Cytotoxic activities of cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides
\r\n\tThe TSPO exact role in cellular metabolism is still enigmatic, and therefore, the understanding of its cellular function gradually opens new potential ways for therapeutic interventions, especially when cellular apoptosis, necrosis and energy utilization are involved.
\r\n\tThis book will present the overview on current knowledge of the TSPO functions in cells of different organs and aim to focus on the constantly ongoing research of cellular metabolism.
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells, which begin to divide without stopping and can form solid tumors. Cancer is a collection of more than 100 different diseases with genetic changes, which can be inherited or be caused by environmental exposure to chemicals, tobacco smoke, or radiation, such as UV rays from the sun.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US and is responsible for approximately 1 out of every 4 deaths. Globally, nearly 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Approximately, 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. There were 14.1 million new cancer cases, 8.2 million cancer deaths, and 32.6 million people living with cancer (within 5 years of diagnosis) in 2012 worldwide, based on World Health Organization (WHO) estimates. A total of 57% (8 million) of new cancer cases, 65% (5.3 million) of cancer deaths, and 48% (15.6 million) of 5-year prevalent cancer cases occurred in less-developed regions [1, 2].
The most common treatments for cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, and in many cases, they are used in combination [3]. These treatments can be effective but can cause side effects, such as anemia, appetite loss, fatigue, and alopecia [4].
Plants are an important source of compounds currently used in cancer chemotherapy. The Cucurbitaceae family, also called cucurbits, contains 120 genera with 825 species that are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions [5], and those with edible fruits were the first cultivated plants in Europe and America. Many species of the Cucurbitaceae family are used as human food [6]. Most of the species in this family are annual vines, and some are lianas, thorny shrubs, or trees. The most important genera of this family are
Some cucurbitanes have been isolated from different species of the Cucurbitaceae family. These compounds exhibit an extensive range of biological actions, specifically antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, and antiparasitic effects [7].
Cucurbitacins are characteristic compounds in many species of cucurbits. These compounds are tetracyclic triterpenes arising from a rearrangement of the protostane cation and are unsaturated and polyfunctional oxygenated compounds and occur most often as glycosides. They are particularly toxic and bitter chemicals, and their cytotoxicity contributes to their toxicity [8]. Cucurbitanes are found in many plants.
The most significant mechanisms of the apoptotic effects of cucurbitacins are their ability to modify the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and transcriptional activity via nuclear factors or genes and their ability to activate or inhibit pro- or antiapoptotic proteins.
Similar to other plant-derived compounds, cucurbitacins exert toxic effects in different cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis. The main mechanism of this induction is the ability to modify the mitochondrial transmembrane potential [6].
Therefore, some compounds obtained from Cucurbitaceae could be useful scaffolds for developing new drugs. We consider it necessary to review the main chemicals from this genus with potential anticancer activity.
Cucurbitacins are primarily tetracyclic triterpenoids (Figure 1) that compose a class of biochemical compounds contained in plants of the family Cucurbitaceae, which include the Thai medicinal plants
General structure of cucurbitacin tetracyclic triterpenoid.
Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is an oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid compound (
CuB potently suppressed the growth of four types of NSCLC cells (H1299, A549, HCC-827, and H661), inhibiting the proliferation of all the cell lines with IC50 values between 0.05 and 0.130 μM. The mean tumor volume at the end of the study in CuB-treated mice was 200 ± 111 mm3, compared to 684 ± 321 mm3 in the control group (average reduction of 70% in tumor volume (p < 0.05). No visible sign of toxicity was observed in CuB-treated mice [10]. CuB could suppress human NSCLC cell growth in vitro through its effects on the PI3Kinase and MAPK pathways, which lead to programmed cell death induction, as well as inhibition of cell migration and cell invasion [11]. Additionally, CuB induces cell cycle arrest in A-549 cells and causes DNA double strand breaks. It also produces DNA damage and G2/M phase arrest; this damage could be due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation [12].
The cytotoxic effect of CuB was tested on HeLa and U2OS cells, and the IC50 values were 12.2 and 17.07 μM, respectively. The inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro was observed with an IC50 > 1 mM [13]. CuB from the leaves of Tunisian
DHCB inhibited the viability of human cervical cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 40–60 μM, but its cytotoxic effects were less pronounced in normal epithelial fr2 and HerEpiC cells, where the IC50 was 125 μM. The underlying mechanisms were studied, and the results showed that DHCB induced apoptosis in HeLa cells and caused ROS-mediated shifts in the ΔΨm. Additionally, DHCB caused cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells at the G2/M checkpoint. The phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) cascade may play an important role in cancer tumorigenesis and progression and resistance to chemotherapy. The results indicated that DHCB decreased the expression of important proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade [16].
DHCF (
The inhibition of breast cancer metastasis in mouse models by CuE was reported. To evaluate the effect of CuE on the proliferation and apoptosis of inoculated 4T1 and MDA-MB231 cells in vivo, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cleaved caspase-3 was tested by immunohistochemical analysis [18]. CuE targets the dissemination of breast cancer cells from the primary tumor but not the outgrowth of established micrometastases in target organs (lung, liver, between others). CuE exerts no significant effect on tumor cell apoptosis or proliferation in vivo [19].
CuE demonstrated cytotoxic activity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma SAS cells with an IC50 of 3.69 μM and induced the apoptosis of SAS cells after 24 h of treatment, but not MRC-5 or HS68 cells, which showed a dose-dependent reduction. Microscopic examination showed that following exposure to CuE (2.5 μM) for 6–24 h, the cells displayed a remarkable change in their morphology, and CuE induced the death of cancer cells [20].
The inhibitory effect of CuE on the proliferation of Bcap37 and MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed by the MTT assay. Breast cancer cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) of CuE or DMSO as a control for 24, 48, and 72 h. The MTT method was then used to determine the number of viable cells. The data indicated that CuE inhibited cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (ANOVA, p < 0.05). After treatment with 0.1 μM CuE for 24 h, the growth of Bcap37 and MB-231 cells was significantly inhibited. At a CuE concentration of 100 μM, most of the cancer cells detached from the dish [21].
Additionally, CuE was evaluated on the chondrosarcoma SW 1353 cancer cell line, and the IC50 values indicated higher toxicity in this cell line than in the previously test lines (MTT assay). The amount of CuE that induced a mortality of 50% was calculated after 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment, and the results were 13.55, 12.65, and 9.16 μM, respectively [22]. The cytotoxic effect of CuE was tested on HeLa and U2OS cells, and the IC50 values were 6.43 and 15.07 nM, respectively. The inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro had an IC50 of 566.91 nM [13].
The effects of CuE from
One additional cucurbitacin was discovered in the roots of
CuI, also known as elatericin B or JSI 124, has been isolated from different plants, such as
The cytotoxicity IC50 values of CuI in SW 1353 cells after 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment were 7.93, 8.31, and 5.06 μM, respectively [22]. The cytotoxic activity of CuI against SW-480 human colon cancer cells was tested. In this case, CuI diminished cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and increased apoptosis, enhancing cycle arrest at the G2/M phase [25].
The cytotoxicity of CuI was tested in HeLa and U2OS cells, and the IC50 values were 44.77 and 23.47 nM, respectively. The inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro had an IC50 > 1 mM [13]. The effects of CuI purified from
CuD was evaluated in the chondrosarcoma SW 1353 cancer cell line. Its IC50 values against SW 1353 cells after 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment were 16.48, 13.03, and 13.14 μM, respectively [22].
The effects of CuD purified from
The antiproliferative effects of Cucurbitacin A (CuA) on A-549 cells were determined by using the MTT assay. This compound exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect on A-549 cells. The assay was carried out at different concentrations of CuA (0, 10, 20, 40, 100, 150, and 200 μM) with incubation for 24 and 48 h. CuA showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the effect of the incubation time was more pronounced at higher doses of the compound. CuA also induced morphological changes in these cells, featuring chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and apoptotic body formation. G2/M phase cell cycle collapse was also induced by CuA along with inhibition of the expression levels of m-TOR/PI3K/Akt proteins [26].
This compound is a cucurbitacin isolated from
Phytochemical investigation of the fruits of
Three cucurbitane triterpenoids were isolated from
2β,3β,20(
Several new cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides (Figures 3 and 4) have been isolated from the fruit pulp of
Structure of cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides 15’, 17’-19’, 21’, 24’-29’.
Structure of cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides 20’, 22’, 23’, 28’.
Two new cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides, charantagenins D (
Cancer cell line | IC50 values (μM) |
---|---|
A549 lung cancer cell line | |
U87 glioblastoma cell line | |
Hep3B hepatoma carcinoma cell line | |
SKHep1 human hepatoma cell line | |
Cytotoxic activities of cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides
Several new cucurbitane triterpenoids were isolated from the stems and leaves of
Multiflorane-type triterpenes (Figure 5), a new class of cucurbitacins, were isolated from seeds of
Multiflorane-type triterpenes.
Three new multiflorane-type triterpenes, 7α-methoxymultiflor-8-ene-3α,29-diol-3-acetate-29-benzoate (
Analysis of
Cyclic bisdesmosides, new compounds analogous to cucurbitacins, share the tetracyclic triterpenoid core but contain carbohydrates to form a bicycle (Figure 6). These compounds were isolated from
Cyclic bisdesmosides structure.
Two new cyclic bisdesmosides elucidated as lobatoside L (
Cancer cell lines | IC50 values (μM) |
---|---|
Esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line ECA-109 | |
Lung cancer cell line A549 | |
Gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 | |
Cytotoxic activities of cyclic bisdesmosides
Tubeimoside I (
The gypenosides (Figure 7) were isolated from
Gypenosides structure.
Gypenoside L (
In addition to the cucurbitacins, other substances isolated from the Cucurbitaceae family have been identified, including proteins isolated from the sarcocarp of
A novel type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) designated cucurmosin was isolated from the sarcocarp of
Overall structure of cucurmosin in stereo view.
Cucurmosin was tested for its cytotoxicity against human leukemia cells (K562), murine melanoma cells (B16), lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549), and peripheral blood lymphocytes using the standard MTT assay. The IC50 values of cucurmosin were 88.1, 63.4, and 359.3 nM in human leukemia cells (K562), murine melanoma cells (B16), and lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549), respectively, while its IC50 in normal cells (peripheral blood lymphocytes) was higher than 1.4 μM [38].
Trichosanthin was isolated from the roots of
Tianhua, an extract of
The aim of this review is to present 51 cucurbitacin compounds and two compounds with different structures isolated from Cucurbitaceae plants, their chemical structures, their biological activities, and the mechanisms by which these compounds reduce the proliferation of cancer cells.
The authors declare that there is note conflict of interest.
The name “cereal” derives from
Cereal | Protein (%) | Fat (%) | Crude fiber (%) | Ash (%) | Starch (%) | Total dietary fiber (%) | Total phenol (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | 7.5 | 2.4 | 10.2 | 4.7 | 77.2 | 3.7 | 2.51 |
Wheat | 14.4 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 64.0 | 12.1 | 20.5 |
Maize | 12.1 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 62.3 | 12.8 | 2.91 |
Barley | 11.5 | 2.2 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 58.5 | 15.4 | 16.4 |
Sorghum | 11 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 73.8 | 11.8 | 43.1 |
Oats | 17.1 | 6.4 | 11.3 | 3.2 | 52.8 | 12.5 | 1.2 |
Rye | 13.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 68.3 | 16.1 | 13.2 |
Finger millet | 7.3 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 59.0 | 19.1 | 10.2 |
Pearl millet | 14.5 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 60.5 | 7.0 | 51.4 |
Foxtail millet | 11.7 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 59.1 | 19.1 | 106 |
Bangladesh, a low-lying, riverine country, lies in the north-eastern part of South Asia between latitude 20034′ and 26038’ N and longitude 88001′ and 92041′ E. The country, with an area of 147,570 sq. km (56,977 sq. mi), is bounded by India on the west-north and north-east while Myanmar on the south-east and the Bay of Bengal on the south [3]. Bangladesh, predominantly an agrarian country, enjoys generally a subtropical monsoon climate. The country comprises a wide range of agro-ecosystems spread over the wetlands, (deltaic) flood plains as well as the hills. The agriculture sector contributes about 14.23% of the country’s GDP and employs around 40.60% of the total labour force [4]. Due to its very fertile land and favorable weather conditions, a wide diversities of crops e.g., cereals, pulses, oilseeds, spices and condiments, fibers, vegetables, etc. grow abundantly in this country. Cereal crops occupied more than 75% of the total cropped area of Bangladesh [4].
Among the cereal crops, rice is the staple food for millions across the globe including Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, rice occupies more than 96% of the land area under “Cereal Agriculture”. Bangladesh is the third-largest rice producer in the world after China and India [5]. Maize occupies the 2nd position both in acreage and production, but its production is insufficient to meet the national demand, followed by wheat and other minor cereals
No. | Cropping pattern | Area (ha) | % of NCA | District (no.) | Upazila (no.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
001 | Boro−Fallow−T. Aman | 2306005 | 26.919 | 63 | 426 |
002 | Boro−Fallow−Fallow | 1139530 | 13.302 | 59 | 342 |
003 | Fallow−Fallow−T. Aman | 509480 | 5.947 | 36 | 162 |
004 | Boro−Aus − T. Aman | 209015 | 2.440 | 47 | 177 |
005 | Fallow−Aus − T. Aman | 193275 | 2.256 | 30 | 108 |
006 | Mustard−Boro−T. Aman | 184620 | 2.155 | 51 | 203 |
007 | Boro−B. Aman | 183070 | 2.137 | 32 | 113 |
008 | Potato−Boro−T. Aman | 180380 | 2.106 | 33 | 115 |
009 | Wheat−Jute−T. Aman | 147210 | 1.718 | 43 | 216 |
010 | Vegetable−Vegetable−Vegetable | 143270 | 1.672 | 61 | 283 |
011 | Mustard−Boro−Fallow | 143130 | 1.671 | 37 | 112 |
012 | Grasspea−Fallow−T. Aman | 108150 | 1.262 | 25 | 80 |
013 | Maize−Fallow−T. Aman | 101460 | 1.184 | 39 | 126 |
014 | Wheat−Fallow−T. Aman | 90910 | 1.061 | 39 | 100 |
015 | Mungbean−Fallow−T. Aman | 89650 | 1.047 | 22 | 70 |
016 | Grasspea−Aus − T. Aman | 81610 | 0.953 | 19 | 61 |
017 | Vegetable−Fallow−T. Aman | 74710 | 0.872 | 45 | 170 |
018 | Vegetable−Vegetable−Fallow | 63935 | 0.746 | 59 | 168 |
019 | Onion−Jute−T. Aman | 54185 | 0.633 | 39 | 102 |
020 | Mungbean−Aus − T. Aman | 53730 | 0.627 | 14 | 43 |
021 | Chili−Fallow−T. Aman | 52995 | 0.619 | 45 | 146 |
022 | Lentil−Jute−T. Aman | 51875 | 0.606 | 34 | 96 |
023 | Vegetable−Vegetable−T. Aman | 51745 | 0.604 | 49 | 127 |
024 | Wheat−Jute−Fallow | 48700 | 0.568 | 32 | 82 |
025 | Potato−Maize−T. Aman | 47690 | 0.557 | 19 | 68 |
In this chapter, the historical development and production scenario of different cereal crops of Bangladesh, their present status, constraints, challenges and opportunities have been described and discussed.
In our tradition, rice is synonymous with food, the world’s second-largest per capita rice consumption at 179.9 kg yr.−1 [8], and is dominating the entire crop sector. It provides nearly 48% of rural employment, about two-thirds of the total calorie supply and one-half of the total protein intake of an average person in the country. The rice sector contributes one-half of the agricultural GDP and one-sixth of the national income in Bangladesh [3]. Due to favorable weather conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, day length, etc.), rice is grown all the year-round in three growing periods
The total rice coverage was about 11.52 million hectares (m ha) over three rice growing seasons in 2018–2019 (Table 3). Most of the modern rice cultivars are photoperiod insensitive, therefore, they could be cultivated almost throughout the year. Even in some specific ecosystems, farmers may harvest three rice crops a year from the same piece of land. The recent coverage of Aus, Aman and Boro area were 9.60, 48.82 and 41.58 per cent, respectively. Boro and Aman contributed 53.75 and 38.62 per cent, respectively of the total rice production whereas Aus only 7.63 per cent, although total production of Aus rice increasing very slowly [9].
Though the total rice-growing area did not change much during the last four and a half decades (Figure 1), rice production nearly quadrupled from 9.8 million metric tons (m t) in 1971–1972 to 36.4 m t in 2019, helping Bangladesh to achieve self-sufficiency in rice production and ensuring food security. There had been a major shift in ecotype based (Boro-Aus-Aman) rice cultivation. The area under HYVs of Boro rice was 0.32 m ha in 1971–1972, 4.11 m ha in 2007–2008 and 4.79 m ha in 2018–2019. Most of the traditional Aus cultivars were in the process of replacement with the introduction of HYVs. Around 50 per cent of the traditional Deep Water Rice (DWR) lands were transformed into irrigated Boro land [9]. In 1971–1972 traditional Aus coverage was 2.95 m ha. More than two-thirds of the Aus area was given up mostly to Boro by 2014–2015. The coverage under Aman has experienced little change since 1971. The trends in area coverage and production under different rice ecotypes are described and discussed in detail in [9]. Recently, researchers of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and their collaborators had developed the rice vision leading to 2050 and beyond for Bangladesh [11]. They reported that rice production could reach 47.2 m t, having a surplus of 2.6 m t in 2050 and targeted to be continued thereafter, at the present increment rate of rice production. Several measures were also recommended to achieve the rice vision of Bangladesh leading to 2050 and beyond [11]. Although rice is the component of most of the cropping patterns of Bangladesh, 17 cropping patterns exclusively contained rice crops [7]. Five of them were most dominant among cropping patterns of Bangladesh.
Area coverage and production trend of rice. M ha million hectare; m t million metric ton. Source: BBS [
Bangladesh was very rich in rice genetic resources. Name of nearly 12,500 traditional cultivars, those were cultivated in different seasons of Bangladesh, were listed [12]. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Gene Bank contains more than 8,000 traditional rice cultivars collected from Bangladesh. Rice breeders used many of these landraces as donors to develop elite lines that have been used as parents for popular improved rice cultivars grown throughout Asia [13]. The Genetic Resource and Seed Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has collected and conserved more than 8,000 landraces of rice were as long medium, and short-term storage (Table 4). Most of the traditional cultivars are out of cultivation due to comparatively low yield, although these have many exceptional qualities e.g., fineness, taste, aroma, etc. Only around eight per cent of the recorded landrace cultivars are still available with the farmers in some fragile pocket areas like saline, drought, deep water area and hilly areas of Bangladesh [13]. In recent years, the cultivation of traditional rice cultivars with exceptional features e.g., long grains, fineness, taste, aroma, etc. is retrieving popularity for a premium price, customer’s preferences, national and international demand, etc. Presently, one specialized research institute, the BRRI and a few other organizations like Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), are working on the development of high yielding rice cultivars, both inbred and hybrids, for different seasons (Table 5). Seeds of some hybrid cultivars are imported by different organizations and seed companies from different countries.
Season | Coverage (m ha) | Total production (m t) | Yield (t ha−1) | % of total area | % of total production |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.11 | 2.78 | 2.51 | 9.60 | 7.63 | |
5.62 | 14.06 | 2.50 | 48.82 | 38.62 | |
4.79 | 19.56 | 4.08 | 41.58 | 53.75 | |
Total | 11.52 | 36.30 | — | — |
Cultivar/Line | Registered in accession |
---|---|
Indigenous | |
Local landraces | 5202 |
Pure line selection | 1030 |
Exotic | 790 |
Exotic/breeding lines | 968 |
Wild Rice of Bangladesh ( | 42 |
Wild rice from IRRI | 12 |
Total | 8044 |
Season | Cultivar |
---|---|
Aus | Broadcast – BR20, BR21, BR24, BRRI dhan27, BRRI dhan42, BRRI dhan43, BRRI dhan65 and BRRI dhan83. |
Transplant – BR1, BR2, BR3, BR6, BR7, BR8, BR9, BR14, BR16, BR26, BRRI dhan27, BRRI dhan48, BRRI dhan55, BRRI dhan82, BRRI dhan85, BRRI dhan98 and BRRI hybrid dhan7; Iratom 24, Binadhan-19. | |
Aman | BR3, BR4, BR5, BR10, BR11, BR22, BR23, BR25, BRRI dhan30, BRRI dhan31, BRRI dhan32, BRRI dhan33, BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan37, BRRI dhan38, BRRI dhan39, BRRI dhan40, BRRI dhan41, BRRI dhan44, BRRI dhan46, BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan51, BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan53, BRRI dhan54, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57, BRRI dhan62, BRRI dhan66, BRRI dhan70, BRRI dhan71, BRRI dhan72, BRRI dhan73, BRRI dhan75, BRRI dhan79, BRRI dhan80, BRRI dhan87, BRRI dhan90, BRRI dhan91, BRRI dhan93, BRRI dhan94, BRRI dhan95, BRRI hybrid dhan4 and BRRI hybrid dhan6; Binashail, Binadhan-4, Binadhan-7, Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, Binadhan-13, Binadhan-15, Binadhan-16, Binadhan-17, Binadhan-19, Binadhan-21, Binadhan-22, Binadhan-23; BAU dhan1, BAU dhan2. |
Boro | BR1, BR2, BR3, BR6, BR7, BR8, BR9, BR12, BR14, BR15, BR16, BR17, BR18, BR19, BR26, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan35, BRRI dhan36, BRRI dhan45, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan50, BRRI dhan55, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan59, BRRI dhan60, BRRI dhan61, BRRI dhan63, BRRI dhan64, BRRI dhan67, BRRI dhan68, BRRI dhan69, BRRI dhan74, BRRI dhan81, BRRI dhan84, BRRI dhan86, BRRI dhan88, BRRI dhan89, BRRI dhan92, BRRI dhan96, BRRI dhan97, BRRI dhan99, BRRI dhan100, BRRI hybrid dhan1, BRRI hybrid dhan2, BRRI hybrid dhan3 and BRRI hybrid dhan5; Binadhan-5, Binadhan-6, Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, Binadhan-14, Binadhan-18, Binadhan-24; BAU dhan3. |
Seasonal distribution of modern, both inbred and hybrid, rice cultivars in Bangladesh.
Source: BRRI [15]; http://www.bina.gov.bd/;http://www.sca.gov.bd/
Wheat, one of the first cultivated plants, possesses unique dough-forming properties and is the leading source of plant (cereal) protein in the human diet, having higher protein content (14.4%) compared to other major cereals i.e., maize (corn) and rice (12.1 and 7.5%, respectively) (Table 1). In terms of total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food crop and ahead of maize, allowing for more extensive use in animal feeds. The increasing income level and urbanization lead to dietary changes such as switching from traditional rice to wheat and to livestock, poultry, and fish products, which in turn require large amounts of maize for their production [16].
In Bangladesh, it is a crop of Rabi (Winter; Mid-October to Mid-March) season; it requires dry weather, bright sunlight and well-distributed rainfall between 40 and 110 cm for congenial growth. Although wheat has some advantages in its cultivation compared to Boro and other winter crops i.e., less water requirement, echo-friendly, high nutritional value, diversified use, etc.; the command area under wheat cultivation showed a decreasing trend (Figure 2). In 1971–1972, the coverage was 0.127 m ha and the total production was only 0.113 m t. Since then the coverage area remarkably went up to 0.88 m ha in 1998–1999 which is almost 7 times in 27 years. However, the area declined to 0.39 m ha in 2006–2007 and maintained more or less the same level up to 2011–2012, thereafter, an increasing trend up to 2015–2016 and the 0.33 m ha in 2018–2019 (Figure 2). The total production followed the same trend until 2006–2007 having the highest peak (1.90 m t) in 1998–1999. However, despite a small increase in the coverage area (compared to 1971–1972), the production trend is quite inspiring (Figure 2). This might be due to the application of innovative approaches in wheat research and development [9]. A specialized research institute, the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI) has very recently been established in 2017. Formerly, it was a (Wheat) Research Centre under the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). Until today 33 high yielding wheat cultivars are developed by BARI (Table 6). Just getting separated from BARI very recently, BWMRI has released three cultivars,
Area coverage and production trend of wheat. M ha million hectare; m t million metric ton. Source: BBS [
Serial Number | Name of cultivar | Year of Release | Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Kalyansona | 1968 | 2.6–3.2 |
2 | Sonora 64 | 1974 | 1.6–2.2 |
3 | Norteno 67 | 1974 | 2.8–3.2 |
4 | Mexi 65 | 1974 | 2.6–3.6 |
5 | Inia 66 | 1974 | 2.5–3.0 |
6 | Sonalika | 1974 | 3.0–3.5 |
7 | Tanori 71 | 1975 | 2.8–3.2 |
8 | Jupateco 73 | 1975 | 3.0–3.2 |
9 | Nuri 70 | 1975 | 2.5–3.0 |
10 | Balaka | 1979 | 2.6–3.0 |
11 | Doel | 1979 | 2.5–3.0 |
12 | Pavon 76 | 1979 | 3.0–3.6 |
13 | Akbar | 1983 | 3.5–4.5 |
14 | Kanchan | 1983 | 3.5–4.5 |
15 | Ananda (BAW 18) | 1983 | 2.1–3.4 |
16 | Barkat | 1983 | 3.4–3.8 |
17 | Agrahani | 1987 | 3.5–4.0 |
18 | Protiva | 1993 | 3.5–4.5 |
19 | BARI Gom −19 (Sourav) | 1998 | 3.5–4.5 |
20 | BARI Gom −20 (Gourab) | 1998 | 3.6–4.8 |
21 | BARI Gom −21 (Shatabdi) | 2000 | 3.6–5.0 |
22 | BARI Gom −22 (Sufi) | 2005 | 3.6–5.0 |
23 | BARI Gom −23 (Bijoy) | 2005 | 4.3–5.0 |
24 | BARI Gom −24 (Prodip) | 2005 | 4.3–5.1 |
25 | BARI Gom-25 | 2010 | 3.6–5.0 |
26 | BARI Gom-26 | 2010 | 3.6–5.0 |
27 | BARI Gom −27 | 2012 | 4.0–5.4 |
28 | BARI Gom −28 | 2012 | 4.0–5.5 |
29 | BARI Gom −29 | 2014 | 4.0–5.0 |
30 | BARI Gom −30 | 2014 | 4.5–5.5 |
31 | BARI Gom −31 | 2017 | 4.5–5.0 |
32 | BARI Gom −32 | 2017 | 4.6–5.0 |
33 | BARI Gom −33 | 2017 | 4.0–5.0 |
Modern wheat cultivars developed by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute.
Source: Azad
Maize, indigenous to the Americas and staple in South and Central America and Southern Africa, occupied the second position both in area and production and mainly used for animal and poultry feed industries in Bangladesh. It was an insignificant crop, still reported as a minor cereal in Bangladesh perspective [4], and a little development was observed until 2000. Then the area started increasing progressively while the total production increased quite significantly (Figure 3). Maize is now cultivated in both Rabi (Winter; Mid-October to Mid-March) and Kharif-1 (Early monsoon; Mid-March to Mid-July) seasons, and area and production of maize increased considerably. Now, it secured second position pushing wheat to third. In 1971–1972, the coverage and total production were 0.0028 m ha and 0.002 m t respectively which increased to 0.445 m ha to produce 3.569 m t in 2019 (Figure 3). The corresponding increments in percentages were
Area coverage and production trend of maize. Source: BBS [
Serial Number | Name of cultivar | Season | Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Shuvra | Rabi | 4.5–5.5 |
2 | Khoibhutta | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-3.5-4.0, Kharif-2.5-3.5 |
3 | Barnali | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-5.5-6.0, kharif-4.0-4.5 |
4 | Mohor | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-5.0-5.5, Kharif-3.5-4.5 |
5 | BARI Maize-5 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-6.5-7.5, Kharif-5.0-6.0 |
6 | BARI Maize-6 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-6.5-7.5, Kharif-5.0-6.0 |
7 | BARI Maize-7 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-6.5-7.5, Kharif-5.0-6.0 |
8 | BARI Sweet Corn-1 | Rabi | 10.5 |
9 | BARI Baby Corn-1 | Rabi | 1.27–1.30 |
10 | BARI Hybrid Maize-1 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-7.5-8.5, Kharif-6.5-7.0 |
11 | BARI Hybrid Maize-2 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi-9.0-9.5, Kharif-7.0-7.5 |
12 | BARI Hybrid Maize-3 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10-10.5, Kharif-7.0-7.5 |
13 | BARI Hybrid Maize-4 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 9.0-9.5, Kharif-7-7.5 |
14 | BARI Hybrid Maize-5 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 9-10, Kharif-7.0-7.5 |
15 | BARI Hybrid Maize-6 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 9.0-9.5, Kharif-7-7.5 |
16 | BARI Hybrid Maize-7 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10.0-11.0, Kharif-7-7.5 |
17 | BARI Hybrid Maize-8 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10.0-11.5, Kharif-7-7.5 |
18 | BARI Hybrid Maize-9 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 11.5-12.5 |
19 | BARI Hybrid Maize-10 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10.0-11.5 |
20 | BARI Hybrid Maize-11 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10.5-11.5 |
21 | BARI Hybrid Maize-12 | Rabi | 10.0–11.1 |
22 | BARI Hybrid Maize-13 | Rabi | 8.1–8.9 |
23 | BARI Hybrid Maize-14 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 10.84, Kharif-10.52 |
24 | BARI Hybrid Maize-15 | Rabi, Kharif | Rabi- 12.75, Kharif-12.07 |
25 | BARI Hybrid Maize-16 | Rabi | 11.57 |
26 | BARI Hybrid Maize-17 | — | — |
Modern maize cultivars developed by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute.
Source: Azad
Barley, one of the oldest cereal crops, ranked fourth among grains behind maize, rice, and wheat. It is widely grown in marginally productive soils across the world points to the high adaptability of the genus
Area coverage and production trend of barley. T ha thousand hectare; t t thousand metric ton. Source: FAOSTAT 2020
Serial Number | Name of cultivar | Year of Release | Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1. | BARI Barley-1 | 1994 | 2.2–2.5 |
2. | BARI Barley-2 | 1994 | 2.0–3.0 |
3. | BARI Barley-3 | 2001 | 2.2–2.5 |
4. | BARI Barley-4 | 2001 | 1.75–2.0 |
5. | BARI Barley-5 | 2005 | 2.5–3.0 |
6. | BARI Barley-6 | 2005 | 2.5–2.75 |
7. | BARI Barley-7 | 2015 | 2.0 = 2.5 |
8. | BARI Barley-8 | 2018 | 2.2–2.51 |
9. | BARI Barley-9 | 2018 | 2.2 |
Modern barley cultivars developed by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute.
Source: Azad
Sorghum, one of the most drought-resistant crops that originated in equatorial Africa, grown for grain, fodder, fiber and/or biofuel, is the world’s fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley with 57.89 m t of annual global production in 2019 <http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC>. In 1971–1972, the coverage and total productions were 1032 ha and 745 t, respectively which decreased to only 73 ha and produced 87 t in 2018 (Figure 5). The only recommended sorghum cultivar available in Bangladesh is BARI Jowar-1, the PGRC (BARI) has collected and conserved 268 sorghum accessions [21].
Area coverage and production trend of sorghum. Source: FAOSTAT 2020
Pearl millet, one of the earliest domesticated millets [2], is well-adapted to poor, droughty, and infertile soils and is, therefore, a vital subsistence crop in countries surrounding the Sahara Desert and in western Africa where soils are tough and rainfall is low <www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77105978-1>. In 2007–8, the coverage and total production of pearl millet in Bangladesh were only 26.72 ha and 35 t, respectively which increased to 28.7 ha and produced 38 t in 2018 (Table 9). However, it went completely out of cultivation in the subsequent year [4]. Only two accessions of pearl millet germplasm are conserved at the PGRC, BARI [18].
Year | Pearl millet | Proso- and Foxtail-millet | Other Cereals | Binnidana | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Production (t) | Area (ha) | Production (t) | Area (ha) | Production (t) | Area (ha) | Production (t) | |
2007–2008 | 26.72 | 35 | 1770.44 | 1466 | 8110.12 | 5048 | ||
2008–2009 | 26.72 | 35 | 1251.01 | 1100 | 2618.62 | 1697 | ||
2009–2010 | 24.29 | 40 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 2024.29 | 2000 | ||
2010–2011 | 64.78 | 100 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 2429.15 | 2000 | ||
2011–2012 | 60.73 | 80 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 1619.43 | 1000 | ||
2012–2013 | 56.68 | 80 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 275.30 | 180 | ||
2013–2014 | 40.48 | 380 | 1214.57 | 2000 | 238.87 | 160 | ||
2014–2015 | 36.44 | 50 | 1214.57 | 7000 | 12.14 | 90 | ||
2015–2016 | 36.03 | 48 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 404.86 | 200 | ||
2016–2017 | 30.77 | 40 | 1214.57 | 1000 | 404.86 | 485 | ||
2017–2018 | 28.74 | 38 | 809.72 | 1000 | — | — | ||
2018–2019 | — | — | 809.72 | 1000 | — | — | 225.10 | 5 |
Proso millet is rich in protein, minerals, vitamins, and micronutrients; it is gluten-free and therefore, ideal for the gluten intolerant people. The nutritive parameters of proso millet are comparable to or better than common cereals [24]. Under drought and poor soil conditions, it also gives a better yield compared to all other crops, where there is a probability of complete failure of other grain crops [25]. Foxtail millet is an underutilized, drought-tolerant crop that stands to become much more important in a potentially much warmer and dryer future environment [26]. In 2007–8, the coverage and total productions were only 1770.44 ha and 1466 t, respectively which decreased to 809.72 ha and produced 1000 t in 2019 (Table 9). The only cultivar of Cheena, Tushar, and four cultivars of Kaon,
Finger millet and ditch millet are grown on a very limited area in the districts of Kushtia and Rajshahi; others are cultivated all over Bangladesh with little inputs in poor and marginal lands including the river beds [28]. Oats and rye are extremely nutritious, with a higher fat content than most cereals and an excellent grade of dietary fiber. In 2007–8, the coverage and total productions were only 8110.12 ha and 5048 t, respectively which decreased to 404.86 ha and produced 485 t in 2017 (Table 9). Moreover, on cultivation data/information was available for subsequent years [4], perhaps went to out of cultivation also. A new cereal crop “
Cereal (in fact rice) agriculture is synonymous with Bangladesh agriculture that plays a key role in food security and livelihood. Only 92 cropping pattern out of existing 316 was identified as an exclusive non-rice area which occupied less than 9 per cent of the net cropped area of Bangladesh [7]. The cereal agriculture, and agriculture in Bangladesh as a whole, is facing serious natural and man-made hitches that deserve special attention to this sector. The arable land is decreasing at an alarming rate (0.1% yr.−1) due to urbanization, roads and highways, infrastructure development, etc., severe degradation of natural resources like soil, water, climate, etc., the recurrent occurrence of devastating flood and drought, and the looming threat of salinity increment in the coastal region. Further in Bangladesh condition, the global climate change and related adverse effects on agriculture are rendering the worst impacts in temperature rise, abnormal rainfalls, sea-level rise, frequency of cyclone and storm surges, the encroachment of more saline areas, aggravation of drought problem and reduction in the availability of surface and groundwater [29]. There is a substantial extent of degradation of agricultural lands caused by soil erosion (1.70 m ha), river erosion (1.70 m ha), soil fertility decline (8.00 m ha), depletion of soil organic matter (7.50 m ha), waterlogging (0.70 m ha), soil salinity (0.84 m ha), pan formation (2.82 m ha), acidification (0.06 m ha) and deforestation (0.30 m ha) [30]. Some other soil-related constraints to cereal crop production are heavy consistency, poor structure, high osmotic pressure or drought, both physical and physiological, causing a reduction in the ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients, etc. The soil health scenario becomes worsen due to imbalanced fertilization and unplanned increase in mono-crop based cropping intensity and thus, the quality agricultural land is getting scanty. A survey reported that 2% of arable land belongs to a very good type, 34% good, 39% moderate, 16% poor, and 9% very poor [30].
The quality and timely supply of agricultural inputs are other constrain for cereal crop cultivation in Bangladesh. For instance, about 18% of the entire seed requirement of the country can only be met from certified and truthfully labeled seeds of Government and private sources, and the remaining 82% comes from the seed storage of farmers’ own. There are serious problems in the quality of seeds supplied by public, private, and farmers themselves [30]. The scarcity of irrigation water (and its resources) is added to another constrain for sustainable cereal production in Bangladesh and the world as well. For example, an increase in Boro growing area in Bangladesh to 6 m ha by 2050 will increase the irrigation demand to
Bangladesh, one of the highest densely populated country in the world, endures the 8th largest world population (
Due to climate change, sea-level rise will cause inundation of about 16% of total cropped area, displace 10% of the population, increased salinity in the coastal zone and reduce crop yields, ultimately causing loss of 2 m t of crop harvest [29]. Global warming will cause cyclones and storm surges in high frequency and volume. Due to river erosion and storm surges, moderate to severe erosion will occur in flood plains and char lands. Out of 2.85 m ha, about 1.00 m ha in the coast is affected by different degrees of salinity which will continue to increase due to climate change. About 2.32 m ha and 1.2 m ha of net cropped area are respectively severely and moderately drought-affected and the problem will further aggravate. Moreover, about 1.32 m ha and 5.05 m ha of the net cropped area are, respectively severely and moderately flood-prone that seriously hamper crop production [29]. Besides, reduced availability of surface and groundwater in the dry season due to excessive extraction of groundwater for irrigation purposes is coming up as a serious problem. The development of water-saving techniques in agriculture is a critical issue. The inadequate facilities and programs for the production and distribution of quality seeds and other inputs to the farmers are the main reason for low productivity; there is a wide yield gap between demonstration and farmers’ field yield. For example, the current yield gaps between demonstration and farmers’ yield for Aus, T. Aman and Boro are 2.74, 4.89 and 4.08 t ha−1, respectively [29]. Thus, the challenge is to reduce the current yield gap for cereal production enhancement. The farmers’ knowledge-gap in adopting modern agricultural technologies also leads to low productivity. Further, the yield ceiling of modern cultivars needs to be improved by developing super cultivars. Low quality and adulterated agricultural inputs
Although Bangladesh faces huge constrains and challenges in achieving food and nutritional security due to its high population, diet changes, and limited room for expanding cropland and cropping intensity, Bangladesh will remain self-sufficient in rice at least to 2050 at the present rate of technological, in both cultivar and management, advancement and population growth [16]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates, on contrary, reported that the rice production in Bangladesh could decline by 8 per cent and wheat by 32 per cent due to higher temperatures and changing rainfall patterns by 2050 [33]. For achieving food and nutritional security in the coming days, the following actions may be taken to increase cereal grains yield (per unit area) and production –
Minimize the yield gap by (i) increasing actual farmers’ yield corresponding to current yield potential (Yp) levels by improving the crop management practices,
Develop new cultivars with greater yield potentials and stress tolerance.
Replacement of current low yielding cultivars with and other recently released high yielding hybrid, short-duration and fast-growing, drought and salt resistant cultivars. The expanded availability of modern rice and other cereal crops cultivar(s) could endure climate change impacts without yield penalties [16].
New climate-smart agriculture/farming technologies e.g., climate-resilient (modern) cultivars for stress-tolerance, profitable location-specific cropping patterns, conservation agriculture, innovative cultural management to minimize yield gap, mechanization, etc., to be developed to grow four crops in a year (in the same piece of land) including three rice crops, and to bring unfavorable agro-ecosystem under productive sustainable agricultural practices.
A decrease in the dependence on groundwater by increasing surface water use for irrigation purposes, and replacing rice with wheat or other crops that use less water. Sustainable groundwater use in some areas combined with the use of more surface water (through rubber dam, sluice gate, flash gate and dug well) and moving some production to other less intensively cultivated areas will help meet this challenge. For example, barley is a stress-tolerant and saline adaptive crop [35]. Barley is best suitable as a Rabi (Winter; Mid-October to Mid-March) crop to cope with the saline-prone south coastal region of Bangladesh.
Millets
Stress-tolerant minor cereal cultivars generally possess poor yield potential; the development of high yielding cultivars would be a climate-resilient technology to secure food and nutritional security in the changing climate.
Skill development of farmers, extension workers and researchers through appropriate training programmes.
Promote farmer’s rights through documenting farmer’s indigenous innovations, farmer’s creativity under plat variety and farmers’ right protection act and establish a database for indigenous technologies owned and practised by the rural farming community [37].
Overall, the GAP (good agricultural practices) and SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures will have to be popularized and promoted.
Value addition to cereal grains and by-products ensures the nutritional and economic security of farmers and the economic growth of the country as a whole. For example, producing breakfast cereals, multigrain flours, bran oils, syrup, starch, health-foods, animal feed, nutraceutical/pharmaceutical products, substrates for (oyster) mushroom (
The major cereal grains,
Author thanks, Professor(s) Dr. Md. Solaiman Ali Fakir and Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman Pramanik, and anonymous reviewer(s) for their valuable comments, constructive criticism and/or improvement suggestions.
The Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
",metaTitle:"Edited Volumes",metaDescription:"The Edited Volume, also known as the InTechOpen Book, is an InTechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/pages/edited-volumes",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\\n\\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nQUALITY CONTENT
\\n\\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\\n\\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\\n\\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\\n\\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\\n\\nACCESS
\\n\\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\\n\\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\\n\\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\\n\\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\\n\\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\\n\\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\\n\\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\\n\\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\\n\\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\\n\\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\n\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\n\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\n\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\n\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5288},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10549},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15941}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119348},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"300"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:51},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5330},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1218",title:"Environmental Physics",slug:"environmental-physics",parent:{title:"Geophysics",slug:"geophysics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:57,numberOfWosCitations:51,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitations:72,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"333",title:"Radioisotopes",subtitle:"Applications in Physical Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afeccef7845fce169a34c1d9f0d119f1",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",bookSignature:"Nirmal Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/333.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48584",title:"Prof.",name:"Nirmal",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"nirmal-singh",fullName:"Nirmal Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"21663",doi:"10.5772/23914",title:"U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems and Applications: Past, Present and Future",slug:"u-s-space-radioisotope-power-systems-and-applications-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:3034,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett",authors:[{id:"54405",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Louis",surname:"Cataldo",slug:"robert-cataldo",fullName:"Robert Cataldo"},{id:"54418",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Bennett",slug:"gary-bennett",fullName:"Gary Bennett"}]},{id:"21661",doi:"10.5772/22041",title:"Radioisotope Power: A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration",slug:"radioisotope-power-a-key-technology-for-deep-space-exploration",totalDownloads:4299,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski",authors:[{id:"45995",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"R",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"george-schmidt",fullName:"George Schmidt"}]},{id:"21662",doi:"10.5772/20928",title:"Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications",slug:"radioisotope-power-systems-for-space-applications",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Antonio Sanchez-Torres",authors:[{id:"41069",title:"MSc",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez Torres",slug:"antonio-sanchez-torres",fullName:"Antonio Sanchez Torres"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"21644",title:"Application of Enriched Stable Isotopes in Element Uptake and Translocation in Plant",slug:"application-of-enriched-stable-isotopes-in-element-uptake-and-translocation-in-plant",totalDownloads:3001,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Shinsuke Mori, Akira Kawasaki, Satoru Ishikawa and Tomohito Arao",authors:[{id:"50491",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",slug:"shinsuke-mori",fullName:"Shinsuke Mori"},{id:"58146",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Kawasaki",slug:"akira-kawasaki",fullName:"Akira Kawasaki"},{id:"58147",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"satoru-ishikawa",fullName:"Satoru Ishikawa"},{id:"58148",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohito",middleName:null,surname:"Arao",slug:"tomohito-arao",fullName:"Tomohito Arao"}]},{id:"21661",title:"Radioisotope Power: A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration",slug:"radioisotope-power-a-key-technology-for-deep-space-exploration",totalDownloads:4301,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski",authors:[{id:"45995",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"R",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"george-schmidt",fullName:"George Schmidt"}]},{id:"21658",title:"Intercellular Communication in Response to Radiation Induced Stress: Bystander Effects in Vitro and in Vivo and Their Possible Clinical Implications",slug:"intercellular-communication-in-response-to-radiation-induced-stress-bystander-effects-in-vitro-and-i",totalDownloads:2487,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Maria Widel",authors:[{id:"48298",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Widel",slug:"maria-widel",fullName:"Maria Widel"}]},{id:"21642",title:"Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials",slug:"natural-occurring-radionuclide-materials",totalDownloads:4708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Raad Obid Hussain and Hayder Hamza Hussain",authors:[{id:"39513",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayder",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"hayder-hussain",fullName:"Hayder Hussain"},{id:"56286",title:"Dr.",name:"Raad",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"raad-hussain",fullName:"Raad Hussain"}]},{id:"21643",title:"Research Reactor Fuel Fabrication to Produce Radioisotopes",slug:"research-reactor-fuel-fabrication-to-produce-radioisotopes",totalDownloads:8238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"A. M. Saliba-Silva, E. F. Urano de Carvalho, H. G. Riella and M. Durazzo",authors:[{id:"45061",title:"Prof.",name:"Adonis M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saliba-Silva",slug:"adonis-m.-saliba-silva",fullName:"Adonis M. Saliba-Silva"},{id:"57163",title:"Prof.",name:"Michelangelo",middleName:null,surname:"Durazzo",slug:"michelangelo-durazzo",fullName:"Michelangelo Durazzo"},{id:"57165",title:"Prof.",name:"Elita F.",middleName:null,surname:"Urano De Carvalho",slug:"elita-f.-urano-de-carvalho",fullName:"Elita F. Urano De Carvalho"},{id:"57166",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto G.",middleName:null,surname:"Riella",slug:"humberto-g.-riella",fullName:"Humberto G. Riella"}]},{id:"21663",title:"U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems and Applications: Past, Present and Future",slug:"u-s-space-radioisotope-power-systems-and-applications-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:3037,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett",authors:[{id:"54405",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Louis",surname:"Cataldo",slug:"robert-cataldo",fullName:"Robert Cataldo"},{id:"54418",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Bennett",slug:"gary-bennett",fullName:"Gary Bennett"}]},{id:"21662",title:"Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications",slug:"radioisotope-power-systems-for-space-applications",totalDownloads:5193,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Antonio Sanchez-Torres",authors:[{id:"41069",title:"MSc",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez Torres",slug:"antonio-sanchez-torres",fullName:"Antonio Sanchez Torres"}]},{id:"21654",title:"Utilizing Radioisotopes for Trace Metal Speciation Measurements in Seawater",slug:"utilizing-radioisotopes-for-trace-metal-speciation-measurements-in-seawater",totalDownloads:2094,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"P.L. Croot, M.I. Heller, C. Schlosser and K. Wuttig",authors:[{id:"50949",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Croot",slug:"peter-croot",fullName:"Peter Croot"},{id:"51032",title:"Dr.",name:"Maija",middleName:null,surname:"Heller",slug:"maija-heller",fullName:"Maija Heller"},{id:"51033",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Schlosser",slug:"christian-schlosser",fullName:"Christian Schlosser"},{id:"51034",title:"Ms.",name:"Kathrin",middleName:null,surname:"Wuttig",slug:"kathrin-wuttig",fullName:"Kathrin Wuttig"}]},{id:"21655",title:"Cesium (137Cs and 133Cs), Potassium and Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and Sphagnum Plants",slug:"cesium-137cs-and-133cs-potassium-and-rubidium-in-macromycete-fungi-and-sphagnum-plants",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Mykhailo Vinichuk, Anders Dahlberg and Klas Rosén",authors:[{id:"46973",title:"Dr",name:"Mykhailo",middleName:null,surname:"Vinichuk",slug:"mykhailo-vinichuk",fullName:"Mykhailo Vinichuk"},{id:"57796",title:"Dr.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Dahlberg",slug:"anders-dahlberg",fullName:"Anders Dahlberg"},{id:"57798",title:"Dr.",name:"Klas",middleName:null,surname:"Rosén",slug:"klas-rosen",fullName:"Klas Rosén"}]},{id:"21648",title:"Determination of Actinides Using Digital Pulse Processing Analysis",slug:"determination-of-actinides-using-digital-pulse-processing-analysis",totalDownloads:2862,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"B. de Celis, V. del Canto, R. de la Fuente, J.M. Lumbreras, J. Mundo and B. de Celis Alonso",authors:[{id:"62445",title:"Prof.",name:"Benito",middleName:null,surname:"De Celis",slug:"benito-de-celis",fullName:"Benito De Celis"},{id:"106151",title:"Prof.",name:"Benito",middleName:null,surname:"De Celis Alonso",slug:"benito-de-celis-alonso",fullName:"Benito De Celis Alonso"},{id:"106159",title:"MSc.",name:"Victoriana",middleName:null,surname:"Del Canto",slug:"victoriana-del-canto",fullName:"Victoriana Del Canto"},{id:"106161",title:"Prof.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Mundo",slug:"julia-mundo",fullName:"Julia Mundo"},{id:"106162",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"De La Fuente",slug:"roberto-de-la-fuente",fullName:"Roberto De La Fuente"},{id:"106164",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Lumbreras",slug:"jose-lumbreras",fullName:"Jose Lumbreras"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/127797/naomi-burke",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"127797",slug:"naomi-burke"},fullPath:"/profiles/127797/naomi-burke",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()