IIR filters analysis
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2079",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",title:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Food security emerged as an issue in the first decade of the 21st Century, questioning the sustainability of the human race, which is inevitably related directly to the agricultural water management that has multifaceted dimensions and requires interdisciplinary expertise in order to be dealt with. The purpose of this book is to bring together and integrate the subject matter that deals with the equity, profitability and irrigation water pricing; modelling, monitoring and assessment techniques; sustainable irrigation development and management, and strategies for irrigation water supply and conservation in a single text. The book is divided into four sections and is intended to be a comprehensive reference for students, professionals and researchers working on various aspects of agricultural water management. The book seeks its impact from the diverse nature of content revealing situations from different continents (Australia, USA, Asia, Europe and Africa). Various case studies have been discussed in the chapters to present a general scenario of the problem, perspective and challenges of irrigation water use.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0117-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5233-0",doi:"10.5772/2488",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",numberOfPages:470,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"183bb777195754e887da67131255661f",bookSignature:"Manish Kumar",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2079.jpg",numberOfDownloads:67017,numberOfWosCitations:65,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitations:73,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:166,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 3rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 31st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 5th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 4th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"102967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/102967/images/system/102967.jpg",biography:"After completing Ph.D from the University of Tokyo",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Tezpur University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"311",title:"Plant Genetics",slug:"agronomy-plant-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"31494",title:"Equity in Access to Irrigation Water: A Comparative Analysis of Tube-Well Irrigation System and Conjunctive Irrigation System",doi:"10.5772/31559",slug:"equity-in-access-to-irrigation-water-a-comparative-analysis-of-tube-well-irrigation-system-and-conju",totalDownloads:2313,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Anindita Sarkar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31494",authors:[{id:"87717",title:"Dr.",name:"Anindita",surname:"Sarkar",slug:"anindita-sarkar",fullName:"Anindita Sarkar"}],corrections:null},{id:"31495",title:"Irrigation Water: Alternative Pricing Schemes Under Uncertain Climatic Conditions",doi:"10.5772/29715",slug:"irrigation-water-alternative-pricing-schemes-under-uncertain-climatic-conditions",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Gabriele Dono and Luca Giraldo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31495",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31495",authors:[{id:"79067",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Giraldo",slug:"luca-giraldo",fullName:"Luca Giraldo"},{id:"79072",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Dono",slug:"gabriele-dono",fullName:"Gabriele Dono"}],corrections:null},{id:"31496",title:"Irrigation Development: A Food Security and Household Income Perspective",doi:"10.5772/30865",slug:"irrigation-development-food-security-and-household-income-perspective",totalDownloads:3701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Kenneth Nhundu and Abbyssinia Mushunje",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31496",authors:[{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje"}],corrections:null},{id:"31497",title:"Water Rights Allocation, Management and Trading in an Irrigation District - A Case Study of Northwestern China",doi:"10.5772/31182",slug:"water-rights-allocation-management-and-trading-in-an-irrigation-district-a-case-study-of-northwester",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Hang Zheng, Zhongjing Wang, Roger Calow and Yongping Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31497",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31497",authors:[{id:"85947",title:"Dr.",name:"Hang",surname:"Zheng",slug:"hang-zheng",fullName:"Hang Zheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"31498",title:"Effects of Irrigation-Water Pricing on the Profitability of Mediterranean Woody Crops",doi:"10.5772/31436",slug:"effects-of-irrigation-water-pricing-on-the-profitability-of-mediterranean-tree-and-woody-crops",totalDownloads:1383,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"M. A. Fernández-Zamudio, F. Alcon and M. D. De-Miguel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31498",authors:[{id:"87106",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Angeles",surname:"Fernandez-Zamudio",slug:"maria-angeles-fernandez-zamudio",fullName:"Maria-Angeles Fernandez-Zamudio"},{id:"87108",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Alcon",slug:"francisco-alcon",fullName:"Francisco Alcon"},{id:"87109",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Dolores",surname:"De-Miguel",slug:"maria-dolores-de-miguel",fullName:"Maria-Dolores De-Miguel"}],corrections:null},{id:"31499",title:"Irrigation Institutions of Bangladesh: Some Lessons",doi:"10.5772/28991",slug:"irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",totalDownloads:4483,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Nasima Tanveer Chowdhury",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31499",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31499",authors:[{id:"76122",title:"Ms.",name:"Nasima",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"nasima-chowdhury",fullName:"Nasima Chowdhury"}],corrections:null},{id:"31500",title:"Modelling Current and Future Pan-European Irrigation Water Demands and Their Impact on Water Resources",doi:"10.5772/29106",slug:"modelling-future-pan-european-irrigation-water-demands-and-their-impact-on-water-availability",totalDownloads:1879,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Tim Aus der Beek, Ellen Kynast and Martina Flörke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31500",authors:[{id:"76531",title:"Dr",name:"Tim",surname:"Aus Der Beek",slug:"tim-aus-der-beek",fullName:"Tim Aus Der Beek"}],corrections:null},{id:"31501",title:"Basics and Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar as a Tool for Monitoring Irrigation Process",doi:"10.5772/29324",slug:"basics-and-application-of-ground-penetrating-radar-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-irrigation-process",totalDownloads:10703,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,signatures:"Kazunori Takahashi, Jan Igel, Holger Preetz and Seiichiro Kuroda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31501",authors:[{id:"77296",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazunori",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"kazunori-takahashi",fullName:"Kazunori Takahashi"},{id:"77738",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiichiro",surname:"Kuroda",slug:"seiichiro-kuroda",fullName:"Seiichiro Kuroda"},{id:"77739",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Igel",slug:"jan-igel",fullName:"Jan Igel"},{id:"77740",title:"Dr.",name:"Holger",surname:"Preetz",slug:"holger-preetz",fullName:"Holger Preetz"}],corrections:null},{id:"31502",title:"A Low Cost Remote Monitoring Method for Determining Farmer Irrigation Practices and Water Use",doi:"10.5772/29770",slug:"a-low-cost-remote-monitoring-method-for-determining-farmer-irrigation-practices",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31502",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31502",authors:[{id:"26575",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristoph-Dietrich",surname:"Kinzli",slug:"kristoph-dietrich-kinzli",fullName:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli"}],corrections:null},{id:"31503",title:"Critical Evaluation of Different Techniques for Determining Soil Water Content",doi:"10.5772/30633",slug:"critical-evaluation-of-different-techniques-for-determining-soil-water-content",totalDownloads:3765,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Alejandro Zermeño-González, Juan Munguia-López, Martín Cadena-Zapata, Santos Gabriel Campos-Magaña, Luis Ibarra-Jiménez and Raúl Rodríguez-García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31503",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31503",authors:[{id:"83447",title:"PhD.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Zermeno-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-zermeno-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Zermeno-Gonzalez"}],corrections:null},{id:"31504",title:"Precision Irrigation: Sensor Network Based Irrigation",doi:"10.5772/31909",slug:"precision-irrigation-sensor-network-based-irrigation-to-improve-water-use-efficiency-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:5568,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"N. G. Shah ancd Ipsita Das",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31504",authors:[{id:"89255",title:"Dr",name:"Narendra G.",surname:"Shah",slug:"narendra-g.-shah",fullName:"Narendra G. Shah"},{id:"109328",title:"Dr.",name:"Ipsita",surname:"Das",slug:"ipsita-das",fullName:"Ipsita Das"}],corrections:null},{id:"31505",title:"Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Irrigation Scheduling",doi:"10.5772/31236",slug:"using-sensor-networks-for-precision-irrigation-control",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:15,signatures:"John D. Lea-Cox",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31505",authors:[{id:"86163",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Lea-Cox",slug:"john-lea-cox",fullName:"John Lea-Cox"}],corrections:null},{id:"31506",title:"Comparison of Different Irrigation Methods Based on the Parametric Evaluation Approach in West North Ahwaz Plain",doi:"10.5772/29190",slug:"comparison-of-different-irrigation-methods-based-on-the-parametric-evaluation-approach-in-west-north",totalDownloads:3667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Mohammad Albaji, Saeed Boroomand Nasab and Jabbar Hemadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31506",authors:[{id:"76813",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Albaji",slug:"mohammad-albaji",fullName:"Mohammad Albaji"}],corrections:null},{id:"31507",title:"Guideline for Groundwater Resource Management Using the GIS Tools in Arid to Semi Arid Climate Regions",doi:"10.5772/30178",slug:"guideline-for-groundwater-resource-management-using-the-gis-tools-in-arid-to-semi-arid-climate-regio",totalDownloads:3115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Salwa Saidi, Salem Bouri, Brice Anselme and Hamed Ben Dhia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31507",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31507",authors:[{id:"81180",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",surname:"Saidi",slug:"salwa-saidi",fullName:"Salwa Saidi"},{id:"81294",title:"Prof.",name:"Salem",surname:"Bouri",slug:"salem-bouri",fullName:"Salem Bouri"},{id:"81295",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamed",surname:"Ben Dhia",slug:"hamed-ben-dhia",fullName:"Hamed Ben Dhia"},{id:"81296",title:"Prof.",name:"Brice",surname:"Anselme",slug:"brice-anselme",fullName:"Brice Anselme"}],corrections:null},{id:"31508",title:"Soil, Water and Crop Management for Agricultural Profitability and Natural Resources Protection in Salt-Threatened Irrigated Lands",doi:"10.5772/29720",slug:"soil-water-and-crop-management-for-agricultural-profitability-and-natural-resources-protection-in-sa",totalDownloads:1786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31508",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti"},{id:"87216",title:"Dr.",name:"José Miguel",surname:"De Paz",slug:"jose-miguel-de-paz",fullName:"José Miguel De Paz"}],corrections:null},{id:"31509",title:"Criteria for Evaluation of Agricultural Land Suitability for Irrigation in Osijek County Croatia",doi:"10.5772/29789",slug:"criteria-for-evaluation-of-agricultural-land-suitability-for-irrigation",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Lidija Tadić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31509",authors:[{id:"79316",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidija",surname:"Tadić",slug:"lidija-tadic",fullName:"Lidija Tadić"}],corrections:null},{id:"31510",title:"Rationalisation of Established Irrigation Systems: Policy and Pitfalls",doi:"10.5772/29759",slug:"rationalization-of-established-irrigation-systems-policy-and-pitfalls",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Francine Rochford",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31510",authors:[{id:"79203",title:"Dr.",name:"Francine",surname:"Rochford",slug:"francine-rochford",fullName:"Francine Rochford"}],corrections:null},{id:"31511",title:"Optimal Design or Rehabilitation of an Irrigation Project's Pipe Network",doi:"10.5772/29109",slug:"optimal-design-or-rehabilitation-of-the-irrigation-project-s-pipe-network",totalDownloads:3045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Milan Cisty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31511",authors:[{id:"76540",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Cisty",slug:"milan-cisty",fullName:"Milan Cisty"}],corrections:null},{id:"31512",title:"An Algebraic Approach for Controlling Cascade of Reaches in Irrigation Canals",doi:"10.5772/30684",slug:"an-algebraic-approach-for-controlling-cascade-of-reaches-in-irrigation-canals",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby, Abdou Sene and Gunilla Kreiss",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31512",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31512",authors:[{id:"83741",title:"Dr",name:"Abdou",surname:"Sene",slug:"abdou-sene",fullName:"Abdou Sene"},{id:"87652",title:"PhD.",name:"Mouhamadou Samsidy",surname:"Goudiaby",slug:"mouhamadou-samsidy-goudiaby",fullName:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby"},{id:"123946",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunilla",surname:"Kreiss",slug:"gunilla-kreiss",fullName:"Gunilla Kreiss"}],corrections:null},{id:"31513",title:"Spatial Variability of Field Microtopography and Its Influence on Irrigation Performance",doi:"10.5772/29761",slug:"spatial-variability-of-field-microtopography-and-its-influence-on-irrigation-performance",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Meijian Bai, Di Xu, Yinong Li and Shaohui Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31513",authors:[{id:"79223",title:"Dr.",name:"Meijian",surname:"Bai",slug:"meijian-bai",fullName:"Meijian Bai"},{id:"84712",title:"Prof.",name:"Di",surname:"Xu",slug:"di-xu",fullName:"Di Xu"},{id:"84713",title:"Prof.",name:"Yinong",surname:"Li",slug:"yinong-li",fullName:"Yinong Li"},{id:"125083",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaohui",surname:"Zhang",slug:"shaohui-zhang",fullName:"Shaohui Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"31514",title:"Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in the Vhembe District of South Africa",doi:"10.5772/29182",slug:"performance-of-smallholder-irrigation-schemes-in-the-vhembe-district-of-south-africa",totalDownloads:4444,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Wim Van Averbeke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31514",authors:[{id:"76788",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",surname:"Van Averbeke",slug:"wim-van-averbeke",fullName:"Wim Van Averbeke"}],corrections:null},{id:"31515",title:"Decision Strategies for Soil Water Estimations in Soybean Crops Subjected to No-Tillage and Conventional Systems, in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/29711",slug:"decision-strategies-of-soil-water-substitutio-in-soybean-subjected-to-no-tilleage-and-conventional-s",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Lucieta G. Martorano, Homero Bergamaschi, Rogério T. de Faria and Genei A. Dalmago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31515",authors:[{id:"79055",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucieta",surname:"Martorano",slug:"lucieta-martorano",fullName:"Lucieta Martorano"},{id:"87316",title:"Dr.",name:"Homero",surname:"Bergamaschi",slug:"homero-bergamaschi",fullName:"Homero Bergamaschi"},{id:"87318",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogério",surname:"Faria",slug:"rogerio-faria",fullName:"Rogério Faria"},{id:"87320",title:"Dr.",name:"Genei",surname:"Dalmago",slug:"genei-dalmago",fullName:"Genei Dalmago"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3554",title:"Rice",subtitle:"Germplasm, Genetics and Improvement",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bd6a333920f0f208c44c2e9fbfdd215",slug:"rice-germplasm-genetics-and-improvement",bookSignature:"Wengui Yan and Jinsong Bao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94348",title:"Dr.",name:"Wengui",surname:"Yan",slug:"wengui-yan",fullName:"Wengui Yan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1404",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Detection, Measurement and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3a2b9bd1c46dd47875d6a0f3d8b2a39",slug:"aflatoxins-detection-measurement-and-control",bookSignature:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62984",title:"Dr.",name:"Irineo",surname:"Torres-Pacheco",slug:"irineo-torres-pacheco",fullName:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1782",title:"Agricultural Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a4e92f7ffd1fabdcfe769a0ad54d48b",slug:"agricultural-science",bookSignature:"Godwin Aflakpui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1782.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93100",title:"Dr.",name:"Godwin",surname:"Aflakpui",slug:"godwin-aflakpui",fullName:"Godwin Aflakpui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"597",title:"Crop Production Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f87c31dfd7e38f3e10cf7ec02df2201",slug:"crop-production-technologies",bookSignature:"Peeyush Sharma and Vikas Abrol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73200",title:"Dr.",name:"Peeyush",surname:"Sharma",slug:"peeyush-sharma",fullName:"Peeyush Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3800",title:"World Cotton Germplasm Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8454ec008f1d20ebe7387b1be02b2db",slug:"world-cotton-germplasm-resources",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3800.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1248",title:"Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3445faea41382312cdb15ca628229a20",slug:"resource-management-for-sustainable-agriculture",bookSignature:"Vikas Abrol and Peeyush Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136230",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",surname:"Abrol",slug:"vikas-abrol",fullName:"Vikas Abrol"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3232",title:"Organic Farming and Food Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3610c43696a531a171044145a3a528c6",slug:"organic-farming-and-food-production",bookSignature:"Petr Konvalina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77330",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Konvalina",slug:"petr-konvalina",fullName:"Petr Konvalina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2030",title:"Research in Organic Farming",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11136b8e73780b3196ddb1ef0ce1571e",slug:"research-in-organic-farming",bookSignature:"Raumjit Nokkoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87654",title:"Dr.",name:"Raumjit",surname:"Nokkoul",slug:"raumjit-nokkoul",fullName:"Raumjit Nokkoul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3357",title:"Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ed9774e3d9e1d7664640db03e659146",slug:"crop-production",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal and Muhammad Asif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-goyal",fullName:"Aakash Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"69566",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",title:"Corrigendum to: A Brief Overview of Ophthalmic Ultrasound Imaging",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69566.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69566",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69566",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69566",chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10367",leadTitle:null,title:"Chitin and Chitosan - Physicochemical Properties and Industrial Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book, Chitin and Chitosan - Physicochemical Properties and Industrial Applications, provides an overview of the extraction, modification, characterization, and application of chitin and chitosan derivatives from crustacean by-products and their physicochemical properties. It presents and explains important studies and develops new and innovative methods of biological and physicochemical analysis in the fields of organic and mineral environmental pollution, corrosion inhibitors, drug delivery systems, superabsorbent materials, nanotechnology, textiles, biotechnology, and biomedical sciences.
\r\n\r\n\tOur book will distinguish itself from competing volumes by discussing the synthesis, purification, analysis, and properties of chitin-chitosan polymers as a renewable source of natural biodegradable polysaccharides and also by presenting various practical and potential new applications of these materials. It is highly recommended for industrial personnel involved in bioprocesses, biochemistry, microbiology, bioengineering, food engineering, medical and pharmaceutical industries as well as for readers interested in environmental protection and who wish to specialize in chitin and chitosan derivative technologies.
",isbn:"978-1-78984-425-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-424-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-695-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c3368aba02cb516b5ef5e0711ce4da2",bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Berrada",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10367.jpg",keywords:"Chemistry of Chitosan, Synthesis, Modification, Drug Delivery Systems, Wound dressings, Hydrogels, Corrosion Inhibitors, Polysaccharide-Based Superabsorbents Materials, Bioactivity of Chitin, Bioactivity of Chitosan, Adsorption of Industrial Waste. Elimination of Industrial Waste",numberOfDownloads:396,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in polymer science, involved in numerous university-industry transfer technology projects. Appointed head of the Innovation and Technology Platform at Hassan II University. Member of the Quebec Order of Chemists and holder of more than ten registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"224783",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Berrada",slug:"mohammed-berrada",fullName:"Mohammed Berrada",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224783/images/system/224783.jpg",biography:"Professor Berrada joined the Hassan II University of Casablanca in 1994 and assumed many responsibilities which led him to head the Casablanca Innovation and Technology Platform. He has set up in his Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis, a research program in the fields of thermostable and photosensitive materials, intelligent polymers, hydrogels, and nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, biodegradable superabsorbents, and corrosion inhibitors. Professor Berrada received a Ph.D. in Polymer Science from the Macromolecular Sciences Division of Pierre and Marie Curie University in 1992, and another Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Ben M\\'Sik Faculty of Sciences in 1998. He completed postdoctoral training at the Engineering Department of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology in Japan in 1994. From 2006 to 2009, Professor Berrada was Director of Research and Development Department at Intersand Inc., where he patented the innovative OdourLock litter technology which was a breakthrough and a huge success for the company. He joined Lysac Technologies in January 2003 and took on the task of creating and leading the Department of Polymer Chemistry. Prof. Berrada has also been involved in many University-Industry transfer technology projects. In 1998, he joined the Department of Radiation Oncology at McGill University. In 2000, he joined Biosyntech Inc. a Canadian pharmaceutical industry and was Director of the Therapeutic Delivery Department. Professor Berrada has published over 150 peer-reviewed scientific articles and conference proceedings and is the author of several published and industrially exploited patents.",institutionString:"Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"75077",title:"The Application of Chitosan-Based Compounds against Metallic Corrosion",slug:"the-application-of-chitosan-based-compounds-against-metallic-corrosion",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75105",title:"Ternary Solid Dispersion Strategy for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs by Co-Milling Technique",slug:"ternary-solid-dispersion-strategy-for-solubility-enhancement-of-poorly-soluble-drugs-by-co-milling-t",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75157",title:"Innovative Separation Technology Utilizing Marine Bioresources: Multifaceted Development of a Chitosan-Based System Leading to Environmentally-Friendly Processes",slug:"innovative-separation-technology-utilizing-marine-bioresources-multifaceted-development-of-a-chitosa",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74144",title:"A Novel Drug Delivery System Based on Nanoparticles of Magnetite Fe3O4 Embedded in an Auto Cross-Linked Chitosan",slug:"a-novel-drug-delivery-system-based-on-nanoparticles-of-magnetite-fe3o4-embedded-in-an-auto-cross-lin",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74561",title:"Gastrointestinal Delivery of APIs from Chitosan Nanoparticles",slug:"gastrointestinal-delivery-of-apis-from-chitosan-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74941",title:"Modulating the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan as a Method of Obtaining New Biological Properties of Biodegradable Materials",slug:"modulating-the-physicochemical-properties-of-chitin-and-chitosan-as-a-method-of-obtaining-new-biolog",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74877",title:"Characterization of Chitosan Membrane Modified with Silane-Coupled Nanosilica for Polymer Electrolyte",slug:"characterization-of-chitosan-membrane-modified-with-silane-coupled-nanosilica-for-polymer-electrolyt",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41868",title:"Direct Methods for Frequency Filter Performance Analysis",doi:"10.5772/52192",slug:"direct-methods-for-frequency-filter-performance-analysis",body:'Analysis methods based on determining system performance specifications by step response, as well as indirect methods: pole-zero plot, magnitude response and integral analysis methods are applied in automatic control theory for performance estimation of linear systems [1,2,3]. However, in many cases the mentioned methods result in crude performance estimation of a linear system (filter) operation. Furthermore, direct methods of linear system performance specifications (settling time, accuracy, overshoot etc.) characterization require a huge amount of calculations being performed.
Specification or estimation of signal processing performance criteria are usual tasks in frequency filter analysis. In some cases it is considered to be enough to examine a filter behavior at average statistical parameters of a useful signal and its disturbance. In other cases, for instance for robust filters, it is rather more complicated – one needs to determine the limit of variables for signal processing performance specifications at any possible input signal parameters variation.
The author offers to use the filter analysis methods, developed by him on the basis of spectral representations of the Laplace transform, to solve efficiently the problem of signal processing performance specifications determination by frequency filters at different variations of input signal parameter [4,5,6]. The mentioned methods are based on using consistent mathematical models for input signals and filter impulse characteristics by means of a set of continuous/discrete semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components. Similar models can be applied for simple semi-infinite harmonic and aperiodic signals or filter impulse characteristics, compound signals of any form, including signals with composite envelopes, as well as pulse signals (radio and video pulses).
The application of signal/filter frequency and frequency-time representations, based on Laplace transform, allowed developing simple and effective direct methods for performance analysis of signal processing by analog and digital filters.
To simplify the task of analog and digital filter signal processing performance analysis the author offers two methods for performance express-analysis of signal processing by frequency filters using filter frequency responses based on Laplace transform: frequency and frequency-time analysis methods [7].
The frequency method from an indirect analysis method for signal processing, in fact, has transformed into a direct analysis method by means of Laplace transform spectral representations. This method is the most effective in cases, where only two main performance specifications: signal processing speed and accuracy – are required to be evaluated.
The frequency-time analysis method is being applied in cases, where there is a need to evaluate signal processing speed and accuracy, as well as the history of transient processes in a filter, for instance, to control oscillation of transient process in a filter. It is suggested to perform the analysis by using frequency responses based on filter transfer function, dependent on time, in sections of input signal complex frequencies.
In case of FIR filter an effective estimation of signal processing performance specifications can be carried out by using filter frequency response 3D analysis based on Laplace transform in sections of input signal complex frequencies, considering their change. To evaluate signal processing performance specifications for IIR filters one will need along with sections of 3D filter frequency responses to use sections of 3D signal spectrum on filter impulse response complex frequencies [5].
The issues about the application of the analog and digital filter analysis methods, developed by the author for signal processing performance analysis by frequency filters, are considered below.
Let us consider signal processing performance analysis by IIR filters at semi-infinite input signals on the basis of analysis methods based on the Laplace transform spectral representations.
Three methods of frequency filter analysis are suggested by the author for the time-and-frequency representations positions of signals and linear systems in coordinates of complex frequency [5,6]. Let us consider the first two methods for signal processing performance analysis by frequency filters.
The mathematical description for the generalized input signal and IIR filter at time and frequency domains for the first (item2) and the second (item 3) analysis methods, mathematical expressions for calculating forced and free components of a filter reaction by the first method (items 4,5), components of a filter reaction by the second method (item6) are given in the Table 1.
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpression | \n\t\t\tRemark | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t||
2. | \n\t\t\tFilter | \n\t\t\t||
3. | \n\t\t\tTime dependent transfer function | \n\t\t\t||
4. | \n\t\t\tForced components | \n\t\t\t||
5. | \n\t\t\tFree components | \n\t\t\t||
6. | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t
IIR filters analysis
The operation of the real part extraction on the right side of the expression in the items 1,2,3 for
The first method is a complex amplitude method generalization for definition of forced and free components for filter reaction at semi-infinite or finite input signals [6]. The advantages of this method are related to simple algebraic operations, which are used for determining the parameters of linear system reaction (filter, linear circuit) components to an input action described by a set of semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components. To analyze a filter it is needed to use simple algebraic operations and operate a set of complex amplitudes and frequencies of forced and free filter reaction components. In this case, there are simple relations between complex amplitudes of output signal forced components and complex amplitudes of an input signal (item 4 Table 1), between complex amplitudes of output signal free components and complex amplitudes of a filter impulse function (item5).
The time-and-frequency approach in the second analysis method applies to a filter transfer function, i.e. time dependent transfer function of the filter is used [6,8]. In that case, instead of two sets of filter reaction components only one of them may be used.
Analysis methods given in the Table 1 enable to reduce effectively the computational costs when performing a filter analysis by using simple algebraic operations to determine the forced and free components of a filter reaction to an input action as a set of damped oscillatory components. Therefore, the considered analysis methods for linear systems (filters) can be effectively applied for performance analysis of signal processing by frequency filters.
Let us consider a simple example of performance analysis of signal processing by a high-pass second-order filter relating to signal processing task in power system protection and automation devices [9,10]. The filter is used to extract a sinusoidal component of commercial frequency and eliminate disturbance as a free component of transient processes in a control object. In this case, a change of a useful signal initial phase is acceptable.
All the initial data and dependencies which are necessary for the analysis are represented in the Table 2. IIR filter parameters are specified, the mathematical description of an input signal with specified sizes of changing for useful signal and disturbance parameters affecting their spectrum is given in the Table 2 as well.
The impulse function of high-pass second-order filter contains a delta function of Dirac which is used for determining complex amplitudes of forced components when defining
The analysis results should ensure the following performance criteria of signal processing by a filter:
a filter settling time should be less than 30 ms at 5% acceptable total error of signal processing at any value of disturbance parameters within the specified range,
an acceptable error at frequency deviation of useful signal from the nominal value of 50Hz within the range ±5 Hz should not be more than 5%,
an acceptable overshoot should not be more than 10%.
As it follows from the Table 1, simple algebraic operations are applied to determine complex amplitudes, as well as forced and free components of a filter output signal.
When using Mathematica, Mapple, Matlab, Mathcad and other state-of-art mathematical software for determining forced and free components of an output signal it is necessary to specify only complex amplitude vectors of an input signal and a filter impulse function, as well as complex frequency vectors of an input signal and a filter. In this case all the necessary calculations, related to a filter analysis, would be carried out automatically. If it is needed to determine complex amplitudes of a filter impulse function at specified transfer function the ready-made formulas may be used [6], which can be easily applied in the mathematical software mentioned above.
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpression | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t|
2. | \n\t\tHigh-pass filter | \n\t\t|
3. | \n\t\tForced components of complex amplitudes | \n\t\t|
4. | \n\t\tForced components | \n\t\t|
5. | \n\t\tComplex amplitudes of free components | \n\t\t|
6. | \n\t\tFree components | \n\t\t|
7. | \n\t\tError | \n\t\t
IIR filter analysis
All the examples in the present chapter are given using the mathematical software Mathcad. Mathcad was chosen due to pragmatic considerations related to assuring the maximum visibility of the examples for filter analysis, as in Mathcad mathematical expressions are given in the form, closest to universally accepted mathematical notation [11,12].
An example of a filter computation using Mathcad at the specified filter parameters and the following input signal parameters:
For determining or estimating performance specifications of signal processing by the investigated IIR filter one need either to improve the software (Figure 1) or to reduce the amount of calculations by simplifying the analysis task. Let us consider the second option first.
IIR filters analysis using Mathcad software
The easiest operation is to define the error level in signal processing by a filter at frequency deviation of useful sinusoidal signal within the range ±5 Hz from the nominal value of 50 Hz. This error, as it is known, may be determine by an average amplitude-frequency response of a filter. In this case the value of a filter amplitude-frequency response in the areas of frequency
A filter settling time can be defined by total damping of a free component
A damping time of disturbance free component
Variables
A presice settling time
Let us consider an estimation of total damping
Dependencies
The dependence of a filter settling time from damping coefficient β2
In case of
An overshoot level in a filter can be determined by the program improvement on the Mathcad example, shown on the Figure 1.
The performance analysis results for signal processing of the investigated IIR filter are represented in the Table 3. Performance specifications determined by using one traditional method - by step response of a second-order low-pass filter are given in the Table 3 as well. In this case the description for the low-pass filter was obtained on the basis of the investigated second-order low-pass filter by applying a well known frequency transformation [14].
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tStep response | \n\t\t\tDirect estimation | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tSettling time, s | \n\t\t\t0,0172 | \n\t\t\t0,0275 | \n\t\t
2. | \n\t\t\tMaximum error in the steady-state mode, % | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t
3. | \n\t\t\tMaximum overshoot level, % | \n\t\t\t1,17 | \n\t\t\t11,81 | \n\t\t
4. | \n\t\t\tAdditional error at a frequency variation of an useful signal | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t
Signal processing performance for a second-order high-pass filter
As it follows from the Table 3, in the considered example there are some substantial differences in the performance specifications, gained by the traditional method and on the basis of their direct determination.
As it follows from the Table 1 (item 3 and item 6), estimation of functioning performance for filters can be performed at dissemination of time-and-frequency approach to filter transfer function, in other words by using time dependent transfer function of a filter [5,6].
In that case, comparing to the first method where two groups of filter reaction components are using – forced and free components, only the first group of components is using. The information about the transient process is containing in the time dependent complex amplitudes of a filter reaction
The necessary dependences for determination of output signal components of a filter are represented in the Table 1, an example for high-pass filter analysis at the specified parameters of an useful signal is given on the bottom part of the fig.1.
The advantage of the considered method is connected to determination envelopes for every component of a filter output signal, based on which the total envelope of a filter output signal and a variation law of initial phase can be defined. This information can be effectively used for performance analysis of signal processing by frequency filters. For instance, when determining an overshoot level (oscillativity) of a transient process in a filter.
It follows from the Table 1, that quality indexes estimation for filter operation can be carried out on the basis of interim calculation results –
The express-analysis methods for filters, including performance analysis of signal processing, were developed based on investigation of 3D and 4D frequency responses [7]. It is enough to consider the sections
The express-analysis methods mentioned above can be effectively applied for FIR filters as well, the detailed explanation will be given further in the present chapter.
Under the definition of digital filters in the chapter discrete filters are ment. In many cases it is justified, for instance, in cases of using microcontrollers or digital signal processor with high digit capacity and especially for microprocessors with support for floating-point operations [15,16].
When using discrete filters their analysis has a lot of similarities with the analysis of analog filters-prototypes. There is a small difference only when it comes to transition from images to originals. The main expressions for determining components of a digital filter output signal when injecting on the filter input a signal as a set of discrete semi-infinite damped oscillatory components are given in the Table 4.
An example for digital filter analysis as a continuation of the example of the analog filter-prototype analysis (fig. 1) is represented on the fig. 3. The mathematical description for the digital filter was obtained by the method of invariant impulse responses at the discrete sampling step
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpressions | \n\t\t\tRemark | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t||
2. | \n\t\t\tFilter | \n\t\t\t||
3. | \n\t\t\tTime dependent transfer function | \n\t\t\t||
4. | \n\t\t\tForced components | \n\t\t\t||
5. | \n\t\t\tFree components | \n\t\t\t||
6. | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t
IIR digital filter analysis
IIR digital filter analysis using Mathcad software
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpressions | \n\t\t\tRemark | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t||
2. | \n\t\t\tFilter | \n\t\t\t||
3. | \n\t\t\tTime dependent transfer function | \n\t\t\t||
4. | \n\t\t\tForced components | \n\t\t\t||
5. | \n\t\t\tFree components | \n\t\t\t||
6 | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t
IIR filter analysis at compound finite signals
Performance analysis of processing finite signals by IIR filters as a set of damped oscillatory components with finite duration may be performed on the basis of dependencies for IIR filters at semi-infinite signals [5,6].
All the needed expressions were obtained on the basis of the expressions from the Table 1 using a time shift and the principle of additivity.
Let us consider the IIR filter analysis at compound input signals as a set of sequentially adjacent finite signals [17]. The calculation of IIR filter reaction for this case is represented in the Table 5.
In this case every component of an input signal in a general way has a different shift and a different duration, where
The expressions represented in the Table 5 can be significantly simplified, if the IIR filter analysis at a finite signal, for instance, at injection a finite signal on its input from N number of components with equal duration and the same time shift [6,17].
An example of filter calculation, analogous to the example on the fig.1, but using an input signal with finite duration is given on the fig.4.
The dependences given in the present section can be effectively used for not only analysis of passing through IIR filter one or another finite signal, but also for performance analysis of signal processing by filters.
IIR filter analysis at a finite signal
For digital IIR filter analysis at injection finite signals on their inputs analogous mathematical operations are applied. All the necessary dependences may be obtained on the basis of the formulas from the Table 4 [13].
Mathematical description for FIR filters can be obtained on the basis of the IIR filter description (Table 1) by using twice as many of filter impulse function components.
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpressions | \n\t\t\tRemark | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t||
2. | \n\t\t\tFIR filter | \n\t\t\t\n\t\tK3(p)=Re(G˙\'T[1p−ρm]M) \n\t\t | \n\t\t\n\t\t | \n\t\t
3. | \n\t\t\tForced components | \n\t\t\t||
4. | \n\t\t\tFree components | \n\t\t\t||
5. | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
6. | \n\t\t\tTime dependent transfer function | \n\t\t\t||
7. | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t
FIR filters analysis
The additional components have the same set of complex frequencies and differ by time shift and values of complex amplitudes in a way to ensure the finitude of a filter impulse characteristic [5,6]. According to this approach to mathematical description, IIR filters are special cases of FIR filters.
The input-output dependences for FIR filters can be obtained on the basis of analogous dependences of FIR filters by using time shift and principle of additivity operations [6].
Comparing to IIR filters, FIR filters have finite duration of transient processes of their own, which are defined by a filter length. This to a certain extent simplifies performance analysis for signal processing of this type of filters, especially when using the suggested express-analysis methods for signal processing performance by FIR filters.
Basic expressions for FIR filter analysis at injection on the filter input a set of semi-infinite damped oscillatory components are given in the Table 6.
Due to characteristics of FIR filters, among forced and free components in an filter output signal there is the third group of components
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tExpressions | \n\t\t\tRemark | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tInput signal | \n\t\t\t||
2. | \n\t\t\tFIR filter: impulse function, time dependent transfer function | \n\t\t\t||
3. | \n\t\t\tFilter reaction | \n\t\t\t
FIR filter analysis at input signal as a set of finite components
Basic expressions for FIR filter analysis at signal injection on a filter input as a set of damped oscillatory components with finite duration are represented in the Table 7. The calculation of a filter reaction is given in the Table 7 using only the second analysis method for the case when duration of all the components of a filter impulse function is equal
Let us consider an analysis example of FIR filters which are used in one of the most perspective intelligent electronic devices (IED) - Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) [19].
A brief description of a basic algorithm for PMU signal processing on the example of an analog system-prototype is given in the item 1 of the Table 8 [20].
An input signal of intelligent electronic devices is represented by a set of complex amplitudes
An average FIR filter
The considered filters should have low sensitivity to a change of damping coefficient
№ | \n\t\t\tName | \n\t\t\tDiagram/expressions | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tBlock scheme of algorithm | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
2. | \n\t\t\tSignal description | \n\t\tSemi-infinite signal Signal as a set of finite components | \n\t\t
3. | \n\t\t\tInput signal of a filter \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAt semi-infinite input signal device | \n\t\t
4. | \n\t\t\tAlgorithm | \n\t\t\t|
5. | \n\t\t\tAverage FIR filter | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | \n\t\t
IED algorithm
FIR filter analysis is performed at input signal of a device as a set of semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components according to the algebraic expressions from the Table 7 and the Table 8.
An example of FIR filter analysis using Mathcad at compound input signals as a set of sequentially adjacent finite signals is given on the fig.6.
FIR filter analysis using Mathcad software
Each of five sets of finite components represented comply with a particular power system regime. The first set is related to a normal regime of a power system and is represented by sections of sinusoidal component of industrial frequency and higher harmonics. The second set of finite signals corresponds to an accidental regime and contains of finite sinusoidal and exponential component, the third set shows no-current regime, the fourth set is connected to a change of PMU input signals envelope due to automation operation, the fifth set represents a swings regime.
A filter processes a complex signal
A plot for PMU input signal
It appears from the plot that the investigated filter has a feature which is connected to the absence of overshoot (oscillation) of transient process in the filter in its traditional definition, in other words at a stepwise growth of a signal. and presence of overshoot at a stepwise reduction of signal.
In fact, due to particular characteristics of impulse function, from the traditional point of view, an overshoot is absent in the considered FIR filter, as at the end of transient process in the filter signal behavior is close to aperiodic process. In this case oscillation is noticeable on the initial stage of transient process.
Analysis of FIR filter and signal processing algorithm in total is carried out only at fixed values of input signal parametres in the example. With some further ordinary improvement, analog to the example on the fig.1, it is possible to determine performance specifications for FIR filter signal processing at any variation of useful signal and disturbance parameters. However, it is much easier to use the specific express-analysis methods.
Let us consider an example of express-analysis of signal processing performance of a FIR filter, which mathematical description is given in the Table 7. In addition, let us consider performance analysis for signal processing of a filter with the impulse function
Impulse characteristics of the filters
Amplitude-frequency response of the filter
To check the adherence to the mentioned conditions, it is enough to consider amplitude-frequency response of the filters in complex frequency coordinates.
The amplitude-frequency response for the first and second filters is given in the Fig.8. The multiplier
To check the compliance with the requirements for filters to the specified quality indexes of signal processing for the specified input signal, it would be enough to consider two sections of 3D amplitude-frequency response: in the sections
Frequency response of the filters in the section p=−β+jω0
The filters 1 and 2 in the section of 3D frequency response
Amplitude-frequency response of the filter
In the case of a need along with estimating the speed and accuracy of signal processing to appraise the history of transient processes in a filter, for instance, to control oscillation of transient process in a filter, it is eligible to conduct the analysis using amplitude-frequency response based on the filter transfer function, which depends on time.
It is necessary for analysis to depress a damped oscillatory component with the complex frequency
The graph presented describes graphically the fact, that the second filter does not ensure the suppressing of an input signal component with the complex frequency
As for IIR filters (Table 1 and 4), input-output dependencies for digital (discrete) FIR filter may be obtained by discretization of expressions for analog FIR filter and transition from the Laplace transform to Z transform [13].
In case of using the mathematical software Matlab, Mathcad etc. for digital FIR filter analysis it is enough to get the data about complex amplitudes and input signal frequencies
In some cases only mathematical description of analog filter-prototypeis specified. In case of FIR filters, different methods of transition from analog filter-prototype description to digital filter description, for instance, method of differential equation discretization, method of invariant impulseresponses, bilinear transformation are applied [14]. The mentioned methods expand also for the case of FIR filters in the author’s paper [13].
The transfer function of analog filter-prototype with finite impulse response according to the Table 6 can be described in the following way
The expression for a digital filter transfer function
where
All the mentioned constants, except
№ | \n\t\t\tMethod | \n\t\t\tMeaning | \n\t\t
1. | \n\t\t\tMethod of differential equation discretization | \n\t\t\t|
2. | \n\t\t\tMethod of invariant impulse responses | \n\t\t\t|
3. | \n\t\t\tBilinear transformation | \n\t\t\t
Transition methods
The additional indexes of the constants in the Table 9, corresponding to order numbers of transition methods, are given for the constants, which do not coincide with the analog filter-prototype parameters.
The signals as a set of semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components were considered above. Compound signals of different forms, including compound periodical and quasi-periodic signals, nonstationary signals and signals with compound envelopes can be synthesized on the basis of the collection of components mentioned above [5,6]. The mentioned models also make it possible to describe the majority of impulse signals, which are widely applicable in radio engineering (radio pulse and video pulse).
The analysis methods considered above can be applied for that kind of signals.
However, the more general case is obviously more interesting, when signals with compound dependencies of envelopes and signal total phase are applied. Semi-infinite or finite signals with compound envelopes, the most frequently used signals in radio engineering, can be described by the following model
or in general case it would be
For the considered signal models, for instance, of the signal (1),their finite duration can be specified by the finite duration of a complex amplitude
Using the model (1), signals with amplitude, phase and frequency modulation which are commonly used in radio engineering signals can be described. Among with the similar models input signals in sound processing systems, automation devices of power systems at electromechanical transients process can be described.
It is known, that using the signal (1), in case when amplitude, frequency or initial phase are time functions, it is impossible to define the law of amplitude variation and a filter initial phase by values of amplitude-frequency response and phase-frequency response on an input signal frequency [21,22]. Thus, the analysis methods considered above cannot be applied directly.
There are exceptional cases when at some variation laws
However, signals (1) and (2) can be decomposed into components of a set of damped oscillatory components using the Prony\'s method and its modifications [23]. Leaving behind the issue concerning decomposition into “real” components by using the mentioned methods it is important to note that even general signal approximation (1) and (2) by Prony\'s method for calculations enables to apply the considered filter analysis methods.
Another option for solution of the filter analysis at signal type (1) is connected to modification of the suggested analysis methods. Modification of the second analysis method is represented below.
Let us consider IIR filter analysis at input signals (1), as well as for special cases, when amplitude
To develop the necessary dependences one can use expressions, obtained for IIR filter at injection on its input a set of finite damped oscillatory components. Let us decompose the signal into time steps, during which signal time dependent parameters are mostly constant. In this case time step
In case of an even step of signal decomposition one will obtain the following expression to determine a filter ouput signal
where
As before, only algebraic operations with complex amplitudes, frequencies and values of time dependent transfer function on complex frequency of an input signal are applied for the filter analysis at the input signals type (1).
The same approach can be used for digital filters as well – one should replace continuous time
The filter analysis on the basis of the expression (3) is approximate and can be considered as numerical method. To determine explicit dependencies one need to perform passage to the limit
The required dependency of input-output can be defined also by using the convolution integral by substitution of the expression for the input signal (1). Performing discretization with the passage to the limit, the following input-output dependency for an analog filter-prototype can be obtained
where
In case of amplitude, phase modulation or their combination, the expression for input-output would significantly simplify
For IIR filter the following expression for a derivative of time dependent transfer function takes place
In case of
It follows from the comparison of the input-output dependencies (4) and (5), that in the second case complex amplitude of IIR filter output signal on the input injection as a damped oscillatory component is determined by multiplication of a signal complex amplitude by the value of time dependent transfer function on the input signal frequency
The dependencies enable to perform filter analysis, including performance analysis of signal processing, at input signals with a composite form. Solving problems of this kind is relevamt not only for radio engineering and communication systems, but also for other industries.
For the example of considered in the sections 3.2 and 3.3 analysis of frequency filters, which are used in PMU, according to a new version of IEEE C37.118.2 standard it is necessary to perform testing for the mentioned devices not only at stepwise change of amplitude and initial phase of sinusoidal component of input signal with commercial frequency, but also at PMU input signals at electromechanical transient process in a power system. In the mentioned regimes of power system operation in the controlled currents and voltage envelopes and total phases are time functions.
For FIR filter analysis at input actions (1) the input - output expression can be obtained on the basis of the dependences given in the Table 6. Such-like dependences for IIR filters and FIR filters can be obtained based on the dependences given before for the first analysis method.
Let us consider possible areas of application for the suggested performance analysis methods for signal processing by frequency filters, which are used in intelligent electronic devices of power systems, in automation devices, in radio engineering and communication systems, as well as in other fields of engineering where digital signal processing is commonly applied.
The prospectives of power system development in nearest future are related to technology Smart Grid implementation and the application of automatic control and regulation systems of a new generation. Power system control improvement involves a wide application of fast action IED based on synchronized measurement of current and voltage phasors of a fundamental harmonic on the basis of IEEE C37.118-2011 and IEC 61850-90-5 standards.
Up to date IED should ensure performance signal processing in conditions of an intense electromagnetic and electromechanical transients process. Mathematical model of an input signal IED in a normal and an accidental regimes of power systems in some cases can be represented by a set of semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components, in other cases – by analogous models, in which complex amplitudes and frequencies of mentioned components are time functions.
Most of IED power systems should ensure performance of signal processing at any possible combination of input signal parameters. The suggested analysis methods enable to solve effectively problems of determination of performance specifications for frequency filters, used in IED power systems. The examples for the performance analysis of signal processing by frequency filters and algorithms of signal processing for IED of power systems based on the phasor measurement technology are considered in the sections 3 and 4 of the present chapter. The example for IIR filter analysis for general devices of relay protection and automation is given in the section 2.
The analysis methods for analog IIR filters considered in the chapter can be applied also for the linear circuit analysis. It is important to note that for absolute majority of microprocessor control systems and measuring systems the information sources have analogue nature. In this case for analysis of controlled objects equivalent circuits based on linear electric circuits are used. The illustrative examples: equivalent circuit of power systems, power plants, electriс grids and power-supply systems. Application of the suggested analysis methods enables a consistent approach for the regime analysis of the controlled object operation, analysis of analog filters-prototype and digital filters [5,6].
The suggested analysis methods may be applied for performance analysis of signal processing by frequency filters in up-to-date measuring devices, automation devices, radio devices, in communications systems, sound processing systems and other devices, where digital signal processing is commonly used.
Advantages and particularities of the suggested analysis methods are related to uniform analysis methods for analog filter-prototypes (IIR filters and FIR filters), as well as for digital filters.
The majority of pulse signals (radio and video pulses), which are commonly used in radio engineering, can be described by a set of finite damped oscillatory components. For performance analysis of pulse signal processing by IIR filters and FIR filters the analysis methods considered in sections 2 and 3 of the chapter can be applied.
The author suggests to use the methods, considered in the section 4 of the present chapter for performance analysis of modulated signal processing by filters.
The synthesis methods mentioned above can be also effectively applied for typical signal filtering problems, including problems of a useful signal extraction against the white noise.
In this case, the white noise realizations can be described as a set of time-shifted fast damping exponents of different digits. The initial values and appearance time of the mentioned exponential components are random variables, which variation law ensures the white noise to have specified spectral characteristics.
Guaranteeing the necessary quality of signal processing is utterly important at frequency filter synthesis. The application of the considered above approaches for the signal type (1) and the filter impulse characteristics (2) enables to reject the traditional approach, related to formulation the requirements to a filter amplitude-frequency response in different fields (band pass, stop band, transition region). In the case of filter synthesis, it is enough to lay down the requirements to the filter frequency characteristics on the basis of Laplace transform on complex frequencies of an input signal with the allowance for their change. Thus, according to the approach described above, the signal processing performance analysis is one of the steps of filter synthesis.
This approach enables to formalize the task of filter synthesis and to gain optimal solutions in combination with methods of multicriterion optimization with limitations[5]. Using methods of multicriterion optimization, by limitations values of filter frequency responses are ment and in some cases values of input signal spectrum based on the Laplace transform spectral representations on complex frequencies of impulse function of a filter and input signal [5,20].
Synthesized in that way filters ensure the specified performance specifications for signal processing at any possible variation of input signal parameters.
Among with frequency filter synthesis this approach gives an opportunity to perform time window synthesis for hort-time Fourier transform, as well as synthesis of father and mother wavelets for cases when an input signal can be represented by a set of semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components [5,20].
The effective methods of performance analysis for signal processing based on the Laplace transform spectral representations and the uniformity of mathematical models of input signals as well as the filter impulse functions as a sets of continuous/discrete semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components were developed for a direct determination of IIR filters and FIR filters performance specification. input signals as well as the filter impulse functions as a set of continuous/discrete semi-infinite or finite damped oscillatory components were developed. Simple semi-infinite harmonic, aperiodic signals, compound signals and impulse characteristics of any form can be synthesized on the basis of components set mentioned above, including signal composite envelopes, as well as pulse signals (radio and video pulses). The uniformity of the mathematical description of the signals and filters enables, on one hand, allows to employ both a consistent and a compact form of their characterization in the configuration of a set of complex amplitudes, complex frequencies and time parameters. On the other hand, it simplifies significantly performance analysis for signal processing by analog or digital filters at any possible useful signal and disturbance parameters variation by reducing significantly the amount of calculations.
The analysis methods can be used in case of mathematical models as well - where complex amplitudes and/or complex frequencies are time functions.
To simplify the task of the analysis, two methods are suggested for performance express-analysis of signal processing by frequency filters using filter frequency responses based on Laplace transform: frequency and frequency-time analysis methods.
The application of the suggested methods for performance analysis of signal processing as one of the steps of filters synthesis enables to automatize filter design for filters with low sensitivity to a signal parameter change within the specified range.
This chapter provides a technical overview of HPGe detectors and their applications, both in science and day-to-day life. This overview covers the applications of HPGe as a material for γ-ray detection and its other more recent use in particle physics. It represents an introduction rather than a complete and exhaustive description of possible detector applications of HPGe.
\nSince the 1970s, photon detectors (γ and X) have been developed from high purity germanium [1]. The reason why HPGe has remained in use for such a long time as high-resolution γ- and X-ray detector material is mainly because it contains a very low concentration of electrically active defects [2, 3] which may be lower than 109 cm−3. Such value is difficult to reach in compound semiconductors. Even for detector-grade silicon, the doping level is slightly higher. High electron density (Z = 32), together with low average energy, is needed for e-h pair generation. Above 1 keV of initial particle energy, germanium is a good choice for the detection of photon or ionizing particles. See \nTable 1\n and Refs. [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] for studies, both theoretical and experimental, on ionization in semiconductors. In the early days of germanium γ-ray detection, less purified material was used. The compensation method for net doping density reduction was based on the lithium drifting technique [11]. With an applied voltage bias, the drift of the interstitial Li+ ions through the detector is made possible leading to the neutralization of acceptors by the creation of Li+ acceptor pairs. However, progress in Ge purification led to the obsolescence of compensation techniques. Lithium is still used as a doping ion for the creation of n+ contacts, even though ion-implantation is now a mainstream technique for this purpose. Room-temperature γ-ray detection is still a challenge as the best candidate material exhibits higher defect concentrations and/or is difficult to grow into large crystals. Cadmium telluride is a material of choice for photo-detection, and gallium arsenide is another option. However, considerable progress would be necessary to match the easiness of use of HPGe in its present-day applications, despite the need for cryogenic apparatus.
\nSemiconductors that may be used for the direct detection of γ rays and their average energy for electron hole creation Ehn and other quantities, the linear energy transfer is indicated for high-energy charged-particle detection (at Minimum Ionization).
The main contributions to the development of high-purity germanium have been made already in the 1970s by the LBNL [1] and other US laboratories as well as industrial companies. There are presently a few corporations in Europe which supply such materials, without mentioning those from Eastern Europe. High-purity single crystals are usually grown in hydrogen atmosphere in a silica crucible [9, 12]. This prevents the introduction of oxygen and other electrically active impurities. However, this process introduces substitutional silicon, which is electrically inactive, similar to carbon. These crystals exhibit high levels of interstitial hydrogen, which may form complexes with some metallic impurities such as copper [13]. Good quality crystals (despite being small) may be fabricated in University labs [11, 14] which show that nowadays the availability of such crystals is better than ever. Gamma-ray detector manufacturers usually use commercially available crystals, which are subsequently processed, or in some cases fabricate the material itself. It should be noted that except for isotopically enriched crystals (for physics experiments), most crystals are made of natural germanium with a proportion of isotopes indicated in \nTable 2\n.
\nStable isotopes found in natural germanium with the nuclear moments and abundance.
In this chapter, we introduce the principle of γ-ray detection and spectroscopy. Most high-energy photons (100 keV–10 MeV) interact with the electrons in the HPGe material [15]. As the density of electrons is proportional to Z, Ge is a material close to the optimum among well-characterized semiconductors, together with CdTe and GaAs. As the absorption coefficient increases along with Z, this results in a good detection efficiency for a given detector volume compared for instance with silicon. Here are the three main processes by which gamma rays lose energy in the detecting media: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and e+e− pair creation. The photoelectric process [16] is dominant at low energies (<100 keV approximately) and is related to emission of electrons from the atomic shells. This process depends on the energy of the photons and the atomic number of the detecting media. The energy of a photon is absorbed by an inner-shell electron and leads to its emission from the atom. Subsequently, the photoelectrons lose their kinetic energy in the semiconductor by electron-hole pair generation. This first term is the photoelectron energy (Ephotoelectron), and the second is the difference between the gamma energy (Eγ) and the electron binding energy (Ebindingenergy).
\nThe electron binding energy for K-shell valence electrons is of the order of 11 keV in Ge, compared to around 1.8 keV in silicon. Other, shallower shells may also be excited, contributing to the signal, which means that as the photon energy increases, inner shells can be excited gradually and the absorption will exhibit abrupt increase. This does not have a direct influence on the average number of electron-hole pairs generated per unit of energy deposited; we will discuss this in the following paragraph [8]. The absorption coefficient is proportional to:
\nThis means that the contribution of the photoelectric effect vanishes at high energies (E), when the other two processes of interaction of gamma rays with matter become dominant. In the intermediate energy range, Compton effect dominates, hence the absorption of the photon becomes a multistep process with Compton electrons (<1 MeV) being absorbed after traveling a short distance, while Compton photons are created and absorbed in subsequent steps. One should note that some photons can escape the detecting medium and consequently do not contribute to a full-energy peak. These induce a signal background (Compton background) that is particularly large in low volume detectors. Techniques exist to mitigate this drawback using a secondary detector surrounding the primary one. This secondary detector is referred to as a Compton shield [17]. This anticoincidence scheme with these two detectors eliminates the un-absorbed photon events. This shows that for high detection efficiency, a relatively large volume of the detector is necessary for γ-ray spectroscopy. This is much different for γ-ray tracking is, when detector granularity is required. Time coincidence between events in neighboring detectors is the way to proceed to identify the particles. The probability of interaction with the electrons of the solid through Compton effect increases when the density of electrons n increases, being roughly proportional to it. If ρ is the mass density of the solid and A the mass number, the average electron density is proportional to ρ/A, which is the atomic density, multiplied by Z, the number of electrons per atom [16].
\nThis shows that as the Z/A ratio is constant, it is reasonable to use very dense media. Hence, it proves that germanium is a better choice than silicon for this purpose, as would be CdTe or GaAs, if the defect concentration could be reduced to an acceptable level. We will discuss the problem of defects in the following paragraph. Present-day experiments benefit from simulation codes such as GEANT4 or others [18] for their design. HPGe γ-ray detectors are no exception. The other process that becomes important at higher photon energy is the electron-positron pair creation, which may appear at energies above 1022 keV. This kind of interaction is related to γ-nuclear coupling, where the γ-photon interacts with the nucleus resulting in a creation of a e−/e+ pair with a total kinetic energy equal to Ek = Eγ − 1.022 MeV (Ek is the kinetic energy of the e = e− pair, and Eγ is the energy of the incident gamma photon). Subsequently, the positron may annihilate with an electron in the material, which leads to the production of two γ-rays of 511 keV that may (but not have to) be absorbed in the detecting material through Compton or photoelectric effect processes. As one or both 511-keV photons may escape from the detector with no energy deposition, satellite peaks appear in the measured energy spectrum, called escape peaks and separated from the total absorption peak by a 511 keV energy difference (or 1022 keV for double escape). Again, some discrimination is possible to avoid this effect, although one should be interested in visualizing the different peaks to investigate how the incident particle has interacted with the detector medium. The e + e- pair creation is most important at energies above 10 MeV [16], which shows that HPGe is not a good choice for very energetic photons such as cosmic radiation or those generated by high-energy accelerators (~1 GeV) since huge monocrystals would be required to provide a significant detection efficiency. This is hardly possible, with the largest commercially available HPGe crystals weighing 1–2 kg (larger crystals have been grown for specific applications) and having a diameter of a few centimeters. If we consider photofission [19], it has been reported that it occurs in natural lead for 10 MeV range photons. However, as the dependence on the fissility parameter is sublinear in logarithmic scale, it should be considered as being very weak for a germanium nucleus. Let us compare with lead, the fissility parameters read:
\nHence, according to these figures, photofission should be much lower for natural Ge than for natural Pb. We therefore can consider this contribution as negligible in the energy range a few tens of MeV for the photons that are usually analyzed using HPGe spectrometers. This is the case in nuclear sciences for radioisotope identification and monitoring. Hence, for nuclear physics, HPGe is an adequate choice and widely used for detection of low energy and medium energy photons. In high-energy physics experiments, electromagnetic calorimeters are mostly based on dense liquids or solids and exhibit some granularity [20], while the energy resolution at high energy is not as good as for HPGe at low energies. Up to now, no high energy physics experiment has ever introduced HPGe as a semiconductor detector in calorimeters. Instead, silicon cells with absorbers are used in calorimeters and are proposed for several future detectors with the advantage of operation at room temperature, which is possible with semiconductors exhibiting a larger band gap, such as silicon.
\nFocusing on photon energy resolution criterion, HPGe still provides one of the best results. With a good quality material, the energy resolution is very close to the Fano limit [21, 22]. To obtain this, the readout electronics must be low noise. Historically, the front-end transistor was a JFET cooled to the temperature of the detector (77 K, liquid nitrogen temperature) [9, 23]. This reduced the energy resolution to less than 1 keV for 1 MeV photons. It would now be possible to use very low-noise room temperature CMOS μ electronic circuits [24] to match the low-noise specifications required for γ-ray spectrometry. The front-end readout electronics for these detectors is usually a charge-sensitive device, which is necessary for spectrometric measurements for which the generated charge is proportional to the energy deposited in the detectors. These CSA (charge-sensitive amplifiers) have an integrating pole followed by filtering stage (usually based on derivation-integration schemes for optimal filtering). This is done by a so-called shaper in order to optimize the signal/noise ratio and to reduce event pile up through fast operation. This channel is however slow (a few μs), so it may be supplemented by a fast current-sensitive channel, for coincidence, veto (anticoincidence) or timing purposes.
\nBecause a typical size of a HPGe detector is not optimum for timing measurements, the resolution obtained with a CFD (Constant Fraction Discriminator) is close to 400 ps [25], which is a high value compared with other fast detectors (PM or APD). In fact, this value was measured for a planar germanium detector of a volume of a few cubic centimeters, and it would be even higher for standard coaxial HPGe detectors.
\nIn order to reach optimum resolution of semiconductor detectors, the crystal defect density should be decreased, in particular for those that are electrically active. This has become possible when defect and impurity control in the process of crystal growth has reached a sufficient level of reliability. In addition to point defects and impurities, dislocations play a major role as they behave like a sink for impurities [1, 9, 12]. They can currently be revealed by chemical crystal etching. The pits observed using optical microscopes are related to dislocations, which allows determining the etch-pit density. These dislocations induce a broad DLTS signal in n-type high purity material [3]. These are moderately deep donor states with carrier capture cross section of the order of 10−13 cm−2 or more. The peak is at 50–60 K for a large emission rate window (56 s−1) [3]. This means that at 77 K, the emission rate is large enough to have no marked effect on carrier trapping as the electrons are released with a time constant that is low compared with the drift time. With σn higher than 10−13 cm−2, which is the case with a filling pulse shorter than 1 ms in duration (with a 1010 cm−3 carrier concentration, and 106 cm s−1 of thermal velocity at 50 K, in our DLTS measurements), the emission rate at 77 K exceeds the capture rate for an activation energy of 100 meV. The other fact is that the DLTS signal fades away above 65 K, so the contribution of the dislocation band should be low as long as the concentration remains at a reasonable level. This gives a rule of thumb [2] for the dislocation density that should not exceed 104 cm−2 and should be above 102 cm−2 for detector-grade material, at least for the material used in the 1980s–1990s. If the dislocation density is too low, the deep impurities such as those related with copper (substitutional or bound with hydrogen) will be higher, as they cannot precipitate onto the dislocation lines and have a higher density than isolated impurities. They give rise to deep hole traps that affect greatly the hole transport even at 77 K. These traps have an activation energy higher than 0.160 eV and capture cross sections above 10−13 cm−2, (similar to coulombic/attractive centers) with concentrations reaching 109 cm−3.
\nThe structures that have been used from the early days of Ge detectors are p+n−n+ and p+p−n+, usually with a Li-diffused n+ contact and a boron-implanted p+ contact, and a thin metallization of sputtered aluminum or electrolytically plated gold in old detectors. Following an appropriate surface treatment (etching with CP4 mixture after cleaning with solvents such as acetone) and rinsing with a slightly oxidizing mixture, the detectors are placed in secondary vacuum, and after surface desorbing, the leakage current can be stabilized at low values. The leakage dark current at 77 K with a reverse bias of 1 kV or more for large coaxial detectors can be reduced to the order of a few pA or less. Usually a thermal treatment above room temperature will allow surface desorbing, and consequently impurities on the surface will be eliminated. The question of passivation is still open, as germanium does not have the self-passivation properties of silicon, for which oxygen creates a stable oxide layer of a few nm at room temperature. Germanium oxides are not stable [26, 27, 28, 29] and react with water. More recent passivation methods are based on amorphous layer deposition such as a-Ge-H (amorphous hydrogenated germanium). These constitute a coating, rather than standard passivating layers. In spite of this, their effect is to stabilize leakage currents at 77 K at reasonable values. However, these values are higher than those for bare Ge material in vacuum.
\nAs the presence of defects mainly alters the transport of holes, efforts were made to reduce the mean-drift length of holes by an adequate electrode configuration [30]. For coaxial detectors, the hole-collecting electrode can be placed at the outer surface of the detectors. This is usually a p+ outside implant, which is shallower than the n+ electrode, which is placed on the axis of the detector. Holes have a shorter drift distance than the electrons, the p+ electrode being negatively biased. This configuration is less sensitive to cumulative nonionizing radiation effects. N-type material is used contrary to p-type material with opposite electrode configuration in the conventional detectors. The same is true for planar detectors, for which the collecting length is reduced to values well below 1 cm. The cumulative radiation effects are mainly deep defects introduced by irradiation by nonionizing particles, such as hadrons (particularly neutrons and protons), but also energetic electrons. These particles, particularly at energies in the MeV range, induce displacement cascades in the detecting crystalline material and therefore produce defects of various nature, point-like or clusters. The temperature of operation and irradiation has a great influence on the outcome [25]. The result is a degradation of the energy resolution, which can be observed as a broadening of the photo-peaks, with a tail at low energy giving them an asymmetric aspect. As the detector can be compared to an ionization chamber with two electrodes polarized at different potentials, the current integrated by the readout electronics is a displacement current. The total charge collection is achieved when all holes and electrons are collected by the n+ (positively biased) and p+ (negatively biased) electrodes (cathode and anode). If carriers become trapped during the transport process, a loss of charge occurs leading to a peak tail at low energy. The collected charge is lower than the photo generated charge. Statistically, there is a certain charge deficit in the signal corresponding to one event, so the high-energy side of the peaks is not much affected [30], contrary to the low energy side. This leads to a loss of energy resolution. The charge loss is often followed by charge reemission with a large time constant, which has no real influence of the spectrum. An analytical model of radiation-induced defects has been proposed in Ref. [25] and developed in later papers.
\nThe radiation-induced effects have been widely studied in HPGe detectors [30, 25, 31], and, in the beginning, without a quantitative relation to crystalline defects introduced by irradiation in HPGe. Since these effects result in resolution degradation, their characterization is of utmost importance. We can cite a few extensive works on this subject, mostly using electrical measurements [12, 13]. A powerful characterization technique called photoelectric spectroscopy [32] or alternatively photo-thermal ionization spectroscopy (PTIS) has been successfully applied to HPGe, but this technique is limited to shallow hydrogenoid levels with low concentration and not operation-detrimental deep levels. It applies a two-step process, phonon + photon (far infrared) and requires low temperature operation (LHe) below the ionization temperature of impurities and dopants. No overlapping of the bound electron wavefunction is required, so it can only be used when the impurities have a low concentration. For deep-defects, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) became the technique of choice. In particular, it helped to establish that deep traps that are created by a temperature increase above 77 K are more detrimental to detector operation than the primary defects that are created by irradiation at low temperature [3]. Neutron-induced defects are thought to be vacancy and interstitial related at 77 K. After annealing above this temperature, divacancies and impurity-vacancy defects are the most numerous centers observed that are electrically active. They give rise to numerous deep hole-traps with capture cross sections of the order of 10−13 cm−2. They only anneal out above 420–470 K, where less electrically active defects are created. The stable defects at 100 K and less are disordered regions containing a large concentration of vacancies and interstitials. These act as hole-traps but are less effective in degrading resolution than secondary defects observed at room temperature. Numerous studies have been devoted to the degradation of the resolution, and most of them identify the causes as being related to the defects with capture cross sections of the order of 10−11 cm−2 [2]. We know from experiments and simulations that these are due to zones with a high local defect density, which enhances capture probability [33] through an electrostatic effect.
\nStreet [34] has found that the presence of disorders in amorphous silicon enhances the cross section for the capture of carriers by the defects. Later, an analytical model has been developed that clearly explains this effect using simple assumptions [33]. This mitigates the direct role of disordered regions as being the sole origin of carrier capture at 77 K. The sizes of these disordered regions areof the order of the range of primary recoil atoms (\nFigure 1\n). Isolated defects should contribute greatly to the trapping process. The recoil of an atom is induced by the collision with the impinging particle. SRIM simulations show that its range is of the order of 10 nm at 10–30 keV, with around a few hundred vacancies being created on its trajectory. The recoil energy has been computed for neutrons in the MeV energy range, see \nFigure 1\n. In most cases, a thermal treatment above room temperature is used to remove radiation damage. In Ref. [31], recombination-enhanced annealing using minority-carrier injection was applied but with no significant results, at least at room temperature. At low temperature, when the defects are not stable, no improvement could be observed with this method. However, a strong dependence of the annealing stages on the material type (p or n) was observed in Refs. [3, 25] and other detector studies.
\nSRIM simulation showing the vacancy distribution for a Ge recoil of 30 keV.
For a long time, materials alternative to HPGe have been proposed, and corresponding detectors were fabricated. GaAs is one example (mostly for X-ray detection), and, more importantly, CdTe. The goal was to eliminate the need for cryogenic operation by the use of large band gap semi-insulating material (diamond is also considered). Many difficulties still exist, mostly related to the defect density that is much higher in binary materials [9]. The other drawback is the possibility to grow large crystals, which proves to be more difficult for alternative materials. Large diamond single crystals with a low nitrogen content are difficult to grow as they need high-pressure processing. However, some CdTe photon detectors using segmented crystals for photon identification have been successfully implemented on space missions (INTEGRAL) [24]. Segmentation allows reducing drift length and therefore trapping, so that the resolution can be maintained at an acceptable level.
\nParticle identification through pulse shape discrimination is one of the developments that are used mainly in nuclear physics [35]. These techniques can be adequately used to determine the region of the detector where the interaction took place. There have been early reports for methods of particle identification in germanium and silicon detectors [36, 37]. The detection of photons is basically through ionization, and there is no important interaction with the nucleus, which could transfer momentum to the nucleus. If we consider other particles with a significant mass, their interaction with the nucleus may induce the recoil, which in turn is slowed down in the detector material. The slowing-down process results in ionization (electron-hole pair generation), defect creation (vacancies and interstitials), and phonon creation. One should note that according to SRIM simulations, in the typical energy range for the recoil (20–30 keV), the most important contribution (73%) is from phonon emission. The energy used for vacancy creation is of the order of 3%, which indicates that defect monitoring [38] could provide an alternative way to estimate the total integrated flux of interacting particles, since when stable defects are created, their concentration is proportional to the total number of interacting particles in a given time interval, which can be very long. The rest of the energy is used for ionization (25%). This result is close to the experimental result obtained for cryogenic detectors, as it will be discussed in the paragraph on dark matter detection.
\nSimulations of the interaction of photons with matter have been given a certain attention. Monte Carlo codes have been developed. Recently, the NWEGRIM code [18] from Pacific Northwest laboratories has been used to simulate the interaction of photons in silicon, but these simulations could also be applied to germanium. GEANT4 has been used for simulation of charged particles interacting with germanium [39].
\nHigh-purity germanium γ-ray tracking arrays, such as AGATA (Advanced GAmma Tracking Array) [40] and GRETINA/GRETA (Gamma Ray Energy Tracking Array) [41] represent the state-of-the-art in high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy for nuclear physics experiments. These spectrometers are composed of highly segmented large-volume HPGe crystals. Pulse-shape analysis, applied to the recorded signals from the segments, yields three-dimensional interaction positions with a typical precision of about 2 mm [40, 41]. Subsequently, a γ-ray tracking algorithm is applied to the determined interaction points in order to group and order them in sequences corresponding to individual γ-rays. In this procedure, the geometrical criteria and the Compton scattering formula are used, and the full energy of a γ-ray is determined as the sum of the energies of the interactions ascribed to the same trajectory.
\nThe γ-ray tracking arrays provide improved energy resolution for in-beam nuclear physics studies, thanks to much reduced Doppler broadening as compared to standard γ-ray spectrometers. The use of γ-ray tracking also eliminates the need for Compton-suppression shields, commonly used with HPGe crystals in order to improve the peak-to-total ratio. Consequently, the entire 4π solid angle can be surrounded with Ge crystals, which leads to significantly increased detection efficiency. The resolving power of a 4π γ-ray tracking array is estimated to be up to two orders of magnitude better than that of the existing conventional γ-ray spectrometers, depending on the physics case [41]. This is particularly important for studies of very exotic nuclei far from stability, employing weak radioactive-ion beams at intermediate energies (up to several hundred MeV/u), which leads to recoil velocities that may exceed 30% of the speed of light [42].
\nThe last two decades have seen an important effort devoted to search for dark matter, using underground direct detection apparatus [36, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. The first stage was to design a detector that is able to discriminate between particles in order to identify the so-called weakly interacting massive particles that are thought to be a constituent of dark matter. The developed detectors include two channels: a “thermal” channel which is based on the thermalization of phonons and a ionization channel which is proportional to the number of carriers collected. In reality, the so-called Luke-Neganov effect [48, 49] affects the properties of the detector. The Luke-Neganov effect consists in the amplification of the phonon signal by the electron (carrier) drift [50].
\nThe charge signal may be expressed as:
\nwhere E is the average energy for electron-hole pair creation, and
\nThe ST term is proportional to the charge multiplied by the voltage drop, so we can write that if t is the time necessary for the charge to be collected,
\nFirst term: \n
These relations indicate the need to operate at weak field to achieve a reduction in the contribution of the phonon signal. At high fields, the phonon signal tends to grow linearly with the applied voltage. Of course, the heat signal can only be detected if the calorific capacity is low enough, and so the operating temperature should be very low. Germanium detectors are also good cryogenic (mK range) bolometers. Another reason for the choice germanium is that its nucleus is nucleon rich (for instance compared with silicon). This should enhance interaction cross sections of WIMPS with the detecting medium. If we consider the interaction of fast neutrons with germanium (in the MeV range) as an example, the elastic-scattering cross section is much higher than the inelastic cross section [31] and is of the order of 3 barns [5]. Hence, the mean free path of these fast neutrons is close to a few centimeters. The recoil nucleus with an energy of a few tens of keV dissipates 25% of its energy into ionization, which amounts to a few keV (5 keV). The ionization channel monitors this fraction of energy. A similar phenomenon was observed, but not published, in planar HPGe 77 K detectors, exposed to neutrons, in the MeV range [51]. The heat channel monitors almost entire energy deposited by the recoils, except for the fraction needed for vacancy-interstitial (defect) creation. If a neutron is fully absorbed in the bolometer following multiple scattering, the total energy of all recoils matches the initial energy of the impinging neutron, and therefore the heat channel signal reflects the total energy deposited.
\nThe calibration runs yielded the ratio of the ionization signal to the phonon energy equal to 30%. This is very close to the value of 25%/73% = 0.35 determined in a SRIM simulation. When the particle interacts with matter purely via ionization, as it is the case for photons, the ratio of ionizing energy to the total energy is close to one, if no Luke-Neganov amplifying occurs. Therefore, this configuration can be used for particle discrimination [46]. For the WIMPS experiments, if we consider that these particles interact with the nuclei of the detecting media, this provides a way of discriminating the photons from other events. At this cryogenic energy (a few mK), the shallow and deep levels may disturb the charge transport through the detector (\nFigure 2\n). This is the reason why the detector is saturated with photo-generated carriers prior to data acquisition. In spite of this, more detailed defect studies on the starting material should be made [52]. In particular, as very shallow levels may have an impact, the nonthermal carrier emission or capture should be studied. Additionally, a method using alternately biased electrodes on each surface of the detectors, including the sides, has enabled the measurement of volume-only events, eliminating near-surface events related to low-energy particles strongly interacting with the medium [46]. Other techniques have been developed [53] to solve this problem.
\nDiagram showing the energy of the trapping level in Ge band gap versus temperature, using a simple Boltzmann factor. This is valid at high temperature for thermal emission with a time constant Tau. The region investigated by DLTS is delimited by the upper square on the right. The purple arrow shows the operation of DM cryogenic experiments such as EDELWEISS.
As many particle detectors, HPGe detectors are now also used for other purposes than fundamental research. HPGe detectors can now be found in different industries such as environment control, medical imaging, and of course radioactive material control.
\nOne of the most common uses of HPGe is the monitoring of atmospheric radiations. Stations around the world check the air quality and collect air content samples or solid samples, such as rocks, water, or plants. The samples are then analyzed in a laboratory. Thanks to their excellent resolution and low background once placed in a suitable environment, and the radio-elements contained in the samples can be determined. It is, for example, possible to detect radio-elements with concentrations down to 0.1–1 Bq/kg in solids and 0.1 Bq/L in water. The system can be improved by adding scintillator array around the germanium detectors to eliminate signals from cosmic rays. Such system is, for example, used to obtain a sensitivity of millibecquerels per cubic meter of an air sample.
\nAnother practical example of use of HPGe to study radioactivity of liquids can be found in the study of old wines. Take a 1928 vintage bottle of Bordeaux wine; its cost can approach $10,000. However, how sure is the buyer that this bottle is really from 1928? To check this, the bottle was placed in an array of germanium detectors. The analysis immediately showed that the bottle contained traces of Cs137. Cs137 is a radioactive element presents in the atmosphere due to nuclear bombs…, which means that it cannot be found in a bottle of 1928. The quantification of Cs137 is now used to date wine produced after 1950 without opening the bottle.
\nSo far, HPGe detectors for medical purposes were mainly used for nuclear waste control produced by hospital. Here, the procedure is the same than for any nuclear waste collected from a nuclear power plant for example. The contaminated volume is placed near the detector. The analysis of the spectrum will reveal radioactive elements present and their quantity. The cost and mechanical constraints related to the use of liquid nitrogen limited the deployment of HPGe in hospitals for medical imaging. However, novel imaging methods, combining HPGe and silicon detectors are envisioned for future scanners such as ProSPECTus. Such system could reduce the dose to the patient, improve image quality, and be faster to acquire.
\nThe list of industrial applications of HPGe will become longer as we progress toward more reliable, easier to use, and cheaper detectors. Originally only pushed by fundamental research, the development of new HPGe is now also driven by the needs of companies using them. New applications, not yet considered, will then emerge.
\nThe future of HPGe detectors depends on the availability of other materials that would match the resolution performance of HPGe at 77 K, while operating at room temperature. Segmentation of the detectors provides a way to reduce carrier collection lengths and hence to mitigate the effects of electrically active deep defects. With integrated microelectronics, the noise can be as low as a few tens of electrons. With on detectors CMOS chips and low capacitance detectors, the electronic noise can be reduced to less than 100 e-h pairs. With ε equal to 4.5 eV (GaAs, CdTe), this corresponds to a resolution of the order of 450 eV. This could also be applied to HPGe detectors that are being used for double beta decay or dark matter experiments. The multielectrode scheme that is implemented in EDELWEISS III [46] is a first step toward a time-projection chamber HPGe detector, allowing an improved discrimination ability. Each electrode could be a separate channel, which would be easy for the detector operated at low field and low voltage. It seems clear that the use in more routine applications such as, for instance, high-precision radioactive material characterization and radioactive material tracing to avoid nuclear dissemination will remain a field where HPGe is the most competitive despite the need for LN2 cryogenic installations. Development of cryogenic cooling fridges will eliminate this specific constraint. In scientific applications, HPGe, being one of the chemically purest materials ever fabricated, will remain needed.
\nThe contribution of researchers from IRFU and other institutions, with whom the first author had fruitful discussions while working on dark matter instrumentation, is gratefully acknowledged.
\nThe authors declare having no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10772",title:"Parasitic Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31abd439b5674c91d18ad77dbc52500f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Maria Gonzalez and Dr. Hector Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fbf391f2093649bcf3bd674f7e32189",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Balkrishna Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10777.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206647",title:"Dr.",name:"Balkrishna",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"balkrishna-ghimire",fullName:"Balkrishna Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10749",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49d3123cde96adbe706adadebebc5ebb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine",parent:{title:"Health Sciences",slug:"health-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1511,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:39573,numberOfWosCitations:21767,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11544,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29307,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9406",title:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875a140c01518fa7a9bceebd688b0147",slug:"clinical-implementation-of-bone-regeneration-and-maintenance",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Nahum Rosenberg, Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević and Ole Jung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9134",title:"Recent Advances in Digital System Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff00a5718f23cb880b7337b1c36b5434",slug:"recent-advances-in-digital-system-diagnosis-and-management-of-healthcare",bookSignature:"Kamran Sartipi and Thierry Edoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1511,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9697,totalCrossrefCites:109,totalDimensionsCites:230,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:79,totalDimensionsCites:180,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8066,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:145,book:{slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"43758",title:"Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period",slug:"anxiety-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period",totalDownloads:39763,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Roberta Anniverno, Alessandra Bramante, Claudio Mencacci and Federico Durbano",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"166382",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Anniverno",slug:"roberta-anniverno",fullName:"Roberta Anniverno"}]},{id:"70711",title:"Fetal Growth Restriction",slug:"fetal-growth-restriction",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"growth-disorders-and-acromegaly",title:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly",fullTitle:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly"},signatures:"Edurne Mazarico Gallego, Ariadna Torrecillas Pujol, Alex Joan Cahuana Bartra and Maria Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"311835",title:"Dr.",name:"Edurne",middleName:null,surname:"Mazarico",slug:"edurne-mazarico",fullName:"Edurne Mazarico"}]},{id:"70405",title:"Hemostasis in Cardiac Surgery: How We Do it with Limited Resources",slug:"hemostasis-in-cardiac-surgery-how-we-do-it-with-limited-resources",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1",fullTitle:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1"},signatures:"Fevzi Sarper Türker",authors:null},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:9954,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"59779",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:6504,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"64858",title:"The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Ashley Higgins",authors:null},{id:"63771",title:"The Role of Catheter Reshaping at the Angiographic Success",slug:"the-role-of-catheter-reshaping-at-the-angiographic-success",totalDownloads:536,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"angiography",title:"Angiography",fullTitle:"Angiography"},signatures:"Yakup Balaban",authors:[{id:"252647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yakup",middleName:null,surname:"Balaban",slug:"yakup-balaban",fullName:"Yakup Balaban"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:5564,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}]},{id:"17956",title:"Sexual and Reproductive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and Effect of Kidney Transplantation",slug:"sexual-and-reproductive-function-in-chronic-kidney-disease-and-effect-of-kidney-transplantation",totalDownloads:11790,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"after-the-kidney-transplant-the-patients-and-their-allograft",title:"After the Kidney Transplant",fullTitle:"After the Kidney Transplant - The Patients and Their Allograft"},signatures:"Mahboob Lessan-Pezeshki and Shirin Ghazizadeh",authors:[{id:"26564",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboob",middleName:null,surname:"Lessan Pezeshki",slug:"mahboob-lessan-pezeshki",fullName:"Mahboob Lessan Pezeshki"},{id:"26571",title:"Prof.",name:"Shirin",middleName:null,surname:"Ghazizadeh",slug:"shirin-ghazizadeh",fullName:"Shirin Ghazizadeh"}]},{id:"64747",title:"Bone Development and Growth",slug:"bone-development-and-growth",totalDownloads:3711,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"osteogenesis-and-bone-regeneration",title:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Rosy Setiawati and Paulus Rahardjo",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75604",title:"Normal Puerperium",slug:"normal-puerperium",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96348",book:{title:"Midwifery"},signatures:"Subrat Panda, Ananya Das, Arindam Mallik and Surajit Ray Baruah"},{id:"75596",title:"The Use of a Dynamic Elastomeric Fabric Orthotic Intervention in Adolescents and Adults with Scoliosis",slug:"the-use-of-a-dynamic-elastomeric-fabric-orthotic-intervention-in-adolescents-and-adults-with-scolios",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96391",book:{title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults"},signatures:"Martin Matthews and James Wynne"},{id:"75582",title:"Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Problems and Solutions",slug:"elimination-of-plasmodium-vivax-malaria-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96604",book:{title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination"},signatures:"Liwang Cui, Awtum Brashear, Lynette Menezes and John Adams"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:652},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/127033/gregor-zimmermann",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"127033",slug:"gregor-zimmermann"},fullPath:"/profiles/127033/gregor-zimmermann",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()