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",isbn:"978-1-83969-347-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-346-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-348-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4fc73beb0e4416a20cc70c8163fe436f",bookSignature:"Dr. Pinar Erkekoglu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9836.jpg",keywords:"KRAS Gene, Oncogene, Tumor Suppressor Gene, Mutation, Cancer, Microtubule-Associated Protein (MAP), GTPase, Pathological Conditions, Epidermal Nevus, Noonan Syndrome, Costello Syndrome, Environmental Chemicals",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in toxicology, vaccinology, cosmetics, and Board Member of Turkish Pharmacists Association Pharmacy Academia and Board Member of Hacettepe Vaccine Institute. Published more than 150 scientific papers in international/national journals. Associate editor of the Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pinar Erkekoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.JPG",biography:"Pınar Erkekoglu was born in Ankara, Turkey. She graduated with a BS from Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy. Later, she received an MSci and Ph.D. in Toxicology. She completed a part of her Ph.D. studies in Grenoble, France, at Universite Joseph Fourier and CEA/INAC/LAN after receiving a full scholarship from both the Erasmus Scholarship Program and CEA. She worked as a post-doc and a visiting associate in the Biological Engineering Department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is currently working as a full professor at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology. Her main study interests are clinical and medical aspects of toxicology, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and oxidative stress. She has published more than 150 papers in national and international journals. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Mechanics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93317",slug:"exactly-solvable-problems-in-quantum-mechanics",body:'The potential well is the region where the particle is confined in a small region. In general, the potential of the confined region is lower than the surroundings (Figure 1) [1, 2].
Infinite potential well.
The potential of the system is defined as
The one dimensional Schrödinger equation in Cartesian coordinate is given as
In the infinite potential well, the confined particle is present in the well region (Region-II) for an infinitely long time. So the solution of the Schrödinger equation in the Region-II and Region-III can be omitted for our discussion right now. The Schrödinger equation in the Region-II is written as
The solution of the Eq. (2) is
At
Similarly, at
The addition and subtraction of these equations give two different solutions.
i.
The eigen function is
According to the normalization condition,
Hence the normalized eigen function for
ii.
The eigen function is
In Summary, the eigen value is
The integer “n” is the quantum number and it denotes the discrete energy states in the quantum well. We can extract some physical information from the eigen solutions.
The minimum energy state can be calculated by setting
This is known as zero-point energy in the case of the potential well. The excited state energies are
The energy difference between the successive states is simply the difference between the energy eigen value of the corresponding state. For example,
Though the eigen functions for odd and even values of “n” are different, the energy eigen value remains the same.
If the potential well is chosen in the limit
Step potential is a problem that has two different finite potentials [3]. Classically, the tunneling probability is 1 when the energy of the particle is greater than the height of the barrier. But the result is not true based on wave mechanics (Figure 2).
Step potential.
The potential of the system
The Schrödinger equation in the Region-I and Region-II is given, respectively as,
Case (i): when
where
According to admissibility conditions of wave functions, at
From these two equations,
The reflection coefficient R is given as
It is interesting to note that all the particles that encounter the step potential are reflected back. This is due to the fact that the width of the step potential is infinite. The number of particles in the process is conserved, which leads that
Case (ii): when
where
From these equations,
The reflection coefficient R and the transmission coefficient T, respectively, are given as
From these easily one can show that
The results again indicate that the total number of particles which encounters the step potential is conserved.
This problem clearly explains the wave-mechanical tunneling [3, 4]. The potential of the system is given as (Figure 3)
Potential barrier.
In the Region-I, the Schrödinger equation is
In Region-II, if
The Schrödinger equation in the Region-III is
At
At
Solving the equations from (27) to (30), one can find the coefficients in the equations. The reflection coefficient is R is found as
The transmission coefficient T is found as
From Eqs. (31) and (32), one can show that
When
As
When the length of the barrier is an integral multiple of
The tunneling probability depends on the height and width of the barrier.
Later, Kronig and Penney extended this idea to explain the motion of a charge carrier in a periodic potential which is nothing but the one-dimensional lattices.
The Dirac delta potential is infinitesimally narrow potential only at some point (generally at the origin, for convenience) [3]. The potential of the system
Here
Dirac delta potential.
The Schrödinger equation is
The solution of the Schrödinger equation is given as
where
This gives us
Equating the value of
The energy eigen value expression does not have any integer like in the case of the potential well. Hence there is only one bound state which is available for a particular value of “m.”
The eigen function can be evaluated as follows: The eigen function is always continuous. At
To normalize
This gives us
Simple harmonic oscillator, damped harmonic oscillator, and force harmonic oscillator are the few famous problems in classical physics. But if one looks into the atomic world, the atoms are vibrating even at 0 K. Such atomic oscillations need the tool of quantum physics to understand its nature. In all the previous examples, the potential is constant in any particular region. But in this case, the potential is a function of the position coordinate “x.”
The potential of the linear harmonic oscillator as a function of “x” is given as (Figure 5) [4, 5, 6]:
Potential energy of the linear harmonic oscillator.
The time-independent Schrödinger equation is given as
The potential is not constant since it is a function of “x”; Eq. (40) cannot solve directly as the previous problems. Let
Using the new constant
The asymptotic Schrödinger equation
The general solution of the equation is
The normalized eigen function is
The solution given in Eq. (43) is valid if the condition
The important results are given as follows:
The integer
The ground state normalized eigen function is
The energy difference between any two successive levels is
The operator method is also one of the convenient methods to solve the exactly solvable problem as well as approximation methods in quantum mechanics [5]. The Hamiltonian of the linear harmonic oscillator is given as,
Let us define the operator “a,” lowering operator, in such a way that
and the corresponding Hermitian adjoint, raising operator, is
Here,
In the same way, one can find the
Adding Eqs. (50) and (51) gives us the Hamiltonian in terms of the operators.
Subtracting Eq. (50) from (51) gives,
The Hamiltonian H acts on any state
The expectation value of
Let us consider the ground state
Since
Similarly, the energy of the first excited state is found as follows:
In the same way,
The uncertainties in position and momentum, respectively, are given as
In order to evaluate the uncertainties
a. The expectation value of ‘x’ is given as,
Since the states
b. The expectation value of momentum is
Not only position, the expectation value of momentum in any state is also zero.
c.
d.
From Eq. (58) and (59), the uncertainty in position and momentum, respectively are given as,
The minimum uncertainty state is the ground state. In this state,
Hence the minimum uncertainty product is
Since
Integrating the above equation gives,
The normalized eigen function is given as
One can see that this result is identical to Eq. (45).
The other eigen states can be evaluated using the equation,
The confinement of a particle in a three-dimensional potential is discussed in this section [4, 6]. The potential is defined as (Figure 6)
Three-dimensional potential box.
The three dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation is given as
Let the eigen function
Divide the above equation by
Now we can boldly write E as
Now the equation can be separated as follows:
The normalized eigen function
In the same way,
Hence, the eigen function
The energy given values are given as
The total energy E is
Some of the results are summarized here:
In a cubical potential box,
The minimum energy that corresponds to the ground state is
Different states with different quantum numbers may have the same energy. This phenomenon is known as degeneracy. For example, the states (i)
The states (111), (222), (333), (444),…. has no degeneracy.
In this problem, the state may have zero-fold degeneracy, 3-fold degeneracy or 6-fold degeneracy.
Radial artery access for angiography was first described in 1948 via cut down and direct insertion into either right or left radial artery [1], and in 1989 direct coronary angiography with percutaneous access via left radial artery [2]. Since then, radial artery access has advanced catheterization for patients by reducing vascular site bleeding which translated into both lower mortality and lower costs [3, 4]. Lesser known advantages include opening up both femoral arteries for larger sheaths for both hemodynamic support, complex coronary, peripheral or structural cases, as well as patient satisfaction. Acceptance has been slow by operators given the artery is smaller, orthopedic concerns of the operator with left radial and navigating catheters thru tortuous vascular anatomy, resulting in longer cases and higher radiation exposure [5, 6]. Advances in both techniques and medical devices have overcome many of the concerns opening up the wrist arteries for a far greater number than the past, translating into benefits for patients, hospitals and physicians.
\n\n
Bleeding reduction and impact on mortality
Ultrasound access
RAO: prevention/therapy
Radial Access Support
Thin walled sheaths and Sheathless guides
Peripheral interventions via radial approach
Areas of research: ulnar vs. radial; use of radial for graft; radiation exposure; elderly
Radial access found a niche initially by patient preference and potential benefit given the complications with femoral or brachial access [1]. Radial artery access for coronary angiography and percutaneous intervention is deemed safer than femoral access, positively impacting mortality, and bleeding risk.
\nA multicenter randomized controlled trial involving 8404 participants with acute coronary syndrome found that using radial access decreases major bleeding [RR 0.67 (0.49–0.92), p = 0.01] and all-cause mortality [RR 0.72 (0.53–0.99), p = 0.045] compared to femoral access [7]. The RIFLE-STECAS trial involved only patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (n = 1001), and found lower bleeding rates (7.8% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.026) and cardiac mortality in the radial access group (5.2% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.02), and decreased median length of stay [5 [4, 5, 6, 7] days vs. 6 [5, 6, 7, 8], p = 0.03] [8]. The RIVAL trial separately studied the outcomes of STEMI (n = 1958) and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (n = 5063) patients. Survival benefit and decreased bleeding risk with radial access was seen in the STEMI group [9]. A comparative study of STEMI patients in cardiogenic shock after PCI (n = 2663) showed that 1-year mortality was lower using the transradial approach compared to transfemoral (44% vs. 64%, p = 0.004), with radial artery access being an independent predictor of 1-year mortality [HR 0.65 (0.42–0.98), p = 0.041] [10]. The rate of TIMI 3 flow was identical in both groups. Major bleeding was higher in the femoral group (25% vs. 13%, p = 0.04) as well as bleeding related to access site (9 vs. 0.9%, p = 0.01) [10]. The STEMI-RADIAL trial also involved STEMI patients (n = 707), and found decreased composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, major bleeding, and vascular complications (4.6% vs. 11%, p = 0.003) but similar mortality rates at 30 days (2.3% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.64) and 6 months (2.3% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.31) [11]. The SAFARI-STEMI trial enrolled 2292 out of 4800 patients, halted prematurely because of futility finding 30-day mortality was similar between the radial and femoral access groups (RR 1.15 (0.58–2.30), p = 0.69). There was no difference in bleeding risk [RR 0.71 (0.38–1.33), p = 0.28] [12]. These findings can be explained by the fact that the proceduralists were experienced cardiologists at high-volume centers, a closure device was used in 68% of patients in the femoral group, less 2b3a inhibitor was used and bivalirudin was favored in 92% of those patients, which is known to cause less bleeding than heparin. [12].
\nYet the totality of data from 12 randomized clinical trials over the past decade found particularly in those with acute coronary syndrome, a lower bleeding rate translated into lower mortality [3]. This prompted a radial first approach by the American Heart Association for those with acute coronary syndrome [3].
\nUltrasound (US) for radial access from several smaller studies implied a benefit in time to access [13, 14]. The RAUST trial included 698 patients and showed that an ultrasound-guided approach decreased the number of attempts (mean 1.65 \n
Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is common and is seen in up to 10% of patients early after the procedure, although the more recent trials (after 2018) showed an RAO rate of less than 3.7% [18].
\nMultiple preventive techniques have been described including importance of anticoagulation, proper sizing of the radial artery to sheath/guide, patent hemostasis, prophylactic ulnar compression and shorten duration of compression [18]. A meta-analysis that included 31,345 patients and 66 studies concluded that high dose heparin (5000 IU) administration decreased the risk of RAO by 64%, and reducing compression times decreased this risk by 72% [19]. A recent study of high dose (100 IU/kg body weight) versus 50 IU/kg/body weight) lowered RAO [20]. That is why it has been recommended to administer at 5000 U or 50 or higher IU/kg body weight unfractionated heparin for all procedures with radial artery access [18, 21]. Importance of having sheath to radial artery diameter < 1.0 is considered best for reducing RAO [18, 21], pushing industry to provide sheaths with thinner walls or sheathless guide systems. The 6.5 F sheathless Eaucath appeared to have lower RAO compared to thin walled 6F sheath, 0.0% vs. 2.0%, p 0.031 with sample size of 600 randomized patients [22].. Although thinner, the RAP and BEAT (Radial Artery Patency and Bleeding, Efficacy, Adverse evenT) trial found thin walled 6French (F) sheath failed noninferiority to 5F sheath, (3.7% vs. 1.7%, pnon-inferiority = 0.150) [23]. Even a difference of 0.24 mm (5F standard with 2.22 mm vs. thin-walled 6F with 2.44 mm) may have lower RAO, implying smaller is better. Reduction of RAO rates have been reported after subcutaneous injection of nitroglycerin at the radial access site before the procedure (5% vs. 14%, P = 0.04) and the use of intraarterial nitroglycerin after the procedure (8% vs. 12%, p = 0.006) [24]. Maintaining radial artery patency during hemostasis is proven to reduce RAO rates, or patent hemostasis. [18, 21]. This can be achieved by periodically monitoring oximetry-plethysmography after the procedure to ensure radial flow [25] Pneumatic radial compression based on the patient’s mean arterial pressure and concomitant ulnar compression to increase radial flow have also been shown to be beneficial [26].
\nSupport for access in the wrist has advanced over the past decade, with a focus on left arm support, radiation protection and having a board to hold equipment. There has been a surge in the last several years to use the left wrist to circumvent challenges with access to the left internal mammary artery post coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), those older than 75 years, short statue less than 5 foot five inches (1.65meters), and long term hypertension [5, 27]. Wrist access requires support for: access in the artery, management of equipment, radiation exposure along with comfort of the patient and the operator. Right arm support has advanced with arm extension boards to help with access, for example Radial Runway (TZ Medical), Rad Rest (Merit) or STAR system (Adept Medical) to help with access of the artery, especially useful if not using ultrasound (Figure 1). Right boards include the Cardiotrap (Radial Solutions) (Figure 2a), EGGNEST from EGG medical (Figure 2b), STARSYSTEM by Adept Medical, Rad Board from Merit provides both arm support and radiation protection. The left arm support for both access and arm support across the abdomen is the Left Arm Support System by LP Medical (Figure 2c) and Cardiotrap from Radial Solutions. Other options for arm support alone include STARSYSTEM by Adept Medical, Cobra Board by TZ medical (Figure 2d), left radial support sling by Academic Health Science Network and Tesslagra sterile sleeve by Tesslagra Design Solutions. Once access is made for the left wrist and arm is placed across the abdomen, use of sheath extension such as the StandTall by Radux (Figure 3), distal radial approach or having a long sheath partly extended out (although risk for kinking of the sheath) will allow the physician to have an upright position on the right side of the patient while manipulating the catheter or guide.
\nDevices to hold the wrist out to assist in accessing the radial artery. a. Radial Runway©, TZ medical. b. Rad Board© and Rad Rest©, Merit Medical.
Arm support systems. Right arm: a. Cardiotrap® (Transradial solutions, SC) b. EGG Nest® (EGG Medical, MN) c. Left arm support system (LASS) (LP Medical, MN) d. Cobra Board® (TZ Medical, OR).
Sheath Extension Standtall® (Radux Devices, MN).
Small diameter of the radial or ulnar artery has been overcome with thinner sheaths. For example the Slender (Terumo) (Figure 4) 6F outer diameter is 2.46 mm versus 2.62 mm for standard sheath outer diameter and the Slender 7F drops the outer diameter from 2.95 down to 2.79 mm. The downside is kinking of the thinner walled sheaths especially if partly inserted into the artery.
\nThin walled sheath, GLIDESHEATH SLENDER® Introducer Sheath – ©2020 Terumo Medical Corporation. All rights reserved.
Sheathless guides (Eaucath system from Asahi Intecc Co Ltd. or Railway system from Cordis) have opened up radial access for smaller arteries. The OD of the 6.5Fr SheathLess Eaucath is 2.16 mm, similar to the OD of the 4Fr sheath at 2.00 mm. The OD of the 7.5Fr SheathLess Eaucath is 2.49 mm, similar to the OD of the 5Fr sheath at 2.29 mm. The passing of the sheathless guide requires special attention to withdrawing the dilator before entry into the aorta from the subclavian. One other option is the use of an inflated balloon in the tip of the guide prior to passing into the artery referred to balloon-assisted shealthless transradial intervention (BASTI) [28]. The challenge is the use of 0.014 wire for support versus 0.021 or 0.035 and, as with sheathless guides one other issue is over manipulation of the guide without a sheath could induce spasm.
\nPeripheral interventions have adopted radial access to lower bleeding or due to hostile femoral artery anatomy [29]. Peripheral interventions include aorta, visceral, iliac/femoral and, rarely, popliteal [29, 30]. The learning curve for radial approach for peripheral interventions [29] may account for an increase in radiation [31]. Distance from the wrist to the site of percutaneous intervention is a limitation. Longer sheaths such as destination sheath by Terumo (Figure 5a) have allowed improved positioning for equipment. As with the sheathless guide, careful attention should be placed on pulling back the dilator before entering the aorta. Longer catheters have been developed by Terumo under the radial to peripheral program, (R2P) with shafts upto 200 cm including both balloons and self expanding peripheral stents (Figure 5b). Other companies have 170 cm catheter lengths including: Ultraverse RX (Bard); the Advance 14LP low Profile balloon (Cook); and the Armada 14 (Abbott), Mini Ghost (B.Braun), Steriling SL Monorail (Boston Scientific), Sleep OTW (Cordis) and Amphirion Deep OTW (Medtronic) all with catheters upto 150 cm in length. The longer shafts have furthered the use of radial access, along with left arm support and sheath extension but limited length of catheters with covered stents or drug coated balloons for infrainguinal disease [32].
\nLong sheath R2PTM DESTINATION SLENDERTM Guiding Sheath b. 200 cm Long shaft R2PTM METACROSS® RX PTA Balloon Dilatation Catheter - ©2020 Terumo Medical Corporation. All rights reserved.
With an increase in clinical studies showing the advantages of radial access also came insight into complications including radial loops, high take off of radial artery, spasm, dissection [5]. The ulnar artery became another option, initially avoided due to location, as the ulnar artery is often deeper beneath the skin and concern for ulnar nerve damage or hand ischemia but reports for both coronary and peripheral angiography and interventions rasie doubts regarding those concerns [33, 34, 35]. A meta analysis of five trials found similar complications between radial vs. ulnar approach [36]., crossover was higher with ulnar versus radial approach but this was driven by one trial [37]. This trial was to enroll 2286 patients but was stopped early with 902 enrolled after finding cross over to another site was 26% more likely with ulnar approach compared to radial, with the caveat that ultrasound was not used for access. Further studies are warranted in comparing radial versus ulnar using ultrasound.
\nRadial artery is being reinvestigated as a favored coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) over veins with recent meta analysis of 1036 patients having lower mortality with arterial grafts over venous grafts [38]. This has prompted the ROMA prospective randomized trial comparing vein to arterial grafts for CABG. One study from 2003 found radial grafts that were previously cannulated had a lower patency rate [39]. Several other studies have found changes in the radial artery including arterial tears, radial intimal hyperplasia and loss of reactivity after sheath insertion [40, 41, 42]. This has prompted some surgeons to request interventional cardiologists not to use nondominant radial artery for angiography. Further studies investigating radial or ulnar access prior to CABG are recommended.
\nRadiation exposure is a constant worry in the catheterization laboratory [43]. Advances in technology have lowered radiation exposure including improved shielding. Clinical data have shown radial, particularly right radial, to have more radiation exposure compared to femoral approach [6]. Comparison of left radial to femoral approach in one randomized trial [44] found higher radiation compared in radial approach, although this was done prior to newer technology to assist in left radial such as sheath extension (eg. Stand Tall, Radux Devices) and left arm support systems. Multiple randomized trials found less radiation with left versus right radial [45, 46, 47, 48, 49] although one trial found more radiation with left radial [50]. Avoiding steep angles, particularly LAO -Caudal, lower magnification, lower frame rate with fluoroscopy, and distance is recommended [51, 52]. Further research comparing access sites is warranted to better understand with current technology the risks of radiation exposure.
\nElderly have higher risk for CV procedures [53, 54] and benefits of radial approach for reduction in bleeding complications is a valid concern. Age appears to be a predictor of failure or cross over to another site [5, 19]. Yet studies in the elderly including a retrospective analysis have not shown increased time to treat ST elevation myocardial infarction [55]. A review of patients enrolled in randomized Rival trial found less complications but higher cross over rates in the elderly [56]. Further studies are warranted in those 75 years and older to compare radial (left versus right) and femoral access points in examining cross over rates, radiation, bleeding and success.
\nRadial access has dramatically changed over the past twenty years with advances in both technology and technique to bring this approach to the forefront in both the acute setting as well as for complex procedures.
\nCarmelo Panetta is co-owner of LP Medical LLC. Johnny Chahine has no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. We uphold a flexible Copyright Policy, guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Monograph",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-monograph",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\\n\\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
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\\n\\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\\n\\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\\n\\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
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\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\\n\\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
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\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\nTERMINATION
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\\n\\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nMISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\n\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\n\nThe Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\n\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\n\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\nTERMINATION
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\n\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\n\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\n\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\nMISCELLANEOUS
\n\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\n\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\n\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\n\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. 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