IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
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IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
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Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
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After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
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Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
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Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
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Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
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Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
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The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
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Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6620",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Crisis Management - Theory and Practice",title:"Crisis Management",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Crisis management is an interdisciplinary subject field represented by theoretical problems, practical activity, people management and the art of crisis situation solving. Overall, the studies that this publication contains are to provide an overview of the state of the art mainly focused on crisis management cycle represented by certain phases and steps. Topics include also lessons learned from natural and man-made disasters, crisis communication, information systems in crisis management, civil protection and economics in crisis management. We hope that chapters of this book will provide useful information within crisis management issue for a wide audience.",isbn:"978-1-78923-235-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-234-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-595-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71641",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"crisis-management-theory-and-practice",numberOfPages:268,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f3b12d109006096ab14d339a50fa1860",bookSignature:"Katarina Holla, Michal Titko and Jozef Ristvej",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6620.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18550,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:63,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 19th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 9th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 8th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 29th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"184727",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarina",middleName:null,surname:"Holla",slug:"katarina-holla",fullName:"Katarina Holla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184727/images/6172_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Katarina Holla gained her PhD. with the thesis Risk Assessment of Industrial Process at Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina in Zilina. Since 2014 she has been appointed Vice – dean for International Relations and Marketing on Faculty of Security Engineering. Her research is mainly focused on the area of Major Industrial Accidents Prevention (Risk Assessment and Treatment) and Crisis Management cycle phases where she has already implemented semi – quantitative and quantitative methods for risks assessment developed within R&D projects. This Complex model for risk assessment is now being used by several companies in Slovak Republic by creation of documentation on safety. She has published more than 82 research papers and 7 books in Slovak and English language. She has delivered special invite presentation on Northumbria University in Newcastle, University of Cardiff and University of Economics in Prague. She obtained specialized skills in the area of Major Industrial Accidents Prevention (Seveso III directive - specialist), Transport of Dangerous Goods (safety advisor) and Health and Safety at Work issues (safety advisor for companies). She has participated in 7FP projects (e.g.COBACORE) and attended several scientific conferences (in Tokyo, USA, Korea and other EU member states).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Žilina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"224458",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Ristvej",slug:"jozef-ristvej",fullName:"Jozef Ristvej",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224458/images/6174_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jozef Ristvej gained his PhD. in 2007 at the University of Zilina, Slovakia – the EU, in Crisis Management. Since that time he received postdoctoral position as the Assistant Professor and in 2014 after successful habilitation he has received position as Associate Professor at the Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina. Since October 2014 is on the position of Vice-Rector for International Relations and Marketing at the university. In 2007 he participated in ISCRAM Crisis Management Summer School for PhD. students. In 2010 received the visiting scholar grant of Ruth Crawford Mitchell to the Center for Disaster Management at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh. In his work he is focusing on supporting the information systems in the area of the decision making process in crisis management. For the year of 2012 was selected by the European Commission as Erasmus Staff Ambassador - 25th anniversary of the Erasmus Programme. He is a member of editorial board of the Infotechnology journal in Lithuania, in 2012 was member of ISCRAM 2012 Conference organizing committee. He is an author of several papers in Europe and abroad. He is a member of several scientific project teams as well as of the ISCRAM Association in Brussels (Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management) and the Society for Science and the Public, in Washington D.C.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"224472",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Titko",slug:"michal-titko",fullName:"Michal Titko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224472/images/6173_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Michal Titko graduated from the Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina, where he also completed his PhD study in the field of Crisis Management. Currently, he is a professor assistant at Department of Crisis Management at the Faculty of Security Engineering. His research is focused on crisis planning, assessment of the critical infrastructure elements vulnerability and assessment of the societal resilience and vulnerability to the impacts of disasters. Vulnerability and resilience assessment of the society was his main task within the FP7 project (RAIN – Risk Analysis of Network Infrastructure in response to Extreme Weather). In addition, he was a co-investigator of another FP7 project (COBACORE – Community Based Comprehensive Recovery) and a co-investigator of several national projects. He is an author and co-author of more than 35 papers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1326",title:"Disaster Management",slug:"disaster-management"}],chapters:[{id:"60718",title:"Urbanization and Crisis Management Using Geomatics Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76415",slug:"urbanization-and-crisis-management-using-geomatics-technologies",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Substantial work has been done by Geospatial Information and Communications Technology (GeoICT) and Disaster Management communities to evaluate and develop tools and applications that integrate the complex interrelationships that are required for adequate preparedness, planning, mitigation, response, and recovery from extreme situations. GeoICT technologies have contributed and are contributing to saving life and property throughout the globe. Over the past decade, extensive research has resulted in more advanced GeoICT technologies. This has helped to maximize the demand for these tools, with a noticeable pattern of adoption and expanding user community. This chapter provides an overview of selected rising stars in GeoICT technology and their applications in disaster management. This discussion evaluates the trends in technology development, with emphasis on data collection, processing, and visualization.",signatures:"Rifaat Abdalla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60718",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60718",authors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],corrections:null},{id:"60146",title:"Position Tracking and GIS in Search and Rescue Operations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75371",slug:"position-tracking-and-gis-in-search-and-rescue-operations",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Geographical information systems can be useful in supporting an operational or situational picture in emergency situations. One particular use case is to keep track of moving personnel in the field. This has proven to be useful for safety (of rescue personnel), as well as for monitoring, planning and documentation of operations in the field. In this chapter, we define some concepts of tracking information, and tell the story how enthusiasts from the radio-amateur and red-cross communities developed and applied position tracking to search and rescue services in Norway. Based on years of experience from this work we discuss some issues related to how systems could deal with such spatiotemporal data in emergency and SAR situations.",signatures:"Øyvind Hanssen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60146",authors:[{id:"229603",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Øyvind",surname:"Hanssen",slug:"oyvind-hanssen",fullName:"Øyvind Hanssen"}],corrections:null},{id:"59399",title:"Information Support of Crisis Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74094",slug:"information-support-of-crisis-management",totalDownloads:1122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The increasing importance of information has begun the process of interrelated changes of the whole society in today’s world. The rapid development of information and communication technologies occurs also in the problematic of crisis management. Since we live in a dynamic world, it is important to be ready to the changes that life brings, responding and adopting new technologies. One of them is crisis management information system. Information system is a tool for information support. Information systems in general are very important and indispensable part of planning, organizing, managing and controlling. This definitely applies to crisis management information system. They are therefore used in the planning of emergency measures as well as in crisis situations. Crisis management is an activity, which can help us to save life, health and property in the whole world.",signatures:"Katerina Vichova and Martin Hromada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59399",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59399",authors:[{id:"240637",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"Hromada",slug:"martin-hromada",fullName:"Martin Hromada"},{id:"303533",title:"Dr.",name:"Kateřina",surname:"Víchová",slug:"katerina-vichova",fullName:"Kateřina Víchová"}],corrections:null},{id:"61047",title:"Emerging Trends in Crisis Management: Usability, Earth Observation and Disaster Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76636",slug:"emerging-trends-in-crisis-management-usability-earth-observation-and-disaster-management",totalDownloads:1163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Availability of Earth observation (EO) data and dissemination has been revolutionized with technological advancement in computation and use of mobile tools such as phones, tablets and laptops. This is further expanded with availability of affordable data/internet connections which no longer require Ethernet cables to get internet connection. The result is explosion of spatial data on various blogs and personal profiles such as Tweeter, Facebook, Instagram and other internet feeds. This has created explosion of information with a lot of integrity issues on data quality, lack of data source and lack of responsibility and authenticity. The problem is further compounded with advancement in search engines and data harvesting applications which collects similar archived information and makes them available to the user on the internet search engines. There should be a clear link detailing the nature of EO and the kind of relevant information that can be derived from them.",signatures:"Sweta Leonard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61047",authors:[{id:"231893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Leonard",surname:"Sweta",slug:"leonard-sweta",fullName:"Leonard Sweta"}],corrections:null},{id:"60200",title:"Trust and Organization: Integrating Responses to Freshwater Contamination within the Everyday Work of a Care Organization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75532",slug:"trust-and-organization-integrating-responses-to-freshwater-contamination-within-the-everyday-work-of",totalDownloads:895,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to cut the word count I rewrote the entire abstract. Please replace with: Crisis management literature regularly focuses on large-scale incidents, crisis management organizations, and a managerial top-down approach. In reality, many crisis situations are small scale and local, involve non-emergency organizations, and often affect the entire organization. This chapter addresses this lacuna by fleshing out the empirical case of the outbreak of a waterborne parasite in a small municipality in Northern Sweden. The analysis showed that the outbreak affected the whole organization and was managed by the active agency of operative personnel and central experts. Additionally, findings suggest that spheres of action and different time-spatial framings were decisive elements in managing the crisis. The study concludes that issues of trust and the organizational setting influenced the framing and handling of the outbreak. In particular, the level of vertically directed trust established before the outbreak, along with the relatively high independence of the different units at operational level, played a decisive role in the integration of the outbreak in the everyday work of the organization. The paper calls for the development of organization theory addressing non-emergency organizations, small-scale events, and the integration of adverse events in the formal and social structures of everyday work.",signatures:"Jörgen Sparf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60200",authors:[{id:"229634",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jörgen",surname:"Sparf",slug:"jorgen-sparf",fullName:"Jörgen Sparf"}],corrections:null},{id:"59671",title:"Applying the Organizational Centaur Theory on Boundary Spanners in Demanding Situations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74712",slug:"applying-the-organizational-centaur-theory-on-boundary-spanners-in-demanding-situations",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of the present study was to compare the existing conceptualization of the dual nature of organizational centaurs to discover what could be found in an investigation of organizational contexts characterized by risky and life-threatening situations. The study design involved a two-step procedure. The first step was inductive in character and followed the guidelines of grounded theory regarding selection of the participants in the study (further called informants, N = 71), data collection and initial analysis. The second step consisted of an attempt to compare this conceptual model to the existing ideal-typical descriptions of the organizational centaur concept. Managing crisis, disasters and other uncertainties as a boundary spanner can be understood in terms of a typology differentiated at the organizational and individual levels. The organizational part defines the prevailing conditions in uniformed, greedy organizations for boundary spanners who contribute to the organization’s foundation of competence and behavior, and also outlines the limitations this may entail. The individual part focuses on the human such as no room for mistakes and the management of asymmetrical collaborations. It was concluded that the special case of severely demanding conditions added new insights into the organizational centaur framework.",signatures:"Aida Alvinius and Gerry Larsson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59671",authors:[{id:"145558",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Aida",surname:"Alvinius",slug:"aida-alvinius",fullName:"Aida Alvinius"},{id:"147004",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerry",surname:"Larsson",slug:"gerry-larsson",fullName:"Gerry Larsson"}],corrections:null},{id:"59529",title:"The World Financial Crisis: Impacts on GDP and International Trade in Taiwan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74536",slug:"the-world-financial-crisis-impacts-on-gdp-and-international-trade-in-taiwan",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today’s financial markets are—due to globalisation—more interlinked than ever before. The US-based subprime mortgage crisis 2007–2009 is therefore developed to a global crisis. This study aims to investigate the effects of that crisis on Taiwan, focusing specifically on GDP and Taiwan’s international trade. Analysis results in GDP to have practically fully recovered to precrisis levels. Taiwan’s international trade is stagnating in the postcrisis era. Investigations have further shown that Taiwan is becoming more dependent on China, a trend that was fuelled by the crisis.",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Himpler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59529",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59529",authors:[{id:"236187",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Himpler",slug:"jean-pierre-himpler",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Himpler"}],corrections:null},{id:"59897",title:"Managing International Financial Crises: Responses, Lessons and Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74983",slug:"managing-international-financial-crises-responses-lessons-and-prevention",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A decade has passed since the onset of the turmoil in 2007 that escalated into the global financial crisis. The crisis has posed new challenges to fiscal and monetary policies in all the countries, including the euro area. Managing financial crises includes measures that reduce their economic damage and costs. Numerous and creative monetary and fiscal policy or financial interventions have been deployed either in the European Union or in the US, China and Japan to mitigate the impacts of the crisis. This chapter gives an overview, assessment and a short comparison of the responses. It also deals with the lessons that may prevent such an intense shock in the future. The prevention implies financial regulations, the reform of the global financial system to become more resilient and the changes that have reshaped the role of central banks.",signatures:"Eszter Solt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59897",authors:[{id:"229241",title:"Dr.",name:"Eszter",surname:"Solt",slug:"eszter-solt",fullName:"Eszter Solt"}],corrections:null},{id:"60027",title:"Corporate Governance in Downturn Times: Detection and Alert – The New Italian Insolvency and Crisis Code",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74964",slug:"corporate-governance-in-downturn-times-detection-and-alert-the-new-italian-insolvency-and-crisis-cod",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In its life cycle, an enterprise may experience periods of crisis. If the crisis is monitored promptly and appropriate measures are taken, not only may the enterprise continue to operate but it may also be able to seize opportunities for growth. The Italian legislator is introducing a procedure aimed at supporting companies to detect the very first warning signs of a crisis. The supervisory board of auditors, the audit firm, and certain qualified creditors will have the right and duty to start the early warning procedure (“allerta”). The board of statutory auditors (Collegio Sindacale) plays a fundamental role: its ex-ante supervisory and control activities over management allow it to effectively play an important role as main recipient of any crisis warning signs. The new regulatory framework lays down certain indicators and critical thresholds, which may trigger the alert process. Initially, the Delegated Legislation (Bill No.3671-bis) sets forth certain specific financial indicators. The new bill (Crisis and Insolvency Code) on the contrary refers to a more complex and sector-specific system of indicators. The findings of an empirical research conducted by analysing a sample of more than 600 enterprises and testing the discriminating capacity of the indicators initially considered are presented herein.",signatures:"Patrizia Riva, Alessandro Danovi, Maurizio Comoli and Ambra\nGarelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60027",authors:[{id:"230543",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",surname:"Riva",slug:"patrizia-riva",fullName:"Patrizia Riva"},{id:"245409",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Danovi",slug:"alessandro-danovi",fullName:"Alessandro Danovi"},{id:"245410",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"comoli",slug:"maurizio-comoli",fullName:"Maurizio comoli"},{id:"245411",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambra",surname:"Garelli",slug:"ambra-garelli",fullName:"Ambra Garelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"59739",title:"Public Awareness and Education for Flooding Disasters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74534",slug:"public-awareness-and-education-for-flooding-disasters",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, dramatic river flooding occurred in the city of Prague causing the raising of the river water level more than 8 m and the inundation of the lower parts of the city. The disaster resulted in numerous casualties and damages of buildings and infrastructures. Prior disaster analysis showed that the city was not well prepared for facing the disasters. A digital training could be a powerful tool for increasing knowledge and awareness of the citizens and providing training facilities about response to such disasters. A special Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), therefore, has been developed focused on flooding in Prague offering educational material in crisis flooding. Dedicated technologies have been developed such as a flooding alert and a nonverbal communication language based on icons. The MOOC enables participants to train the new technologies. Participants can also play roles in the crisis management team to increase the sensitivity of the complexity of a flooding crisis and its measurements. The first prototype of the MOOC was tested on a group of students of the Technical Universities of Prague and Delft. The test results will be reported.",signatures:"Leon J. M. Rothkrantz and Siska Fitrianie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59739",authors:[{id:"230761",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",surname:"Rothkrantz",slug:"leon-rothkrantz",fullName:"Leon Rothkrantz"},{id:"240832",title:"Dr.",name:"Siska",surname:"Fitrianie",slug:"siska-fitrianie",fullName:"Siska Fitrianie"}],corrections:null},{id:"60813",title:"Crisis Management: A Historical and Conceptual Approach for a Better Understanding of Today’s Crises",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76198",slug:"crisis-management-a-historical-and-conceptual-approach-for-a-better-understanding-of-today-s-crises",totalDownloads:4610,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We argue that the basic and contemporary concepts related to crisis management, especially in the communication field, share some similarities with what was practiced in ancient civilizations such as the importance of direct contact between the leadership and the public. Other similarities include the accurate diagnosis of the real causes of the crisis, the forbiddance of the dissemination of false news and the reassurance of the public opinion that there is a solution to the crisis, a sound management decision, and a good plan for its implementation. We link the past time crises to the contemporary era, providing a comparison framework. The history of crisis tends to show us that the study of crisis management cannot be linked to a specific civilization or era, especially when humanity had witnessed multiple and complex environmental, political, economic, and military crisis. Moreover, some of the problems and complex issues in the modern era are rooted in history. Thus, many geopolitical crises nowadays are the result of old causes. The study of crisis management from an academic point of view should be a multifaceted analysis, including a historical, a cultural, and an anthropological one, which determines the course of evolution and consequences of the crisis.",signatures:"Khaled Zamoum and Tevhide Serra Gorpe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60813",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60813",authors:[{id:"230918",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Serra",surname:"Gorpe",slug:"t.-serra-gorpe",fullName:"T. Serra Gorpe"},{id:"230920",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",surname:"Zamoum",slug:"khaled-zamoum",fullName:"Khaled Zamoum"}],corrections:null},{id:"59596",title:"Wargaming-Based Crisis Drills",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74628",slug:"wargaming-based-crisis-drills",totalDownloads:1131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Crisis drills should be held periodically in order to find problems of crisis plans, other than to run into problems during a real crisis. Wargaming is an efficient way for crisis drill with low cost and in a convenient manner. For government authorities, they can make deep research into the crisis management by designing a crisis drill wargame, and they can make proper crisis plans by playing the wargame. For the related duty departments or person, they can practice or adopt the examination of their workflow and professional ability by playing the wargame. The system features and elements of wargaming are introduced firstly, and then the form and process of wargaming-based crisis drill are explained. Also, the evaluation methods and decision models are proposed. At last, a wargame replay is analyzed to show the benefits of wargaming evaluation.",signatures:"Xiaolei Li and Qing Song",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59596",authors:[{id:"230981",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xiaolei",surname:"Li",slug:"xiaolei-li",fullName:"Xiaolei Li"},{id:"235866",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",surname:"Song",slug:"qing-song",fullName:"Qing Song"}],corrections:null},{id:"61370",title:"Landslide Risk Management and Crises Events",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76350",slug:"landslide-risk-management-and-crises-events",totalDownloads:1289,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of geological and landslide risk management is seen as a series of events leading to risk reduction, including risk analysis, risk assessment, risk mapping, vulnerability evaluation, concept of acceptable risk, monitoring organization, engineering-technical methods, insurance, and others. 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\r\n\tPsychometrics generally refers to a specialized field of psychology concerning the techniques of assessment, measurement, and their respective theories. Psychometrics include objective measurement of cognitive functions (intelligence, memory, attention, reaction times, etc.), characteristics of personality (e.g. hypochondria, hysteria, paranoia, social introversion, psychotic traits), emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), behavior, and socio-educational qualities. Their constructs are also applied to emotional and mental disorders (especially anxiety and depression). Psychometric measures are inferred through mathematical models based on observation and statistical analysis conducted on a sample of subjects in comparison with the general population that leads to the planning of mental tests, scales, and open or close-ended questionnaires. Psychometricians usually possess specific qualifications such as those of psychologists and other operators with experience and training in psychometrics and with knowledge in measurements theories.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book aims to provide an update on theoretical approaches, instruments, and procedures of modern psychometrics. Authors are encouraged to include examples of psychometric assessments in human experimental models and possible clinical applications in human disorders.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-189-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-188-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-190-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"c0fb1dfb98e0ae76496610595407145e",bookSignature:" Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11441.jpg",keywords:"Psychometrics, Mathematical Base, Statistical Base, Psychometric Instrument, Psychometric Procedure, Human Cognition, Personality Testing, Clinical Application, Psychometric Experiments, Questionnaires, Neuropsychology, Psychological Testing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna is a clinical neurologist and researcher in cognitive sciences with experience in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cognitive disorders or affected by epilepsy. He has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. 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1. Introduction
Distributed fiber optic sensors are widely used for variety of applications such as structural health monitoring, perimeter and pipeline security, temperature, pressure, strain, and vibration measurements due to its lightweight, ease of installation, and immunity to electromagnetic fields [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. One of the modern forward-looking fiber optic techniques, the so-called phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR), enables detection of acoustical perturbations along sensing optical fibers of several kilometers length [19, 20, 21, 22].
Such optical sensor analyzer operates as a conventional OTDR, where a light pulse is injected into the optical fiber and Rayleigh backscattering radiation originating from the natural refractive index inhomogeneities frozen in the fiber core is recorded as time-dependent traces. However, in contrast to the conventional OTDR utilizing low coherence laser sources and hence based on recording of Rayleigh backscattering intensity, the φ-OTDR systems require highly coherent lasers with a coherence length exceeding the pulse duration and employ a difference between consequent time-dependent traces as a readout signal. For proper operation of φ-OTDR systems, the allowed optical frequency shift between two neighboring pulses should be low enough to keep Rayleigh backscattering interference pattern recorded as a result of pulse reflections from multiple scattering fiber centers unchangeable. Under these conditions, two consecutive traces recorded in an undisturbed fiber are identical. Meanwhile, any change in geometry of the frozen distribution of the refractive index in the fiber core caused by stress, strain, or temperature variations applied to some fiber points affects the difference between successive traces and, therefore, can be detected and localized with φ-OTDR systems [19, 20, 21, 22]. Typically for long-distance measurements, a coherent laser source with a few kHz linewidth and frequency drift less than 1 MHz/min is required [2].
It is well known that self-injection locking of conventional telecom DFB lasers could significantly improve their spectral performance [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. In our previous works, we have demonstrated substantial narrowing of the laser linewidth due to a spectrally selective feedback realized with FORR built from low-cost standard fiber telecom components [35, 36, 37]. To provide the DFB laser locking, a part of the optical radiation emitted by the DFB laser is passed through the filtering in a fiber ring resonator and returned into the laser cavity. This low-cost all-fiber solution allows achieving the laser linewidth as narrow as 500 Hz [36].
In this chapter, we demonstrate application of the DFB laser locked through a fiber ring cavity for φ-OTDR systems. In particular, we show that the proposed laser solution in combination with the moving differential processing algorithm enables accurate detection and localization of vibrations applied to the sensing fiber at a distance up to 10 km.
2. Experimental results and discussion
Figure 1 shows the experimental configuration of the DFB laser locked through a fiber optic ring resonator (FORR). The MITSUBISHI FU-68PDF-V520M27B DFB laser with a built-in optical isolator operates a linewidth of ~2 MHz at the wavelength of ~ 1534.85 nm. The output DFB laser radiation is passed through an optical circulator (OC), optical coupler (C1), and polarization controller (PC1) and then introduced into a fiber optic ring resonator. The FORR consists of a variable ratio coupler VRC, 95/5 coupler C2 and comprises ~4 m length of a standard SMF-28 fiber. The operation of FORR is similar to the Fabry-Perot interferometer with the reflected power detected in port B and transmitted power directed to the coupler C3 [20]. The radiation at the port A is used as an output of the injection-locked DFB (IL-DFB) laser, while port B and C are connected to detectors for the monitoring of the reflected and transmitted powers, respectively. Optical isolators prevent reflections from the fiber ends that potentially could affect the DFB laser behavior. The polarization controller (PC2) and the optical switcher (OS) are used to adjust the feedback strength and activate or deactivate the optical feedback loop that returns transmitted through the FORR power back into the DFB laser cavity.
Figure 1.
The experimental configuration of the DFB laser locked through FORR. OC—Optical circulator, VRC—Variable ratio coupler, C—Optical coupler, PC—Polarization controller, OS—Optical switcher.
Once the DFB laser frequency gets a resonance with the FORR, the DFB laser is locked in frequency to one of the FORR frequency modes. This effect could be observed as a suppression of the temporal power fluctuations recorded at ports C and B. Figure 2 shows typical oscilloscope traces of transmitted and reflected powers recorded at ports C and B, respectively. Single frequency regime is observed during some time intervals that are interrupted by short-time mode hopping events. The frequency drift during the stable time interval strongly depends on environmental conditions and can be less than 1–2 MHz/min, if the FORR is placed in an isolation box used for environmental protection.
Figure 2.
Typical oscilloscope traces for transmitted and reflected powers.
Stabilization of the laser operation is accompanied by stabilization of the polarization state of the locked DFB laser radiation recorded at the port A and the transmitted power recorded at the port C (see Figure 3). However, during the mode hopping, the polarization state can be changed. In our previous work, we have reported two possible regimes of mode hopping [35]. The first regime, we have attributed to the hopping between FORR modes of nearest orders, but of the same polarization state, and the second one to the hopping between orthogonal polarizations modes of the same order. These two regimes have significantly different time which the system takes to recover steady-state operation after the mode hopping event. In the first most common regime, the recovery time is typically ~5 ms, but in the second regime, the typical recovery time is significantly less and equal to ~100 μs [35].
Figure 3.
Polarization behavior during the stable interval: a) at port a and b) at port C.
The locking performance strongly depends on the parameters of the VRC coupler used in the FORR. The coupling regime is defined by a relation between the VRC coupling coefficient k1 and the total losses inside the cavity α [38]:
where the power transmission coefficient α includes all losses inside the fiber loop and γ1 is the intensity loss in the variable ratio coupler.
Figure 4 shows the normalized reflected power versus the coupling coefficient k1 at port B. In the critical coupling regime, the reflected power reaches the minimum, and therefore, all nearby input power are transmitted through the FORR (see Figure 5). For that reason, the critical coupling provides higher feedback strength leading to better locking.
Figure 4.
Normalized reflected power versus coupling coefficient k1 at port B.
Figure 5.
Normalized transmitted power versus coupling coefficient k1 at port C.
Let us stress out that for the DFB laser locked at the resonance frequency of the FORR, the transmitted and reflected powers from FORR are in good agreement with the theoretical estimations.
The finesse of the resonance peak of the FORR is defined as a ratio of the FORR intermode interval to the spectral peak width:
F=FSR/ΔfE2
where FSR = c/nL ≈ 50 MHz is the free spectral range of the FORR and Δf is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the feedback loop transmission peak.
For the FORR configuration with an additional coupler C2, Δf could be found following the same procedure as it is described in Ref. 26 for a simple optical ring resonator. For our resonator, the FWHM of the cavity mode can be estimated as [37]:
Δf=12πτcos−12−1+α1−γ11−k12α1−γ11−k1E3
In the critical coupling regime at k1 = 0.08, Eq. (3) gives Δf = 0.77 MHz and the finesse F = 65.8.
The finesse of the resonator strongly depends on the total cavity losses and the coupling coefficient. The finesse is higher for smaller losses and lower coupling coefficients (see Figure 6).
Figure 6.
The finesse of resonator versus coupling factor k1.
The delayed self-heterodyne spectra of the IL-DFB laser measured with unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer [39] during the time intervals of stable laser operation at the critical coupling regime are shown in Figure 7. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprises 35 km of the delay fiber line in one arm and 20 MHz phase modulator in the other. The beat signal of two interferometer arms is detected by 125 MHz photodiode and RF spectrum analyzer. One can see that the DFB laser linewidth Δν decreases from approximately 2 MHz for a free running laser to 2.4 kHz for the IL-DFB laser operating in critical coupling regime.
Figure 7.
Delayed self-heterodyne spectra of the IL-DFB laser recorded with the laser stabilized for operation in the critical coupling regime.
Assuming the Lorentzian shape of the laser line, the laser coherence length Lc [40] is described as:
Lc=cπNeffΔνE4
where c is the speed of the light in vacuum, Neff is the effective group refraction index in the sensing fiber equal to 1.468 [41], and Δν is the laser linewidth.
Therefore, the coherence length is increased from approximately 26 m for a free running DFB laser up to 27.2 km for the IL-DFB laser operating in the critical coupling regime.
Figure 8 shows the experimentally measured linewidth of the locked DFB laser versus the coupling coefficient k1. The minimal linewidth of about 2.5 kHz is achieved for the laser operating in the under-coupling and critical coupling regimes. In the over-coupling regime, the laser linewidth significantly increases.
Figure 8.
Experimental linewidth of the locked DFB laser versus the coupling coefficient k1.
Thus, the critical coupling provides the best IL-DFB laser stability and narrowest linewidth making the laser applicable in φ-OTDR systems.
The configuration of the φ-OTDR system with IL-DFB laser operating in the critical coupling regime is shown in Figure 9. The output radiation of the IL-DBF laser is amplified by an EDFA up to 23 mW and passes through a bandpass filter (BPF) to filter out spontaneous emission noise.
Figure 9.
Experimental scheme for detection of the perturbation in the sensing fiber. BPF—Bandpass filter, PC—Polarization controller, OIM—Optical intensity modulator, OC—Optical circulator.
An optical intensity modulator (OIM) provides generation of optical pulses with the width of 350 ns and repetition rate of 10 kHz introduced into the sensing fiber through 1/99 coupler and an optical circulator. The sensing fiber comprises 8400 m of standard SMF-28e and 950 m of Raman Optical Fiber (OFS) with the loss coefficient of about 0.33 dB/km. Acoustic perturbations at the frequency of 50 Hz are generated at the sensing fiber distance of 9270 m by a loudspeaker.
The Rayleigh backscattered signal traces have been detected at the port E by 125 MHz photodetector and recorded by an oscilloscope. Each from about 1024 similar traces of 100 ms length has been digitized with a speed of 20 mega samples per second.
Since a low-frequency perturbation causes very small modification of the Rayleigh scattering traces, a simple calculation of the differences between two neighboring successive traces is not enough to localize the perturbed fiber segment. Figure 10 shows superposition of the absolute values of differences between all neighboring successive traces. One can see that the signal obtained for the distance of perturbations is the same as for any other positions.
Figure 10.
Superposition of the absolute values of differences between neighboring successive traces recorded with IL-DFB laser.
However, the signal-to-noise ratio can be significantly improved with applying a special averaging procedure. For these purposes, we have processed the storage traces by employing three-step algorithm which is similar to moving differential method [19].
First, we determine the partial sums by averaging of N consequent traces. Each next partial sum is shifted by a number m of traces from the previous one. Then, we calculate the absolute value of the differences between every consequent partial sum.
The last step of the algorithm includes an analysis of the superposition of the absolute values for all differences.
Figure 11 shows the superposition of all differences for N = 75 and m = 10. The highest peak denotes the point of the perturbation at 9270 m along the fiber under test. The signal peak exceeds the maximum of the noise value in 1.6 times and the average value of the noise approximately by 9 dB. Let us stress out that with the unlocked DFB laser, we never register the perturbation even at distances less than 0.1 km.
Figure 11.
Superposition of the absolute values of differences between averaged traces for IL-DFB laser, m = 10 and N = 75.
It is experimentally demonstrated that the relation between the signal and average value of the noise strongly depends on the shift between the averaging data arrays. However, a choice of the number of averaging not so strongly affects the signal-to-noise ratio and could be selected arbitrary within the interval between 40 and 120. Figure 12 shows superposition of the absolute values of differences between the averaged traces for the shift m = 23 and averaging number N = 75.
Figure 12.
Superposition of the absolute values of differences between averaged traces for IL-DFB laser, m = 23 and N = 75.
The signal peak exceeds the maximum of the noise value in 2.1 times and the average noise value approximately by 10 dB.
Figure 13 shows a superposition of the absolute values of differences between the averaged traces for the shift of m = 45 and averaging number N = 75. The signal peak exceeds the maximum of the noise value in 1.4 times and the average noise value by approximately 8 dB.
Figure 13.
Superposition of the absolute values of differences between the averaged traces for IL-DFB laser, m = 45 and N = 75.
A number of the performed experiments allow us to conclude that in our experimental conditions, the maximum of the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved with the shift m approximately equal to 20.
The obtained value of the signal-to-noise ratio allows correct localization of the perturbations with the IL-DFB laser system at distances of about 10 km and resolution of around 10–15 m but does not allow comparing a capacity of the proposed solution with commercially available techniques.
In order to fulfill this gap, we have performed the same measurements, under the same experimental conditions, but utilizing a commercially available ultra-narrow linewidth (~ 300 Hz) laser OEwaves laser OE4020–155000-PA-00. Figure 14 shows the superposition of the subtractions of averaged traces for the measurements utilizing OEwaves laser for the shift m = 23 and averaging number N = 75. The signal peak at the distance of ~9270 m exceeds the highest noise signal in about 2.25 times that is nearly the same result as obtained with our IL-DFB laser.
Figure 14.
Superposition of the absolute values of the differences between average traces for ultra-narrow linewidth OEwaves laser OE4020–155000-PA-00.
3. Conclusion
We have employed IL-DFB laser configuration at the critical coupling regime for detection and localization of the perturbations by φ-OTDR system.
At the critical coupling regime, the laser power is practically totally accumulated inside the cavity providing strong feedback for laser locking and resulting in the best laser stability and significant narrowing of the laser generation spectrum. The locked DFB laser with the linewidth of about 2.4 kHz provides the long-distance measurements of the perturbations as the moving differential processing algorithm is applied. The IL-DFB laser delivers accurate localization of vibrations at the frequency as low as low 50 Hz at the distance of ~9270 m with the same signal-to-noise ratio that is achieved with an expensive ultra-narrow linewidth laser OEwaves laser OE4020–155000-PA-00.
We believe that proposed solution can be useful for applications in cost-effective φ-OTDR system for the measurement of the perturbations at distances up to ten kilometers.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by project N 265517 CONACYT, Mexico, Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation (14.Z50.31.0015, “State Assignment” 3.3889.2017), Russian Fund of Basic Research (16-42-732135 R-OFIM), and the IAP program VII/35 of the Belgian Science Policy. C.A. López-Mercado was sponsored by the CONACYT, Mexico as Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Mons, Belgium.
\n',keywords:"fiber laser, self-injection locking, phase-sensitive OTDR",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/58338.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/58338.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58338",totalDownloads:927,totalViews:251,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:38,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 9th 2017",dateReviewed:"November 17th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2018",dateFinished:"December 21st 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"We have designed a new fiber laser configuration with an injection-locked DFB laser applicable for phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry. A low-loss fiber optical ring resonator (FORR) is used as a high finesse filter for the self-injection locking of the DFB (IL-DFB) laser. By varying the FORR fidelity, we have compared the DFB laser locking with FORR operating in the under-coupled, critically coupled, and over-coupled regimes. The critical coupling provides better frequency locking and superior narrowing of the laser linewidth. We have demonstrated that the locked DFB laser generates a single-frequency radiation with a linewidth less than 2.5 kHz if the FORR operates in the critically coupled regime. We have employed new IL-DFB laser configuration operating in the critical coupling regime for detection and localization of the perturbations in phase-sensitive OTDR system. The locked DFB laser with a narrow linewidth provides reliable long-distance monitoring of the perturbations measured through the moving differential processing algorithm. The IL-DFB laser delivers accurate localization of the vibrations with a frequency as low as ~50 Hz at a distance of 9270 m providing the same signal-to-noise ratio that is achievable with an expensive ultra-narrow linewidth OEwaves laser (OE4020–155000-PA-00).",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/58338",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/58338",book:{id:"6183",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-fiber-technologies-and-applications"},signatures:"Vasily V. Spirin, Cesar A. López-Mercado, Patrice Mégret and Andrei\nA. Fotiadi",authors:[{id:"7794",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasily",middleName:null,surname:"Spirin",fullName:"Vasily Spirin",slug:"vasily-spirin",email:"vaspir@cicese.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"107849",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Mégret",fullName:"Patrice Mégret",slug:"patrice-megret",email:"patrice.megret@umons.ac.be",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Mons",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},{id:"176723",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Fotiadi",fullName:"Andrei Fotiadi",slug:"andrei-fotiadi",email:"Andrei.FOTIADI@umons.ac.be",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"218248",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"López-Mercado",fullName:"Cesar López-Mercado",slug:"cesar-lopez-mercado",email:"cmercado@cicese.edu.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Experimental results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Shi Y, Feng H, Zeng Z. Distributed fiber sensing system with wide frequency response and accurate location. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2016;77:219-224'},{id:"B2",body:'Peng F, Wu H, Jia X-H, Rao YJ, Wang Z-N, Peng Z-P. Ultra-long high-sensitivity Φ-OTDR for high spatial resolution intrusion detection of pipelines. Optics Express. 2014;22:13804-13810'},{id:"B3",body:'Spirin VV, Swart PL, Chtcherbakov AA, Miridonov SV, Shlyagin MG. Distributed fibre-optic loss sensor with chirped Bragg grating based on transmission-reflection analysis. Electronics Letters. 2003;39:895-897'},{id:"B4",body:'López RM, Spirin VV, Shlyagin MG, Miridonov SV, Beltrán G, Kuzin EA, Márquez Lucero A. 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Technical Physics Letters. 2015;41(5):412-415'},{id:"B16",body:'Faustov AV, Gusarov AV, Mégret P, Wuilpart M, Zhukov AV, Novikov SG, Svetukhin VV, Fotiadi AA. Application of phosphate doped fibers for OFDR dosimetry. Results in Physics. 2016;6:86-87'},{id:"B17",body:'Faustov AV, Gusarov A, Wuilpart M, Fotiadi AA, Liokumovich LB, Zolotovskiy IO, Tomashuk AL, de Schoutheete T, Megret P. Comparison of gamma-radiation induced attenuation in Al-doped, P-doped and Ge-doped fibres for Dosimetry. IEEE Transactions on in Nuclear Science. 2013;60(4):2511-2517'},{id:"B18",body:'Faustov AV, Andrei G, Liokumovich LB, Fotiadi AA, Wuilpart M, Mégret P. Comparison of simulated and experimental results for distributed radiation-induced absorption measurement using OFDR reflectometry. Proc. SPIE. 2013;8794:87943O'},{id:"B19",body:'Lu Y, Zhu T, Chen L, Bao X. Distributed vibration sensor based on coherent detection of phase-OTDR. 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Conference Digest: CLEO-Europe’2007, IEEE'},{id:"B25",body:'Spirin VV, Castro M, López-Mercado CA, Mégret P, Fotiadi AA. Optical locking of two semiconductor lasers through high order Brillouin stokes components in optical Fiber. Laser Physics. 2012;22(4):760-764'},{id:"B26",body:'Fotiadi AA, Kinet D, Mégret P, Spirin VV, Lopez-Mercado CA, Zolotovskii I. Brillouin Fiber Laser Passively Stabilized at Pump Resonance Frequency. Symposium: IEEE Photonics Benelux Chapter; 2012. pp. 365-368'},{id:"B27",body:'Spirin VV, López-Mercado CA, Kinet D, Mégret P, Zolotovskiy IO, Fotiadi AA. Single longitudinal-mode Brillouin fiber laser passively stabilized at pump resonance frequency with dynamic population inversion grating. Laser Physics Letters. 2013;10:015102'},{id:"B28",body:'Lopez-Mercado CA, Spirin VV, Zlobina EA, Kablukov SI, Mégret P, Fotiadi AA. Doubly-resonant Brillouin fiber cavity: Algorithm for cavity length adjustment. IEEE Photonics Benelux Chapter. 2012:369-372'},{id:"B29",body:'Spirin VV, López-Mercado CA, Kinet D, Mégret P, Zolotovskiy IO, Fotiadi AA. Passively stabilized Brillouin fiber lasers with doubly resonant cavities. Proceedings of SPIE. 2013;8601:860135'},{id:"B30",body:'Spirin VV, López-Mercado CA, Kinet D, Zlobina EA, Kablukov SI, Mégret P, Zolotovskiy IO, Fotiadi AA. Double-frequency Brillouin fiber lasers. Proc. SPIE 8772. 2013 87720U'},{id:"B31",body:'Fotiadi A, Spirin V, López-Mercado C, Kinet D, Preda E, Zolotovskii I, Zlobina E, Kablukov S, Mégret P. Recent progress in passively stabilized single-frequency Brillouin fiber lasers with doubly-resonant cavities. CLEO/Europe and EQEC. CLEO-Europe: Conference Digest; 2013'},{id:"B32",body:'Spirin VV, López-Mercado CA, Bueno-Escobedo JL, Lucero AM, Zolotovskii IO, Mégret P, Fotiadi AA. Self-injection locking of the DFB laser through ring fiber optic resonator. Proc. SPIE 9344. 2015 93442B'},{id:"B33",body:'Lopez-Mercado CA, Spirin VV, Nava-Vega A, Patrice M, Andrei F. Láser de Brillouin con cavidad corta de fibra estabilizado pasivamente en la resonancia de bombeo por fenómeno de auto-encadenamiento por inyección óptica. Revista Mexicana de Física. 2014;60:53-58'},{id:"B34",body:'Spirin VV, Mégret P, Fotiadi AA. Passively Stabilized Doubly Resonant Brillouin Fiber Lasers. In: Paul M, Kolkata J, editors. Fiber Lasers. InTech; 2016'},{id:"B35",body:'Bueno Escobedo JL, Spirin VV, López-mercado CA, Mégret P, Zolotovskii IO, Fotiadi AA. Self-injection locking of the DFB laser through an external ring fiber cavity : Polarization behavior. Results in Physics. 2016;6:59-60'},{id:"B36",body:'Spirin VV, López-Mercado CA, Mégret P, Fotiadi AA. Single-mode Brillouin fiber laser passively stabilized at resonance frequency with self-injection locked pump laser. Laser Physics Letters. 2012;9:377-380'},{id:"B37",body:'López-Mercado CA, Spirin VV, Bueno Escobedo JL, Lucero AM, Mégret P, Zolotovskii IO, Fotiadi AA. Locking of the DFB laser through fiber optic resonator on different coupling regimes. Optics Communications. 2016;359:195-199'},{id:"B38",body:'Faramarz E. Seraji, steady-state performance analysis of fiber-optic ring resonator. Progress in Quantum Electronics. 2009;33:1-16'},{id:"B39",body:'Derickson D. Fiber Optic Test and Measurement. Prentice Hall PTR, c: Upper Saddle River, N.J; 1998'},{id:"B40",body:'Muanenda Y, Oton CJ, Faralli S, Di Pasquale F. A cost-effective distributed acoustic sensor using a commercial off-the-shelf DFB laser and direct detection phase-OTDR. IEEE Photonics Journal. 2016;8:1-10'},{id:"B41",body:'http://www.corning.com/opticalfiber/index.asp'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Vasily V. Spirin",address:"vaspir@cicese.mx",affiliation:'
División de Física Aplicada, CICESE, México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Cesar A. López-Mercado",address:null,affiliation:'
Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Belgium
Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Belgium
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Andrei A. Fotiadi",address:null,affiliation:'
Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Department, University of Mons, Belgium
Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the RAS, Russia
Ulyanovsk State University, Russia
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1. Introduction
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare disease first described in 1997 when Keech & Creech published the first case report of anaplastic T-cell lymphoma in proximity to a saline-filled breast implant [1]. Following the initial report, additional case reports and case series of this entity have been published [2, 3, 4].
A possible association between breast implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma was announced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011 [5], and in 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) added BIA-ALCL as a provisionally recognized lymphoma to the family of existing ALCL [6].
In 2019 the FDA issued a safety communication stating, “all individuals who are considering a breast implant of any type be informed of the risk of developing BIA-ALCL”. At the time, most cases of BIA-ALCL were reported to have Allergan’s Biocell textured breast implants, thus, following an FDA recommendation, Allergan initiated a worldwide voluntary recall of their breast implant products in July 2019 [7].
The incidence of the disease has continued to increase with current estimates of the absolute risk for development of BIA-ALCL ranging from 1 in 3,817 to 1 in 30,000 [8].
BIA-ALCL is characterized by the development of peri-implant fluid collection that occurs >1 year after breast implant placement, and/or by a solid mass arising within the implant’s fibrous capsule [9]. Median time since implant placement at diagnosis is estimated at 8–10 years [9].
Overall, the disease has an excellent prognosis, particularly if diagnosed and fully treated at early stage [10]. It is therefore important to increase awareness about this disease amongst health care providers in general and amongst radiologists and provide them with the relevant information for early diagnosis, referral, and treatment.
2. Etiopathogenesis
Although the etiology of BIA-ALCL remains poorly understood, there is evidence demonstrating a preponderance of patients with BIA-ALCL to have been exposed to textured breast implants, developed in the 1980s to reduce implant contractures, which in turn provides clues as to the pathogenesis of this condition [11, 12].
Texturing of the implant shell may lead to a greater inflammatory response of the surrounding fibrous tissue capsule eliciting an increased chronic antigenic stimulation, which in turn could potentially be responsible for the development of ALCL [12]. Other potential causes of chronic inflammation which have been postulated include lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, trauma to the breast pocket, viral infection, and allergens [13].
Currently, there is not enough data to determine whether ALCL may be found more or less frequently in individuals with silicone-filled breast implants compared to individuals with saline-filled breast implants [14].
The presence of germline and somatic mutations, which can increase the susceptibility of the host to BIA-ALCL has been postulated as a contributing factor [12].
Recent molecular studies have identified novel, activating mutations in the Janus kinase (JAK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor (STAT3) pathway as a major risk factor for the development of BIA-ALCL (the presence of germline and somatic mutations, which can increase the susceptibility of the host to BIA-ALCL). Aberrant STAT3 signaling has been established as a mechanistic link between chronic inflammation in non–BIA-ALCL cancers, including B- and T-cell lymphomas, and amongst the latter systemic anaplastic large cell lymphomas (the presence of germline and somatic mutations, which can increase the susceptibility of the host to BIA-ALCL) and persistent STAT3 activation has been definitively linked to improved tumor survival and cell proliferation, increased angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis [13].
3. Epidemiology
Current estimates suggest that each year over 1.8 million people worldwide receive breast implants for cosmetic or reconstructive purposes [15]. In July of 2019 the number of BIA-ALCL reported cases worldwide reached 573, with 320 those cases reported in the US [16]. The estimated lifetime risk of BIA-ALCL in women with textured breast implants range from 1:1,000 to 1:30,000 [17]. A reported geographic variation of the risk is likely due to variable reporting and less likely to geographic or genetic predisposition [17].
4. Clinical features
Mean age at diagnosis is 53.2 ± 12.3 years [17]. Mean interval from implant placement to diagnosis is 10.7 ± 4.6 years [17]. However, this late-onset diagnoses may reflect delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.
Patients most commonly present with rapid onset of a spontaneous fluid collection (60–90%) or capsular mass (10–40%) [9]. Approximately 30% of patients report pain, and about 25% present with skin lesions, most commonly erythema, subcutaneous nodules, eruption, erosion, or ulcer [9].
Implant capsule contracture is present in approximately 30% of cases [9]. When this occurs, there is a preponderance of grade III and IV contracture, defined as clinically symptomatic and visible contracture of the implant capsule [18].
BIA-ALCL disseminates locally in a small proportion of cases [19]. When local dissemination takes place it most commonly involves the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes [19]. The prevalence of lymphadenopathy at diagnosis ranges from 2–14% [19].
Distant disease is uncommon. There are case reports of and distant lymph nodes and bone marrow involvement [19]. Systemic symptoms, such as unexplained weight loss, fever, or night sweats, are also uncommon affecting approximately 8% of patients [19].
5. Radiologic features
5.1 Mammography
In general, mammography findings include nonspecific capsular thickening, and circumferential asymmetry around the implant (Figures 1 and 2) [19, 20].
Figure 1.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Bilateral digital mammogram shows bilateral retro glandular saline breast implants. The right breast is larger than the left and shows a homogeneous and circumferential area of increased density (arrow) surrounding the implant, including the area of palpable abnormality noted by triangular marker in the posterior third of the right breast lower quadrants (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 2.
54-year-old female status post left breast mastectomy for DCIS and right breast prophylactic mastectomy, followed by immediate bilateral breast silicone implant with textured surface reconstruction 11 years ago presented with sudden onset of right breast swelling and enlargement with associated discomfort. She denied fever or general symptoms. Bilateral mammogram shows irregular contours of the right breast silicone implant with associated focal-peri-implant increased density (arrows) (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Unlike with primary breast cancer, mammography is not accurate for detection of either peri-implant effusion or mass-forming BIA-ALCL.
Overall, mammography has a lower sensitivity and specificity than both ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for any abnormality due to BIA-ALCL, at 73% and 50% respectively [21].
5.2 Ultrasound
Ultrasound (US) is the imaging exam of choice. Findings most commonly include a homogeneous peri implant effusion with inflammatory changes in the periprosthetic breast tissue (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 3.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Grey scale ultrasound shows right breast peri-implant fluid collection (arrow) (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 4.
Effusion-only BIA-ALCL in a 55-year-old woman after mastectomy for breast cancer. The initial breast implant was exchanged after 9 years; 7 years later, she experienced sudden new marked implant-associated swelling. Transverse US image shows a large seroma with septa surrounding the intact implant (arrow). US-guided fine-needle aspiration yielded cloudy yellow fluid, cytologic analysis of which demonstrated ALK-negative BIA-ALCL (source: Sharma B et al. [19]).
When a solid mass is present, it frequently appears as an oval, hypoechoic, circumscribed mass, without hypervascularity (Figure 5) [19, 20]. Less frequently, it appears as a complex cystic and solid mass [19, 20].
Figure 5.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Grey scale ultrasound shows a 4 × 1.4 × 2.4 cm mixed echogenicity, oval, partially, indistinct mass (arrow) abutting the fibrous capsule in the right breast at 7 o’clock, 5 cm from the nipple, corresponding to palpable abnormality (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Some cases may present with abnormal ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes, including the presence of nodal cortical thickening or diffusely hypoechoic without evident fatty hilus.
Amongst the commonly used breast imaging modalities, the highest sensitivity for detection of peri-implant fluid collection is reported for ultrasound (84%) [21]. Ultrasound is also reported to have the highest specificity for detection of solid mass (100%) [21].
5.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the imaging test of choice after US, and it particularly add value when US results are indeterminate.
MRI findings include peri-implant tissue edema and effusion, as well as peri-implant mass lesions, including small-volume mass components not detected with US. Enhancement with intravenous gadolinium contrast material may also help with characterization of some findings (Figures 6–10) [19, 20].
Figure 6.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Breast MRI axial T2-weighted fat-saturated sequence shows right breast peri-implant fluid collection (arrow) (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 7.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Breast MRI axial T1-weighted fat saturated postcontrast subtraction shows a 4 × 1.7 × 2 cm oval heterogeneously enhancing mass (arrow) arising from the fibrous capsule in the right lower outer quadrant (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 8.
Mass forming BIA-ALCL in a 29-year-old woman with a right upper inner breast mass 3 years after bilateral breast augmentation with TRF-520 implants (Allergan). Axial gadolinium enhanced fat-saturated breath-hold volume MR image shows a large implant-associated lobulated mass with a central necrotic area and intense rim enhancement (arrow) infiltrating the pectoralis major muscle and threatening the intercostal muscles. Biopsy demonstrated BIA-ALCL (source: Sharma B et al. [19]).
Figure 9.
BIA-ALCL with chest wall invasion in a 29-year-old woman who underwent bilateral breast augmentation with TRF-520 implants (Allergan) and developed a right upper inner breast lump 3 years after surgery. Axial fast spin-echo T2-weighted image with breath holding 4 months later shows irregular surface of the implant (blue arrow) and rapid enlargement (estimated at 7 cm axially) of the lobulated mass (red arrow), which is characterized by a central necrotic area. Biopsy demonstrated large atypical CD30-positive cells infiltrating the fibrous tissue. The final diagnosis was BIA-ALCL (source: Sharma B et al. [19]).
Figure 10.
BIA-ALCL with chest wall invasion in a 29-year-old woman who underwent bilateral breast augmentation with TRF-520 implants (Allergan) and developed a right upper inner breast lump 3 years after surgery. Sagittal short τ inversion-recovery (STIR) image obtained 4 months later shows the mass (arrow) infiltrating the pectoralis major muscle and threatening the intercostal muscles. Biopsy demonstrated large atypical CD30-positive cells infiltrating the fibrous tissue. The final diagnosis was BIA-ALCL (source: Sharma B et al. [19]).
MRI also serves to evaluate for the presence of implant rupture when there is a silicone implant [19].
MRI is the imaging modality with the second highest sensitivity for peri-implant fluid collection at 82% and with the second highest specificity for mass at 93% [21].
6. Diagnosis and histologic features
A high index of suspicion of BIA-ALCL is required to allow a timely diagnosis.
Breast ultrasound should be obtained in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms such as breast swelling, palpable mass, pain, and skin lesions which have developed more than one year after implant placement (average 8–10 years).
If a peri-implant effusion is noted, then fine needle aspiration of at least 50 ml should be performed [22]. In cases where a peri-implant mass is present, either core needle biopsy or surgical excisional biopsy should be performed [22].
In cases with inconclusive findings on ultrasound, a breast MRI should be obtained [22].
Samples should be sent for cytology, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry for CD30 (Figures 11 and 12) and additional differentiation markers (CD2 – CD5, CD7, CD8, CD45, and ALK [19, 20, 22].
Figure 11.
Photomicrograph of ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy samples of solid mass showed in Figure 5 shows most of the cells to be strongly and uniformly positive for CD30 (CD30 immunohistochemistry, ×60) (Source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 12.
Effusion-only BIA-ALCL in a 55-year-old woman after mastectomy, axillary node dissection, implant reconstruction, chemoradiotherapy, and immunotherapy. After 9 years, the implant was exchanged; 7 years later, sudden new marked swelling of the right breast developed. At US, a large seroma surrounded the intact right breast implant; diagnostic aspirate yielded cloudy yellow fluid, which was ALK-negative at cytologic analysis. Immunohistochemistry slides show that the infiltrate is positive for CD30 (source: Sharma B et al. [19]).
The presence of large neoplastic cells that have pleomorphic nuclei, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and irregular cell membranes is required for diagnosis (Figure 13). Uniform CD30 expression, evidence of a single T-cell clone, and an absence of ALK expression are also observed [22]. Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is also often expressed by neoplastic cells [23]. “Hallmark cells” with eccentric kidney or horseshoe-shaped nuclei are not uncommonly seen [23].
Figure 13.
Photomicrograph of ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy samples of solid mass showed in Figure 5 shows large and pleomorphic neoplastic cells with irregular nuclei, large prominent nucleoli, conspicuous mitotic activity, and moderate cytoplasm (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], ×60) (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
If results are indeterminate, a referral to a cancer center is recommended. If results are negative, then it should be treated as a benign seroma. Patients with positive results require a disease workup [22].
7. Staging
The traditional staging for all lymphoma is the Ann Arbor classification. However, BIA-ALCL is not a classical non-Hodgkin lymphoma and it usually progress locally and/or regionally like a solid tumor; thus, it is better suited to the TNM system for staging solid tumors.
The 2019 update of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines now include a TNM disease staging system based on clinical and pathological evaluation first proposed in 2016 by MD Anderson Cancer Center and which may be more applicable for predicting a prognosis and for evaluating treatment regimens in patients with BIA-ALCL [22].
In this TNM classification for BIA-ALCL the disease is considered extended (not localized) if there is tumor invasion beyond the fibrous capsule, spread to one or more regional lymph nodes, or spread to any organs/distant sites (Table 1).
TNM
Criteria
T: Tumor extent
T1
Confined to effusion or a layer on luminal side of capsule
T2
Early capsule infiltration
T3
Cell aggregates or sheets infiltrating the capsule
A surgical oncology consultation is not compulsory but may be beneficial for plastic surgeons unaccustomed to optimal surgical resection of a malignancy.
The goals of surgery are to remove the implant with the surrounding fibrous capsule and any associated capsule mass. Complete surgical excision prolongs both overall survival and event-free survival compared with all other therapeutic interventions [10].
All attempts should be made to gain complete surgical resection because retained or unresectable disease likely indicates the need for adjuvant treatments.
An estimated 2–4% of patients develop bilateral disease, and therefore surgeons may consider removal of the contralateral implant and capsule [10].
Currently, there is no clear role for radical mastectomy or sentinel lymph node biopsy. Full axillary dissection has been used rarely for gross involvement of multiple lymph nodes.
8.2 Adjuvant treatments
No data from prospective trials is available to guide management of patients with disseminated BIAS-ALCL. Current treatment is based on experiences from treating primary cutaneous and systemic ALCL.
Radiation therapy with 24–36 Gray (Gy) to the local or involved site is suggested for patients with local residual disease, positive margins, or unresectable disease with chest wall invasion [22].
Systemic therapy for patients with stage IIB-IV disease can be as combination anthracycline based chemotherapy or as a combination with brentuximab vedotin [22].
9. Surveillance and prognosis
In patients with complete response to treatment, surveillance should include history and physical exam and either a CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis with contrast or a whole-body PET-CT every 6 months for two years and then as clinically indicated (Figures 14 and 15) [22].
Figure 14.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Screen capture of a whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT shows FDG activity of SUV 10.56, corresponding to a soft tissue mass (arrow) in the lower outer quadrant of the right breast adjacent to the implant measuring 3.2 × 4.8 cm × 2.5 cm (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
Figure 15.
63-year-old female with history of saline breast implants with textured surface placed 19 years ago presented with pain and swelling throughout the right breast and a palpable abnormality in the posterior third of the right breast at 7 o’clock for 1 month. Screen capture of a whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT obtained 6 months after bilateral breast explantation and total capsulectomy shows no abnormality (source: Collado-Mesa et al. [20]).
BIA-ALCL has shown to have an excellent prognosis when the disease is diagnosed earlier (localized disease), and when complete surgery, consisting of explantation, capsulectomy, and removal of any associated capsule mass, is performed [9, 10].
Compared to stage I disease, stage II and stage III disease have a rate of disease events and recurrence which are 2.6-fold higher and 2.7-fold higher respectively [10].
Patients with T1–T3 disease have 0% rate of disease events following complete surgical excision as compared to T4 disease have a 14.3% in patients with T4 disease [10]. Local recurrence is most common if incomplete resection or partial capsulectomy took place [10].
A study of causes of death in patients diagnosed with BIA-ALCL showed that all the patients who died had incomplete surgical excision or did not receive targeted therapy [24]. The study also reported delay in diagnosis or treatment for an average of 1–2 years [24]. Direct extension into the chest wall leading to respiratory failure was a common cause of death [24]. Other less commonly reported causes of death included stem cell transplant complication and development of a second unrelated lymphoma [24].
10. Conclusion
In the absence of infection or trauma, the development of a new peri-implant effusion more than one year after breast implant placement should prompt consideration for the diagnosis of BIA-ALCL As the clinical symptoms are often nonspecific, radiologists, particularly those involved in breast imaging, play an important role in its diagnosis,. While mammography may demonstrate subtle abnormalities, ultrasound and MRI have higher sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosis requires sampling of peri-implant fluid or mass and or lymph node. Suspicion of BIA-ALCL should be communicated to the pathologist, and immunohistochemistry for CD30 ordered. Once diagnosed, oncology referral and multi-specialty team care including plastic surgery and radiation therapy is recommended. Prompt diagnosis and complete treatment appear to lead to excellent prognosis.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, fine needle aspiration, needle biopsy, positron emission tomography",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79164.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79164.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79164",totalDownloads:74,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 5th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 28th 2021",datePublished:"April 20th 2022",dateFinished:"October 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare disease first described in 1997. Since then, its incidence has continued to increase. Current estimated lifetime risk in women with textured breast implants range from 1:1000 to 1:30,000. Most cases present with rapid and dramatic breast swelling resulting from peri-implant fluid collection. Palpable mass, pain, and skin lesions also occur. A high index of suspicion in patients who develop a seroma around the breast implant more than one year after implant placement is required. The combination of clinical history, physical exam findings, and appropriate imaging workup can lead to a timely and accurate diagnosis. The disease has excellent prognosis when it is diagnosed earlier, and complete surgery is performed. Radiologists, particularly those involved in breast imaging, can play an essential role in early diagnosis. This chapter presents an overview of the disease, including relevant imaging findings.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79164",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79164",signatures:"Fernando Collado-Mesa",book:{id:"10790",type:"book",title:"Lymphoma",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Lymphoma",slug:"lymphoma",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10790.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-112-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-111-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-117-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"422382",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Collado-Mesa",fullName:"Fernando Collado-Mesa",slug:"fernando-collado-mesa",email:"fcollado@med.miami.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Etiopathogenesis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Epidemiology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Clinical features",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Radiologic features",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Mammography",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.2 Ultrasound",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"5.3 Magnetic resonance imaging",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Diagnosis and histologic features",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Staging",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"8. Treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"8.1 Surgical treatment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"8.2 Adjuvant treatments",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"9. Surveillance and prognosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"10. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Keech JA Jr, Creech BJ. Anaplastic T-cell lymphoma in proximity to a saline-filled breast implant. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997;100:554-555'},{id:"B2",body:'Gaudet G, Friedberg JW, Weng A, Pinkus GS, Freedman AS. Breast lymphoma associated with breast implants: Two case reports and a review of the literature. Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002;43(1):115-119'},{id:"B3",body:'Wong AK, Lopategui J, Clancy S, Kulber D, Bose S. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with a breast implant capsule: A case report and review of the literature. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2008;32(8):1265-1268'},{id:"B4",body:'Miranda RN, Lin L, Talwalkar SS, Manning JT, Medeiros LJ. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving the breast: A clinicopathologic study of 6 cases and review of the literature. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2009;133(9):1383-1390'},{id:"B5",body:'Reports of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) in Women with Breast Implants: FDA Safety Communication. 2011. Available from https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111070030/http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm240000.htm [Accessed: 2021-08-02]'},{id:"B6",body:'Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Harris NL, Stein H, Siebert R, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016;127(20):2375-2390'},{id:"B7",body:'US Food and Drug Administration. The FDA requests allergan voluntarily recall natrelle biocell textured breast implants and tissue expanders from the market to protect patients: FDA safety communication. Available from https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191214045822/https://www.fda.gov/node/390731 [Accessed: 2021-08-02]'},{id:"B8",body:'US Food and Drug Administration. FDA In Brief: FDA updates public information about known risk of lymphoma from breast implants. Available from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-updates-public-information-about-known-risk-lymphoma-breast-implants [Accessed: 2021-08-02]'},{id:"B9",body:'Clemens MW, Brody GS, Mahabir RC, Miranda RN. How to diagnose and treat breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2018;141(4):586e-599e'},{id:"B10",body:'Clemens MW, Medeiros LJ, Butler CE, et al. Complete surgical excision is essential for the management of patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2016;34(2):160-168'},{id:"B11",body:'Kadin ME, Deva A, Xu H, Morgan J, Khare P, MacLeod RA, et al. Biomarkers provide clues to early events in the pathogenesis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2016;36(7):773-781'},{id:"B12",body:'Rastogi P, Riordan E, Moon D, Deva AK. Theories of etiopathogenesis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2019;143(3S):23S-29S'},{id:"B13",body:'DeCoster RC, Clemens MW, Di Napoli A, Lynch EB, Bonaroti AR, Rinker BD, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2021;147(1):30e-41e'},{id:"B14",body:'US Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers about breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Available from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/breast-implants/questions-and-answers-about-breast-implant-associated-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma-bia-alcl [Accessed: 2021-08-02]'},{id:"B15",body:'International Society of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery: International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic Procedures performed in 2018. Available from https://www.isaps.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ISAPS-Global-Survey-Results-2018-new.pdf [Accessed: 2021-08-02]'},{id:"B16",body:'US Food and Drug Administration. Medical device reports of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Available from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/breast-implants/medical-device-reports-breast-implant-associated-anaplasticlarge-cell-lymphoma [Accessed: 2020-02-18]'},{id:"B17",body:'Doren EL, Miranda RN, Selber JC, et al. U.S. epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2017;139(5):1042-1050'},{id:"B18",body:'Spear SL, Baker JL Jr. Classification of capsular contracture after prosthetic breast reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995;96(5):1119-1123'},{id:"B19",body:'Sharma B, Jurgensen-Rauch A, Pace E, Attygalle AD, Sharma R, Bommier C, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Review and multiparametric imaging paradigms. Radiographics. 2020;40(3):609-628'},{id:"B20",body:'Collado-Mesa F, Yepes MM, Net JM, Jorda M. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Brief overview of current data and imaging findings. Breast Disease. 2021;40(1):17-23'},{id:"B21",body:'Adrada BE, Miranda RN, Rauch GM, Arribas E, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Clemens MW, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Sensitivity, specificity, and findings of imaging studies in 44 patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2014;147(1):1-14'},{id:"B22",body:'Clemens MW, Jacobsen ED, Horwitz SM. NCCN consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2019, 2019;39(Suppl_1):S3-S13'},{id:"B23",body:'Pastorello RG, D\'Almeida Costa F, Osório CABT, Makdissi FBA, Bezerra SM, de Brot M, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a Li-FRAUMENI patient: A case report. Diagnostic Pathology. 2018;13(1):10'},{id:"B24",body:'Abi-Rafeh J, Safran T, Al-Halabi B, Dionisopolous T. Death by implants: Critical analysis of the FDA-MAUDE database on breast implant-related mortality. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open. 2019;7(12):e2554'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Fernando Collado-Mesa",address:"fcollado@med.miami.edu",affiliation:'
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Joint coordinates and end-effector coordinates of the manipulator are functions of independent coordinates, i.e., joint parameters. This chapter explained forward kinematics task and issue of inverse kinematics task on the structure of the DOBOT manipulator. Linearization of forward kinematic equations is made with usage of Taylor Series for multiple variables. The inversion of Jacobian matrix was used for numerical solution of the inverse kinematics task. The chapter contains analytical equations, which are solution of inverse kinematics task. It should be noted that the analytical solution exists only for simple kinematic structures, for example DOBOT manipulator structure. Subsequently, simulation of the inverse kinematics of the above-mentioned kinematic structure was performed in the Matlab Simulink environment using the SimMechanics toolbox.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ondrej Hock and Jozef Šedo",authors:[{id:"208453",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Hock",slug:"ondrej-hock",fullName:"Ondrej Hock"},{id:"209566",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Šedo",slug:"jozef-sedo",fullName:"Jozef Šedo"}]},{id:"57605",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71409",title:"Optimization Approach for Inverse Kinematic Solution",slug:"optimization-approach-for-inverse-kinematic-solution",totalDownloads:1672,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inverse kinematics of serial or parallel manipulators can be computed from given Cartesian position and orientation of end effector and reverse of this would yield forward kinematics. Which is nothing but finding out end effector coordinates and angles from given joint angles. Forward kinematics of serial manipulators gives exact solution while inverse kinematics yields number of solutions. The complexity of inverse kinematic solution arises with the increment of degrees of freedom. Therefore it would be desired to adopt optimization techniques. Although the optimization techniques gives number of solution for inverse kinematics problem but it converses the best solution for the minimum function value. The selection of suitable optimization method will provides the global optimization solution, therefore, in this paper proposes quaternion derivation for 5R manipulator inverse kinematic solution which is later compared with teachers learner based optimization (TLBO) and genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimum convergence rate of inverse kinematic solution. An investigation has been made on the accuracies of adopted techniques and total computational time for inverse kinematic evaluations. It is found that TLBO is performing better as compared GA on the basis of fitness function and quaternion algebra gives better computational cost.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Panchanand Jha and Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal",authors:[{id:"209316",title:"Dr.",name:"Panchanand",middleName:null,surname:"Jha",slug:"panchanand-jha",fullName:"Panchanand Jha"},{id:"209681",title:"Dr.",name:"Bibhuti Bhusan",middleName:null,surname:"Biswal",slug:"bibhuti-bhusan-biswal",fullName:"Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal"}]},{id:"57452",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71406",title:"Kinematic Performance Measures and Optimization of Parallel Kinematics Manipulators: A Brief Review",slug:"kinematic-performance-measures-and-optimization-of-parallel-kinematics-manipulators-a-brief-review",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter covers a number of kinematic performance indices that are instrumental in designing parallel kinematics manipulators. These indices can be used selectively based on manipulator requirements and functionality. This would provide the very practical tool for designers to approach their needs in a very comprehensive fashion. Nevertheless, most applications require a more composite set of requirements that makes optimizing performance more challenging. The later part of this chapter will discuss single-objective and multi-objectives optimization that could handle certain performance indices or a combination of them. A brief description of most common techniques in the literature will be provided.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Abdur Rosyid, Bashar El-Khasawneh and Anas Alazzam",authors:[{id:"209597",title:"Dr.",name:"Bashar",middleName:null,surname:"El-Khasawneh",slug:"bashar-el-khasawneh",fullName:"Bashar El-Khasawneh"},{id:"217882",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdur",middleName:null,surname:"Rosyid",slug:"abdur-rosyid",fullName:"Abdur Rosyid"},{id:"217884",title:"Dr.",name:"Anas",middleName:null,surname:"Alazzam",slug:"anas-alazzam",fullName:"Anas Alazzam"}]},{id:"57479",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71444",title:"A New Methodology for Kinematic Parameter Identification in Laser Trackers",slug:"a-new-methodology-for-kinematic-parameter-identification-in-laser-trackers",totalDownloads:1239,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in measurement systems such as laser trackers (LT) for the verification of large-scale parts in the aeronautic, spatial or naval sectors because of their advantages in terms of portability, flexibility, high speed in data acquisition, accuracy, and reliability. These systems present systematic errors caused by geometrical misalignments, environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear and other unpredictable variables. Different standards such as the ASME B89.4.19 and the VDI 2617-10 suggest tests to calculate the geometric errors of the LT. In this work, we present an alternative calibration method based on a new errors model. The LT can be considered as an open kinematic chain, so it is possible to shape a kinematic model of the LT. Once the kinematic model has been set, the error model is defined. The model has been validated with synthetic data. Then, experimental tests based on the measurement of a mesh of reflectors placed at suitable places for different locations of the LT have been performed to ensure the reliability of the method proposed. A sensitivity analysis shows the best experimental setup to perform a calibration test. The calibration results have been validated with nominal data.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Majarena, Javier Conte, Jorge Santolaria and Raquel\nAcero",authors:[{id:"5350",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Santolaria",slug:"jorge-santolaria",fullName:"Jorge Santolaria"},{id:"153147",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Majarena Bello",slug:"ana-cristina-majarena-bello",fullName:"Ana Cristina Majarena Bello"},{id:"209623",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Conte",slug:"javier-conte",fullName:"Javier Conte"},{id:"209624",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Acero",slug:"raquel-acero",fullName:"Raquel Acero"}]},{id:"57491",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71407",title:"How to Expand the Workspace of Parallel Robots",slug:"how-to-expand-the-workspace-of-parallel-robots",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, methods for expanding the workspace of parallel robots are introduced. Firstly, methods for expanding the translational workspace of the parallel robot are discussed. The parallel robot has multiple solutions of the inverse and forward displacement analysis. By changing its configurations from one solution to another, the parallel robot can expand its translational workspace. However, conventional nonredundant parallel robot encounters singularity during the mode change. Singularity-free mode changes of the parallel robot by redundant actuation are introduced. Next, methods for expanding the rotational workspace of the parallel robot are shown. In order to achieve the large rotation, some mechanical gimmicks by gears, pulleys, and helical joints have been embedded in the moving part. A novel differential screw-nut mechanism for expanding the rotational workspace of the parallel robot is introduced.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Takashi Harada",authors:[{id:"57026",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",slug:"takashi-harada",fullName:"Takashi Harada"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57435",title:"Kinematic Model for Project Scheduling with Constrained Resources Under Uncertainties",slug:"kinematic-model-for-project-scheduling-with-constrained-resources-under-uncertainties",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Project management practitioners and researchers recognize that the project scheduling efforts are made based on information with many uncertainties and in an environment with constrained resources. This chapter presents the kinematic model named as Coupled Estimate Technique for project scheduling with constrained resources under uncertainties. The Coupled Estimate Technique provides tools of analytical analysis, given that the modelled duration depends on the planned duration and on the resource variability (aleatory uncertainty), as well as the modelled resource depends on the planned resource and on the duration variability (aleatory uncertainty), and also provides tools of graphical analysis, given that the durations and resources of activities, work packages or phases of the project are represented in the bidimensional graphics. In developing the mathematical formulation of the Coupled Estimate Technique, the project precedence diagram was considered as a kinematic chain of robotic manipulators, which may be in chain configuration open (serial), closed (parallel) and/or hybrid. This chapter describes the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) under uncertainties, identifies the limitations and opportunities in the previous work on planning under uncertainties and presents the fundamentals and method of the kinematic model for project scheduling with constrained resources under uncertainties along with a short example of implementation.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Giuliani Paulineli Garbi and Francisco José Grandinetti",authors:[{id:"208870",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuliani",middleName:null,surname:"Garbi",slug:"giuliani-garbi",fullName:"Giuliani Garbi"},{id:"221823",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco José",middleName:null,surname:"Grandinett",slug:"francisco-jose-grandinett",fullName:"Francisco José Grandinett"}]},{id:"57578",title:"Kinematic and Biodynamic Model of the Long Jump Technique",slug:"kinematic-and-biodynamic-model-of-the-long-jump-technique",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The main aim of the study was to determine the kinematic model for long jump and define the kinematic and dynamic parameters of an elite long jumper’s technique. The theoretical model was based on real data where the jumper was defined with a joint mass point. In view of certain previous similar studies, our study identified kinematic and dynamic parameters directly without using the inverse mechanics method. The analysis was made on two jumps of the top level athlete G.C., who won the bronze medallion in long jump at the World Championships in Seville. The kinematic parameters of the take-off, flight and landing were measured with a 3-D video ARIEL system (Ariel Dynamics Inc., USA). The dynamic characteristics of take-off in the X, Y and Z axes were registered with a force-platform (KISTLER-9287), which was installed immediately prior the take-off board. The take-off efficiency was defined best by the following parameters: horizontal velocity, VXTO—8.10 m s−1; vertical velocity, VYTO—3.90 m s−1; angle of projection, PATO—24.1°; duration of compression phase, TDMKF—84 ms, duration of lift phase, MKFTO—43 ms and maximal force in Y-vertical axis, FYMAX—5132 N. An important factor of a rational technique of long jump is also the landing, which is defined by the landing distance and fall-back distance. The efficiency of the landing depended on the landing distance L3—0.63 m and fall-back distance LFB, which amounted to 0.15 m.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Milan Čoh, Milan Žvan and Otmar Kugovnik",authors:[{id:"208530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Čoh",slug:"milan-coh",fullName:"Milan Čoh"}]},{id:"57610",title:"Forward and Inverse Kinematics Using Pseudoinverse and Transposition Method for Robotic Arm DOBOT",slug:"forward-and-inverse-kinematics-using-pseudoinverse-and-transposition-method-for-robotic-arm-dobot",totalDownloads:2250,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Kinematic structure of the DOBOT manipulator is presented in this chapter. Joint coordinates and end-effector coordinates of the manipulator are functions of independent coordinates, i.e., joint parameters. This chapter explained forward kinematics task and issue of inverse kinematics task on the structure of the DOBOT manipulator. Linearization of forward kinematic equations is made with usage of Taylor Series for multiple variables. The inversion of Jacobian matrix was used for numerical solution of the inverse kinematics task. The chapter contains analytical equations, which are solution of inverse kinematics task. It should be noted that the analytical solution exists only for simple kinematic structures, for example DOBOT manipulator structure. Subsequently, simulation of the inverse kinematics of the above-mentioned kinematic structure was performed in the Matlab Simulink environment using the SimMechanics toolbox.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ondrej Hock and Jozef Šedo",authors:[{id:"208453",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Hock",slug:"ondrej-hock",fullName:"Ondrej Hock"},{id:"209566",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Šedo",slug:"jozef-sedo",fullName:"Jozef Šedo"}]},{id:"57605",title:"Optimization Approach for Inverse Kinematic Solution",slug:"optimization-approach-for-inverse-kinematic-solution",totalDownloads:1672,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inverse kinematics of serial or parallel manipulators can be computed from given Cartesian position and orientation of end effector and reverse of this would yield forward kinematics. Which is nothing but finding out end effector coordinates and angles from given joint angles. Forward kinematics of serial manipulators gives exact solution while inverse kinematics yields number of solutions. The complexity of inverse kinematic solution arises with the increment of degrees of freedom. Therefore it would be desired to adopt optimization techniques. Although the optimization techniques gives number of solution for inverse kinematics problem but it converses the best solution for the minimum function value. The selection of suitable optimization method will provides the global optimization solution, therefore, in this paper proposes quaternion derivation for 5R manipulator inverse kinematic solution which is later compared with teachers learner based optimization (TLBO) and genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimum convergence rate of inverse kinematic solution. An investigation has been made on the accuracies of adopted techniques and total computational time for inverse kinematic evaluations. It is found that TLBO is performing better as compared GA on the basis of fitness function and quaternion algebra gives better computational cost.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Panchanand Jha and Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal",authors:[{id:"209316",title:"Dr.",name:"Panchanand",middleName:null,surname:"Jha",slug:"panchanand-jha",fullName:"Panchanand Jha"},{id:"209681",title:"Dr.",name:"Bibhuti Bhusan",middleName:null,surname:"Biswal",slug:"bibhuti-bhusan-biswal",fullName:"Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal"}]},{id:"57413",title:"Optimization of Single-Sided Lapping Kinematics Based on Statistical Analysis of Abrasive Particles Trajectories",slug:"optimization-of-single-sided-lapping-kinematics-based-on-statistical-analysis-of-abrasive-particles-",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The chapter presents the influence of selected kinematic parameters on the geometrical results of the single-sided lapping process. The optimization of these parameters is aimed at improving the quality and flatness of the machined surfaces. The uniformity of tool wear was assumed as main optimization criterion. Lapping plate wear model was created and in detail was analyzed. A Matlab program was designed to simulate the abrasive particles trajectories and to count their distribution. In addition, the influence of additional guiding movements of the conditioning ring has been verified and the idea of a flexible single-sided lapping system assisted with a robot, which ensures the optimal constant wear over the diameter was presented.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Adam Barylski and Norbert Piotrowski",authors:[{id:"208566",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Norbert",middleName:null,surname:"Piotrowski",slug:"norbert-piotrowski",fullName:"Norbert Piotrowski"},{id:"209144",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Barylski",slug:"adam-barylski",fullName:"Adam Barylski"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1286",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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