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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7364",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Acoustics of Materials",title:"Acoustics of Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with acoustic wave interaction with different materials, such as porous materials, crystals, biological tissues, nanofibers, etc. Physical phenomena and mathematical models are described, numerical simulations and theoretical predictions are compared to experimental data, and the results are discussed by evoking new trends and perspectives. Several approaches and applications are developed, including non-linear elasticity, propagation, diffusion, soundscape, environmental acoustics, mechanotransduction, infrasound, acoustic beam, microwave sensors, and insulation. The book is composed of three sections: Control of Sound - Absorbing Materials for Damping of Sound, Sound Propagation in Complex/Porous materials and Nondestructive Testing (NDT), Non Linearity, Leakage.",isbn:"978-1-83880-350-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-349-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-153-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75245",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"acoustics-of-materials",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2f32f18842d53727b0587800fa159a44",bookSignature:"Zine El Abiddine Fellah and Erick Ogam",publishedDate:"April 25th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7364.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10761,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 28th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"143693",title:"Dr.",name:"Zine El Abiddine",middleName:null,surname:"Fellah",slug:"zine-el-abiddine-fellah",fullName:"Zine El Abiddine Fellah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/143693/images/system/143693.jpg",biography:"Zine El Abiddine Fellah graduated from the University Science and Technology Houari Boumedienne (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria, in Physics in 1996. He obtained a Ph.D. degree in acoustic at the University of Le Mans in France in 2000. He has worked at the Acoustic and Thermal Laboratory of Leuven, Belgium from 2001 to 2001, at the Therapeutic Ultrasound Research Laboratory, of the National Institute of Health and Medical Research from 2002 to 2004, Lyon, France. He received the Yves Rocard Prize in 2003 from the French Acoustical Society (SFA). He is currently a Research Scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (from 2004). He has published 69 papers in international journals with a total of 1692 citations and an h-index 23, as reported by Google Scholar.\r\nHis research interests are in the area of Acoustic Propagation in porous materials, Fractional Calculus, Time domain modelling, Direct and Inverse problems, Biot Model-Equivalent Fluid Model, Causality and Kramers-Kronig relations, Experimental characterization, Transmission, Reflection, Inverse problems, (non destructive testing- Ultrasound (50-500)kHz, Low frequency measurements in pipe (20 Hz-3kHz), Ultrasonic propagation in Human Cancellous bone, Inhmogeneous porous materials (wave splitting approach), Non local effects (Fractional derivative in space domain), Acoustic waves in Fractal materials (Non-integer dimensional space model, Fractal dimension), Acoustic waves in Micropolar media, Gyration (rotational) waves, and Radiation function.",institutionString:"Aix-Marseille University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"209074",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Ogam",slug:"erick-ogam",fullName:"Erick Ogam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209074/images/system/209074.jpg",biography:"Erick Ogam received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Acoustics in 2002 and 2007 respectively from the Aix-Marseille University in Marseille. Prior to this he earned a Master’s degrees in Automatic, Informatics and Optoelectronics at the Institut national polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy in 1992. He also specialized in Electronics relevant to civil Aviation Airsafety at ENAC Toulouse in 1985. He is currently research engineer at the Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Acoustique of the CNRS in Marseille France that he joined in 1992. He has published 48 papers in international journals with a total of 596 citations and an h-index 13, as reported by Google Scholar. His current interests are in Solving direct and Inverse problems of linear and nonlinear acoustic wave interaction with complex media using real data in the ultrasonic, audible and very low frequency bands (fluid‐solid medium like bone tissue, soil, foams, alloys).",institutionString:"Aix-Marseille University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"110",title:"Acoustical Engineering",slug:"engineering-acoustical-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"65699",title:"How Do Acoustic Materials Work?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82380",slug:"how-do-acoustic-materials-work-",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acoustic quality of closed spaces is an increasing concern all around the world, since noise pollution is one of the main nowadays pollutants, but also one of the less considered when building designing and construction. In 2011, the World Health Organization stated that noise pollution should be treated as a public health concern: about 1 million years of human healthy life are lost yearly because of the environmental noise pollution, emphasizing on traffic noise in the cities. There are some physics phenomena that are the rule of thumb for room acoustic projects. This chapter introduces the main concepts about them: sound absorption, insulation, and diffusion. Their principles, main implementation, and computing are presented for each one.",signatures:"Alice Elizabeth González",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65699",authors:[{id:"64836",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice Elizabeth",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"alice-elizabeth-gonzalez",fullName:"Alice Elizabeth Gonzalez"}],corrections:null},{id:"64842",title:"Sound Absorbing Resonator Based on the Framed Nanofibrous Membrane",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82615",slug:"sound-absorbing-resonator-based-on-the-framed-nanofibrous-membrane",totalDownloads:1009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The sound absorbing means are based on a resonance membrane formed by a layer of polymeric nanofibers, which is restricted by a frame. The resonance membrane is then, upon impact of sound waves, brought into forced vibrations, whereby the kinetic energy of the membrane is converted into thermal energy by friction of individual nanofibers, by the friction of the membrane with ambient air and possibly with other layers of material arranged in its proximity. Moreover, part of the kinetic energy of the membrane is transmitted to the frame, to which the membrane is securely attached, and other part is converted into thermal energy due to increased friction in its inner structure, which is caused by the fact that the neighboring parts of the membrane, separated at least partially by the frame or its elements, may vibrate with mutually different periods and/or deviations. The frame is formed by a mesh of grid that can be regular in order to obtain uniform properties over the whole area of the sound absorbing material. The size and shape of the mesh affect the sound absorption or more precisely resonance behavior of the means. To obtain desired sound absorbing characteristics, the resonance membrane is connected to the frame with positive, zero, or negative tension.",signatures:"Klara Kalinova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64842",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64842",authors:[{id:"207462",title:"Dr.",name:"Klara",surname:"Kalinova",slug:"klara-kalinova",fullName:"Klara Kalinova"}],corrections:null},{id:"64756",title:"Automated Classification of Microwave Transmitter Failures Using Virtual Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81652",slug:"automated-classification-of-microwave-transmitter-failures-using-virtual-sensors",totalDownloads:955,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Each year, nearly $100 M is spent replacing high-power microwave tubes in the fleet. In many cases (estimated at over 25%), tubes that are operating perfectly are inadvertently replaced because there are insufficient in-situ monitoring equipment available to diagnose specific problems within the system. High-power microwave vacuum tubes used in radar or communications systems have minimal condition-based maintenance capability and no means to identify specific component failures. This chapter presents the results from a system that uses cathode current and acoustic emission sensors combined as a virtual sensor to locate and classify microwave transmitter failures. Data will be shown which differentiate the failure mode from subsystems on a radar klystron and from a communications system magnetron. The use of the integrated condition assessment system (ICAS) to acquire and track virtual sensor data will also be described. These results offer promise of a low-cost, nonintrusive system to monitor microwave transmitters, which correctly identifies component failures avoiding incorrect replacement of high-value klystrons, magnetrons, or traveling wave tubes. This advanced technique also offers the possibility of developing built-in prognostic capabilities within the radar system to provide advanced warning of a system malfunction.",signatures:"Ayax D. Ramirez, Stephen D. Russell, David W. Brock and Narayan R. Joshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64756",authors:[{id:"137058",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayax D.",surname:"Ramirez",slug:"ayax-d.-ramirez",fullName:"Ayax D. Ramirez"},{id:"137059",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen D.",surname:"Russell",slug:"stephen-d.-russell",fullName:"Stephen D. Russell"}],corrections:null},{id:"66723",title:"Tortuosity Perturbations Induced by Defects in Porous Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84158",slug:"tortuosity-perturbations-induced-by-defects-in-porous-media",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe the effects of defects in a homogeneous saturated porous medium. Defects are modelized by inclusions which disturb the motion of the viscous fluid flowing in the pore space of the medium. The seepage rate of the fluid in the host medium and in the inclusion is given by the Darcy’s law. Disturbances thus produced modify the shape of the stream lines from which we establish the tortuosity induced by the defects and its implications on the acoustic waves propagation in saturated porous media.",signatures:"Fatma Graja and Claude Depollier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66723",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66723",authors:[{id:"144519",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",surname:"Depollier",slug:"claude-depollier",fullName:"Claude Depollier"}],corrections:null},{id:"64982",title:"Acoustics and Biological Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82761",slug:"acoustics-and-biological-structures",totalDownloads:2040,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Within the context of noise-induced health effects, the impact of airborne acoustical phenomena on biological tissues, particularly within the lower frequency ranges, is very poorly understood. Although the human body is a viscoelastic-composite material, it is generally modeled as Hooke elastic. This implies that acoustical coupling is considered to be nonexistent at acoustical frequencies outside of the human auditory threshold. Researching the acoustical properties of mammalian tissue raises many problems. When tissue samples are investigated as to their pure mechanical properties, stimuli are not usually in the form of airborne pressure waves. Moreover, since the response of biological tissue is dependent on frequency, amplitude, and time profile, precision laboratory equipment and relevant physiological endpoints are mandatory requirements that are oftentimes difficult to achieve. Drawing upon the viscoelastic nature of biological tissue and the tensegrity model of cellular architecture, this chapter will visit what is known to date on the biological response to a variety of different acoustic stimuli at very low frequencies.",signatures:"Mariana Alves-Pereira, Bruce Rapley, Huub Bakker and Rachel Summers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64982",authors:[{id:"270513",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Alves-Pereira",slug:"mariana-alves-pereira",fullName:"Mariana Alves-Pereira"},{id:"283437",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",surname:"Rapley",slug:"bruce-rapley",fullName:"Bruce Rapley"},{id:"283438",title:"Prof.",name:"Huub",surname:"Bakker",slug:"huub-bakker",fullName:"Huub Bakker"}],corrections:null},{id:"65785",title:"Acoustics from Interior Designer Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84167",slug:"acoustics-from-interior-designer-perspective",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Should we consider the acoustics as engineering science or as architectural elements or as interior design applications? The main purpose of this chapter will focus on the differences between the three aspects of the acoustics with a special focus on the interior acoustical design. The arguments that favor the acoustic in each field are many. This chapter will clarify, strengthen, and explore the importance that has the acoustic study for the interior designing layout. From the historical eras where only material schemes were used, the acoustical treatment reached a great achievement. Nowadays, electrical, acoustical devices took place in different situations where only the materials could solve the acoustic needs. The considerations of using the electrical-acoustical devices remain under request, while their usage, only in specific conditions, a topic to highlight in this chapter.",signatures:"Naglaa Sami AbdelAziz Mahmoud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65785",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65785",authors:[{id:"199698",title:"Dr.",name:"Naglaa",surname:"Sami AbdelAziz",slug:"naglaa-sami-abdelaziz",fullName:"Naglaa Sami AbdelAziz"}],corrections:null},{id:"66754",title:"Time Domain Analysis of Elastic Nonlinearity in Concrete Using Continuous Waves",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82621",slug:"time-domain-analysis-of-elastic-nonlinearity-in-concrete-using-continuous-waves",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Concrete and consolidated granular media in general exhibit a strong nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior when excited by ultrasonic wave perturbations. Due to the sensitivity of their elastic properties to the small changes that can appear in their microstructure, the dynamic stress-strain relationship considered at low strains is affected by the presence of microcracks and hence the progression of damage. Tracking the nonlinear behavior can be made through the dependence on the excitation amplitude of the amplitude of higher order harmonics or of the resonance frequency of the sample. The present chapter shows a time domain analysis of elastic nonlinearity based on the break of the superposition principle when ultrasonic continuous waves are propagating in concrete samples. The latter, which can be of different microstructures (grain sizes, mortar, or polymer matrix), helps to understand the physical mechanisms involved in the different nonlinear elastic responses.",signatures:"Mourad Bentahar, Charfeddine Mechri, Paola Antonaci, Antonio Gliozzi\nand Marco Scalerandi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66754",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66754",authors:[{id:"269881",title:"Dr.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Bentahar",slug:"mourad-bentahar",fullName:"Mourad Bentahar"},{id:"270336",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Scalerandi",slug:"marco-scalerandi",fullName:"Marco Scalerandi"},{id:"270337",title:"Dr.",name:"Charfeddine",surname:"Mechri",slug:"charfeddine-mechri",fullName:"Charfeddine Mechri"},{id:"283069",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Antonaci",slug:"paola-antonaci",fullName:"Paola Antonaci"},{id:"283070",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Gliozzi",slug:"antonio-gliozzi",fullName:"Antonio Gliozzi"}],corrections:null},{id:"64800",title:"Resonance Compression of Acoustic Beams in Crystals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82364",slug:"resonance-compression-of-acoustic-beams-in-crystals",totalDownloads:693,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The resonant excitation of an intense elastic wave through nonspecular reflection of a special pump wave in a crystal is described. Geometric criteria are found under which mode conversion, when the incident and reflected beams belong to different acoustic branches, coexists with total internal reflection of an acoustic beam. In this case, the entire energy of an incident pump wave is spent on the excitation of a narrow intense reflected beam close in structure to an eigenmode. A consistent choice of orientations of the sagittal plane and crystal surface that excludes the reflection of a parasitic wave of leakage is found. The resonance parameters have been found for a medium with an arbitrary anisotropy. General relations are concretized for monoclinic, orthorhombic, trigonal, tetragonal, cubic, and hexagonal systems. Estimates and illustrations are given for a series of such crystals. The intensity of the reflected beam increases with its narrowing, but its diffraction divergence also increases with this narrowing. Nevertheless, the intensity of the beam can be increased by a factor of 5–10 at sufficiently high frequencies while keeping its divergence at an acceptable level. Amplification by two orders of magnitude can be achieved by compressing the beam in two dimensions through its double reflection.",signatures:"Vladimir I. Alshits, Dmitrii A. Bessonov and Vasilii N. Lyubimov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64800",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64800",authors:[{id:"28859",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilii",surname:"Lyubimov",slug:"vasilii-lyubimov",fullName:"Vasilii Lyubimov"},{id:"48507",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Alshits",slug:"vladimir-alshits",fullName:"Vladimir Alshits"},{id:"265101",title:"Mr.",name:"Dmitrii A.",surname:"Bessonov",slug:"dmitrii-a.-bessonov",fullName:"Dmitrii A. Bessonov"}],corrections:null},{id:"64566",title:"In Situ Detection of Leakages in Partition Elements through SONAH and Beamforming Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82352",slug:"in-situ-detection-of-leakages-in-partition-elements-through-sonah-and-beamforming-techniques",totalDownloads:841,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Airborne sound insulation in buildings, whether in fixed partition elements, like partitions or party walls, or mobile elements, like doors or screens, is always related to the performance of the weakest element involved. In situ assessment of airborne sound insulation in building elements can be carried out by pressure techniques or sound intensity techniques. Sound pressure techniques are very quick but fail to discriminate the sound insulation contribution of each building element involved. Sound intensity techniques, on the other hand, allow to determine the sound transmission of each element and also to discriminate indirect transmissions up to a certain degree. In order to find areas with high sound transmission, such as leakages or weakened regions, a large number of measurements on the building element surface have to be performed. Moreover, the sound intensity technique is very time-consuming, because it is necessary to carry out the measurement in each grid point defined. This chapter describes the use of beamforming and SONAH techniques to detect areas with lower airborne sound insulation in a building element. These techniques unify the advantages of both, pressure and sound intensity techniques, allowing the quick visualization of leakages or weakened areas of different building elements.",signatures:"José A. Ballesteros, Samuel Quintana and Marcos D. Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64566",authors:[{id:"271424",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"marcos-fernandez",fullName:"Marcos Fernandez"},{id:"271426",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"José Antonio",surname:"Ballesteros",slug:"jose-antonio-ballesteros",fullName:"José Antonio Ballesteros"},{id:"271427",title:"MSc.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Quintana",slug:"samuel-quintana",fullName:"Samuel Quintana"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7778",title:"Noise and Vibration Control",subtitle:"From Theory to Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3f8f3f004d0c15a62d522752c6e9b3f",slug:"noise-and-vibration-control-from-theory-to-practice",bookSignature:"Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ehsan",surname:"Noroozinejad Farsangi",slug:"ehsan-noroozinejad-farsangi",fullName:"Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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\r\n\tIn this book, the technological and functional properties of barley will be highlighted comprehensively. Moreover, Nutritional and bioactive profiles and barley utilization in different baking products will also be in the limelight of this book. This depiction will be valuable for all consumers from health points of view.
\r\n\r\n\tFood security is an alarming issue in developing countries as the population is increasing day by day. So, researchers have to think about alternative sources of staple diet(wheat) that should have the same nutritional composition as compared to wheat. Among cereals, barley is an alternative source because of its nutritional and functional properties, despite all the functional ingredients it is rarely used in the food industry. From different researches, it is revealed that it contains 24 % dietary fiber, so it is beneficial for CVDs and other health-related disorders. Now a day, barley consumption is very rare. There are many barley products in the food market such as malt flour, grits, flakes, pot, and pearled barley. Bread formulations also involve the usage of barley flour and cracked barley. The possibility of high fiber barley utilization in breakfast cereals production through blending with other grains, flaking, puffing, and extrusion is becoming common. So, there is a dire need to do value addition of barley into various products. Furthermore, the most important reason for wheat replacement with barley is its allergy-causing nature in some cases. Keeping in view all of the above facts, the present book has been designed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-924-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-923-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-925-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",keywords:"Cereal, Barley, Dietary Fibers, Nutritional Composition, Grains, Technology, Processing, Milling, Flour, Rheology, Bioactive Profile, Utilization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Farhan is an Assistant Professor at Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan where he finished his Ph.D. at the age of 28 years. He has an h index of 16 and has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with an impact factor of more than 140. His research focus is on finding innovative and effective practices to improve food production, quality, and safety, keeping in view the betterment of human health.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Muhammad Afzaal is working as an Assistant professor in the Department of Food Science. Government College University Faisalabad. He has 10 years of teaching and research experience. He has more than 40 publications in well-reputed journals and 5 book chapters published. His research interests are food science and technology, food microbiology and biotechnology, microencapsulation, probiotics, prebiotics & synbiotics, biopreservation, and waste value addition.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192244/images/system/192244.jpg",biography:"PERSONAL STATEMENT\r\nMy name is Farhan Saeed. During Master study, I received an Indigenous Fellowship from Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The selection process was a rigorous process starting from a GRE-based test. After being short listed by HEC, part of the Fellowship was the opportunity to complete doctorate degree mainly within Food Science and Technology field. I did my Doctorate thesis entitled 'Biochemical characterization of non-starch polysaccharides in relation to end-use quality of spring wheats” under the supervision of Dr. Imran Pasha. The doctorate research was focused on value addition of bioactive components extracted from spring wheats. The addition of extracted non-starch polysaccharides enhances the quality of baked products as well as important in nutraceutical point of view. The products under proposed study were thoroughly investigated for assessment of nutritional and end use quality of bread. The output of the proposed research work was highly beneficial to the consumers as well as Government of Pakistan for their intended purposes. The awareness about nutritional significance of non-starch polysaccharides enriched bread was really set the new horizons in product development in Pakistan. In 2012, I joined Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad as Assistant Professor. In 2014, I became HEC Approved Supervisor. During 2015, I have visited Massachusetts, Amherst, USA under Pakistan Program for Collaborative Research (PPCR), HEC Pakistan for two months training program for the development of innovative project. After that, I have been selected to receive a 2016 'Endeavour Research Fellowship” to undertake proposed program in Australia. I did work in Centre for Nutrition & Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia under the supervision of Professor Mike Gidley. The commencing date of current program is May 17, 2016 and the expiry is on November 15, 2016. In October, 2018. I was promoted to Tenured Associate Professor. I have published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with impact factor more than 140. I have 20 book chapters in international books. I presented research works in international level at Huazhong University Wuhan, China and Conference on Food Properties in Sharjah. I also got two research projects funds from Higher Education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan. I would like to be granted the KGSP because it will offer me with the opportunity to partake in Post-Doctoral program of Food Science and Biotechnology at Kyungpook National University (KNU) among the best universities in Korea. In my home country, vital issues stressed in this particular degree program are quite overlooked, and this scholarship program will bring me a great chance to come within reach of them. By taking this course, I am optimistic for finding innovative and effective practices to improve food production, quality and safety, keeping in view the betterment of human health; and moreover, to improve the end-product quality for maintenance of customer’s health. To sum up, winning the KGSP will enable me not only to broaden my knowledge, but also to gain experience from people and culture of both countries Korea and Pakistan. In the longer term, I sturdily desire to contribute to the cause of assuring food security and safety initially in my country and laterally worldwide. The main objective of applying here to get international exposure while working with world class food experts especially those working in the area of functional foods and nutraceuticals. The knowledge and expertise together with the international interaction developed through this project will finally be utilized for the development of laboratory of functional foods and nutraceuticals at my home institute.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"245894",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Afzaal",slug:"muhammad-afzaal",fullName:"Muhammad Afzaal",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSF1qQAG/Profile_Picture_1618812051691",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Afzaal, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. He is involved in various additional assignments as a Business Manager-BIC (Food & Services), and Lab Incharge (Food Safety and Biotechnology). He has about 10 years of teaching and research experience. Dr. Afzaal has been a part of many national and international research projects. His research interests are Food Science & Technology, Food microbiology & Biotechnology, Hydrogels, Encapsulation, Probiotics, and Biopolymer. Dr. Muhammad Afzaal completed his Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from GC University Faisalabad. His doctorate research focus was on the development of functional foods containing encapsulated probiotics with improved viability. Dr. Afzaal is also working on various carbohydrates, protein, and lipid-based encapsulation wall materials to elucidate their key role in the viability and stability of probiotics under stressed conditions. He is HEC approved supervisor since 2019. He has executed many research projects as a team member and Coordinator. Dr. Afzaal is a life member of the Pakistan Society of Food Scientists & Technologists (PSFST) and General Secretary of Faisalabad- PSFST chapter.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71585",title:"Smart Learning Environment: Paradigm Shift for Online Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85787",slug:"smart-learning-environment-paradigm-shift-for-online-learning",body:'Generally, a face-to-face classroom environment is a traditional way of learning. For this learning, the teacher or the instructor can explicitly observe real-time interaction and participation of the learners. The advantage is that the instructor can provide the appropriate intervention immediately. However, face-to-face learning frequently faces some difficulties in challenging successful learning. For example, the instructor may find it difficult to gain attention from a large class. The adaptation of the teaching method can be challenging to fit in the large class size, such as flipped classroom, problem-based learning, active learning, etc. Generally speaking, time and space always affect learning management.
With the limitation of time and space, teaching and learning process has been transformed into many different forms for promoting effective and convenient learning. Pieces of evidence show that innovations of a system supporting learning usually employ the technologies emerging at different points of time [1]. Computer aided instruction (CAI) and instruction tutoring system (ITS) demonstrate the excellent examples of the system supporting learning with the advance of computer technology. They can provide convenient learning without the instructor as traditional learning through a stand-alone computer program. Both CAI and ITS are generally used for supplementing traditional face-to-face learning [2, 3].
Online learning has become the solution of time and space constraint explicitly. After the introduction of computer communication, electronic learning (e-learning) has been developed based on the basic requirement of delivering content in the digital form to the massive learners conveniently anywhere and anytime [4, 5]. Without time and space constraint, e-learning can be used not only for supplementing the face-to-face class but also the main class as an online course nowadays [6]. E-learning even becomes more popular after the high-speed Internet becomes commonly available and low cost. It is also customarily called web-based learning (WEB) [7, 8]. As shown by its name, web technology has influenced the presentation of e-learning. For WEB, interactive learning is also one of the main purposes besides convenient learning [9]. Web 2.0 has demonstrated how effectively web technology can promote interactive learning [10]. Interactive environment helps the online classroom to be more interactive overcoming the limitation of space as in the traditional classroom environment.
With mobile technology, mobile learning (m-learning) has been widely offered. The mobile phone becomes the smartphone having high-performance computing ability within portable size devices. It is evitable that mobile phone or portable devices have become necessary for the learner’s daily life. M-learning explicitly promotes convenient learning which the learning process can happen anywhere and anytime, although the learning process on a small screen of the mobile phone might be easily distracted for some learners [11]. For m-learning, interactive learning is very challenging because of the small screen and the compatible ability of smartphone. However, it is easily integrated into the learner’s daily life.
Currently, there has been the introduction of ubiquitous learning (u-learning) [12, 13, 14, 15]. It employs the concept of ubiquitous computing [16] in which the computing can happen anywhere and anytime through the seamlessly connected small computing units. The users do not even realize about computations. For u-learning, learning can happen anywhere and anytime. Notably, the learning process of each learner happens unconsciously. The learners do not even realize those learning process. U-learning can be implemented as the physical learning environment [17]. For this environment, the contribution from different types of advanced technology such as sensors, sensor networks, embedded system, wireless communication, etc. is required. U-learning is commonly used for providing situation simulation for the learners. At the same time, u-learning is generally developed to guide the learners to achieve their learning goals or outcome individually with different learning paths and contents. It can be considered that u-learning has confirmed the concept of personalized learning, which the learning depends on individual context [18] such as needs, performances, goals, etc.
Online learning can also be considered with learning style points of view. Generally, online learning can promote both collaborative and individual learning. Collaborative learning believes that the learning process happens when the learners collaborate [19]. The learning outcome can be evaluated from the group product or even the consensus built within the group. Collaborative learning is important because this kind of skill is one of the marketable skills required in real-life situation. More specifically, collaborative learning aims to practice collaborative skills for the learners besides knowledge. It is essential for learners to learn how to encourage and engage team members to accomplish a common goal together.
On the other hand, individual learning aims to promote each learner individually. The assumption is made that all learners are unique and they require their learning path to achieve their individual learning goals. Personalized learning is one of the famous individual learning approaches. It can be implemented in many different forms and types of learners. It is popularly implemented as the curriculum for child learning [20] because of the expectation to enable the unique development of the child. Although, there are many different ways for the personalized learning pedagogy in child learning curriculum, the most critical processes are to assess an individual carefully and to provide the intervention appropriately. At the same time, personalized learning is widely found in online learning. Also, those two processes are essential for this environment. It has been claimed that personalized learning promotes flexibility and freedom for the learners as they are necessary not only for the twenty-first-century learning but also for lifelong learning.
Generally, online learning is also called a virtual learning environment (VLE) [21, 22, 23, 24]. After the emergence of the Internet in early 1990, VLE has been playing the leading role to support learning and teaching activities through Internet connection. Generally, VLE is used for distance learning as a complement to the traditional classroom. It provides convenient access to contents, tests, and virtual workspaces. It also provides communication tools and assessment for the instructor. Additionally, it is defined to cover the existing online learning environment including e-learning, m-learning, and u-learning.
In the recent past, VLE or online learning environment has successfully achieved a considerable interest from the learners worldwide. For example, massive open online course (MOOC) [6, 25], which is the largest online learning platform nowadays, provides massive online courses from all over the world for all learners. Although there are many provided online courses available, the learners are expected to be the active participants who know their own learning goal and can find their ways for achieving their goal. On the contrary, the concept of smart learning environment is that the learning system is smart enough to understand the learners individually both capability and personality so that it can provide the appropriate response or intervention appropriately. The learner may not even realize the happening learning process [14, 15].
As mentioned before, personalized learning is a significant characteristic of the smart learning environment, which expands the opportunities for lifelong learning and explores additional resources for individual according to personal interests [26]. Recently, personalized learning has become the most popular learning paradigm because it focuses on learners’ interests. It is also tailored to promote online learning as personalized online learning [27]. Generally, personalized online learning can be described as the teaching and learning paradigm applying intelligent technology for matching the learners with the content or learning activities accordingly to their proficiency level, learning styles, and interests through different types of learning environments. Currently, personalized learning is extensively popular because it results in the awareness of learners’ actual proficiency and needs. The instructors can design the course or give proper suggestions for the best results of learning.
In the early stage, the English instructional systems have been playing the primary role for personalized support for learners [28]. It makes the learners to be engaged with the learning system. The recommendation is given through the selection of lessons that can be matched with the learners’ skills and abilities [29, 30]. Nowadays, personalized learning can easily simulate the situation for engaging the learners in a lesson, discussion, and any learning activities [31, 32, 33]. It can also provide online learning experience that professionals will need for professional learning. At the same time, web-based learning becomes a flexible way to promote personalized learning recently [10]. Currently, there is an increasing demand for personalized online learning to serve huge demands of learners with all ages [34, 35]. It is thus challenging to provide personalized online learning that can satisfy all current and future demands.
As mentioned before, personalized learning aims to promote successful learning individually. Understanding different learners are challenging since the learners are different in many aspects such as age, goal, need, etc. Personalized online learning is widely adopted for all learners of different ages. Different ages of learners imply different characteristics and require different intervention or recommendation. For child learning, the learners are still immature. The child might not know exactly their performances and their goals. There is the necessity to have the professional to estimate the potential performance and predict the learners’ needs. For the teenager, some of them have explicitly shown their interests, goals, and demands. However, their goals can be changed dynamically due to many circumstances such as friends, family, school, etc. For professional learning, the learners know precisely about their goals. However, their different knowledge and backgrounds usually affect the ability to learn the same content. The content representation needs to be adjusted to fit different learners. For senior learning, their goals usually are clearly defined. However, the health condition may distract their ability to learn. Nowadays, implementing personalized online learning for learners of all ages is very challenging, as the learning environment is expected to cope with any differences dynamically. The environment needs to be smart enough to deal with and interpret any types of data. Consequently, smart learning environment is indeed required.
The concept of smart learning environment has been widely introduced [15, 36, 37] to satisfy the high demand for freedom in learning. Smart learning environment means that the learning environment can promote successful learning to the learners automatically. The concept of being smart can be implemented with both physical and online learning environments. The critical requirement is to make the environment to be smart. There have been many smart learning environments developed with a different degree of smart services or responses. For this chapter, smart learning environment focuses on only the online learning environment. More specifically, smart services or responses in an online learning environment mainly focus on promoting individual learning. It can be seen that smart learning environment in this context requires the implementation of personalized learning.
Generally, smart learning environment consists of two main components including learner classification and intervention feedback as shown in Figure 1.
Components of smart learning environment.
In Figure 1, the learner classification is also called as learner modeling or learner assessment. For this component, the primary objective is to understand the different learners. There are different types of information which can be called as the contexts involved, such as individual context and interaction context, to classify the learner. Individual context includes any information relating the learner individually such as profile, preference, performance, goal, need, clinical data, etc. On the other hand, the interaction context means the context is generated from the interaction of any entities such as interactions among learners, interactions between learner and learning object, interactions among learning objects, etc. The combination of different types of contexts is expected to provide a better understanding of the learners. The classification can be done in many different ways.
In this chapter, machine learning-based data classification is the main focus. Machine learning is widely used for data classification. For learner classification, all involved contexts are classified into different types of learners. The machine learning technique learns the data and makes a decision based on the data. It can employ both supervised and unsupervised learning to perform data classification. Supervised learning technique requires the given answer for the classification process. On the contrary, the unsupervised learning technique can perform data clustering without any given answer during the training process. Selecting the right technique is challenging; the comparison between different techniques is generally performed. The knowledge-based system is usually required for determining different types of learners. Human experts generally do this process. At the same time, the intervention feedback provides the appropriate intervention to each learner. This process is to map the types of learners with a set of appropriate intervention obtained from the experts. Sometimes, the predictive model may be involved. Predicting what the learner wants and what they want to be after learning may help to provide the intervention more appropriate. Additionally, the predictive model frequently employs machine learning-based technique for analyzing historical data and predicting the right output based on any relationship among data. Generally, the contribution from different areas may be involved in the learner classification component to increase higher classification accuracy such as behavioral science, physiology, cognitive science, etc.
Along with the evolution of technology, supporting learning mentioned before, the concept of context-aware computing [38] has already illustrated implicitly and explicitly into the modern online learning environment nowadays. Generally, context-aware applications can be found with different forms of online learning environment covering from stand-alone program and web-based, mobile, and ubiquitous learning environments. With the context-aware computing perspective, existing smart learning environments can be considered as a context-aware computing system. Any recommendation systems [39, 40, 41] frequently assess the learning’s ability and employ it as the main factor for providing the appropriate response. The learner’s ability can be considered as the primary context executing the smart intervention. The contexts used for smart learning environment can be any single context or the combination of many types of contexts [42]. It can be concluded that the vital element of context-aware computing is context awareness which is explicitly appropriate for smart learning environment so that all dynamic changes are observed, interpreted, and responded appropriately. It can be seen that developing a smart learning environment which can provide personalized learning for the learners requires the solution from multidisciplinary such as behavioral science, physiology, cognitive science, etc.
In conclusion, smart learning environment in this chapter mainly means the online learning environment with personalized learning implementation. This learning environment is expected to automatically respond to the learners appropriately for achieving their learning goal individually. For this instance, it is evitable to have advanced technology in many areas for satisfying smart ability of this learning environment. Machine learning-based techniques are the main aims of this chapter. Some techniques commonly used in the learning area are also briefly introduced in this chapter.
Machine learning is a method of data analysis for building analytical model autonomously. It is a subset of artificial intelligence. As humans learn from experience, machine learning learns from data. It is widely used for identifying and classifying the pattern as well as making a decision on behalf of the human. Machine learning is popularly used in classifying problems in many different areas, such as manufacturing, finance and banking, and medical diagnosis [43]. For the learning environment, machine learning is generally used for supporting the learning and teaching process on behalf of a human instructor. As mentioned before, smart learning environment requires not only an automatic response but also an individual response. Machine learning technique applied in smart learning environment requires specific knowledge from different points of view to understand each learner correctly such as pedagogy, behavioral science, psychology, etc. For example, from the pedagogical point of view, different teaching approaches can engage different learners. From the behavioral science point of view, the individual learner acts differently when they are in the learning process. From the psychology point of view, the learner can be classified into different learning styles representing individual ways of gathering information and absorbing the knowledge. Machine learning needs to be trained with this different knowledge so that the classification of learner and intervention will be performed and given correctly.
Many machine learning techniques have been widely applying K-nearest neighbor (KNN) for different purposes such as learning analytics supporting instructor decision [44], predicting successful learning for the learners [45, 46], classifying learning patterns [27, 47], predicting the learning outcomes from historical learning behavior of each learner [45], etc. Another popular method for pattern classification problem is an artificial neural network (ANN). It usually is one of the comparative alternative techniques for learner classification [48]. Lastly, decision tree has also gained much attention for grouping or matching different types of learners to particular recommendation or feedback [27, 49].
In this chapter, a brief introduction of these machine learning techniques is introduced. The examples are shown in the next section to demonstrate the principle concept of applying K-nearest neighbor, artificial neural network, and decision tree for simple learner classification.
K-nearest neighbor algorithm is a type of lazy learning in pattern recognition. It is used to classify and perform a regression of the dataset. It can define whether target data matches with the specific classes by investigating the number of K in the nearest condition. It will assign the weight for any contributing data along with the distance of neighbor to classify the target. Figure 2 shows the principle concept of KNN applied for classifying types of learners.
Principle concept of KNN for learner classification.
In Figure 2, KNN is applied for classifying two types of learners including learner requires assistant (learner with assistant) and learner does not require assistant (learner without assistant). The learning expert sets types of learners for the training process. The input of KNN can be any context relating to performance assessment of learners such as testing score, testing time duration, etc. It can be seen in Figure 2 that the classification result changes accordingly to different K values. For K = 3, the new learner is classified as the learner does not require the assistant. For this case, two nearest neighbors of the new learner are learners without an assistant, and only one nearest neighbor is the learner with the assistant. However, when the nearest neighbor number has increased to 5 (K = 5), the classification of the new learner is the learner requires assistant because three out of five nearest neighbors are learners who require an assistant. Therefore, different K may cause a different decision. Generally, there are many considerations, such as K value, size of input data, etc., for obtaining the highest classification accuracy.
Having the inspiration by biological neuron networks, artificial neural network is widely applied in many application domains. An ANN consists of many neurons linked together with specific network architecture and learning algorithm. Those neurons usually are highly interconnected among each other. It can have many layers between the input and output layer so-called hidden layer. For learning algorithms, ANN learns from the examples and presents some degree of generalization from the training data later. Also, ANNs adapt itself by using some examples of similar problems with and without the desired solution during the training period. After sufficient training, the trained ANN can provide a solution relating to inputs and outputs. Moreover, it can offer an alternative solution to the new problem. The conceptual diagram of applying ANN for learner classification is shown in Figure 3.
Conceptual diagram of ANN for learner classification.
Figure 3 shows that ANN is applied for classifying two types of learners including learner requires assistant (learner with assistant) and learner does not require assistant (learner without assistant). The learning expert sets types of learners. ANN learns from the examples or data during the process of the so-called training process. For the learning process, the corresponding type of learner together with its set of training data is required. The data can be any context, for example, the set of data representing the level of performance of the learners, time duration for content learning, etc. During the training process, the associated weights are adjusted so that the ANN can model two different types of learners correctly. The training process may require many times of iteration. Training parameters need to be set appropriately. Then, the trained ANN with updated weights is tested with testing data, which is the data from the new learner. ANN will finally classify the new learner into one of those two types. Selecting the type of ANN is challenging because different types of data fit with types of ANN differently. The comparison of classification accuracy among different types of ANN, different architecture, or even different configuration may need for achieving the highest classification accuracy.
The decision tree is another favorite machine learning technique for data classification. It is a predictive method having a tree structure which is built from a dataset for classifying data. More specifically, it has the leaf to represent a classification. The conjunction of features causing target classification is represented at each branch. The tree structure is constructed following the best attribute that can perform the best splitting set of data. The efficiency of this technique highly depends on the size of the training data. The conceptual diagram of the decision tree for learner classification is demonstrated in Figure 4.
Conceptual diagram of decision tree for learner classification.
In Figure 4, the decision tree is applied for learner classification problem which has two different target classes including learner requires assistant (learner with assistant) and learner does not require assistant (learner without assistant). The learning expert sets types of learners for training. As mentioned before, the training data can be any context representing the performance level of each learner. After having the set of training data, the root node representing the best attribute can split the training data the most. Classes of the associated attribute are represented at each branch. For splitting data, all internal nodes represent all attributes involved in data separation. Target class is represented at the leaf node whether the learner requires or do not require the assistant. At the end of the process, all relevant rules are constructed based on all relevant attributes. The size of the training data always influences the separation of data. More specifically, different data sizes may obtain a different tree structure.
This chapter presents the concept of smart learning environment as the online learning that can promote personalized learning. For this instance, the smart learning environment consists of two main components including learner classification and intervention feedback. The objective of smart learning environment is to understand the different learners individually and provide each learner with the appropriate support or intervention for successful learning. Therefore, it is necessary to have smart data analytic method so-called machine learning technique involved particularly in dealing with a vast of dynamic change and real-time intervention. For this chapter, KNN, ANN, and decision tree are chosen to demonstrate for solving a simple learner classification problem. Although machine learning has been playing a critical role in a smart learning environment, supporting learning and teaching still require the knowledge from the multidisciplinary area such as pedagogy, behavioral science, psychology, etc. so that the leaner classification and intervention feedback in the smart learning environment can be performed correctly.
The author would like to thank all Ph.D. students who work collaboratively to determine the new findings in the smart learning environment area. Special thanks go to all participants for their valuable data for all studies.
Current technological demands require two key components: miniaturization of devices and integration of multifunctional components onto a single chip offered at low cost. The continuous improvement in meeting the demands of integrated circuits has been enabled by incremental efforts of miniaturization of the transistor [1]. Moore’s law states that the minimum feature size shrinks by a factor of 0.7 every 2 years [2, 3]. There has been tremendous growth in the areas of semiconductors and electronics to meet these requirements. However, the research on silicon photonics started only in the 1980s [4]. The advantage of silicon is that its properties can be tailored by doping, which makes it suitable for applications both in electronics and photonics. For useful applications, the technology also plays a major role along with the material. Here, a few applications in photonics domain have been demonstrated.
\nSilicon photonics is a disruptive technology, in contrast to conventional technology, as it is vast and has diverse applications. Some important applications include high-performance computing, sensors, and data centers. The photonics industry is rapidly growing to meet the semiconductor and electronics industry. One key advantage can be that of the accessible bandwidth. Most of the electronic devices are limited to GHz speeds in contrast to higher speeds accessible to optical devices. This has spurred researchers develop optical devices operated with faster speeds and at low cost. Silicon photonics is accepted as the next-generation communication systems and data interconnects as it brings the advantages of integration and photonics-high data densities and transmission over longer distances. One potential application was of waveguides in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer structures in 1985 [5, 6], which was commercialized later in 1989 by Bookham Technology Ltd. [7].
\nThe commercialization for sensor applications began in the 1990s, with integrated gyroscopes and pressure sensors being the first prototype products. Later on, commercialization changed to wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) telecommunications products. Here, the low-cost integration capabilities of the platform enabling high-density chips that can perform the multiplexing of many channels of high-speed data onto a single fiber demonstrated the fundamental commercial promise of the technology. The later versions of the data communications advanced the realization of SOI-waveguide p-i-n junction modulators [6] and Ge-, SiGe-based photodetectors, and modulators [8].
\nUltrafast lasers are known to tailor the properties of materials locally anywhere in 3D to explore salient functionalities. When ultrafast laser pulses (femto and pico) are tightly focused into a material, large peak intensities at the focal volume result in nonlinear absorption and ionization (e.g., multiphoton, tunneling, or avalanche type) guiding to an array of changes in material physical and optical properties. These include negative refractive index (RI) change, positive RI change, or simply void formation. This highly controlled modification endows fs LDW a unique two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) microfabrication capability without the use of any phase mask or special sample preparation. Large-scale structures can be fabricated easily by placing the material on a stacked 3D translation stages and control the motion in 3D pattern. In the past, several optical components such as structures for MEMS [9], 2D and 3D gratings [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], optical data storage [18, 19, 20, 21, 22], waveguides [23, 24, 25, 26], photonic band gap materials [27, 28, 29], and microfluidic structures/devices [30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Ultrafast lasers have been used to change the properties (optical, electrical, chemical, and physical) of silicon toward different applications like surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for sensors, and waveguides [35, 36]. Silicon also has been tested for its wettability for diverse applications in biophotonics and tissue engineering [36]. There is a need to integrate all these optical components like sensor and waveguides onto Si wafer.
\nThe unique combination of properties of silicon combined with photonics technology has been demonstrated in several applications in the past and current. Tailoring the properties of material (silicon) such as bandgap and properties of light such as wavelength, energy, and pulse duration are shown to be the key components in several applications. In this book, some of the key applications in the area of sensors and waveguides have been highlighted.
\nThis is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Okhai and Cedric J. Smith",authors:[{id:"145574",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",middleName:"Anton",surname:"Okhai",slug:"timothy-okhai",fullName:"Timothy Okhai"},{id:"167249",title:"Prof.",name:"Cedric",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"cedric-smith",fullName:"Cedric Smith"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51795",title:"ECMO Cannulation Techniques",slug:"ecmo-cannulation-techniques",totalDownloads:4373,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit consists of a pump and a membrane oxygenator. This circuit can interface with the human body in a variety of cannulation strategies to provide different forms and levels of support. These various support techniques can be divided into two broad categories: those designed to support the body’s respiratory functions (lungs) and those designed to support the body’s blood circulation (heart). In this chapter we discuss various cannulation techniques used.",book:{id:"5202",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Advances in Therapy"},signatures:"Chand Ramaiah and Ashok Babu",authors:[{id:"183646",title:"Dr.",name:"Chand",middleName:null,surname:"Ramaiah",slug:"chand-ramaiah",fullName:"Chand Ramaiah"},{id:"189073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"ashok-babu",fullName:"Ashok Babu"}]},{id:"27955",title:"Transfusion-Associated Bacterial Sepsis",slug:"transfusion-associated-sepsis",totalDownloads:8288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"802",slug:"severe-sepsis-and-septic-shock-understanding-a-serious-killer",title:"Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock",fullTitle:"Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock - Understanding a Serious Killer"},signatures:"Jolanta Korsak",authors:[{id:"72828",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Korsak",slug:"jolanta-korsak",fullName:"Jolanta Korsak"}]},{id:"51211",title:"Triple Cannulation ECMO",slug:"triple-cannulation-ecmo",totalDownloads:4889,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as an invaluable tool for bridging severe isolated or combined failure of lung and heart. Due to massive technical improvements, the application of ECMO is growing fast. While historically ECMO was initiated and maintained by cardiac surgeons, in recent times interventional cardiologists and intensive care specialists increasingly run ECMO systems independently with great success. Percutaneous ECMO circuits are usually set up in a dual cannulation mode, either as veno-venous or as veno-arterial configuration. A novel advanced strategy is the cannulation of three large vessels (triple cannulation), resulting in veno-veno-arterial or veno-arterio-venous cannulation. Both veno-venous and veno-arterio-venous cannulation may further be upgraded to veno-pulmonary-arterial or veno-arterial-pulmonary arterial cannulation, respectively. Triple cannulation expands the field of ECMO application but substantially increases the complexity of ECMO circuits. In this chapter, we review percutaneous dual and triple cannulation strategies, featuring a recently proposed unifying nomenclature. This unequivocal code universally applies to both dual and triple cannulation strategies (VV, VPa, VA, VVA, VAV, VAPa). The technical evolution of ECMO is growing fast, but it has to be noted that current knowledge of ECMO support is mainly based on observation. Thus controlled trials are urgently needed to prospectively evaluate different ECMO modes.",book:{id:"5202",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Advances in Therapy"},signatures:"L. Christian Napp and Johann Bauersachs",authors:[{id:"180959",title:"Dr.",name:"L. Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Napp",slug:"l.-christian-napp",fullName:"L. 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Unfortunately, brain death and neurologic injuries are significant causes of morbidity and mortality for patients requiring an ECMO support. Critical to the management of patients requiring ECMO is a broader understanding of neurologic monitoring along with the clinical assessment and management of neurologic events. It is important to evaluate and potentially intervene early in the event of a neurologic problem to minimize its clinical significance. Hopefully, with a better understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and prevention strategies, the true incidence of neurologic complications can be understood and minimized.",book:{id:"5202",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Advances in Therapy"},signatures:"Susana M. Bowling, Joao Gomes and Michael S. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. 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Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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