\r\n\tAll book chapters are produced by forward-thinking specialists in the area of renewable energy and smart grids, with detailed analysis and/or case studies. This book is intended to serve as a reference for graduate students, academics, professionals, and system operators.
",isbn:"978-1-83881-907-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-906-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-909-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42f44a6c474bb1bb3664945884ff1879",bookSignature:"Prof. Wenping Cao and Dr. Shubo Hu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10498.jpg",keywords:"Wind Speed, Wind Farm Design, Wind Energy Prediction, Power Dispatch, Optimization Algorithms, Stability Analysis, Distributed Generation, Integrated Energy System, Market Mechanism, Demand Side Management, Data-Driven Method, Electric Grid Security",numberOfDownloads:39,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A Chair Professor of Electrical Power Engineering at the Aston University, UK, and a Marie Curie Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174154/images/system/174154.jpg",biography:"Dr. Wen-Ping Cao received the B.Eng degree in electrical engineering from Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical machines and drives from the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, in 2004. He is currently a Chair Professor of Electrical Power Engineering with Aston University, Birmingham, UK, and also a Marie Curie Fellow with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. His research interests include fault analysis and condition monitoring of electric machines and power electronics for renewable energy.",institutionString:"Aston University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Aston University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"321201",title:"Dr.",name:"Shubo",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"shubo-hu",fullName:"Shubo Hu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321201/images/system/321201.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shubo Hu received a B.S. degree and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, in 2012 and 2019, respectively. Currently, she is an academic in the Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China. Her research interests include power system dispatch with renewable power energy, big data, and energy storage.",institutionString:"Dalian University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"74556",title:"Assessment and Analysis of Offshore Wind Energy Potential",slug:"assessment-and-analysis-of-offshore-wind-energy-potential",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74223",title:"Nonlinear Control Strategies of an Autonomous Double Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems",slug:"nonlinear-control-strategies-of-an-autonomous-double-fed-induction-generator-based-wind-energy-conve",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4623",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Utilisation and System Integration",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a95f39bf464b9e664978e0ed8e4d77ca",slug:"renewable-energy-utilisation-and-system-integration",bookSignature:"Wenping Cao and Yihua Hu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5835",title:"Development and Integration of Microgrids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7816bff39f3662d16a4df91841e2b5b",slug:"development-and-integration-of-microgrids",bookSignature:"Wen-Ping Cao and Jin Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"27012",title:"Quantification of Ventricular Repolarization Dispersion Using Digital Processing of the Surface ECG",doi:"10.5772/23050",slug:"quantification-of-cardiac-ventricular-repolarization-dispersion-using-computarized-ecg-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/27012.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27012",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27012",totalDownloads:2480,totalViews:183,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 23rd 2010",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 25th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/27012",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/27012",book:{slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-methods-and-analysis"},signatures:"Ana Cecilia Vinzio Maggio, María Paula Bonomini, Eric Laciar Leber and Pedro David Arini",authors:[{id:"35003",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Laciar",fullName:"Eric Laciar",slug:"eric-laciar",email:"laciar@gateme.unsj.edu.ar",position:null,institution:null},{id:"52549",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Bonomini",fullName:"Maria Paula Bonomini",slug:"maria-paula-bonomini",email:"bonomini.paula@maimonides.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"54658",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro David",middleName:null,surname:"Arini",fullName:"Pedro David Arini",slug:"pedro-david-arini",email:"pedro.arini@conicet.gov.ar",position:null,institution:null},{id:"54666",title:"Mrs",name:"Ana Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Vinzio Maggio",fullName:"Ana Cecilia Vinzio Maggio",slug:"ana-cecilia-vinzio-maggio",email:"ceciliavinzio@conicet.gov.ar",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"358",title:"Advances in Electrocardiograms",subtitle:"Methods and Analysis",fullTitle:"Advances in Electrocardiograms - Methods and Analysis",slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-methods-and-analysis",publishedDate:"January 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Richard M. Millis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/358.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",middleName:"M",surname:"Millis",slug:"richard-millis",fullName:"Richard Millis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27004",title:"Cardiac Anatomy",slug:"cardiac-anatomy",totalDownloads:2393,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Augusta Pelosi and Jack Rubinstein",authors:[{id:"44548",title:"Prof.",name:"Augusta",middleName:null,surname:"Pelosi",fullName:"Augusta Pelosi",slug:"augusta-pelosi"},{id:"112904",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",middleName:null,surname:"Rubinstein",fullName:"Jack Rubinstein",slug:"jack-rubinstein"}]},{id:"27005",title:"Low-Frequency Response and the Skin-Electrode Interface in Dry-Electrode Electrocardiography",slug:"low-frequency-response-and-the-skin-electrode-interface-in-dry-electrode-electrocardiography",totalDownloads:4097,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Cédric Assambo and Martin J. Burke",authors:[{id:"49158",title:"MSc",name:"Cedric",middleName:null,surname:"Assambo",fullName:"Cedric Assambo",slug:"cedric-assambo"},{id:"58541",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin J.",middleName:null,surname:"Burke",fullName:"Martin J. Burke",slug:"martin-j.-burke"}]},{id:"27006",title:"Implantation Techniques of Leads for Left Ventricular Pacing in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and Electrocardiographic Consequences of the Stimulation Site",slug:"implantation-techniques-of-leads-for-left-ventricular-pacing-in-cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-an",totalDownloads:8395,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michael Scheffer and Berry M. van Gelder",authors:[{id:"59887",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Scheffer",fullName:"Mike Scheffer",slug:"mike-scheffer"},{id:"60075",title:"Dr.",name:"Berry M.",middleName:null,surname:"Van Gelder",fullName:"Berry M. Van Gelder",slug:"berry-m.-van-gelder"}]},{id:"27007",title:"Non Contact Heart Monitoring",slug:"non-contact-heart-monitoring",totalDownloads:15313,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Lorenzo Scalise",authors:[{id:"49866",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Scalise",fullName:"Lorenzo Scalise",slug:"lorenzo-scalise"}]},{id:"27008",title:"Automated Selection of Optimal ECG Lead Using Heart Instantaneous Frequency During Sleep",slug:"automated-selection-of-optimal-ecg-lead-using-heart-instantaneous-frequency-during-sleep",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yeon-Sik Noh, Ja-Woong Yoon and Hyung-Ro Yoon",authors:[{id:"54557",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyungro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Hyungro Yoon",slug:"hyungro-yoon"},{id:"59494",title:"Mr",name:"Yeonsik",middleName:null,surname:"Noh",fullName:"Yeonsik Noh",slug:"yeonsik-noh"},{id:"94938",title:"Mr.",name:"Jawoong",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Jawoong Yoon",slug:"jawoong-yoon"}]},{id:"27009",title:"A Novel Technique for ECG Morphology Interpretation and Arrhythmia Detection Based on Time Series Signal Extracted from Scanned ECG Record",slug:"a-novel-technique-for-ecg-morphology-interpretation-and-arrhythmia-detection-based-on-time-series-si",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Srinivasan Jayaraman, Prashanth Swamy, Vani Damodaran and N. Venkatesh",authors:[{id:"44796",title:"Mr",name:"Prashanth",middleName:null,surname:"Swamy",fullName:"Prashanth Swamy",slug:"prashanth-swamy"},{id:"59563",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Jayaraman",fullName:"Srinivasan Jayaraman",slug:"srinivasan-jayaraman"},{id:"102939",title:"Ms.",name:"Vani",middleName:null,surname:"Damodaran",fullName:"Vani Damodaran",slug:"vani-damodaran"},{id:"111095",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkatesh",middleName:null,surname:"N",fullName:"Venkatesh N",slug:"venkatesh-n"}]},{id:"27010",title:"QT Interval and QT Variability",slug:"qt-interval-and-qt-variability",totalDownloads:1969,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bojan Vrtovec and Gregor Poglajen",authors:[{id:"45238",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojan",middleName:null,surname:"Vrtovec",fullName:"Bojan Vrtovec",slug:"bojan-vrtovec"},{id:"58265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Poglajen",fullName:"Gregor Poglajen",slug:"gregor-poglajen"}]},{id:"27011",title:"The Electrocardiogram – Waves and Intervals",slug:"the-electrocardiogram-waves-and-intervals",totalDownloads:3977,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"James E. Skinner, Daniel N. Weiss and Edward F. Lundy",authors:[{id:"51614",title:"Dr.",name:"James E.",middleName:null,surname:"Skinner",fullName:"James E. Skinner",slug:"james-e.-skinner"}]},{id:"27012",title:"Quantification of Ventricular Repolarization Dispersion Using Digital Processing of the Surface ECG",slug:"quantification-of-cardiac-ventricular-repolarization-dispersion-using-computarized-ecg-",totalDownloads:2480,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ana Cecilia Vinzio Maggio, María Paula Bonomini, Eric Laciar Leber and Pedro David Arini",authors:[{id:"35003",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Laciar",fullName:"Eric Laciar",slug:"eric-laciar"},{id:"52549",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Bonomini",fullName:"Maria Paula Bonomini",slug:"maria-paula-bonomini"},{id:"54658",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro David",middleName:null,surname:"Arini",fullName:"Pedro David Arini",slug:"pedro-david-arini"},{id:"54666",title:"Mrs",name:"Ana Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Vinzio Maggio",fullName:"Ana Cecilia Vinzio Maggio",slug:"ana-cecilia-vinzio-maggio"}]},{id:"27013",title:"Medicines and QT Prolongation",slug:"medicines-and-qt-prolongation",totalDownloads:4401,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryuji Kato, Yoshio Ijiri and Kazuhiko Tanaka",authors:[{id:"54691",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Kazuhiko Tanaka",slug:"kazuhiko-tanaka"},{id:"62337",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuji",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",fullName:"Ryuji Kato",slug:"ryuji-kato"},{id:"62548",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ijiri",fullName:"Yoshio Ijiri",slug:"yoshio-ijiri"}]},{id:"27014",title:"Concealed Conduction",slug:"concealed-conduction",totalDownloads:3683,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hasan Ari and Kübra Doğanay",authors:[{id:"53424",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Arı",fullName:"Hasan Arı",slug:"hasan-ari"},{id:"59709",title:"Dr.",name:"Kübra",middleName:null,surname:"Doğanay",fullName:"Kübra Doğanay",slug:"kubra-doganay"}]},{id:"27015",title:"Recognition of Cardiac Arrhythmia by Means of Beat Clustering on ECG-Holter Recordings",slug:"recognition-of-cardiac-arrhythmia-by-means-of-beat-clustering-on-ecg-holter-recordings",totalDownloads:3543,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"J.L. Rodríguez-Sotelo, G. Castellanos-Domínguez, and C.D. Acosta-Medina",authors:[{id:"57691",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Luis",surname:"Rodriguez-Sotelo",fullName:"Jose Rodriguez-Sotelo",slug:"jose-rodriguez-sotelo"},{id:"59773",title:"Dr.",name:"German",middleName:null,surname:"Castellanos",fullName:"German Castellanos",slug:"german-castellanos"}]},{id:"27016",title:"Electrocardiographic Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Aging Heart",slug:"electrocardiographic-analysis-of-heart-rate-variability-in-aging-heart",totalDownloads:2304,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elpidio Santillo, Monica Migale, Luca Fallavollita, Luciano Marini and Fabrizio Balestrini",authors:[{id:"48091",title:"Dr.",name:"Elpidio",middleName:null,surname:"Santillo",fullName:"Elpidio Santillo",slug:"elpidio-santillo"},{id:"57553",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Migale",fullName:"Monica Migale",slug:"monica-migale"},{id:"95196",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",fullName:"Luca Fallavollita",slug:"luca-fallavollita"},{id:"95199",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",fullName:"Luciano Marini",slug:"luciano-marini"},{id:"95203",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Balestrini",fullName:"Fabrizio Balestrini",slug:"fabrizio-balestrini"}]},{id:"27017",title:"Changes of Sympathovagal Balance Measured by Heart Rate Variability in Gastroparetic Patients Treated with Gastric Electrical Stimulation",slug:"changes-of-sympathovagal-balance-measured-by-heart-rate-variability-in-gastroparetic-patients-treate",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhiyue Lin and Richard W. McCallum",authors:[{id:"50367",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"McCallum",fullName:"Richard McCallum",slug:"richard-mccallum"},{id:"59813",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhiyue",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Zhiyue Lin",slug:"zhiyue-lin"}]},{id:"27018",title:"Associations of Metabolic Variables with Electrocardiographic Measures of Sympathovagal Balance in Healthy Young Adults",slug:"associations-of-metabolic-variables-with-electrocardiographic-measures-of-sympatho-vagal-balance-in-",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Richard M. Millis, Mark D. Hatcher, Rachel E. Austin, Vernon Bond and Kim L. Goring",authors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",middleName:"M",surname:"Millis",fullName:"Richard Millis",slug:"richard-millis"},{id:"61415",title:"Dr.",name:"Vernon",middleName:null,surname:"Bond",fullName:"Vernon Bond",slug:"vernon-bond"},{id:"95252",title:"MSc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Hatcher",fullName:"Mark Hatcher",slug:"mark-hatcher"},{id:"95255",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim",middleName:null,surname:"Goring",fullName:"Kim Goring",slug:"kim-goring"},{id:"105497",title:"MSc.",name:"Rachel",middleName:null,surname:"Austin",fullName:"Rachel Austin",slug:"rachel-austin"}]},{id:"27019",title:"An Analogue Front-End System with a Low-Power On-Chip Filter and ADC for Portable ECG Detection Devices",slug:"an-analogue-front-end-system-with-a-low-power-on-chip-filter-and-adc-for-portable-ecg-detection-devi",totalDownloads:2503,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Jia-Hua Hong, Jin-Ching Lee and Qiang Fang",authors:[{id:"58865",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuenn-Yuh",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Shuenn-Yuh Lee",slug:"shuenn-yuh-lee"},{id:"58867",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jin-Ching Lee",slug:"jin-ching-lee"},{id:"58868",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Qiang Fang",slug:"qiang-fang"},{id:"89752",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",fullName:"Jia-Hua Hong",slug:"jia-hua-hong"}]},{id:"27020",title:"Electrocardiogram in an MRI Environment: Clinical Needs, Practical Considerations, Safety Implications, Technical Solutions and Future Directions",slug:"electrocardiogram-in-an-mri-environment-clinical-needs-practical-considerations-safety-implications-",totalDownloads:6189,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Thoralf Niendorf, Lukas Winter and Tobias Frauenrath",authors:[{id:"56761",title:"Prof.",name:"Thoralf",middleName:null,surname:"Niendorf",fullName:"Thoralf Niendorf",slug:"thoralf-niendorf"},{id:"59717",title:"MSc",name:"Lukas",middleName:null,surname:"Winter",fullName:"Lukas Winter",slug:"lukas-winter"},{id:"59718",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Frauenrath",fullName:"Tobias Frauenrath",slug:"tobias-frauenrath"}]},{id:"27021",title:"Customized Heart Check System by Using Integrated Information of Electrocardiogram and Plethysmogram Outside the Driver’s Awareness from an Automobile Steering Wheel",slug:"customized-heart-check-system-by-using-integrated-information-of-electrocardiogram-and-plethysmogram",totalDownloads:1441,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Motohisa Osaka",authors:[{id:"49555",title:"Prof.",name:"Motohisa",middleName:null,surname:"Osaka",fullName:"Motohisa Osaka",slug:"motohisa-osaka"}]},{id:"27022",title:"Independent Component Analysis in ECG Signal Processing",slug:"independent-component-analysis-in-ecg-signal-processing",totalDownloads:5072,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jarno M.A. Tanskanen and Jari J. Viik",authors:[{id:"48917",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarno",middleName:"M. A.",surname:"Tanskanen",fullName:"Jarno Tanskanen",slug:"jarno-tanskanen"},{id:"48965",title:"Dr.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Viik",fullName:"Jari Viik",slug:"jari-viik"}]},{id:"27023",title:"Broadening the Exchange of Electrocardiogram Data from Intra-Hospital to Inter-Hospital",slug:"broadening-the-exchange-of-electrocardiogram-data-from-intra-hospital-to-inter-hospital",totalDownloads:2426,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shizhong Yuan, Daming Wei and Weimin Xu",authors:[{id:"42911",title:"Prof.",name:"Daming",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Daming Wei",slug:"daming-wei"},{id:"42922",title:"Prof.",name:"Weimin",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Weimin Xu",slug:"weimin-xu"},{id:"50931",title:"Prof.",name:"Shizhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Shizhong Yuan",slug:"shizhong-yuan"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1291",title:"Advances in Electrocardiograms",subtitle:"Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"956bc1bdc0de1de4908abbee641a17aa",slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Richard M. Millis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",surname:"Millis",slug:"richard-millis",fullName:"Richard Millis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26820",title:"The Prognostic Role of ECG in Arterial Hypertension",slug:"the-prognostic-role-of-ecg-in-arterial-hypertension",signatures:"Stavros Dimopoulos, Christos Manetos, Eleni Koroboki, John Terrovitis and Serafim Nanas",authors:[{id:"49843",title:"Dr.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Dimopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Dimopoulos",slug:"stavros-dimopoulos"},{id:"59339",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Terrovitis",fullName:"John Terrovitis",slug:"john-terrovitis"},{id:"59737",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleni",middleName:null,surname:"Koroboki",fullName:"Eleni Koroboki",slug:"eleni-koroboki"},{id:"95169",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Manetos",fullName:"Christos Manetos",slug:"christos-manetos"},{id:"95172",title:"Prof.",name:"Serafim",middleName:null,surname:"Nanas",fullName:"Serafim Nanas",slug:"serafim-nanas"}]},{id:"26821",title:"Electrocardiographic QT Interval Prolongation in Subjects With and Without Type 2 Diabetes – Risk Factors and Clinical Implications",slug:"electrocardiographic-qt-interval-prolongation-in-subjects-with-and-without-type-2-diabetes-risk-fact",signatures:"Jimenez-Corona Aida, Jimenez-Corona Maria Eugenia and Gonzalez-Villalpando Clicerio",authors:[{id:"57672",title:"PhD.",name:"Aida",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Corona",fullName:"Aida Jimenez-Corona",slug:"aida-jimenez-corona"},{id:"59730",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria E",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Corona",fullName:"Maria E Jimenez-Corona",slug:"maria-e-jimenez-corona"},{id:"59731",title:"Dr.",name:"Clicerio",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Villalpando",fullName:"Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando",slug:"clicerio-gonzalez-villalpando"}]},{id:"26822",title:"The Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Rest Premature Ventricular Contractions",slug:"the-prevalence-and-prognostic-value-of-rest-pvcs",signatures:"Matthew D. Solomon and Victor Froelicher",authors:[{id:"55692",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Froelicher",fullName:"Froelicher",slug:"froelicher"},{id:"57639",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Solomon",fullName:"Matthew Solomon",slug:"matthew-solomon"}]},{id:"26823",title:"Arrhythmias in Children and Young Adults",slug:"arrhythmias-in-children-and-young-adults",signatures:"Harinder R. Singh",authors:[{id:"44160",title:"Dr.",name:"Harinder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Harinder Singh",slug:"harinder-singh"}]},{id:"26824",title:"Paced ECG Morphology – Reveals More than What It Conceals",slug:"paced-ecg-morphology-reveals-more-than-what-it-conceals",signatures:"Ajay Bahl",authors:[{id:"41185",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajay",middleName:null,surname:"Bahl",fullName:"Ajay Bahl",slug:"ajay-bahl"}]},{id:"26825",title:"Electrocardiograms in Acute Pericarditis",slug:"acute-pericarditis",signatures:"Anita Radhakrishnan and Jerome E. Granato",authors:[{id:"52582",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome",middleName:null,surname:"Granato",fullName:"Jerome Granato",slug:"jerome-granato"},{id:"59783",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",fullName:"Anita Radhakrishnan",slug:"anita-radhakrishnan"}]},{id:"26826",title:"The Remodeling of Connexins Localized at Pulmonary Vein – Left Atria in Triggering and Maintenance of Atrial Fibrillation",slug:"the-remodeling-of-connexins-localized-at-pulmonary-vein-left-atria-in-triggering-and-maintenance-of-",signatures:"Guo-qiang Zhong, Ri-xin Xiong, Hong-xing Song, Yun Ling, Jing-chang Zhang and Zhe Wei",authors:[{id:"49246",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Guoqiang Zhong",slug:"guoqiang-zhong"},{id:"59487",title:"Prof.",name:"Rixin",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Rixin Xiong",slug:"rixin-xiong"},{id:"59488",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongxing",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Hongxing Song",slug:"hongxing-song"},{id:"59489",title:"Prof.",name:"Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Ling",fullName:"Yun Ling",slug:"yun-ling"},{id:"59490",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingchang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jingchang Zhang",slug:"jingchang-zhang"},{id:"59491",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhe",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Zhe Wei",slug:"zhe-wei"}]},{id:"26827",title:"ECG in Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Reperfusion Era",slug:"electrocardiogram-in-acute-myocardial-infarction-in-the-reperfusion-era",signatures:"Massimo Napodano and Catia Paganelli",authors:[{id:"47847",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Napodano",fullName:"Massimo Napodano",slug:"massimo-napodano"},{id:"47958",title:"Dr.",name:"Catia",middleName:null,surname:"Paganelli",fullName:"Catia Paganelli",slug:"catia-paganelli"}]},{id:"26828",title:"Mechanisms of Postinfarction Electrophysiological Abnormality: Sympathetic Neural Remodeling, Electrical Remodeling and Gap Junction Remodeling",slug:"mechanisms-of-postinfarction-electrophysiological-abnormality-sympathetic-neural-remodeling-electric",signatures:"Guoqiang Zhong, Jinyi Li, Honghong Ke, Yan He, Weiyan Xu and Yanmei Zhao",authors:[{id:"49246",title:"Prof.",name:"Guoqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Guoqiang Zhong",slug:"guoqiang-zhong"},{id:"59474",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinyi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jinyi Li",slug:"jinyi-li"},{id:"59475",title:"Prof.",name:"Honghong",middleName:null,surname:"Ke",fullName:"Honghong Ke",slug:"honghong-ke"},{id:"59476",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Yan He",slug:"yan-he"},{id:"59477",title:"Prof.",name:"Weiyan",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Weiyan Xu",slug:"weiyan-xu"},{id:"59478",title:"Ms",name:"Yanmei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yanmei Zhao",slug:"yanmei-zhao"}]},{id:"26829",title:"Novel Porcine Models of Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction – Technical Progress, Modified Electrocardiograms Validating, and Future Application",slug:"novel-porcine-models-of-myocardial-ischemia-infarction-technical-progress-modified-electrocardiogram",signatures:"Jianxun Liu and Xinzhi Li",authors:[{id:"53886",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianxun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Jianxun Liu",slug:"jianxun-liu"},{id:"58536",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xinzhi Li",slug:"xinzhi-li"}]},{id:"26830",title:"The Emergence and Development of Physiological Regulatory Systems of Newborn Infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit",slug:"the-emergence-and-development-of-physiological-regulatory-systems-of-newborn-infants-in-a-neonatal-i",signatures:"Motoki Bonno, Esmot Ara Begum and Hatsumi Yamamoto",authors:[{id:"51920",title:"Dr.",name:"Esmot Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Esmot Ara Begum",slug:"esmot-ara-begum"},{id:"51954",title:"Dr.",name:"Motoki",middleName:null,surname:"Bonno",fullName:"Motoki Bonno",slug:"motoki-bonno"},{id:"95297",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatsumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Hatsumi Yamamoto",slug:"hatsumi-yamamoto"}]},{id:"26831",title:"Automated Detection and Classification of Sleep Apnea Types Using Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) Features",slug:"automated-detection-and-classification-of-sleep-apnea-types-using-electrocardiogram-ecg-and-electroe",signatures:"Onur Kocak, Tuncay Bayrak, Aykut Erdamar, Levent Ozparlak, Ziya Telatar and Osman Erogul",authors:[{id:"49173",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Koçak",fullName:"Onur Koçak",slug:"onur-kocak"}]},{id:"26832",title:"Low Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adult Males",slug:"low-heart-rate-variability-in-healthy-young-adult-males",signatures:"Richard M. Millis, Stanley P. Carlyle, Mark D. Hatcher and Vernon Bond",authors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",middleName:"M",surname:"Millis",fullName:"Richard Millis",slug:"richard-millis"}]},{id:"26833",title:"The Role of Exercise Test After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention",slug:"the-role-of-exercise-test-after-percutaneous-coronary-intervention",signatures:"Iveta Mintale, Milana Zabunova, Dace Lurina, Inga Narbute, Sanda Jegere, Ilja Zakke, Vilnis Taluts Dzerve and Andrejs Erglis",authors:[{id:"48799",title:"Dr.",name:"Iveta",middleName:null,surname:"Mintale",fullName:"Iveta Mintale",slug:"iveta-mintale"},{id:"58904",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrejs",middleName:null,surname:"Erglis",fullName:"Andrejs Erglis",slug:"andrejs-erglis"},{id:"58905",title:"Dr.",name:"Milana",middleName:null,surname:"Zabunova",fullName:"Milana Zabunova",slug:"milana-zabunova"}]},{id:"26834",title:"Toxic and Drug-Induced Changes of the Electrocardiogram",slug:"toxic-and-drug-induced-changes-of-electrocardiogram",signatures:"Catalina Lionte, Cristina Bologa and Laurentiu Sorodoc",authors:[{id:"49677",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalina",middleName:null,surname:"Lionte",fullName:"Catalina Lionte",slug:"catalina-lionte"},{id:"52493",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Bologa",fullName:"Cristina Bologa",slug:"cristina-bologa"},{id:"125542",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorodoc",middleName:null,surname:"Laurentiu",fullName:"Sorodoc Laurentiu",slug:"sorodoc-laurentiu"}]},{id:"26835",title:"Electrocardiogram (ECG) Abnormality Among Residents in Arseniasis-Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Southwestern Taiwan – A Study of Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions",slug:"electrocardiogram-abnormality-and-cardiovascular-mortality-among-residents-in-arseniasis-endemic-and",signatures:"Ya-Tang Liao, Wan-Fen Li, Chien-Jen Chen, Wei J. Chen, Hsiao-Yen Chen and Shu-Li Wang",authors:[{id:"40524",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei J.",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei J. Chen",slug:"wei-j.-chen"},{id:"51477",title:"Prof.",name:"Shu-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shu-Li Wang",slug:"shu-li-wang"},{id:"59122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ya-Tang",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",fullName:"Ya-Tang Liao",slug:"ya-tang-liao"},{id:"59123",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chien-Jen Chen",slug:"chien-jen-chen"},{id:"59124",title:"Ms.",name:"Hsiao-Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Hsiao-Yen Chen",slug:"hsiao-yen-chen"}]},{id:"26836",title:"Abnormal Electrocardiogram in Patients with Acute Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning",slug:"abnormal-electrocardiogram-in-patients-with-acute-aluminum-phosphide-poisoning",signatures:"Amine Ali Zeggwagh and Maha Louriz",authors:[{id:"44969",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Zeggwagh",fullName:"Zeggwagh",slug:"zeggwagh"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72161",title:"Additive Manufacturing for Antenna Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92363",slug:"additive-manufacturing-for-antenna-applications",body:'
1. Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, allows engineers to rethink the traditional antenna design space. AM facilitates complex designs that require properties not achievable by current manufacturing methods. The 3D and hybrid-material approaches needed to achieve these designs makes AM critical to the future of radio frequency (RF) systems.
New research is spearheading development of RF AM technology to facilitate development of scalable AM antennas with built-in frequency and polarization agility. AM is a disruptive technology that facilitates complex designs requiring properties not achievable by current manufacturing methods. Strides in AM show robust structural and mechanical parts, but industry has yet to develop and fully characterize a large suite of RF materials compatible with AM methods. Low dielectric constants of commercial feedstocks limit current AM antenna designs. Recent research into the composition of high-dielectric feedstocks and for AM opens the design space for 3D printed hybrid material antennas [1, 2, 3]. This research includes loading low-loss polymer matrices such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with varying volumes of high-dielectric ceramic nanoparticles. However, increasing the volume percentage of high-dielectric ceramics creates brittle filaments, which break when spooled and bind when printing, making dielectric constants greater than 8 unviable for fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. However, initial research into incorporating the filament extrusion step directly at the print head shows promise by eliminating the need to print from a pre-fabricated spool of filament effectively sidestepping the ceramic volume loading limitation previously mentioned. This technique could open the doors for even higher dielectric AM filaments because designers will not need to spool or flex the highly loaded polymer in order to print with it.
Currently, AM produces robust structural and mechanical parts, but designers have yet to fully develop and characterize electromagnetic properties of AM feedstocks for printing antennas and other RF devices. Recent research into the composition of high-permittivity feedstocks for AM opens the design space for hybrid material antennas, and necessitates an emphasis on the measurement of electromagnetic properties for printed dielectric substrates.
Novel high dielectrics and conductive inks for AM enable complex and integrated antenna designs in all three dimensions. This leads to our integration of our S−/X-band antenna into a single aperture allowing for simultaneous multiband capabilities. The 3D and hybrid material approaches needed to achieve this scalable, agile, and multimode antenna demonstrate the necessity of AM for future of RF systems. Additionally, AM enables on demand supply closer to the point of need. This reduces the logistical burden, cost, and upgradeability of RF system maintenance in the field. These benefits result rapid development of new technologies, and increases agility to address new RF needs as they emerge in near real time.
This chapter focuses on the benefits and negatives of AM pertaining to antennas. AM dielectric substrates enable multiband approaches to AM phased arrays. We demonstrate our AM antenna by comparing experimental data to an identical antenna manufactured via legacy materials and techniques.
2. Role of additive manufacturing for antennas and radio frequency components
As governments, industries, and universities move toward multipurpose wireless platforms, engineers must integrate functionality of disparate frequency bands into single systems. This requires planar and vertical integration of apertures, substrates, and feed networks to enable multiple modes of operation. Now RF front ends must integrate several different antennas and their feed networks consisting of transmission lines, amplifiers, filters, and switches across increasing bandwidth. Integrated designs require both hybrid material and fully volumetric, as opposed to planar, approaches. The ability of AM to achieve geometries not possible by today’s manufacturing processes makes AM a critical enabler of future of RF systems.
In the recent past, designers achieved robust mechanical and structural components through AM processes, but companies have not yet developed AM materials and feedstocks suitable for the design of antennas and other RF components. Engineers must also conduct research in the area of conductive inks for AM. Current silver inks yield metal layers with lower conductivity compared to their bulk metal counterparts. Increased conductivity of printable inks enhances the power efficiency of RF components.
Currently, low dielectric constants of commercially available AM feedstocks are limiting antenna designs. However, through the development of high-dielectric constant and low-loss electromagnetic materials, AM opens the RF design space to complex geometries and material gradients not currently achievable. One example is the Luneberg lens [1], which relies on a graded dielectric constant. By controlling the fill density of printed substrates, AM achieves a continuously graded slope in dielectric constant that is the enabling feature of the Luneberg lens design [2].
Increasing the RF versatility of AM requires research into feedstocks that achieve high dielectric constants. Recent research shows AM filaments with dielectric constants 0f 4 or greater can be extruded from polymer/ceramic composites [3, 4, 5, 6]. The process loads a low-loss host polymer with a given volume fraction 0f ceramic nanoparticles with high dielectric constants. The host polymer will tend to have a low dielectric constant and the volume fraction of the dispersed high-dielectric ceramic particles will determine the macroscopic dielectric constant of the extruded filament [5, 7]. Since we know the presence of voids during the 3D printing process can cause deviations in the dielectric constant, electromagnetic characterization of the final substrate becomes very important.
AM for hybrid material antennas has additional obstacles other than limitations in dielectric constant. The layered nature of 3D printing causes the potential for inconsistencies in the bonding of interfaces between printed layers. Similarly, 3D printing processes yield anisotropy in the electromagnetic properties of printed layers that can yield RF properties that differ depending on direction within the printed substrate. Porosity, surface roughness, and repetitiveness are also concerns relating to AM technologies for antennas and RF devices [8, 9, 10, 11].
Beyond dielectric feedstocks for AM, research into increasing the conductivity of printable inks is also of interest. The best conductivity of conductive inks is currently 5–10 times less than that of bulk metals, and even these reduced conductivities require sintering processes in excess of 175°C [12]. Reduced conductivity will cause decreased radiation efficiency in antennas and increased transport inefficiencies in transmission lines. Whereas high sintering temperatures required for 3D printed inks would degrade and melt the thermoplastic-based dielectric compounds discussed previously. There are alternate methods for sintering currently under investigation such as laser sintering and flash annealing, but these methods still require further research to demonstrate their viability.
2.1 High-dielectric filaments compatible with additive manufacturing
Current research investigates methods for extruding high-dielectric AM filaments through a robust and repeatable method that allows for the printing of AM substrates with a given value of dielectric constant. This will give engineers a continuum of achievable dielectric constants for AM substrates they can use in their models when designing RF components. A second challenge is developing a technique for sintering of conductive inks printed on an AM substrate without compromising the integrity of the dielectric substrate. A final hurdle is to produce a fully integrated AM antenna including ground plane, RF connectors, feed, multiple dielectric substrates, and aperture through a fully automated process.
Typically, composite materials are prepared using mixing techniques such as dissolving pellets of ABS using acetone [12, 13]. Afterward, mixers add plasticizers and surfactants in small concentrations. These additives are necessary, as the plasticizer acts as a lubricant between molecular chains in the polymer, enabling flexibility even with loading of ceramic powders; however, the addition of too much plasticizer negatively affects the composite by rendering it too elastic. Materials use surfactants to prevent aggregation between the ceramic particles [14].
Adding high-dielectric ceramic nanoparticles in in volume fractions between 15 and 30% to the mixtures allows to them to homogenize within the polymer. Once the acetone has fully evaporated, we cut the composite slab into pieces and then ground them into approximately 2-mm pellets. We can then extrude filaments at high temperature, but this process has its limitations. Adding more than 40% by volume of ceramic powder results in a filament too brittle for use, even with the addition of plasticizer. Furthermore, as the loading of ceramic inclusions increases, so too does the viscosity of the material. Designers must exercise care, as viscous materials are prone to printing defects, such as voids [14].
3. Hybrid material dual-band and dual-polarization antenna design
As the world continues to move to fully integrated multifunction antennas, the design of new multiband and multimode antenna geometries continues to yield structures that are more complicated to manufacture. However, current challenges in maintaining, upgrading, and networking an ever-increasing number of antenna nodes are alleviated through adapting these types of multifunction antennas and other RF devices. The low profile and lightweight designs of references [15, 16, 17, 18] show great promise for multifunction antenna applications. This chapter compares the performance of a multifunction antenna prototyped using traditional off-the-shelf materials and fabrication techniques, to the same antenna geometry manufactured using AM materials and 3D printing manufacturing processes. The idea being that the versatility allowed via AM of antennas can help navigate the newfound complexities of emerging multifunction antenna designs.
3.1 Antenna performance using conventional materials and techniques
We base the hybrid substrate-shared aperture antenna on the shorted annular ring and concentric patch geometry explored by Dorsey and Zaghloul [15, 16, 17]. Figure 1 (left) shows the geometry of the dual-band antenna on two nested dielectric substrates, and Figure 1 (right) shows the layout of the nested substrates themselves. Table 1 gives the values in millimeters for the antenna dimensions illustrated in Figure 1. We shrink the overall footprint of the dual-band antenna by 30% by increasing the dielectric constant of the substrate under the annular ring from εr1 = 2.33 to εr1 = 6.15.
Figure 1.
Top view geometry of the dual-band antenna (left), layout of the nested substrates (center), and top view of the prototype dual-band antenna.
Two pairs of orthogonal microstrip pin feeds control the different operational modes of the antenna by exciting either S- or X-band frequencies and either vertical or horizontal polarization. Figure 2 gives the locations of the pin feeds with respect to the annular ring and concentric patch antennas respectively. Figure 2 also shows a shorting wall grounding the inner perimeter of the annular ring to diminish surface waves. Suppression of surface waves on the dielectric substrates helps increases isolation between the excitation ports of the dual-band antenna. The antenna comprises a top metal layer, a hybrid Rogers 3006/Rogers 5870 substrate layer, and a bottom metal ground layer. All metal layers are 0.1 mm thick, and the dielectric substrate layer is 5.05 mm thick.
Figure 2.
3D view of the dual-band antenna and pin feed network. The outer dielectric layer is transparent for clarity.
Figures 3 and 4 show the measured versus simulated return loss and normalized radiation patterns of the dual-band antenna at S-band. Figures 5 and 6 show the same for at X-band. The radiation shows good agreement at both S-band and X-band. Figures 3 and 5 show a return loss measurement of −17.5 dB at the resonant frequency of 3.2 GHz and measurement of −11.0 dB at the resonant frequency of 11.1 GHz. There is a second S-band resonance seen at a frequency of 2.7 GHz in Figure 3, but the radiation characteristics in Figure 4 show that this is not the dominant S-band resonance. We attribute discrepancies in the depth of the return loss curve in Figure 5 to manufacturing tolerances in the placement of the pin feeds with respect to the edges of the concentric patch. Since electrical length decreases with wavelength at X-band, smaller tolerance errors can have larger effects than at S-band on the impedance match quality. However, both the simulated and measured resonant frequency at X-band is the same as expected.
Figure 3.
Comparison of simulated return loss to measured return loss of the horizontal port at S-band.
Figure 4.
Measured and simulated normalized radiation pattern at S-band horizontal port.
Figure 5.
Measured and simulated return loss at X-band horizontal port.
Figure 6.
Measured and simulated normalized radiation pattern at X-band horizontal port.
3.2 Antenna performance using additive manufacturing
AM allows engineers to rethink the RF design space. AM facilitates complex designs that required properties not achievable by traditional manufacturing methods. Strides in AM produce robust structural and mechanical parts, but industry has yet to develop a full suite of electromagnetic properties for AM feedstocks. Low dielectric constants of commercial feedstocks limit current antenna designs, but recent research into the composition of high-dielectric feedstocks for AM opens the design space for antennas [12, 13, 14]. Additionally, space-filling algorithms paired with the extrusion of high-dielectric filaments, discussed in Section 2.1, allow customized dielectric constants not previously achievable [2].
We choose a slightly modified version of the antenna design presented in Section 3.1. Due to the hybrid material design and the utilization of a fully embedded vertical shorting wall, we believe this is a good design to test capabilities of AM as it pertains to antennas. For this investigation, we design the dual-band antenna for S-band and X-band respectively. We perform all simulations using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) solver of CST Studio Suite 2019.
Figure 7 shows a to-scale 3D printed prototype of the antenna shown in Figures 1 and 2. The antenna utilizes a microstrip stack of a printed copper layer, hybrid dielectric layer, and a copper ground layer. We printed all pieces separately and assembled by hand afterward. All conductive layers are 1.0 mm thick. The hybrid substrate layer is 5.05 mm thick. The total profile of the antenna is 6.05 mm due to printing thicker metal layers to prevent warping.
Table 2 shows the dimensions of the geometries given in Figure 2 as they pertain to Figure 7. We chose two AM filaments compatible with a Fuse Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printer. For the high dielectric, we chose Preperm ABS 650 with a reported dielectric constant of εr = 6.5 to mimic the Rogers 6010 material with εr = 6.15. However, after conducting waveguide measurements on a 3D printed sample, we found anisotropic values of εrx = εry = 5.7 and εrz = 5.3. We chose ABS to mimic the Rogers 5870 material with εr = 2.33. Measured values of the ABS were nearly isotropic with a value of εr = 2.38. The loss tangents of both materials were about 10−3. We printed the metal layers via the selective laser sintering (SLS) method allowing us to print actual copper as opposed to using a lower conductivity ink. Using a substrate of εr1 = 5.3 instead of εr1 = 6.15 under the S-band element shifts the resonances from 3.2 to 3.8 GHz. Changing the dimensions of the concentric slot and X-band patch, shown in Figure 1 and Table 2, shifts the X-band frequency from 11.1 to 9.35 GHz.
L1
L2
L3
L4
D
εr1
εr2
37.08
25.36
11.03
7.38
7.05
5.3
2.38
Table 2.
Antenna dimensions in millimeters of 3D printed antenna based on schematic in Figure 1.
Figure 7.
Fully assembled AM dual-band antenna.
We show the measured versus simulated return loss and realized gain of the dual-band antenna at S-band in Figures 8 and 9 as well as at X-band in Figures 10 and 11. We took all realized gain versus frequency measurements at boresight to the antenna. We see general agreement at both bands for all measurements. One discrepancy is in the S-band realized gain where measurements are up to 2.0 dB lower than expected from 3.25 to 3.6 GHz. The resonance at S-band is also about 100 MHz or 2.6% off. The X-band resonance and realized gain curves show better agreement than those at S-band. The return loss at X-band is even better than that predicted by simulation and this shows up in Figure 11 where the measured realized gain is higher than simulation at resonance.
Figure 8.
S-parameters at S-band horizontal polarization port.
Figure 9.
Realized gain to boresight at S-band horizontal polarization port.
Figure 10.
S-parameters at X-band horizontal polarization port.
Figure 11.
Realized gain to boresight at S-band horizontal polarization port.
We attribute measured differences in the return loss to manufacturing tolerances since the pin fed patch is an extremely resonant type of feed.
4. Conclusions
This chapter describes both the benefits and current challenges facing AM for antennas and RF devices. The forefront of which is a lack of commercially available high-dielectric materials that are compatible with filament fed 3D printers. As a comparison, we fabricated two similar antenna designs utilizing multiple nested dielectrics and an embedded shorting wall within the dielectrics to compare performance between traditional materials and manufacturing methods versus those of AM. Due to restricted access to an AM feedstock with the proper dielectric constant, direct comparisons of the two antennas is not the preferred way of comparison. However, experimental results for both prototypes agree well with the simulation data. There also seems to be no degradation in the performance of the AM prototype over the traditional prototype in terms of the agreement with the respective antenna models. With new methods of extruding higher dielectric filaments for FDM 3D printers, AM seems to be a good fit for future work in antenna design especially as antenna and RF front ends grow increasingly complex and more fully integrated.
\n',keywords:"additive manufacturing, dual-band antenna, dual polarization, 3D printing",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72161.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72161.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72161",totalDownloads:166,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 7th 2019",dateReviewed:"April 2nd 2020",datePrePublished:"May 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter describes the results of additive manufacturing (AM) for a multi-band antenna that effectively replaces two with a single footprint. The antenna achieves distinct modes of operation by achieving flexibility between horizontal and vertical polarizations on transmit and receive at both S-band and X-band frequencies. Low dielectric constants of commercial AM materials limit current AM antenna designs. Research into the composition of high-dielectric feedstocks for AM opens the design space for 3D printed hybrid material antennas. We compare the performance of an AM antenna to the same prototype using traditional methods and materials.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72161",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72161",signatures:"Gregory Mitchell and David Turowski",book:{id:"9882",title:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",slug:"advanced-radio-frequency-antennas-for-modern-communication-and-medical-systems",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9882.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"226983",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",fullName:"Gregory Mitchell",slug:"gregory-mitchell",email:"gregory.a.mitchell1.civ@mail.mil",position:null,institution:null},{id:"317994",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Turowski",fullName:"David Turowski",slug:"david-turowski",email:"david.turowski@lmco.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Lockheed Martin (United States)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Role of additive manufacturing for antennas and radio frequency components",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 High-dielectric filaments compatible with additive manufacturing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Hybrid material dual-band and dual-polarization antenna design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.1 Antenna performance using conventional materials and techniques",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.2 Antenna performance using additive manufacturing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Luneburg R, Herzberger M. Mint: A mathematical theory of optics. American Journal of Physics. 1996;34(80). DOI: 10.1119/1.1972799'},{id:"B2",body:'Roper GB, Yarlagadda S, Mirotznik M. Fabrication of a flat Luneburg lens using functional additive manufacturing. In: Proceedings of National Radio Science Meeting (Joint AP-S Symposium), USNC-URSI, Memphis, TN; 6–11 July 2014; DOI: 10.1109/USNC-URSI.2014.6955649'},{id:"B3",body:'Moulart A, Marrett C, Colton J. Mint: Polymeric composites for use in electronic and microwave devices. Journal of Polymer Engineering and Science. 2004;44:588-597. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20053'},{id:"B4",body:'Agarwala MK et al. Structural ceramics by fused deposition of ceramics. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX. 1995. pp. 1-8'},{id:"B5",body:'Duncan B et al. 3D printing of millimeter wave RF devices. In: Workshop on Additive Manufacturing of Antennas and Electromagnetic Structures. McLean, VA: MITRE; 2017'},{id:"B6",body:'Castles F, et al. “Microwave Dielectric Characterization of 3D-Printed BaTiO3/ABS Polymer Composities”, US National Library of Medicine, PMC4778131; 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778131/#b20'},{id:"B7",body:'Rao Y et al. Novel polymer-ceramic nanocomposite based on high dielectric constant epoxy formula for embedded capacitor application. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 28 Nov 2001;83(5):1084-1090. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10082'},{id:"B8",body:'Ahn D et al. Representation of surface roughness in fused deposition modeling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2009;209(15-16):5593-5600'},{id:"B9",body:'Sood A et al. Improved dimensional accuracy of fused deposition modeling processed part using grey Taguchi method. Journal of Material and Design. 2009;30(10):4243-4252'},{id:"B10",body:'Ang K et al. Investigation of the mechanical properties and porosity relationships in fused deposition modeling-fabricated porous structures. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2006;12(2):100-105'},{id:"B11",body:'Roberson D, Wicker R, MacDonald E. Ohmic curing of printed silver conductive traces. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2012;41(9):2553-2566'},{id:"B12",body:'Parsons P, Larimore Z, Muhammed F, Mirotznik M. Fabrication of low dielectric constant composite filaments for use in fused filament 3D printing. Additive Manufacturing, Science Direct. December 2019;30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100888'},{id:"B13",body:'Castles F, Isakov D, Lui A, Lei Q, Dancer CEJ, Wang Y, et al. Microwave dielectric characterization of 3D-printed BaTiO3/ABS polymer composites. Scientific Reports. 2016;6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22714'},{id:"B14",body:'Parsons P, Larimore Z, Mitchell G. Composite materials development for fused filament fabrication of RF systems. In: Proceedings of Applied Computational Electromagnetics Symposium (ACES). Monterey, CA; March 2020'},{id:"B15",body:'Dorsey W, Zaghloul A. Dual-polarized dual-band antenna element for ISM bands. In: Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium. Charleston, SC: APS/URSI; 2009'},{id:"B16",body:'Zaghloul A, Dorsey W. Evolutionary development of a dual-band, dual-polarization, low-profile printed circuit antenna. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications. Torino, IT: ICEAA; 2009. pp. 994-997'},{id:"B17",body:'Dorsey W, Zaghloul A. Dual-band dual-circularly polarized antenna element. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. 2013;7:283-290'},{id:"B18",body:'Khan M, Yang Z, Warnick K. Dual-circular-polarized high-efficiency antenna for ku-band satellite communication. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2014;13:1624-1627'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Gregory Mitchell",address:"gregory.a.mitchell1.civ@mail.mil",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9882",title:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",slug:"advanced-radio-frequency-antennas-for-modern-communication-and-medical-systems",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9882.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"136756",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Wan",email:"wanlei@hrbeu.edu.cn",fullName:"Lei Wan",slug:"lei-wan",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Modeling and Motion Control Strategy for AUV",slug:"modeling-and-motion-control-strategy-for-auv",abstract:null,signatures:"Lei Wan and Fang Wang",authors:[{id:"51542",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang",surname:"Wang",fullName:"Fang Wang",slug:"fang-wang",email:"wangfang16@hrbeu.edu.cn"},{id:"136756",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Wan",fullName:"Lei Wan",slug:"lei-wan",email:"wanlei@hrbeu.edu.cn"}],book:{title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicles",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"14601",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuxiang",surname:"Guo",slug:"shuxiang-guo",fullName:"Shuxiang Guo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Shuxiang Guo (S’93-M’95-SM’03 for IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in mechano-informatics and systems from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, in 1995. Currently, he is a Professor with the Department of Intelligent Mechanical System Engineering at Kagawa University. He has published about 190 refereed journal and conference papers. His current research interests include micro robotics and mechatronics, micro robotics system for minimal invasive surgery, micro catheter system, micro pump, and smart material (SMA, ICPF) based on actuators.\r\nDr. Guo received research awards from the Tokai Section of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), the Tokai Science and Technology Foundation, and the Best Paper Award of the IS International Conference, Best Paper award of the 2003 International Conference on Control Science and Technology, Best Conference Paper Award of IEEE ROBIO2004 and IEEE ICAL 2008 in 1997, in 1998, in 2000, in 2003, in 2004 and in 2008, respectively. He is the founding chair for IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kagawa University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"58538",title:"Dr.",name:"Xichuan",surname:"Lin",slug:"xichuan-lin",fullName:"Xichuan Lin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"I received the B.S. and M.S degree in college of automation from Harbin Engineering University (HEU), China, in 2005 and 2008. I am currently pursuing the PhD degree in intelligent machine system, Kagawa University, Japan. I have published 6 conference papers in recent years, including ICMA2009, ROBIO2009, ICIA2010 and ICAL2010. My current research interests include design and control of autonomous underwater vehicles, embedded control system for AUVs and data acquisition and processing.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"58546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Hong",surname:"Li",slug:"ji-hong-li",fullName:"Ji-Hong Li",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59257",title:"Dr.",name:"JIanguo",surname:"Wu",slug:"jianguo-wu",fullName:"JIanguo Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61618",title:"Mr",name:"Sung-Kook",surname:"Park",slug:"sung-kook-park",fullName:"Sung-Kook Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61619",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Ho",surname:"Suh",slug:"jin-ho-suh",fullName:"Jin-Ho Suh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61620",title:"Mr",name:"Gyeong-Hwan",surname:"Yoon",slug:"gyeong-hwan-yoon",fullName:"Gyeong-Hwan Yoon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61621",title:"Mrs.",name:"Myeong-Sook",surname:"Baek",slug:"myeong-sook-baek",fullName:"Myeong-Sook Baek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61985",title:"Dr.",name:"Minge",surname:"Zhang",slug:"minge-zhang",fullName:"Minge Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"136733",title:"Dr.",name:"Seung-Sub",surname:"Oh",slug:"seung-sub-oh",fullName:"Seung-Sub Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5699},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5145},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"90",title:"Computer Science and Engineering",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering",parent:{title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"},numberOfBooks:33,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:771,numberOfWosCitations:720,numberOfCrossrefCitations:637,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1179,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"computer-science-and-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8423",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc4f0b68a2f903e7bf1ec7fbe042dbf2",slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis and Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6958",title:"High Performance Parallel Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd811128360e48c520a91871f0279659",slug:"high-performance-parallel-computing",bookSignature:"Satyadhyan Chickerur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239076",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyadhyan",middleName:null,surname:"Chickerur",slug:"satyadhyan-chickerur",fullName:"Satyadhyan Chickerur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6715",title:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0b98cd043ed2dc582d8365630929d33",slug:"petri-nets-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Raul Campos-Rodriguez and Mildreth Alcaraz-Mejia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178524",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Rodriguez",slug:"raul-campos-rodriguez",fullName:"Raul Campos-Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5368",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c86dd0c6a48afce125a9f8f2363fd4b8",slug:"radio-frequency-identification",bookSignature:"Paulo Cesar Crepaldi and Tales Cleber Pimenta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38288",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Cesar",surname:"Crepaldi",slug:"paulo-crepaldi",fullName:"Paulo Crepaldi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6038",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Insights and Innovations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e63cb7f71bc1fed54902b371cbe21a2a",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-insights-and-innovations",bookSignature:"Philip Sallis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10893",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip John",middleName:null,surname:"Sallis",slug:"philip-john-sallis",fullName:"Philip John Sallis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5966",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da699185a8b84a430d96d54bc35acdb2",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser Lorente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5966.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5745",title:"Recent Progress in Parallel and Distributed Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dba64b23d703d16339860ebf4a13f022",slug:"recent-progress-in-parallel-and-distributed-computing",bookSignature:"Wen-Jyi Hwang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5745.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108614",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Jyi",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",slug:"wen-jyi-hwang",fullName:"Wen-Jyi Hwang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5707",title:"Computer Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eec1723d4d4775dc9755db55aa387a6",slug:"computer-simulation",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5183",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:"Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d693acce19fca9cbf40d8f3f759e491d",slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5150",title:"Electronics Cooling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b95856cfcc87ef3cb7d7c7c7bac4010d",slug:"electronics-cooling",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4655",title:"Applications of Digital Signal Processing through Practical Approach",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b20308efd28e8a487949997c8d673fb8",slug:"applications-of-digital-signal-processing-through-practical-approach",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:33,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50801",doi:"10.5772/62898",title:"Performance Evaluation of Nanofluids in an Inclined Ribbed Microchannel for Electronic Cooling Applications",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-nanofluids-in-an-inclined-ribbed-microchannel-for-electronic-cooling-appli",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:44,totalDimensionsCites:78,book:{slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Safaei, Marjan Gooarzi, Omid Ali Akbari, Mostafa\nSafdari Shadloo and Mahidzal Dahari",authors:[{id:"178854",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Safaei",slug:"mohammad-reza-safaei",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Safaei"},{id:"179807",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Safdari Shadloo",slug:"mostafa-safdari-shadloo",fullName:"Mostafa Safdari Shadloo"},{id:"179809",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahidzal",middleName:null,surname:"Dahari",slug:"mahidzal-dahari",fullName:"Mahidzal Dahari"},{id:"179813",title:"MSc.",name:"Marjan",middleName:null,surname:"Goodarzi",slug:"marjan-goodarzi",fullName:"Marjan Goodarzi"},{id:"185093",title:"MSc.",name:"Omid",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Akbari",slug:"omid-ali-akbari",fullName:"Omid Ali Akbari"}]},{id:"5184",doi:"10.5772/6180",title:"From the Lab to the Real World: Affect Recognition Using Multiple Cues and Modalities",slug:"from_the_lab_to_the_real_world__affect_recognition_using_multiple_cues_and_modalities",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:51,book:{slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Hatice Gunes, Massimo Piccardi and Maja Pantic",authors:null},{id:"5197",doi:"10.5772/6167",title:"Generating Facial Expressions with Deep Belief Nets",slug:"generating_facial_expressions_with_deep_belief_nets",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:46,book:{slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Joshua M. Susskind, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Javier R. Movellan and Adam K. Anderson",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:16004,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",authors:null},{id:"15946",title:"Wake-Up-Word Speech Recognition",slug:"wake-up-word-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:4003,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"speech-technologies",title:"Speech Technologies",fullTitle:"Speech Technologies"},signatures:"Veton Kepuska",authors:[{id:"24379",title:"Prof.",name:"Veton",middleName:null,surname:"Kepuska",slug:"veton-kepuska",fullName:"Veton Kepuska"}]},{id:"51031",title:"Face Recognition: Issues, Methods and Alternative Applications",slug:"face-recognition-issues-methods-and-alternative-applications",totalDownloads:10292,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",title:"Face Recognition",fullTitle:"Face Recognition - Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods"},signatures:"Waldemar Wójcik, Konrad Gromaszek and Muhtar Junisbekov",authors:[{id:"24059",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Gromaszek",slug:"konrad-gromaszek",fullName:"Konrad Gromaszek"}]},{id:"56541",title:"Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)",slug:"routing-protocols-for-wireless-sensor-networks-wsns-",totalDownloads:4344,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-insights-and-innovations",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Insights and Innovations"},signatures:"Noman Shabbir and Syed Rizwan Hassan",authors:[{id:"206600",title:"Mr.",name:"Noman",middleName:null,surname:"Shabbir",slug:"noman-shabbir",fullName:"Noman Shabbir"},{id:"206601",title:"Mr.",name:"Syed Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"syed-rizwan-hassan",fullName:"Syed Rizwan Hassan"}]},{id:"62639",title:"Reliability Evaluation for Mechanical Systems by Petri Nets",slug:"reliability-evaluation-for-mechanical-systems-by-petri-nets",totalDownloads:514,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"petri-nets-in-science-and-engineering",title:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Jianing Wu and Shaoze Yan",authors:[{id:"238979",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianing",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"jianing-wu",fullName:"Jianing Wu"}]},{id:"70973",title:"Social Media, Ethics and the Privacy Paradox",slug:"social-media-ethics-and-the-privacy-paradox",totalDownloads:850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",fullTitle:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective"},signatures:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland and Jenice Lynch",authors:[{id:"311821",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadine",middleName:null,surname:"Barrett-Maitland",slug:"nadine-barrett-maitland",fullName:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland"},{id:"311822",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenice",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",slug:"jenice-lynch",fullName:"Jenice Lynch"}]},{id:"50437",title:"Face Recognition: Demystification of Multifarious Aspect in Evaluation Metrics",slug:"face-recognition-demystification-of-multifarious-aspect-in-evaluation-metrics",totalDownloads:2343,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",title:"Face Recognition",fullTitle:"Face Recognition - Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods"},signatures:"Mala Sundaram and Ambika Mani",authors:[{id:"180904",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mala",middleName:null,surname:"Sundaram",slug:"mala-sundaram",fullName:"Mala Sundaram"},{id:"180905",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ambika",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"ambika-mani",fullName:"Ambika Mani"}]},{id:"50065",title:"Heat Pipes for Computer Cooling Applications",slug:"heat-pipes-for-computer-cooling-applications",totalDownloads:4038,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohamed H.A. Elnaggar and Ezzaldeen Edwan",authors:[{id:"178453",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Elnaggar",slug:"mohamed-elnaggar",fullName:"Mohamed Elnaggar"},{id:"184278",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezzaldeen",middleName:null,surname:"Edwan",slug:"ezzaldeen-edwan",fullName:"Ezzaldeen Edwan"}]},{id:"5175",title:"Facial Expression Recognition Using 3D Facial Feature Distances",slug:"facial_expression_recognition_using_3d_facial_feature_distances",totalDownloads:3825,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Hamit Soyel and Hasan Demirel",authors:null},{id:"68561",title:"Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence: The New Face of Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats",slug:"cyberspace-and-artificial-intelligence-the-new-face-of-cyber-enhanced-hybrid-threats",totalDownloads:527,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"278948",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"computer-science-and-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/136756/lei-wan",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"136756",slug:"lei-wan"},fullPath:"/profiles/136756/lei-wan",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()