Medicinal plants with anti-biofilm activity.
\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
\r\n\tWe hope that this book will be a common point where researchers working in the fields of life sciences and drug development will eventually meet.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-468-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-467-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-469-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",keywords:"Protein-Ligand Interaction, Lead Discovery, Molecular Recognition, Enzyme-Ligand Interaction, Mutant Enzymes, Alanine Screening, Proteasome Inhibitors, Signal Transducers, Transcription Activators (STATs), DNA Recognition Motifs, Neoplastic Cells, Amyloid-Beta Proteins",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 3rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A multidisciplinary researcher working in the fields of cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and bioinformatics-based molecular modeling (currently on the structural biology of COVID-19 and the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease). Dr. Istifli previously joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany where he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179007/images/system/179007.JPG",biography:"Dr. Erman Salih İstifli received his Ph.D. from Biology Department of Cukurova University, Insitute of Science and Letter. In his doctoral study, Dr. İstifli focused on the elucidation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of a commonly used anticancer agent (antifolate) on human lymphocytes. During his period of doctoral research, he joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany, and he focused there on investigating the molecular cytogenetic causes of some human rare diseases. During these studies, he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R) responsible for intelligence and obesity. He was assigned as an expert and rapporteur on eight candidate projects in the Marie-Sklodowska Curie-Actions Innovative Training Networks in 2016. In 2017, he completed the online theoretical and practical course 'Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life', run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the edX platform. In April 2019, within the framework of Erasmus+ staff mobility program, he gave seminars on 'DNA microarrays and their use in genotoxicity' at Tirana University in Tirana, Albania. He is a published author of several articles in journals covered by the SCI and SCI-E, and has manuscripts in other refereed scientific journals. He currently serves as a referee in several journals covered by the SCI and SCI-E. His studies mainly fall into the field of genetic toxicology. He continues his current research on the structural biology of COVID-19 as well as identification of novel plant-based hit compounds in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.",institutionString:"Çukurova University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8068",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:"Definition, Identification, and Cytotoxic Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20a09223d92829b5478b5f241f6a03ce",slug:"cytotoxicity-definition-identification-and-cytotoxic-compounds",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri Ila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6969",title:"Lymphocytes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1aa8ac01c934ebdeedd5d7813036beef",slug:"lymphocytes",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri İla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56793",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Brief Overview of Archaeal Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70289",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-brief-overview-of-archaeal-applications",body:'\nThe first member of the Archaea was described in 1880 [1–3]. Yet, the recognition and formal description of the domain Archaea, as separated from Bacteria and Eukarya, occurred in 1977 during early phylogenetic analyses based upon ribosomal DNA sequences [4–6]. Indeed, members of the archaeal domain are characterized by several distinguishing traits [3] as confirmed later based on the first complete archaeal genome sequence obtained by Bult
The archaeal domain is composed of the
The Archaea are ubiquitous in most terrestrial, aquatic and extreme environments (acidophilic, halophilic, mesophilic, methanogenic, psychrophilic and thermophilic) [20, 22]. Although very diversified with a great number of species, luckily, no member of the domain Archaea has been described as a pathogen for humans, animals or plants [23–25]. Thus, Archaea are a potentially valuable resource in the development of new biocatalysts, novel pharmaceuticals and various biotechnological applications. Applications of Archaea (for review, see [26–32] and references therein) may be subdivided into four main fields (Figure 1): (i)
The book ‘Archaea - New Biocatalysts, Novel Pharmaceuticals and Various Biotechnological Applications’ contains five chapters.
\nThe
The
The
The
The book concludes with a
Finally, we would like to thank all authors for their contributions. We are also grateful to InTech Publishing Process Managers, particularly Ms. Mirena Čalmić, Ms. Romina Rovan and Ms. Ana Pantar, who assisted us with patience until the publication of this book.
\nBiofilm is a population of cells growing on a surface and enclosed in an exopolysaccharide matrix [1]. The physiology, structure and chemistry of the biofilm vary with the nature of its resident microbes and local environment [2].
\nMost important feature among biofilms is that their structural integrity critically depends upon the extracellular matrix produced by their constituent cells. They are notoriously difficult to eradicate and are a source of many recalcitrant infections [2]. Biofilms are associated with serious health issues stemming from persistent infections due to the contamination of medical devices (intravenous and urinary catheters), artificial implants and drinking water pollution among others [3].
\nIntercellular signaling, often referred to as quorum sensing (QS), has been shown to be involved in biofilm development [4]. Quorum sensing relies on small, secreted signaling molecules; much like hormones in higher organisms, to initiate coordinated responses across a population and it contributes to behaviors that enable microbes to resist antimicrobial compounds [5]. Quorum sensing signaling activation can lead to antimicrobial resistance of the pathogens, thus increasing the therapy difficulty of diseases [4].
\nThe key concern about biofilms is their contribution to the development of resistance against antimicrobial agents, and with the on-going emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, there is a current need for development of alternative therapeutic strategies [6].
\nAn anti-virulence approach by which quorum sensing is impeded could be a viable means to manipulate bacterial processes, especially pathogenic traits that are harmful to human and animal health and agricultural productivity [7]. Further research into the identification and development of chemical compounds and enzymes that facilitate quorum-sensing inhibition (QSI) by targeting signaling molecules, signal biogenesis, or signal detection are required [7]. Anti-QS agents can abolish the QS signaling and prevent the biofilm formation, therefore reducing bacterial virulence without causing drug-resistant to the pathogens, suggesting that anti-QS agents could be potential alternatives for antibiotics [8]. An effective clinical strategy for treating bacterial diseases in the near future will be to combine anti-QS agents with conventional antibiotics since this can significantly improve the efficacy of therapeutic drugs and decrease the cost of human healthcare [9].
\nBiofilms are mixed microbial cultures normally consisting predominantly of prokaryotes with some eukaryotes. Thus, in addition to microbial cells, the surrounding environment contains a range of macromolecular products in which exopolysaccharide secreted by the cells is the dominant macromolecular component, while the water content is probably about 90–97% [10, 11]. Secreted products also include enzymes and other proteins, bacteriocins, and low mass solutes and nucleic acid released through cell lysis. The lysis may occur either naturally with cell aging or through the action of phage and bacteriocins.
\nOpportunistic pathogens, viruses, parasitic protozoa, toxin releasing algae and fungi and enteric bacteria e.g.
Biofilms present complex assemblies of microorganisms attached to surfaces. They are dynamic structures in which various metabolic activities and interactions between the component cells occur [10]. Studies on microorganisms and biofilm formation have revealed diverse complex social behavior including cooperation in foraging, building, reproduction, dispersion and communication among microorganisms [14]. The organisms within a biofilm setup may include a single or diverse species of microorganisms. In the biofilm, bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body’s immune system.
\nBacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and cyanobacteria that are common pathogens are all involved in biofilm formation [15].
\nAbout 99.9% of all bacteria live in biofilm communities [16]. A biofilm usually begins to form when a free-swimming bacterium attaches to a surface. Pathogenic organisms are found on most food items including seafoods and biofilm forming pathogens are found on such seafoods as crabs [17], pacific oysters [18], shrimps [19] etc. Public health and clinical microbiologists recognize that biofilms are present everywhere in nature and are responsible for a number of human infections. Infectious caused by microbial communities include urinary tract infections, middle-ear infections, dental plaque, gingivitis, endocarditis, cystic fibrosis. Biofilms on persistent indwelling devices such as catheter, contact lenses, heart valves and joint prostheses are also responsible for many recurrent infections [20, 21]. Biofilms on indwelling medical devices may be composed of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria commonly isolated from these devices include the Gram-positive
The organisms that form biofilms on medical devices originate from patient’s skin microflora, exogenous microflora from health-care personnel, or contaminated infusates. Biofilms associated with catheters may initially be composed of single species, but with the passage of time they become multi-specie communities. Some urinary tract and bloodstream infections are also caused by biofilm-associated indwelling medical devices with 50–70% of infections related to catheter [12]. Chronic infections, inflammation and tissue damage caused by many strains of single species are often found in polymicrobial communities [24].
\nBacteria that reside in a biofilm community usually will not grow when cultured, a situation normally referred to as “viable, but not culturable”. The reason is that to change to the planktonic state from a biofilm-producing phenotype, bacteria require complex and specific environmental and signaling factors that are not available in a culture plate [25]. This therefore suggests that analyzing biofilm samples for bacterial infective agents during infections may show negative results and the real cause of the infections may not be detected if culturing is the only investigative procedure.
\nMany medically important fungi produce biofilms and they include
\n
Free-living protozoans are single celled eukaryotic organisms and are divided into amoebae, flagellates and ciliates. All the three protozoan groups have been found in fresh water biofilms. Although many different species are found in association with biofilms, their level of association differs. The protozoans
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and are found in communities where cells in which they live are found. Viruses are, thus, found in biofilms communities associated with the bacteria, fungi and protozoa they infect.
\nMany phages may produce polysaccharases or polysaccharide lyases. Some phages are also known to produce enzymes that degrade the poly-Q-glutamic acid capsule of
Many biofilms possess an open architecture with water-filled channels, which would allow the phage access to the biofilm interior [36]. As biofilms age and cells die and slough off, potential new viral receptor sites may become available. As bacteria excel at adapting to differing nutrient conditions, changes to the host cell surface could be expected with either loss or gain of possible phage receptors. A further factor which might influence phage retention within biofilms lies in the role of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. In the interaction of a coliphage with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes, a critical factor in the retention of the phage was its iso-electric point [37].
\nIn complex biofilms in natural environments, eukaryotic algae may also be present [38]. Under these circumstances algal cell lysis through viral action is also possible as many viruses for algal species have now been isolated and identified [39].
\nIt is becoming progressively more accepted that biofilm formation is an important cause of morbidity in respiratory tract infections [40]. Biofilms may be involved in some respiratory infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and upper respiratory airway infections [41].
\nInfectious diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract include otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, adenoiditis, pharyngotonsillitis, adenoiditis and chronic rhinosinusitis [42]. In otitis media, infections may be as a result of both respiratory viruses and bacteria such as non-capsulated
The most cited reason for childhood visits to physicians is otitis media with effusion (OME) and is again one of the most reasons for antibiotic therapy in children. Even though OME is regarded as a sterile inflammatory process, current data using a chinchilla model suggest that viable bacteria are present in intricate communities referred to as mucosal biofilms [44]. It is interesting to know that intracellular
Biofilms were seen in the sinus tissues of 72% of patients affected by chronic rhinosinusitis and the cultured organisms identified included
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a protracted disease of the lower respiratory tract. The most frequent serious clinical complication in CF today is chronic endobronchial infection with
A major difficulty in this type of infection is contamination of lower respiratory secretions with the normal oropharyngeal flora, particularly as members of the normal flora (e.g.
The role of biofilms in patients with COPD has not been directly validated but has been hypothesized considering the evidence showing that the respiratory tracts of these patients are frequently colonized by pathogens. Murphy and Kirkham [50] have recently confirmed that biofilms do play a role in COPD where they identified major outer membrane proteins of Non-typeable
In bronchiectasis not due to cystic fibrosis, infections result in changes in the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial wall, which become distorted and expanded. Airways gradually become unable to clear mucus, leading to serious lung infections, which in turn cause more damage to the bronchi [52]. Recently biofilm formation has been demonstrated
Prolonged bacterial bronchitis may be caused by chronic infections of the respiratory tract. In children especially, the condition appears to be secondary to impaired mucociliary removal that produces an environment favorable for bacteria to become established, usually in the form of biofilms. The most commonly involved bacteria include
Diffuse pan-bronchiolitis (DPB) is an unusual inflammatory lung disease of unknown etiology found in adult Japanese patients. With this disease, chronic endobronchial infection with
In device-related infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), biofilms result in microbial persistence and reduced response to treatment. Biofilm formation within the first 24 h after intubation has been reported in 95% of endotracheal tubes [57]. Pathogens in both endotracheal tube biofilm and secretions accrued within the airways/endotracheal tubes in 56 to 70% of patients with VAP have been reported.
This section presents the role of biofilms in respiratory tract infections, with specific emphasis on the biofilms formed by
\n
The adherence of
Non-typeable
\n
\n
\n
In the control of microbial infections, two strategies are normally envisaged; killing the organisms or attenuation of the organisms’ virulence such that they fail to adapt to the host environment. The former approach is what is generally favored; the latter lacks specific targets for rational drug design. It has, however, been realized that Gram-negative bacteria use small molecules known as acyl homoserine lactones to regulate the production of secondary metabolites and virulence factors, and this could offer a novel target to address the strategy of attenuating the organisms’ virulence thereby impairing their adaptation to the host system. Recent research has highlighted the importance of cell-to-cell interactions or communications, referred to as Quorum Sensing (QS), in microorganisms. Many bacterial species employ a complex mechanistic communication system to transmit information among themselves. Bacteria can act in response to a variety of chemical signals produced by the same species along with others produced by other species, and this provides a way for intraspecies and interspecies cross-communication and interruption of signals. The ability of bacteria to dispatch, pull together, and process information allow them to act as “multicellular” organisms and enhance their survival in complex environments [82].
\nAny mechanism capable of disrupting QS signals can be used to reduce survival of the microorganism thereby preventing or reducing virulence in the host environment. Such methods of interruption of the QS include:
Disruption of biosynthesis of signal molecules,
Application of QS antagonists (e.g. use of extracts from higher plants and algae and other chemical compounds),
Chemical inactivation of quorum sensing signals,
Biodegradation of signal molecule.
Agents capable of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or disrupting the quorum sensing mechanisms of the microorganisms or interrupting the biofilm formation may be useful in the fight against microbial pathogenicity.
\nIt has now become apparent that different types of microorganisms have evolved the ability to recognize and act in response to the presence of other microorganisms in their neighborhood. Most Gram-negative bacteria produce and respond to
The unpleasant side effects of antibiotics (such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with the aminoglycosides) have led to preference for preventive rather than curative approach towards fighting infectious diseases. Inhibition of quorum sensing activity has been hypothesized as one approach that can be useful in preventing bacterial infection. It could provide an additional approach to antibiotic mediated bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity thereby reducing the risk of successful establishment of infections or resistance development in the bacteria. This is supported by the protective effect of QS inhibition demonstrated in animal infection models. A simple animal infection model on QS was launched in
Many bacteria produce AHL molecules in response to QS and so could be used as biomonitor organisms in screening of compounds for anti-QS activity. Such bacteria include
Natural products have been identified to inhibit biofilm formation in microorganisms. The exact mechanism for most of the agents is yet to be elucidated. Medicinal plants have been identified as rich source of bioactive compounds that have the capability of interfering with biofilm formation but most of these studies are still in the early stages of drug development. The anti-biofilm effects of medicinal plants have been proposed to be due to the inhibition of formation of polymer matrix, suppression of cell adhesion and attachment, interruption of extracellular matrix formation and reduction in virulence factors production and activation, thereby blocking QS network and biofilm development [85].
\nMedicinal plants belonging to various plant families reported to have biofilm inhibitory activity are listed in Table 1; the part of the plant (leaves, fruits, stem bark, rhizome) used, the various solvents used for extraction and their ability to inhibit cell adhesion or to eradicate biofilm formed by different pathogens have been mentioned.
\nPlant name | \nFamily | \nPart used | \nSolvent | \nBiofilm inhibition activity | \nReference | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \nLythraceae | \nFruit | \nMethanol | \nInhibit biofilm formation in | \n[86] | \n
\n | \nLamiaceae | \nAerial parts | \nEthanol | \nInhibit biofilm formation by 60.9% at 0.78 mg/mL | \n[87] | \n
\n | \nEricaceae | \nFruit | \nDecoction | \nReducing 47% MRSA biofilm viable counts. 12.5 mg/mL | \n[88] | \n
\n | \nCommelinaceae | \nWhole plant | \nDistilled water | \nInhibited the biofilm formation at 250 μg/mL | \n[89] | \n
\n | \nZingiberaceae | \nRhizome | \nAqueous | \nRemoved 30 to 40% of biofilm at 5–0.63 μg/mL | \n|
\n | \nEuphorbiaceae | \nAerial parts | \nMethanol | \nBiofilm inhibition and eradication activity against | \n[90] | \n
\n | \nCombretaceae | \nDried fruit | \nEthanol | \nInhibition biofilm formation by 89.8 and 92.2% at 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively | \n[91] | \n
\n | \nMeliaceae | \nLeaf | \nDistilled water | \nReduced biofilm completely by 35% at 5% w/v | \n[92] | \n
\n | \nBurseraceae | \nStem bark | \nDistilled water | \nInhibition of cell adhesion above 80% at 4.0 mg/mL | \n[93] | \n
\n | \nFabaceae | \nFruit | \nDistilled water | \nInhibition of biofilm formation was determined to be 77.8 ± 5.0% at 4.0 mg/mL | \n|
\n | \nTheaceae | \nLeaves | \nEthanol | \nInhibited the cell adhesion by 78.7% 0.5%w/v | \n[94] | \n
Medicinal plants with anti-biofilm activity.
Combatting biofilm and quorum sensing is a good strategy to reduce microbial pathogenicity and thus fight infections. This can be achieved by finding effective agents that can inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt quorum sensing mechanisms. Natural products particularly medicinal plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds that have served as useful leads in the development of drugs. Rigorous evaluation of medicinal plants can therefore lead to novel anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing agents.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
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Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To meet part of that request, the antennas of these devices should have small size, lower weight, operating in multiple frequency bands and/or be broadband. There are many research methods to achieve this goal, one of which is using the fractal geometries for the shape of antenna elements. In recent years, there are many fractal shapes that have been proposed for such applications, and the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features such as smaller size, operating in multi-frequency bands, with improved power gain and efficiency. In recent years, the new approach for modern antenna the metamaterials, MTM, is adopted, and sometimes that based on the fractal geometry is adopted.",book:{id:"5804",slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik",authors:[{id:"198646",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:"Jan",surname:"Krzysztofik",slug:"wojciech-krzysztofik",fullName:"Wojciech Krzysztofik"}]},{id:"53920",doi:"10.5772/67216",title:"Integral-Equation Formulations of Plasmonic Problems in the Visible Spectrum and Beyond",slug:"integral-equation-formulations-of-plasmonic-problems-in-the-visible-spectrum-and-beyond",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Computational modeling of nano-plasmonic structures is essential to understand their electrodynamic responses before experimental efforts in measurement setups. Similar to the other ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, there are alternative methods for the numerical analysis of nano-plasmonic problems, while the optics literature is dominated by differential equations that require discretizations of the host media with artificial truncations. These approaches often need serious assumptions, such as periodicity, infinity, or self-similarity, in order to reduce the computational load. On the other hand, surface integral equations based on integro-differential operators can bring important advantages for accurate and efficient modeling of nano-plasmonic problems with arbitrary geometries. Electrical properties of materials, which may be obtained either experimentally or via physical modeling, can easily be inserted into integral-equation formulations, leading to accurate predictions of electromagnetic responses of complex structures. This chapter presents the implementation of such accurate, efficient, and reliable solvers based on appropriate combinations of surface integral equations, discretizations, numerical integrations, fast algorithms, and iterative techniques. As a case study, nanowire transmission lines are investigated in wide-frequency ranges, demonstrating the capabilities of the developed implementations.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Abdulkerim Çekinmez, Barişcan Karaosmanoğlu and Özgür Ergül",authors:[{id:"195936",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Ergul",slug:"ozgur-ergul",fullName:"Ozgur Ergul"},{id:"203161",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdulkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Cekinmez",slug:"abdulkerim-cekinmez",fullName:"Abdulkerim Cekinmez"},{id:"203162",title:"MSc.",name:"Bariscan",middleName:null,surname:"Karaosmanoglu",slug:"bariscan-karaosmanoglu",fullName:"Bariscan Karaosmanoglu"}]},{id:"57485",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70870",title:"Small-Angle Scattering from Mass and Surface Fractals",slug:"small-angle-scattering-from-mass-and-surface-fractals",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The concepts of mass and surface fractals are introduced, and the corresponding small-angle scattering (SAS; X-rays, neutrons) intensities are computed. It is shown how to resolve the fractal structure of various complex systems from experimental scattering measurements, and how obtained data are related to specific features of the fractal models. We present and discuss various mass and surface fractal structures, including fractals generated from iterated function systems and cellular automata. In addition to the fractal dimension and the overall fractal size, the suggested analysis allows us to obtain the iteration number, the number of basic units which form the fractal and the scaling factor.",book:{id:"6216",slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",fullTitle:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems - Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals"},signatures:"Eugen Mircea Anitas",authors:[{id:"213626",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Anitas",slug:"eugen-anitas",fullName:"Eugen Anitas"}]},{id:"40437",doi:"10.5772/48811",title:"FSM Scenarios of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Incompressible Fluids",slug:"fsm-scenarios-of-laminar-turbulent-transition-in-incompressible-fluids",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2508",slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",fullTitle:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"N.M. Evstigneev and N.A. Magnitskii",authors:[{id:"96107",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai A.",middleName:"Alexandrovich",surname:"Magnitskii",slug:"nikolai-a.-magnitskii",fullName:"Nikolai A. Magnitskii"},{id:"151627",title:"Dr.",name:"N. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Evstigneev",slug:"n.-m.-evstigneev",fullName:"N. M. Evstigneev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6815,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"64463",title:"Fractal Analysis of Time-Series Data Sets: Methods and Challenges",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-time-series-data-sets-methods-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2944,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Many methods exist for quantifying the fractal characteristics of a structure via a fractal dimension. As a traditional example, a fractal dimension of a spatial fractal structure may be quantified via a box-counting fractal analysis that probes a manner in which the structure fills space. However, such spatial analyses generally are not well-suited for the analysis of so-called “time-series” fractals, which may exhibit exact or statistical self-affinity but which inherently lack well-defined spatial characteristics. In this chapter, we introduce and investigate a variety of fractal analysis techniques directed to time-series structures. We investigate the fidelity of such techniques by applying each technique to sets of computer-generated time-series data sets with well-defined fractal characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the inherent challenges in quantifying fractal characteristics (and indeed of verifying the presence of such fractal characteristics) in time-series traces modeled to resemble physical data sets.",book:{id:"7293",slug:"fractal-analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis"},signatures:"Ian Pilgrim and Richard P. Taylor",authors:[{id:"262574",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Pilgrim",slug:"ian-pilgrim",fullName:"Ian Pilgrim"},{id:"262816",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"richard-taylor",fullName:"Richard Taylor"}]},{id:"64807",title:"Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications",slug:"fractal-antennas-for-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different types of flexible and inflexible wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks (BANs). A wearable antenna is intended to be a part of clothing used for modern wireless communication purposes. Fractal technology allowed us to design compact antennas and integrate multiple communication services into one device. The proposed antennas were simulated and measured by CST simulator version 2017 and Agilent N9918A VNA respectively. Furthermore, these antennas were fabricated using folded copper. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.",book:{id:"7293",slug:"fractal-analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis"},signatures:"Mohamed I. Ahmed and Mai F. Ahmed",authors:[{id:"261304",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mohamed-ismail-ahmed",fullName:"Mohamed Ismail Ahmed"},{id:"272048",title:"Dr.",name:"M. F.",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"m.-f.-ahmed",fullName:"M. F. 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In this work we will present a summary of the different definitions of fractional derivatives and show models where they appear, including simple nonlinear systems with chaos. Existing results on the solvability of classical fractional differential equations and numerical approaches are summarized. Finally, we propose a numerical scheme to approximate the solution to linear fractional initial value problems and boundary value problems.",book:{id:"7662",slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",title:"Nonlinear Systems",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems -Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications"},signatures:"María I. Troparevsky, Silvia A. Seminara and Marcela A. 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Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To meet part of that request, the antennas of these devices should have small size, lower weight, operating in multiple frequency bands and/or be broadband. There are many research methods to achieve this goal, one of which is using the fractal geometries for the shape of antenna elements. In recent years, there are many fractal shapes that have been proposed for such applications, and the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features such as smaller size, operating in multi-frequency bands, with improved power gain and efficiency. In recent years, the new approach for modern antenna the metamaterials, MTM, is adopted, and sometimes that based on the fractal geometry is adopted.",book:{id:"5804",slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik",authors:[{id:"198646",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:"Jan",surname:"Krzysztofik",slug:"wojciech-krzysztofik",fullName:"Wojciech Krzysztofik"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"966",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:114,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:7,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. 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Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. 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