins which is alkaline compounds Alkaloids with effect very quickly called and can be fatal in most cases where the cause muscle surrounding paralysis followed by a respiratory muscle paralysis, which leads to an inability to breathe then death.
GC-MASS of algal toxins within concentration of 2 mg/l.
GC-MASS of algal toxins within concentration of 4 mg/l.
GC-MASS of algal toxins within concentration of 8 mg/l.
GC-MASS of algal toxins within concentration of 16 mg/l.
Concentrations of potassium permanganate and its impact on algae society compared to standard.
These toxins, as seen in Hepatotoxins group Class Microcystin-LA, are the most common among toxins Cyanobacteria and have a severe impact, but death takes longer than nerve toxins, ranging from 5 min to a few days depending on several factors such as the weight of the animal, the type of poison, and the dosage, among others. Other forms of toxins, such as Pyriproxyfen, Emodin, and Brevetoxins-10, were shown to be effective in removing algal toxins that had emerged within the conventional treatment of 8 and 16 mg/l potassium permanganate, as shown in Table 2.
Algal toxins | Synthetic version of the toxin | Standard | Concentrations of potassium permanganate (mg/l) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | |||
1-Neurotoxins Anatoxin-a | C2H3C12NO | * | - | - | - | - |
C9H13NO2 | * | - | - | - | - | |
C18H27NO3 | * | - | - | - | - | |
C11H12N2O6 | * | - | - | - | - | |
C11H17N3O | * | - | - | - | - | |
C10H17N3O | * | - | - | - | - | |
C9H15Br2NO | * | - | - | - | - | |
Homoanatoxin-a | CH4N2O2 | * | - | - | - | - |
C11H17NO2 | * | - | - | - | - | |
C13H9BrN2O3 | * | - | - | - | - | |
2-Hepatotoxins Microcystin- LA | ||||||
C3H7NO4S | * | - | - | - | - | |
3-Pyriproxyfen | C20H29NO3 | * | - | - | - | - |
4-Emodin | C15H10O5 | * | - | - | - | - |
5-Brevetoxins-10(A) | C4H8O2 | * | - | - | - | - |
6- Cytotoxins | C2H2Cl3NO | * | - | - | - | - |
Treatment of algal toxins of different concentration of potassium permanganate with chemical formulations statement mediated by GC-MASS.
The presence of toxins.
-, absence of toxins.
The same material with concentrations of 2 and 4 mg/l has been converted into non-toxic and hazardous chemicals, as indicated in Table 2. The current study also suggests that potassium permanganate at concentrations of 8 and 16 mg/l, respectively, could be used to treat algal cells by stopping photosynthesis and disabling all vital events without tearing the outer wall of the moss, and then deposition blocs blooms to the pelvic floor and a rise in turbidity levels in the water column, as opposed to the standard, which shows a rise in biomass value and low turbidity Figure 8. Furthermore, all potassium permanganate concentrations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/l had no effect on the algae’s outer wall. This is because to the potassium permanganate mixture’s precise concentration of alum, which caused the algae’s exterior wall to not tear, preserving the outer toxic blooming. It inhibits photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in the primary productivity of chlorophyll-producing algae, solution Alum is necessary for the production of potassium permanganate and aids in the sintering, coagulation, and sedimentation processes [17]. Furthermore, potassium permanganate affects some algal toxins but not others, as it affects the toxins anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and microcystin and analyses have valued the final removal, while it does not affect saxitoxin toxin, despite the fact that it is produced by algae greens blue—this is what the organization confirms [18].
The use of activated carbon for the removal of a wide range of organic compounds, including numerous algal toxins, is a well-accepted treatment approach. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) can both be used as a physical process to adsorb toxins in source water, while GAC can also be used as a biological process to degrade toxins by allowing bacteria to grow on GAC media (instead of sand or anthracite) in rapid gravity filters. The nature of the source water, particularly the sort of toxins and competing natural organic matter (NOM) constituents present, has a significant impact on the efficacy of the adsorption or biological process. Operators should consider improving reactivation and replacement frequency based on the seasonal prevalence of blue-green algae if GAC is currently being used. Because algal toxin occurrences occur on a regular or seasonal basis, the use of PAC can be beneficial because it may be introduced sporadically to the traditional treatment procedure to react to the presence of toxins in a relatively cost-effective manner.
PAC can be added before coagulation and removed in the settling tanks, or it can be added after coagulation and removed by filtering. When employing PAC, keep in mind that it must be removed by a downstream operation and discarded, as PAC is rarely reused or regenerated. When utilizing PAC, detention times must be considered to ensure that enough time is provided for adequate adsorption removal. Prior to coagulation, PAC basins are occasionally employed, but care must be taken to ensure that the PAC adsorption rate correctly accounts for any NOM compound competition for adsorption sites. For details on selection and dosing, contact your PAC supplier.
Chlorination (gaseous elemental chlorine, liquid sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite), chloramines, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and ozone are all examples of oxidation in this section. UV with hydrogen peroxide is also demonstrated. Because most oxidants will lyse the blue-green algae cells present and release their toxins, peroxidation (the administration of an oxidant at any point in the treatment process prior to filtering) is not suggested. To keep the cell structure intact and the toxins contained, blue-green algae cells should be removed during the coagulation process before adding an oxidant if at all possible (i.e., intracellular). Water systems should consider using a weaker oxidant such as potassium permanganate if pre-oxidation is required for acceptable turbidity and/or organic carbon removal.
Chlorine reacts with microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxins to a lesser amount. Anatoxin-a does not seem to react well with chlorine. In addition, saxitoxin inactivation works best at higher pH levels, whereas microcystin inactivation works best at lower pH levels. The pH of the water and the presence of NOM affect the reactivity of chlorine with contaminants. Depending on the water quality circumstances, the contact time (CT) values necessary for the elimination of microcystins with free chlorine may be many times higher than those required for the surface water treatment rule. Chloramine and chlorine dioxide in commonly used levels have not been shown to be effective against any of the four poisons. Chloramines are effective against microcystins at very high doses and over long periods.
Microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin react more quickly with ozone than with other common oxidants. Saxitoxin is the one that is least affected by ozone. Only 20% of the saxitoxins present would be destroyed under equivalent settings when microcystins would be fully removed. Although hydrogen peroxide alone is ineffective in removing pollutants, ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide is significantly more powerful (Table 3).
Anatoxin-a | Cylindrospermopsin | Microcystin | Saxitoxin | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorine | Not effective | Effective | Effective | Somewhat effective |
Chloramine | Not effective | Not effective | Not effective | Inadequate information |
Chlorine dioxide | Not effective | Not effective | Not effective | Inadequate information |
Potassium permanganate | effective | Date ranges from not effective to possibly effective | Effective | Not effective |
Ozone | Effective | Effective | Effective | Not effective |
UV/advanced oxidation | Effective | Effective | Not effective | Inadequate information |
General effectiveness of blue-green algal toxin inactivation with specific oxidants [19].
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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