The crystallography data for VO2 polymorphs.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-951-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-950-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-952-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"bb6fc82b35ad2c63618a9bc15aeb61ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap and Dr. Magdalene Goh Wan Ching",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11948.jpg",keywords:"MOSFET, CMOS, OFET, JFET, FinFET, Integrated Circuit (IC), Oxidation, Metallization, Semiconductor, Silicon (Si), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Silicon Carbide (SiC)",numberOfDownloads:13,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in the fields of microelectronics and electromagnetics. Member of IEEE, IET, IEM.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24699/images/system/24699.jpg",biography:"Kim Ho Yeap is an Associate Professor at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. He is an IEEE senior member, a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia,a Chartered Engineer registered with the UK Engineering Council, and an ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE). He received his BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Petronas in 2004, his MSc in microelectronics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2005, and his PhD from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in 2011. In 2008 and 2015, respectively, Dr. Yeap underwent research attachment at the University of Oxford (UK) and Nippon Institute of Technology (Japan). Dr. Yeap is the external examiner and external course assessor of Wawasan Open University. He is also the Editor in Chief of the i-manager’s Journal on Digital Signal Processing. He has also been a guest editor for the Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences and Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. Dr. Yeap has been given the university teaching excellence award, and 22 research grants. He has published more than 100 research articles (including refereed journal papers, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters). Prior to joining the academic industry, Dr. Yeap worked in Intel corporation in the pre-silicon validation group. He was awarded 4 Kudos awards by Intel for his contributions in the design and verification of the microchip’s design for testability (DFT) features.",institutionString:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"454196",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalene",middleName:null,surname:"Goh Wan Ching",slug:"magdalene-goh-wan-ching",fullName:"Magdalene Goh Wan Ching",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr Magdalene Goh Wan Ching\r\nDesignation: Senior lecturer\r\nQualifications: Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (Inti College), BEng in Electrical\r\nEngineering & Electronics (University of Liverpool, UK), PhD in Solid State\r\nDevice Physics & RF Transistors Design (University of Liverpool, UK)\r\n\r\nProfessional Body\r\nMemberships:\r\n\r\nInaugural Senior Member, International Engineering & Technology Institute\r\n(IETI), Hong Kong\r\n\r\nBiodata: Dr. Magdalene Goh obtained her Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering\r\nfrom Inti College before leaving for the UK to pursue her BEng in Electrical\r\nEngineering & Electronics and later on, her PhD. Prior to joining the academia,\r\nshe has worked for a few years in the industry in the areas of semiconductor\r\nprocess technology, silicon wafer characterizations, mask layout design,\r\nanalogue circuits design and design for testability (DFT). While in the academic,\r\nshe had served as a judge for Innovate Malaysia undergraduate final year\r\nprojects competition from 2012 - 2015. She had served as an external examiner\r\nfor a PhD candidate from VIT University, India in 2013, and an external examiner\r\nfor SEGi College Penang from 2014 – 2018. She has been actively involved with\r\nthe Penang Science Cluster in their radio telescope team since 2014, where she\r\nworks with a team of volunteers (from both academia and the industry in\r\nPenang) to create curricula in radio astronomy, for the purpose of introducing the\r\nconcepts of radio astronomy and radio telescopes to both school pupils and\r\ncollege students. She has been a member of the Astronomical Society of\r\nPenang since 2016.\r\n\r\nCourse Development\r\nExperience:\r\n\r\nSince joining WOU, Dr. Goh has developed eight courses, namely Control\r\nSystems, Microprocessors, Digital Communications, Microelectronics, VLSI\r\nDesign, Process Control & Instrumentation, Power Electronics & Drives and\r\nElectrical Power & Drives.\r\n\r\nResearch Interest: Dr. Goh’s research interests are in the areas of semiconductor physics and\r\nelectromagnetics. She also has strong interest in the field of astronomy and is\r\nworking with a group of volunteers to promote astronomy education in the\r\nsecondary schools in Penang. She had also worked with some interns on the\r\nradio telescope project at the Penang Science Cluster.\r\n\r\nResearch Projects and\r\nConsultancy Work:\r\nSelected Publications: Design of Radio Frequency Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) Capacitors. \r\n\r\nExperimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generator for Battery - Charger\r\nBased Oven.\r\nAnalyzing the Physics of Radio Telescopes and Radio Astronomy (book\r\nchapters).\r\n\r\nConferences,\r\nSeminars and\r\nWorkshops:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh was appointed as one of the Technical Committee Member for the\r\nVirtual Conference on Electronics and Communication: Loading Intelligence on\r\nFuture Electronics (October 2020).\r\n\r\nHonorary\r\nAppointments and\r\nAwards:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh is a reviewer of the following journals:-\r\n1. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters.\r\n2. Journal of Electrical Engineering.\r\n3. Journal on Digital Signal Processing.\r\n\r\nOfficial\r\n\r\nDr. Magdalene Goh Wan Ching\r\nSenior Lecturer & Programme Coordinator of Bachelor of Technology in\r\n\r\nCorrespondence\r\nAddress:\r\n\r\nElectronics,\r\nSchool of Science & Technology\r\nWawasan Open University\r\n54, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah,\r\n10050 Penang\r\n\r\nEmail Address: magdalenegoh@wou.edu.my\r\nPersonal Homepage\r\n(optional):\r\n\r\nBTEL facebook page:\r\nhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/238200129533176/",institutionString:"Technology Wawasan Open University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Wawasan Open University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"82415",title:"Power Consumption in CMOS Circuits",slug:"power-consumption-in-cmos-circuits",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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This is driven by the fact that these materials react to the variation in parameters such as temperature, pressure, electric or magnetic fields etc. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a well-known ‘smart material’ which is popular since the Morin’ work in 1959 [14]. Its monoclinic M1 phase exhibits a metal–insulator transition (MIT) near room temperature, accompanied by larges changes in the structural, electronic and optical properties [15]. These distinctive features makes it attractive in smart windows, switching devices, memory materials and so on [16, 17, 18]. Being a strongly correlated electron system, VO2 is equally attractive to condensed-matter physicists [19, 20, 21, 22].
VO2 can exhibit various polymorphic structures (such as: A, B, C, D, M1, M2, M3, P, R and T), each having quite different physical and chemical properties [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. Among these polymorphs, many are neither stable in ambient conditions nor can be easily synthesized. This happens because vanadium oxides can adopt a wide range of V:O ratios, resulting in different structural motifs. Phase space diagram (Figure 1) for the vanadium oxides indicates that there are more than 15 other stable vanadium oxides phases (like VO, V2O3, V3O5 etc.) and only a narrow window in phase space exist in which the pure semiconducting phase of VO2 can be grown [32]. This narrow window strongly limits the synthesis of VO2 either in the form of bulk crystals, thin films, or micro- and nanostructures. Nonetheless, different stoichiometric VO2 polymorphs have been stabilized using techniques such as sputtering, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), sol–gel deposition, reactive evaporation and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) etc. [15, 23, 25, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38].
Phase space diagram for the vanadium oxides. Note the narrow window within which stoichiometric VO2 can be grown for x = 2.0 (reprinted from Ref. [
Koide and Takei appears to be the first to grow VO2 thin films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique in 1967 [39]. In their deposition method, fumes of vanadium oxychloride (VOCl3) was carried by N2 gas into the growth chamber and was hydrolyzed on the surface of rutile substrates to give epitaxial VO2 films. In 1967, VO2 thin films were also grown using reactive sputtering by Fuls et al. who made the films by reactive ion-beam sputtering of a vanadium target in an argon–oxygen atmosphere [40]. PLD emerged as a deposition technique for oxide superconductors in the late 1980s, and was first used to prepare VO2 thin films by Borek et al. in 1993 [41]. Since then, consistent efforts have been made to grow thin films of various VO2 polymorphs by using different deposition techniques/routes. Sputtering and PLD are the leading deposition techniques used to grow different VO2 thin films polymorphs [42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. This is because of the ease with which one can play the deposition parameters in these techniques to stabilize thin films of various compounds [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60].
In this chapter we will focus on the stabilization of thin film of six main VO2 polymorphs: VO2 (M1), VO2 (M2), VO2 (R), VO2 (T), VO2 (A) and VO2 (B). But in passing it should be noted that VO2 polymorphs likewise VO2 (M3), VO2 (P), VO2 (C) and VO2 (D) have also been mostly studied in bulk and nanostructure form and reports are missing on thin film stabilization of these phases [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31]. Space group and lattice parameters of different VO2 polymorphs known to us are tabulated in Table 1.
Phase | Crystal structure (space group) | Lattice parameters | Comments and References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VO2 (A) | Tetragonal(P42/ncm) (138) | 8.43 | 8.43 | 7.68 | [60] | |
VO2 (B) | Monoclinic(C2/m) (12) | 12.03 | 3.69 | 6.42 | 106.6 | [60] |
VO2 (C) | Tetragonal(I4/mnm) (139) | 3.72 | 3.72 | 15.42 | [24] | |
VO2 (D) | Monoclinic(P2/c) (13) | 4.59 | 5.68 | 4.91 | 89.3 | [26] |
VO2 (P) | Orthorhombic(Pbnm) (62) | 4.95 | 9.33 | 2.89 | [28] | |
VO2 (M1) | Monoclinic(P21/c) (14) | 5.74 | 4.52 | 5.38 | 122.6 | [61] |
VO2 (M2) | Monoclinic(C2/m) (12) | 9.08 | 5.76 | 4.53 | 91.3 | [62] |
VO2 (M3) | Monoclinic(P2/m) (10) | 4.50 | 2.89 | 4.61 | 91.7 | [62] |
VO2 (T) | Triclinic(P-1) (2) | 9.06 | 5.77 | 4.52 | 91.4 | [63] |
VO2 (R) | Tetragonal(P42/mnm) (136) | 4.55 | 4.55 | 2.86 | [61] |
The crystallography data for VO2 polymorphs.
Monoclinic VO2 (M1) (a = 5.74 Å, b = 4.52 Å, c = 5.38 Å, β = 122.6°) with space group P21/c is the most widely studied inorganic thermochromic material which is an insulator at room temperature. It shows a first-order MIT at 68°C with a concomitant structural transition into rutile tetragonal VO2 (R) (a = b = 4.55 Å, c = 2.86 Å) having space group P42/mnm [61]. Because of MIT and the associated huge changes in the structural, electronic and optical properties, VO2 (M1) and VO2 (R) are attractive for applications in smart windows, switching devices, memory materials and so on [16, 17].
Figure 2 shows the structural arrangement of four different phases of VO2 [64]. In the VO2 (R) phase, the vanadium atoms are equally spaced along the rutile c axis (
The schematic structures for (a) rutile (R), (b) monoclinic M1, and (c) M2 phases of VO2. Red and blue balls denote vanadium and oxygen atoms, respectively. (d) The arrangement of vanadium chains in the four phases without oxygen atoms (a-d reprinted from Ref. [
Highly oriented VO2 (M1) thin films on R-cut sapphire substrate were prepared by Borek et al. using PLD [41]. They ablated metallic vanadium target by a KrF pulsed excimer laser in an ultrahigh vacuum deposition chamber with Ar and O2 (10:1) atmosphere of 100–200 mTorr, and a substrate temperature (
(a) GIXRD data of VO2 (M1) thin film prepared on quartz substrate [
VO2 (R) is the high temperature phase of VO2 (M1). So, VO2 (M1) thin films generally transforms to VO2 (R) phase when heated above the MIT temperature. Apart from this, thin films showing VO2 (R) phase at room temperature can also be stabilized by strain, hydrogenation, oxygen vacancies and doping etc. [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76]. Fan et al. reported the growth of ultrathin VO2 (R) phase thin film on TiO2 (002) substrate [71]. Y. Zhao et al. showed that hydrogenation can also lead to growth of VO2 (R) phase thin film [72]. Very recently, Liang et al. described that increase in concentration of W dopant in V1−xWxO2/Si thin films favors the growth of VO2 (R) phase [73]. Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of VO2 (R) phase thin films grown by different groups.
(a) XRD profiles for thickness-dependence VO2 films on TiO2 substrate [Reprinted with permission from Fan et al [
VO2 (T) phase and VO2 (M2) are known to be Mott-Hubbard type insulator which may find use in Mottronics and novel electronic transport applications [15, 18]. These phases are structurally different from VO2 (M1) and VO2 (R) phase because of dissimilar types of vanadium chains and dimerization as shown in Figure 2. VO2 (M2) phase contains two distinct types of vanadium chains: one half of the vanadium atoms pair but do not tilt, while the other half are equidistant which tilts but do not pair. Triclinic phase i.e. VO2 (T) phase can be thought of as an intermediate phase between VO2 (M1) and VO2 (M2) phases, having two types of inequivalent vanadium chains (or sublattices) in which the vanadium atoms are paired and tilted to different degrees. VO2 (T) phase and VO2 (M2) are not as stable phase as VO2 (M1) and VO2 (R). But, doping and/or strain can stabilize these phases [15, 35, 77]. Strelcov et al. presented a phase diagram which demonstrate the influence of chemical doping and uniaxial stress on the phase structure of VO2 [35]. This phase diagram (Figure 5(a)) indicates that either of M1, M2, T, or R phase of VO2 can exist depending on the type of dopant and/or stress. Majid et al. reported the Cr doping driven growth of VO2 (T) phase thin films [15]. Figure 5(b) shows their XRD pattern of grown VO2 (M1) and VO2 (T) phase thin films. Stress-induced VO2 films with M2 monoclinic phase stable at room temperature; were grown by Okimura et al. using inductively coupled plasma-assisted (ICP) reactive sputtering technique with various rf power fed to the coil for ICP (Figure 5(c)) at constant Ts of 450°C and at varying Ts, under constant rf power (Figure 5(d)) [77]. Apart from this work, there are not much reports on the growth of single phase VO2 (M2) thin films which are stable at room temperature. But, there are numerous reports on the evolution of intermediate M2 phase in VO2 thin films during the monoclinic M1 to rutile R transition [15, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81]. This intermediate M2 phase in VO2 thin film can be introduced by selecting the particular substrate temperature, doping, thickness etc. Kumar et al. witnessed the intermediate M2 phase temperature dependent XRD measurements across the MIT transition in polycrystalline VO2 thin films grown on quartz substrate using sputtering technique followed by rapid thermal annealing at 530°C (Figure 6(b)) [69]. However, they have not observed the intermediate M2 phase for films annealed at 500°C (Figure 6(a)). Majid et al. noticed the evolution of intermediate M2 phase in temperature dependent Raman measurements of Cr doped VO2 thin films during T ➔ R phase transition (Figure 6(d)) [15]. For undoped VO2 thin films normal M1➔R phase transition crossover was observed without signatures of intermediate M2 phase °C (Figure 6(c)). Ji et al. stressed the role of microstructure on the M1-M2 phase transition in epitaxial VO2 thin films of different thicknesses [78]. Their temperature dependent Raman measurement result on 90 nm and 150 nm thick VO2 thin film sample are depicted in Figure 6(e) and (f) respectively. Azhan et al. also found intermediate M2 phase in VO2 thin films with large crystalline domains [79].
(a) A temperature-composition phase diagram of VO2, demonstrating the influence of chemical doping and uniaxial stress on the phase structure of VO2 (reprinted with permission from Strelcov et al. [
Temperature dependence of XRD data (at X-ray wavelength (λ) = 0.0693 nm) during heating cycle for VO2 thin film annealed at (a) 500°C and (b) 530°C (a,b adopted from Ref. [
The layered polymorphs VO2 (A) and VO2 (B) are important materials from science and technology perspective. VO2 (B) has been long considered as a promising electrode material for Li ion batteries since the after report of Li et al. in 1994 [82]. It emerged as a promising cathode material owing to its layered structure and outstanding electrochemical performance [83, 84]. Also, it is important for the study of strong electronic correlations resulting from structure. On the other hand, VO2 (A) phase is highly metastable and therefore the physical properties and the potential for technical applications have not been explored in detail. This phase is an intermediate phase between VO2 (B) and VO2 (R), and has a reversible phase transition at ~162°C [85, 86]. The crystal structure of VO2 (A) and VO2 (B) phase with possible epitaxial relation on SrTiO3 substrate, are illustrated in Figure 7(a) and (b) respectively [23]. At room temperature, the metastable monoclinic VO2 (B) adopts a structure derived from V2O5 and belongs to space group C2/m while VO2 (A) adopts a tetragonal unit cell with a space group P42/ncm [23]. Growth of single crystalline VO2 (B) is very challenging due to the complex crystal structure. Similarly to VO2 (B), the study of VO2 (A) has so far been limited.
The schematic crystal structure representation of (a) 220 orientated VO2 (A), (b) 002 orientated VO2 (B) grown on SrTiO3 (100) substrate. (c) XRD patterns showing different phases for VO2 thin films grown at various deposition parameters. (d) Phase diagram showing the role of laser frequency and oxygen pressure during pulsed laser deposition for different polymorphs of VO2 thin films (a-d adopted from Ref. [
Recently; several reports are focused on VO2 (A) and VO2 (B) phases in the form of bulk and nano-powders where annealing treatment causes them to revert to stable VO2 (M1) phase [25]. Chen et al. appears to be the first to report the growth of textured VO2 (B) films with thickness only <25 nm on SrTiO3 (001) substrate [87].
The good mathing of the a − b plane of VO2 (B) to that of (001)-oriented perovskites enables the epitaxial growth of phase-pure VO2 (B) thin films on perovskite substrates, such as SrTiO3 and LaAlO3. Srivastava et al. successfully stablized the single phase VO2 (B) and VO2 (A) thin films by tuning the laser retation rate and oxygen partical pressure during PLD while keeping the constant substrate tempearture (
XRD patterns of (a) VO2 (B) and (b) VO2 (A) thin film on SrTiO3 (001) and (011) substrates respectively. (c) XRD during annealing of VO2 (B)/STO sample (a-c adopted from Ref. [
An overview of thin film stabilization of different VO2 polymorphs i.e. VO2 (M1), VO2 (M2), VO2 (R), VO2 (T), VO2 (A) and VO2 (B) is presented in this chapter. It is understood that one can stabilize the thin film of a particular VO2 polymorph by properly selecting the deposition technique, growth parameters, type of substrate and dopant etc.
This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (Grant No. NRF-2015R1A5A1009962 and NRF-2019K1A3A7A09033398) funded by the Korean government. Authors also acknowledge the support from Pohang Accelerator Lab in Korea.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors are thankful to the publisher for waive off the article processing charges of the chapter.
The human organism is a dynamic, deterministic, non-linear system that shows a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The amount of cells in the human body is extraordinarily large. A study carried out by Eva Bianconi with collaborators from Italy, Greece and Spain, concluded with the number of 3.72 ± 0.81 × 1013, or approximately 37 trillion cells. There is already an estimate of the amount of cells that need to be removed daily in a healthy human adult, seeking to maintain the body’s stability. That number reaches the extraordinary value of 150 billion cells a day! If we remember that the total amount of cells is approximately 37.2 trillion, we conclude that, per day, a healthy human individual loses 0.4% of its cell mass [1].
It is inferred, then, that for the maintenance of life through the proper, harmonious and stable functioning of these cells, in addition to the restoration of lost elements, it is mandatory to spend energy. The clinical concept that refers to this condition of maintenance of conditions of stability is Alostasia. Through Alostasia, Homeostasis is maintained.
The name Homeostasis was created by Walter B. Cannon, in 1932. Literally translated, homeostasis means “staying the same”, but this is not entirely accurate. In reality, homeostasis is not a static state; rather, it is a dynamic state.
In biology, homeostasis is classical, the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits, and which we will call from now on, as the Homeostatic Level.
One of the fundamental elements for the control of the Homeostatic Level is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), with its different components, the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system [2].
The effects of aging on the autonomic nervous system are multiple and vary between and within both sympathetic and parasympathetic portions. Normal human aging is associated with changes in autonomic control of several bodily functions, particularly those served by cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems [3].
The assessment of the autonomic nervous system has been possible through the quantification of a biological marker called Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The literature is extremely rich in studies on HRV, and its high applicability in terms of diagnosis and prognosis is a consensus.
It is possible to study HRV in different domains, namely time, frequency and non-linear. In these domains, different variables have already been described, each with its greater or lesser sensitivity.
Briefly, however, we can highlight three of them among those with the greatest clinical applicability: heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD) and the HF band representing the power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz (HFms2) [4].
Resting heart rate has ceased to be just another vital sign and has become a relevant cardiovascular risk marker. It has long been known that life span is inversely related to resting heart rate in most organisms. The classic article by Levine [5], shows the existence of an inverse semilogarithmic relation between heart rate and life expectancy among mammals, suggesting a predetermined number of heart -beats in a lifetime, with a magic average number of 7.3 ± 5.6 × 108 heart-beats/lifetime.
Boudoulas KD et al. [6], make an excellent review relating heart rate, life expectancy and the cardiovascular system. They conclude that many factors regulate heart rate, and it may be these factors, rather than the heart rate itself, which determine survival, but heart rate has multiple direct effects on the cardiovascular system, regardless of the regulatory mechanisms. These effects directly affect the cardiovascular system in multiple ways that, in turn, may affect survival.
From a pathophysiological point of view, the main finding is that resting heart rate is associated with shear and endothelial function in humans [7].
The impact of increased resting heart rate on prognosis is validated in the general population in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, or heart failure and irrespective of age, cardiovascular risk factors, or comorbidities, although there is still no definitive confirmation of the prognostic effect of heart rate reduction with the use of drugs such as ivabradine, on primary combined events [8].
RMSSD is the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval, expressed in millisseconds, and is the primary time domain measure used to assess parasympathetic sources of HRV [4].
Several studies have shown a reduction in RMSSD values in the presence of disease or aging, reflecting a reduction in heart rate variability. Maurer CW et al., in 2016 [9], evaluated the behavior of the autonomic nervous system in 35 patients with functional movement disorders (FMD) compared to 38 healthy controls. They found a significant reduction in RMSSD in patients with FMD (P = 0.02), as well as an increased mean heart rate (P = 0.03), concluding that decreased vagal tone may reflect increased stress vulnerability in patients with FMD.
DeGiorgio, CM et al. [10], studied 19 subjects with intractable partial seizures, at least three per month, in a randomized clinical trial of omega-3 fatty acids in epilepsy. They looked for whether or not there was a correlation between heart rate variability and the estimated risk of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy, quantified by the SUDEP-7 Inventory. They found that the RMSSD was inversely correlated with the SUDEP-7 score, r = −0.64, p = 0.004. Subjects with higher SUDEP-7 scores had reduced levels of HRV (RMSSD). Other time-dependent measures of HRV (SDNN, SDANN) were not significantly correlated with SUDEP risk scores.
In another study, Maheshwari A et al. [11] evaluated a large group of 12,543 individuals from the general population, participating in The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. They were looking for a relationship between low HRV and sudden cardiac death (SCD). During a median follow-up of 13 years, 215 SCDs were identified. In the group in which sudden deaths occurred, there was a statistically significant difference in heart rate (70.3 ± 13.8 bpm versus 67.7 ± 10.3 bpm; P = 0.008) and in HF power ms2 (1.6 ± 1.5 Ln versus 2.1 ± 1.3 Ln; P < 0.0001). As for the RMSSD, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups, but in both conditions, the values were below the ideal values for normality (27.3 ± 28.3 ms versus 29.2 ± 23.3 ms; P = 0.25).
Based on the knowledge that sepsis is associated with marked alterations in hemodynamic responses, autonomic dysfunction and impaired vascular function, Bongiorno Junior et al. [12], explored the prognostic utility of cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), indices of vagal modulation (RMSSD and SD1), total heart rate variability (HRV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (%FMD) in 60 patients recruited at an intensive care unit. They found that in the group of 39 patients who did not survive, HR was higher (105 ± 27 bpm versus 84 ± 15 bpm; P = 0.02) and it was observed that the RMSSD and SD1 indices could be predictors of endothelial function and RMSSD could predict the risk of death in these patients.
The ROC Curve of RMSSD was useful in predicting 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis. The area under the curve was 0.784 (0.656–0.881). The value of 10.8 ms was chosen as the cut-off point for RMSSD (sensitivity of 77.1%, specificity of 73.9%, the positive likelihood ratio of 2.96 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.31. With RMSSD ≤10.8 ms, the mean survival time was 23.1 days and with RMSSD>10.8 ms, the mean survival time was 23.1 days).
There are three main spectral components in an HRV spectrum named as high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) bands. The HF band represents the power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz. HF power is generally believed to represent respiration-linked changes in heart rate and is generally accepted as a measure of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), or the parasympathetic contribution to HRV. RSA refers to the acceleration in heart rate that occurs during inspiration (due to the cardiovascular control center’s inhibition of vagal outflow) and the subsequent heart rate deceleration that occurs during expiration, due to vagal restoration [13, 14].
Doheny et al. in 2015 [15], evaluated the possibility of using a non-invasive biomarker that allows early detection of patients at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), that is an acute neonatal inflammatory disease that may lead to intestinal necrosis, multi-system failure and death. For that, they used the high frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability. They studied 70 stable preterm infants (gestational age 28-35 week). HF ms2 was 21.5 ± 2.7 ms2 in infants that remained healthy and 3.9 ± 0.81 ms2 in those that later developed stage 2 + NEC (P < 0.001). The cut-off value in the ROC curve was 4.68ms2, predictive for developing NEC with sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 87%, and positive and negative predictive values of 50% and 98%, respectively. They concluded that HF ms2 may serve as a potential, non-invasive predictive biomarker of NEC-risk in infants.
In 2004, Abramkin et al. [16], studied 188 patients to compare the prognostic value of different noninvasive reflex tests on days 4-11 of myocardial infarction. The age varied from 34 to 75 years, 68% were men, and 93.6% were on beta-blockers, all without heart failure NYHA IV on the day of tests. HF power < 65 ms2 during active standing (OR 28.8, 95% CI 4.1-104.2; p = 0.001, positive predictive value 29.4%) was an independent predictor of sudden cardiac death.
In a meta-analytic study carried out in 2021 by Heimrich et al. [17], the objective was to verify whether the analysis of heart rate variability could indicate decreased parasympathetic tone in patients with Parkinson’s disease. A total of 47 studies were evaluated, including 2772 individuals, 1566 of which had Parkinson’s Disease (65.0 ± 0.6 years) and 1206 were healthy controls (62.6 ± 1.0 years). Based on 24 studies, it was possible to detect that the FH ms2 was significantly lower in the group of patients with the disease (145.2 ± 41.1 versus 219.4 ± 48.8 ms2; P = 0.002; heterogeneity 91%).
Considering that the heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD) and the HF band power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz (HFms2), can help to differentiate the homeostatic level between individuals with severe impairment and high risk, and healthy individuals, we performed an intensive review of the literature by collecting published data involving the aforementioned variables, in search of a cutoff value for defining homeostatic reference levels and creating an individualized diagnostic coding.
Based on research projects linked to FAPESP - Brazil (2017/12529-7) and CNPq -Brazil (308,555/2018-0), studies involving the use of one or more of the three variables mentioned above were evaluated. In total, it was possible to analyze 164 studies involving the heart rate of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL_ic), 181 studies involving the heart rate of apparently healthy individuals (HL_ah), 179 studies involving the RMSSD of individuals with HL_ic, 221 studies involving the RMSSD from HL_ah subjects, 125 studies involving the HF ms2 of subjects with HL_ic and 155 studies involving the HF ms2 of HL_ah subjects. Obviously, there were concurrent studies in certain situations. Due to a large number of references, they are cited separately and available in a
Data were presented as mean and standard deviation, weighted mean, quantities, percentages and correlation coefficients. Comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test and its post-tests, according to the indication. Correlation graphs were constructed and Box-Whisker graphs were used for illustration. An alpha error of 5% was accepted, with P values less than or equal to 0.05 being considered significant. The statistical software used was StatsDirect version 3.3.5 (03/22/2021).
The total amount of data analyzed was extremely high. Table 1 below indicates the amounts for each variable under conditions of significantly compromised and apparently healthy homeostasis, as well as the mean and standard deviation values for the age of the group, the mean and standard deviation of the variable, and the weighted mean of the variable.
N References | N Data | Age [Mean ± SD] | Variable [Mean ± SD] | Variable [weighted mean] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR HL_ic bpm | 164 | 365,195 | 48.7 ± 20.7 | 97.6 ± 20.1 | 85.7 | |
HR HL_ah bpm | 181 | 22,443 | 32.9 ± 21.7 | 75.9 ± 18.9 | 69.7 | P < 0.0001 |
RMSSD HL_ic ms | 179 | 10,014 | 54.4 ± 16.5 | 22.8 ± 19.9 | 27.4 | |
RMSSD HL_ah ms | 221 | 35,531 | 30.1 ± 19.3 | 45.6 ± 18.8 | 32.5 | P < 0.0001 |
HF ms2 HL_ic ms2 | 125 | 6830 | 54.2 ± 15.2 | 173.7 ± 181.4 | 155.9 | |
HF ms2 HL_ah ms2 | 155 | 25,953 | 32.7 ± 19.7 | 565.2 ± 459.1 | 468.1 | P < 0.0001 |
Distribution of the number of studies included, amount of data per variable, according to homeostatic level (importantly compromised [HL_ic] or apparently healthy [HL_ah].
As the behavior of heart rate variability is related to age, linear correlation calculations were made between age (predictor) and the variable to be predicted (HR, RMSSD or HFms2) in the HL_ic and HL_ah groups (Table 2; Figures 1–6).
Variable | Simple linear regression | Correlation coefficient (r) | Correlation coefficient (r2) | Two sided P-values |
---|---|---|---|---|
HR HL_ic | −0.493334 age + 121.57553 | −0.532497 | 0.283553 | < 0.0001 |
HR HL_ah | −0.444059 Age + 90.500925 | −0.510337 | 0.260444 | < 0.0001 |
RMSSD HL_ic | −0.159605 Age + 31.493563 | −0.131765 | 0.017362 | 0.0787# |
RMSSD HL_ah | −0.520603 Age + 61.235545 | −0.534807 | 0.286018 | < 0.0001 |
HFms2 HL_ic | −2.572467 Age + 313.130404 | −0.215726 | 0.046538 | 0.0157 |
HFms2 HL_ah | −11.218318 Age + 932.609833 | −0.480536 | 0.230915 | < 0.0001 |
Distribution of simple linear regression, correlation coefficients (r and r2) and two-sided P-values, by homeostatic condition.
Correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero.
Correlation graphs (age x heart rate) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Correlation graphs (age x RMSSD) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Correlation graphs (age x HF ms2) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Scattergram (HR in bpm) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
Scattergram (RMSSD in ms) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
Scattergram (HF in ms2) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
A moderate negative correlation was found between heart rate and age, both in cases with significant homeostatic impairment and in apparently healthy cases. There was also a moderate negative correlation between RMSSD and age, and between HFms2 and age in the apparently healthy group. The fact that there was only a weak negative correlation between HFms2 and age in the group with significant homeostatic impairment and also the absence of correlation between RMSSD and age in this impaired group, was noteworthy. This may suggest that RMSSD is a more effective or sensitive biological marker of homeostasis, revealing changes regardless of age.
It became also relevant to evaluate the data of the three selected variables, in the group composed of individuals named as being from the general population (HL_gp). Thus, from the global data survey carried out, a number of 10,121,910 were obtained from individuals from the general population, in different age groups. The values of mean, standard deviation, weighted mean, mean age ± standard deviation and number of articles consulted are found in Table 3 and Figure 7.
Heart rate | RMSSD | HF ms2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Data (N) | 144,817 | 5,098,117 | 4,878,976 |
Mean | 71.1 | 30.3 | 273.1 |
Standard Deviation | 5.8 | 12.5 | 266.2 |
Weighted mean | 68.3 | 43.2 | 569.2 |
Age (mean ± SD) | 51.0 ± 15.3 | 48.9 ± 16.8 | 50.9 ± 13.8 |
References | 110 | 138 | 118 |
Data and values were obtained in the assessment of the general population (HL_gp).
Box-whisker graphs of the distributions of values for heart rate (A), RMSSD (B) and HF ms2 (C) variables, by the homeostatic level group.
Comparative statistical analysis between the 3 groups (HL_ah, HL_ic and HL_gp) for the three selected variables, using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-test Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner, showed a non-significant difference between HR HL_ah versus HR HL_gp (P = 0.6228); the statistically significant difference between HR HL_ah versus HR HL_ic (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between HR HL_gp versus HR HL_ic (P < 0.0001).
Regarding the variable RMSSD, there was a statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_gp (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_gp versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001).
In the comparative analysis of the variable HF ms2, there was a statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_gp (P < 0.0001); statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001); statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_gp versus RMSSD HL_ic (P = 0.0002).
Therefore, it is concluded that data from the so-called general population are not suitable to be considered as a normal condition and this must be taken into account when this group is used as a control group.
Finally, based on the weighted average of the results in Table 1, on the scatter plots involving the group of individuals with significant homeostatic impairment and the group of apparently healthy individuals, we propose a classification model for the individual homeostatic level. This classificatory model is a three-level, three-stage alphanumeric coding, designed as follows:
Level A: Heart Rate (bpm)
Stage A1: Heart Rate less than 70 bpm
Stage A2: Heart Rate between 70 and 85 bpm
Stage A3: Heart Rate above 85 bpm
Level B: RMSSD (ms)
Stage B1: RMSSD above 32 milliseconds.
Stage B2: RMSSD between 32 and 28 milliseconds.
Stage B3: RMSSD less than 28 milliseconds.
Level C: HF ms2
Stage C1: HF ms2 above 468 ms2
Stage C2: HF ms2 between 468 and 156 ms2.
Stage C3: HF ms2 less than 156 ms2.
Thus, a totally healthy individual, with an excellent Homeostatic Level and, therefore, with very low risk, would receive the A1B1C1 classification. An individual with a high basal heart rate, a very low RMSSD value and a very low HF power value would be classified as A3B3C3 indicating high severity, low homeostatic level and, therefore, at high risk. Several intermediate combinations would be possible characterizing the current state of each case. The figure below illustrates the full set of possibilities (Figure 8).
Set of possibilities in the alphanumeric classification of the individual homeostatic level (Created by the authors).
In conclusion, the present analytical study, based on an extensive amount of data published in the literature (more than 10.5 million values), referring to three recognized variables of heart rate variability markers of the level of homeostasis, allowed us to define cut-off levels indicative of apparently healthy or with important homeostatic compromise. It was possible to conclude that values obtained in the general population are not equivalent to normal values, a fact that must be considered when this group is used as a control. It was also possible, to elaborate a very simple alphanumeric classification with practical applicability in the characterization of the individual homeostatic level.
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enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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