Information on the bioproducts used in this study.
\r\n\t2) Causes of mesothelioma: asbestos, asbestiform fibres, non-asbestos causes, germline mutations of BAP1, mismatch repair genes, TP53, BRCA2 and other genes, gene-environment interaction in mesothelioma.
\r\n\t3) Pathogenesis of mesothelioma: asbestos-induced cytotoxicity, role of local inflammation, including M2 macrophages and/or reactive oxygen species among other mechanisms, markers of systemic inflammation (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, Glasgow Prognostic Score etc.), BAP1-related molecular pathways, other genetic and epigenetic alterations, miRNAs, stemness, tumour microenvironment and hypoxia.
\r\n\t4) Radiology in diagnostics and staging of mesothelioma: computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
\r\n\t5) Tissue-based diagnostics of mesothelioma: cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry, informativity and limitations of the relevant methods, markers for differential diagnosis between benign versus malignant mesothelial cells and primary versus metastatic neoplasms in pleura or peritoneum, diagnostic protocols and algorithms, future developments via digital pathology, machine-based learning etc.
\r\n\t6) Clinical and histological features of BAP1-associated mesothelioma.
\r\n\t7) Liquid biopsy in mesothelioma: proteins, miRNAs, CTC, ctDNA etc.
\r\n\t8) Staging and prognosis of mesothelioma: state of the art, techniques and limitations of current staging systems, survival and prognostic factors, long-term survival.
\r\n\t9) Surgical management of mesothelioma: benefits and controversies of extrapleural pneumonectomy, pleurectomy/decortication (P/D) and extended P/D.
\r\n\t10) Systemic chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, BAP1-pathway-targeting agents, PARP inhibitors and other innovations, mechanisms of chemoresistance in mesothelioma.
\r\n\t11) Radiotherapy.
\r\n\t12) Intracavitary chemo- and/or photodynamic therapy.
\r\n\t13) Peritoneal mesothelioma (PM): cytoreductive surgery, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
\r\n\t14) Rare locations and histological types: pericardiac mesothelioma, multicystic mesothelioma etc.
\r\n\t15) Mesothelioma in wild and domestic animals.
\r\n\t16) Communication and support: communicating diagnosis to the patient, palliative treatment, nutritional maintenance and psychological support.
Estimation of the production area in Brazil (soybean, beans, and cotton), in which
The first report on the use of
Efficient chemical control of SSR relies on prophylactic application of fungicides, since curative spraying does not revert yield losses despite being effective in reducing the inoculum potential for subsequent crops. The intensive long-term fungicide-based management strategies for the control of this disease resulted in the development of resistant
We accessed the efficacy of different
Trichoderma strains used in this research were recovered from bioproducts available on the market (Table 1) after plating in PDA medium (20% potato extract, 2% dextrose, and 2% agar). All inhibition assays were against the
Bioproduct codification | \nActive ingredient/microorganism | \nFormulation | \nTiter reported by the manufacturer | \n
---|---|---|---|
SF04 | \nWG | \n1.0 × 1010e | \n|
IBLF006 | \nWP | \n5.0 × 1010e | \n|
ESALQ-1306 | \nCS | \n2.0 × 109f | \n|
Tricho | \nWP | \n1.0 × 108e | \n
Information on the bioproducts used in this study.
Strain SF04
Strain IBLF006
Strain ESALQ-1306
Not specified on product’s label
Colony-forming units (CFU) m L−1 or CFU g−1
Viable conidia m L−1
WG, wettable granule; WP, wettable powder; CS, concentrated suspension
Products (Tables 1 and 2) were serially diluted in sterile distilled water and plated in PDA medium for 5 days.
\n | SF04 | \nIBLF006 | \nESALQ-1306 | \nTricho | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Bioproduct label | \n1.0 × 1010a | \n5.0 × 1010a | \n2.0 × 109b | \n1.0 × 108a | \n
Hemocytometer | \n8.8 × 1010 | \n1.2 × 1010 | \n1.9 × 1010 | \n6.7 × 109 | \n
Platea | \n5.0 × 1010 | \n3.0 × 106 | \n6.0 × 109 | \n1.0 × 107 | \n
Bacterial contaminationc,d | \n5.0 × 105 A | \n6.0 × 106 C | \n1.0 × 106 A | \n3.0 × 106 B | \n
Viability (%)c | \n98 A | \n60 C | \n98 A | \n90 B | \n
Monitoring of quality of bioproducts.
CFU mL−1 or CFU g−1
Viable conidia mL−1
Averages followed by different uppercase letters are statistically different by the Tukey test (
Data transformed to \n
Titer of
Antagonism of
Higher concentrations of the antagonist in the tested bioproducts were recorded by direct quantification of the number of viable spores in a hemocytometer slide. Compared to quantification in a plate, this may occur because nearby propagules, after spread on plate’s surface, visually form only one colony, underestimating the result, which does not happen in the individualized spore counting under a light microscope. From all counted spores, IBLF006 was the only bioproduct with germination percentage lower than 90, coincident to its higher contamination by bacterial cells. By accessing the concentration on the plate through the indirect counting method (serial dilutions of fungi suspensions), the bioproduct SF04 showed
There is a clear need to standardize and specify on the product’s label the methodology adopted for quality monitoring, due to discrepancies between antagonist concentration values measured by spores counting (direct quantification) and by the number of in vitro colonies (indirect). Besides, limitations and modifications of the methodologies interfere in the result [38, 39, 40, 41]. The maintenance of viability, especially during storage of the bioproduct, requires studies on formulations more adequate to the stability of microorganisms. In the market,
The antagonistic effect of the strains was first verified through simultaneous cultivation under in vitro conditions, determining the area of the plate occupied by the colonies of
Scanning electron photomicrography of the interactions between
The antagonistic activity of the bioproducts was also verified against the pathogen survival structures (data not shown). Percentage of non-germinated sclerotia and of sclerotia colonized by
To study the interaction between the antagonist and the pathogen, mycelia agar discs (5 mm diameter) from collation zones among both fungi colonies were collected at the seventh day of co-cultivation and further analyzed [54, 55]. Discs were fixed to bristles in modified Karnovsky solution (2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in cacodylate buffer 0.05 M, pH 7.2), at 4°C for 17 h, followed by four rinses with mentioned buffer. Samples were subsequently fixed with 1% (w v−1) osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer 0.01 M (pH 7.2) during 1 hour at 4°C, rinsed thrice with distilled water, and dehydrated in graded acetone series (30, 50, 70, 90, and 100%). Samples were kept at each solution for 10 minutes, and each step was repeated three times. Drying was done with carbon dioxide using a critical point dryer (TEC-030) (Balzers, Liechtenstein). Samples were fixed to aluminum stubs and gold-coated (20 nm/180 seconds) before visualized in a scanning electron microscope model LEO 435VP (Zeiss, Oberkochen). Figures 2 and 3 show the hyperparasitism and antagonistic activity of Trichoderma-based products against
Spore germination (%) of
Soil parasitism of
Different fungicides (Table 3), usually used in the control of
Fungicide codification | \nActive ingredient (ai) | \nConcentration of the ai (g L−1 or g kg−1) | \nDosea | \n
---|---|---|---|
Tm | \nThiophanate-methyl | \n500 | \n100b | \n
TmF | \nThiophanate-methyl + fluazinam | \n350 + 52.5 | \n180b | \n
C | \nCarbendazim | \n500 | \n100b | \n
F | \nFluazinam | \n500 | \n200c | \n
FldMM | \nFludioxonil + metalaxyl-M | \n25 + 10 | \n100b | \n
FiTmPy | \nFipronil + t. methyl + pyraclostrobin | \n250 + 225 + 25 | \n200b | \n
Pro | \nProcymidone | \n500 | \n200c | \n
Chemical fungicides used in the compatibility test.
mL of commercial product 100 kg−1 of seeds
Dose recommended for seed treatment
Experimental dose
The medium was poured into Petri dishes and inoculated with 5-mm-dia colony discs of Trichoderma strains (Table 4). Plates were then incubated for 1 week. The diameter of Trichoderma colonies was measured daily. At the seventh day, we calculated the growth speed index (GSI) according to [57].
\nTreatment | \nActive ingredient (ai) | \nApplication timinge | \nDose (L/kg ai ha−1) | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | \n2nd | \n3rd | \n4th | \n|||
Control | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
SF04 | \nV4 | \nV6 | \n— | \n— | \n2.0 × 109 | \n|
IBLF006 | \nV4 | \nV6 | \n— | \n— | \n2.0 × 108 | \n|
ESALQ-1306 | \nV4 | \nV6 | \n— | \n— | \n2.0 × 109 | \n|
Tricho | \nV4 | \nV6 | \n— | \n— | \n2.0 × 106 | \n|
ESALQ-1306 + Tm | \nV4 | \nV6 | \n\n | \n | 2.0 × 109 | \n|
\n | \n | R1 | \nR2 | \n0.5 | \n||
Tm | \nThiophanate-methyl | \n— | \n— | \nR1 | \nR2 | \n0.5 | \n
F | \nFluazinam | \n— | \n— | \nR1 | \nR2 | \n0.5 | \n
Description of active ingredients/microorganisms, application timing, and doses of products in the control of
Strain SF04
Strain IBLF006
Strain ESALQ-1306
Not specified on product’s label
According to soybean phenological stage proposed by [56]
Seed treatment was done with soybean cultivar NK7074RR, considered susceptible to SSR [58]. Chemical and biological fungicides were applied at doses recommended by the manufactures (Table 2). Seeds were first treated with the chemical pesticides followed by application of the bioproducts. Positive controls consisted of seeds treated only with the
We used diameter data measured from colonies during a 7-day incubation period to calculate the growth speed index (GSI) of the
Fungicide | \nSF04 | \nIBLF006 | \nESALQ-1306 | \nTricho | \nSF04 | \nIBLF006 | \nESALQ-1306 | \nTricho | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | 0.1 ppm | \n1 ppm | \n||||||
Tm | \n12.0 Ab | \n12.6 Aa | \n12.6 Aa | \n13.0 Aa | \n6.7 Bc | \n12.0 Aa | \n10.1 Ab | \n12.2 Aa | \n
TmF | \n12.1 Aa | \n8.7 Db | \n5.9 Dd | \n7.9 Dc | \n5.3 Ca | \n4.0 Db | \n3.6 Db | \n3.7 Db | \n
C | \n1.3 Da | \n1.2 Fa | \n1.1 Ga | \n1.7 Ga | \n0.4 Ea | \n1.0 Ga | \n0.5 Fa | \n1.0 Fa | \n
F | \n4.6 Ca | \n3.0 Eb | \n4.4 Ea | \n4.8 Ea | \n4.7 Ca | \n3.3 Eb | \n3.8 Db | \n3.9 Db | \n
FldMM | \n1.9 Db | \n2.0 Gb | \n2.3 Fb | \n3.9 Fa0 | \n1.4 Db | \n2.3 Fa | \n2.5 Ea | \n2.7 Ea | \n
FiTmPy | \n8.6 Bb | \n9.7 Ca | \n7.3 Cc | \n8.8 Cb | \n5.4 Ca | \n6.1 Ca | \n4.7 Cb | \n5.6 Ca | \n
Pro | \n8.0 Bb | \n10.8 Ba | \n11.2 Ba | \n11.5 Ba | \n12.2 Aa | \n9.3 Bb | \n9.2 Bb | \n9.7 Bb | \n
\n | 10 ppm | \n100 ppm | \n||||||
Tm | \n0.3 Cb | \n1.5 Ba | \n1.7 Ca | \n0.9 Bb | \n0.1 Ca | \n0.1 Da | \n0.1 Da | \n0.2 Da | \n
TmF | \n0.8 Ca | \n0.3 Ca | \n0.5 Da | \n0.2 Ba | \n0.1 Ca | \n0.0 Da | \n0.1 Da | \n0.1 Da | \n
C | \n0.0 Ca | \n0.3 Ca | \n0.2 Da | \n0.2 Ba | \n0.1 Ca | \n0.5 Da | \n0.2 Da | \n0.2 Da | \n
F | \n4.6 Aa | \n2.1 Ab | \n2.7 Bb | \n2.6 Ab | \n3.6 Aa | \n1.5 Bc | \n2.3 Bb | \n2.3 Bb | \n
FldMM | \n1.8 Ba | \n2.3 Aa | \n1.9 Ca | \n1.9 Aa | \n1.1 Ba | \n1.1 Ca | \n1.0 Ca | \n1.1 Ca | \n
FiTmPy | \n0.4 Ca | \n0.4 Ca | \n0.3 Da | \n0.3 Ba | \n0.4 Ca | \n0.1 Da | \n0.2 Da | \n0.1 Da | \n
Pro | \n2.1 Bb | \n2.2 Ab | \n3.5 Aa | \n2.0 Ab | \n3.7 Aa | \n3.0 Aa | \n3.6 Aa | \n3.2 Aa | \n
\n | 1000 ppm | \n0 ppm | \n||||||
Tm | \n0.0 Ca | \n0.0 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n14.12 | \n12.81 | \n13.61 | \n11.96 | \n
TmF | \n0.0 Ca | \n0.0 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
C | \n0.0 Ca | \n0.3 Ba | \n0.1 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
F | \n2.1 Ba | \n0.5 Ba | \n0.8 Ba | \n0.7 Ba | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
FldMM | \n0.3 Ca | \n0.5 Ba | \n0.5 Ba | \n0.3 Ba | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
FiTmPy | \n0.0 Ca | \n0.0 Ba | \n0.1 Ba | \n0.0 Ba | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
Pro | \n3.9 Aa | \n2.4 Aa | \n3.5 Aa | \n3.2 Aa | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
Growth speed index (GSI) calculated based on
Colonies were plated in PDA medium supplemented with chemical fungicides at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm
Averages followed by the same uppercase letters, in columns, and lowercase letters, in lines, do not differ significantly by the Tukey test (
To check the compatibility between chemical fungicides and bioproducts in seed treatment, a common agricultural practice, we evaluated the viability of the spores of the antagonists after exposure to the active ingredients. Like the plating assay, in the soybean seed treatment, significant effects (
The simultaneous use of biocontrol agents and pesticides in disease management may allow reduction of recommended doses of chemicals [66]. This possibility could mitigate compatibility problems, as the fungicides applied in low concentrations did not visibly affect
The efficacy of the antagonist in the control of seed pathogens was verified through the blotter test. Four hundred soybean seeds cv. NK7074RR, artificially inoculated or not with
Seeds can be source of inoculum introducing pathogens to new cultivation areas and increasing diseases in the field. Besides, physiological seed quality can be compromised by deteriorating action of fungi during storage. Alternatively, chemical seed treatment microbiolization ensures seed health by using living microorganisms. In the sanity test, soybean seeds were treated with the bioproducts. We observed predominance, but not exclusivity, of
Now considering the soybean seeds artificially inoculated,
Seed microbiolization represents a useful and promising method for the control of seed pathogens (infecting or contaminating the seed lot) and of soil-borne pathogens (as
All bioproducts accelerated emergence speed index on sand seedbed test. The index practically doubled compared to the untreated control. This result indicates improvement in the physiological quality of soybean seeds inoculated with
The standardization of the seed germination and seedling emergence on sand seedbed tests [78] to access possible effects of the antagonist on physiological quality of soybean seeds is an important procedure. Germination test consisted of four replicates of 50 seeds each placed in filter paper rolls as recommended [78]. Soybean seeds were artificially inoculated with
where ESI = emergence speed index; E1, E2, … En = number of normal seedlings obtained at the first, second, and at the nth counting; and N1, N2, … Nn = number of days from sowing to the first, second, and nth counting.
\nThe register of the number of plantlets with abnormalities, with necrotic cotyledons, and infected with SSR, as well as shoot and root lengths (cm) and fresh and dry weights (g), is very important in this case or evaluation. Standard germination test followed a randomized design with four replications of 50 seeds each, whereas the seedling emergence on sand test was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four replicates of 200 seeds each. The treatments consisted of the four biological products and a control (without the antagonist) inoculated or not with
After laboratory and greenhouse experiments, we conducted a field study at a commercial soybean crop geo-referenced at 19°12′54″S and 47°56′58″W, 947 m of altitude, during the summer season (from December/2009 to April/2010). Climatological data [maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), relative air humidity (%), and pluvial precipitation (mm)] were obtained from the weather station located at the farm. Soil was classified as a ferralsol, and the field had previous report of SSR occurrence. Sowing was done with 15 seeds per linear meter using soybean cultivar BRS Valiosa RR (susceptible to SSR) at a final stand of 10 plants m−1. Crop conduction was according to Embrapa [81]. Experimental design was in random blocks with seven treatments and a control (Table 3), with four replications. Each plot consisted of six rows of 5 m length and 0.5 m apart totalizing an area of 480 m2. The four central rows despising 0.5 m from both edges were considered as the useful plot. Spraying was done with a CO2 pressurized costal sprayer equipped with XR110.02 nozzles at a volume of 200 L ha−1. Environmental conditions were constantly monitored during application of the (bio)products ranging from 27.2 to 34.3°C, 47 to 65% of relative air humidity, and winds of 0 to 5 km h−1. The titer of the
Treatments | \nAUDPC | \nINCID. (%) | \nAUDI | \nSCLE. (g) | \nTGW (g) | \nYIELD (kg ha−1) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | \n909.4 B | \n25.5 B | \n20130.0 B | \n6.6 A | \n127.6 B | \n1942.5 C | \n
SF04 | \n685.0 B | \n9.2 A | \n5296.9 A | \n2.4 A | \n147.2 A | \n2890.0 A | \n
IBLF006 | \n766.9 B | \n10.8 A | \n7319.4 A | \n5.8 A | \n136.4 B | \n2523.3 B | \n
ESALQ-1306 | \n651.2 B | \n9.8 A | \n5005.0 A | \n2.2 A | \n145.8 A | \n2897.5 A | \n
Tricho | \n656.9 B | \n12.2 A | \n5877.5 A | \n4.6 A | \n144.5 A | \n2452.5 B | \n
ESALQ-1306 + Tm | \n532.5 A | \n10.5 A | \n4258.8 A | \n2.5 A | \n146.1 A | \n2765.0 A | \n
Tm | \n658.1 B | \n12.8 A | \n6690.6 A | \n3.4 A | \n143.3 A | \n2945.0 A | \n
F | \n440.6 A | \n7.5 A | \n2620.6 A | \n1.9 A | \n151.5 A | \n3015.0 A | \n
Control of
AUDPC, area under the disease progress curve; INCID, disease incidence; AUDI, area under the disease index (% incidence × % severity); SCLE, sclerotia weight; TGW, a thousand grain weight averages followed by different uppercase letters, in columns, are statistically different by the Scott-Knott test (
The use of
Disease symptoms were not attenuated in plants treated with the bioproducts; however, they showed significant reduction in SSR incidence and lower disease index. Incidence is the most important parameter when it comes to SSR field evaluation. Disease index estimates the damage to the plant both by the number of diseased plants (incidence) and by the lesion length (severity) [82]. Application of bioproducts alone reduced the index by 64–75%. It is important to mention that biological control does not promote total eradication of phytopathogens but the maintenance of the population at levels enough not to cause economic damages to the crop. In our study, this was reflected by the productivity increase of up to 35 bushels ha−1 in relation to the untreated control, an income of US$297 ha−1.
\nIn conclusion, we report the use of
The authors would like to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG, for financial support. Special thanks go to Fabio J. Carvalho for the statistical advice provided. The third author acknowledges PPGA-UFU and CAPES for PNPD scholarship.
\nThere is no conflict of interest in this paper.
Probiotics are living microbes that must be in the number of 106 log Cfu/gr at the time of entering the intestinal environment to have their beneficial effects on human health [1]. Probiotics are usually one or mixture of several microorganisms, when consumed by humans or animals, they have many beneficial effects on the body. Therefore, researchers are trying to add it to food the survival of probiotics. Since dairy products are Suitable for the transmission and survival of probiotic bacteria, most probiotic bacteria enter dairy products such as yogurt, Dough and various dairy desserts [2]. Due to the presence of animal cholesterol, lactose intolerance and sensitivity of some people to dairy products, it is necessary to study probiotic products with new flavors and non-dairy products, especially herbal [2]. Researchers are always looking for ways to improve the survival of probiotic bacteria to increase the survival of probiotics in Unfavorable environmental conditions, including during the production and storage of food products, as well as acidic and biliary conditions in the gastrointestinal tract [3, 4]. it is recommended that probiotic foods contain at least 108 log Cfu / gr at the time of consumption [1]. One of the newest methods that has had significant effects in this regard is the microencapsulation of bacteria in different ways by different coatings. From a microbiological point of view, microencapsulation is the monopoly of bacterial cells with hydrocolloid coatings that are used to separate and protect it from the external environment. The main purpose of microencapsulation is to increase the survival of bacterial cells during storage, passage and release in the gastrointestinal tract [5]. Symbiotic, on the other hand, are a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that affect the health of the host, selectively stimulating probiotic growth. And activate, metabolize beneficial intestinal bacteria, thus improving beneficial effects on the host [5]. By adhering to intestinal epithelial cells, probiotics can improve micro biota and digestion. Provides protection against pathogens and carcinogenic properties [1]. In this chapter, a brief description of probiotics and their increase in survival in different ways are depicted.
The word probiotic, meaning to live, is derived from the Greece language. For more than 4,000 years, lactic acid bacteria have been used to increase the shelf life of various foods through fermentation processes. In 1857, Pasteur discovered that microorganisms were responsible for fermenting milk and play role in the production of lactic acid, which was eliminated by boiling milk. The Clinton Processing Company (USA), for first in 1881, produced lactic acid by fermentation Process. The idea of using one-way primer cultures in the decades 1940 and 1950 consisting of lactic acid bacteria was evolving and becoming commercially available [3]. Researchers have observed widespread in the decades 1980, use of lactic acid bacteria in biomedicine, food preservation, food processing, and fermentation and animal husbandry [3]. In 2002, the World Health Organization provided a comprehensive definition of probiotics: Probiotics are living microorganisms that, if taken in sufficient amounts, have beneficial effects on host health [6, 7].
The gastrointestinal tract contains millions of bacteria, the balance of which is very important for the gastrointestinal tract and the functioning of the immune system. During the day, the intestinal microflora is exposed to various stresses (use of antibiotics, anxiety and food poisoning). Which can create an imbalance between the so-called (good) and (bad) bacteria. However, eating foods that contain extra probiotics can increase the level of healthy or “good” bacteria in the gut which can change the microbial balance in this way [8]. Probiotics are classified as “safe” bacteria because their metabolism is saccharolytic. Probiotics are classified as “safe” bacteria because their metabolism is saccharolytic, (That is, they break down carbohydrates in the large intestine to produce short-chain fatty acids). This process is also known as fermentation and is beneficial to the host [8].
In the process of selecting probiotic strains for consumption, it must be approved by the WHO, FAO and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for their safe status (GRAS) and (QPS) [4]. Recommended properties for a probiotic bacterium that have shown good and prominent effects on human health include [9]:
Bacterial lactic acid has been used to produce commercial probiotic products such as
Grosu-Tudor et al observed in Species (
Adherence to intestinal surfaces is one of the most important criteria for selecting strong probiotic isolates. Some probiotic strains are isolated from fermented foods that have significant adhesion by producing intestinal mucosa. Such as
Probiotic products are usually recommended for storage in 4 to 5°C and should be used before the expiration date [3]. The criteria and requirements of probiotic strains are listed in detail in the Table 1 below:
Criteria | Required specifications |
---|---|
Immunomodulatory effects |
|
Function |
|
Technological capability |
|
Criteria for selection of probiotic species.
Probiotics are now recognized as the top pragmatic food products, and these health benefits are enhanced by prebiotics and short-chain oligosaccharides; because these substances help increase the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract [5]. Processing conditions in food products such as oxidation and temperature are important for the preservation and survival of bacterial cells. High temperatures during the survival process are harmful to microorganisms. Reduction of oxygen during fermentation plays an important role in the elimination of aerobic microorganisms. Storage conditions such as packaging such as moisture, oxygen, temperature should be appropriate. Microencapsulation techniques to protect bacterial cells cause high survival of these microorganisms in food products as well as in the gastrointestinal tract (low pH in gastric salt and bile in the small intestine) (Table 2) [5].
Food product | Compound added | Research Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|
Semi- hard cheese | Fructo- oligosaccharide | viability of probiotic strains | Langa el al., 2019 |
Wheat bread | Microbial polysaacharide- Pullalan | digestibility and fermentation of wheat bread samples | Nithyabalasundari et al., 2019 |
Yogurt | Chitoologosaccharide | ||
Orange juice | Xylooligosaccharide | Preservation of chemical stability in ultrasound treatment | Eric et al., 2019 |
Edible starch film | Nystose | growth of probiotic organisms and formation of organic acids | Gabrielly et al., 2019 |
Fermented milk | Inulin | Improves the growth of lactic acid bacteria and improves sensory and physical properties | Ozturkuglu et al., 2019 |
Apple by-product | homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan | Consumption of carbon source by probiotics and production of short chain fatty acids and increase the level of HDL in rats. | Inmaculada et al., 2020 |
Whole wheat grain flour | Arabinoxylan | increase the growth of intestinal microbiota and reduce the growth of pathogenic organisms | Candela et al., 2020 |
Stirred bio yogurt | Chickpea flour | Improves bacterial growth and our sensory, antioxidant and tissue properties | Hend et al., 2020 |
The Human Body | arabinoxylan and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides | Effected in adiposity reduction | Kerry et al., 2018 |
Green coffee spent | Mono- oligosaccharide with mannose and galactose | Stimulates the growth of | Nivas et al., 2019 |
The effect of prebiotics on food.
Probiotics are indigestible foods that are by beneficial bacteria and promote the growth and activity of probiotics in the gut, therefore probiotics can be used as functional foods. Prebiotics increase the body’s immune system by increasing intestinal microbial activity and the production of short-chain fatty acids [10]. The presence of prebiotics in the large intestine causes energy to be created by some bacteria during sugar consumption and fermentation. The most common hosts for prebiotics are Bifidobacterium bacteria and Lactobacillus. Which improves the growth of these two bacterial species and leads to the production of bacteriocins, which are a potential inhibitor of the growth of pathogenic bacteria [11]. Some of the prebiotics available in the inulin market are fructoo oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto oligosaccharides (GOS), arabinoxylan [11]. Prebiotics can be obtained naturally from sources such as vegetables, fruits and grains. Prebiotics can reduce the incidence and duration of diarrhea, relieve inflammation, prevent colon cancer, and absorb minerals [11]. In a study by Anirban et al., Prebiotics such as fructoligosac (FOS) and inulin were used for stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium in food [6]. The combination of probiotics and prebiotics leads to the formation of synbiotics. They increase the life and efficiency of probiotic bacteria in the intestine. Research has shown the effect of synbiotics on human health.
In order of probiotic to survive, in the gastrointestinal tract, they must be able to tolerate low pH, gastric pepsin, bile salts, pancreatic, and the ability to attach to the intestinal mucosa [7, 8]. Probiotic survival in product is affected by various factors such as pH, acidity, hydrogen peroxide and storage temperature [12, 13]The efficiency of probiotic bacteria in the product depends on the dose, and their survival during storage, its survival in the intestinal environment [14]. Therefore, bacteria cannot survive due to unfavorable conditions during food processing and storage [15]. If probiotics survive, they will change the taste of the final product during storage [16]. Survival means the presence of at least a sufficient number of viable probiotic cells at the time of food consumption [17]. The general agreement on the recommended levels for the amount of probiotics in the product at the time of consumption should contain at least 108 (CFU) / ml or gr [18]. The International Dairy Federation recommends that the minimum concentration of probiotics be around 106.107 CFU / ml at the end of the shelf life [10].
Probiotic products may contain one or more selected microbial strains. Human probiotic microorganisms mostly belong to the genera
In many countries today, the role of food in human health and nutrition is very important. So that most of the importance of food, instead of the primary role of food as a source of energy and growth has changed to the biological role of food on functional food. The food production and consumption market has shifted more towards the production of healthy foods. Functional foods are foods that, in addition to their normal nutritional properties, have health benefits for the consumer. They have medicinal value beyond nutritional value and have positive effects on human health. Demand for healthy food products is growing rapidly due to increasing consumer awareness of the benefits of these products. Functional foods include a wide range of dietary supplements, special foods for children, foods enriched with vitamins and minerals, probiotic products, foods containing antioxidants, fiber, protein and soy [8].
The amount of food consumed is important to achieve the beneficial effect of the added nutrient. Identify quality components in the food composition and optimal intake of nutrients in the diet; they reduced diseases and increased the level of health in the human body. In order to achieve the benefits of a healthy food, it must be possible to use it as part of a balanced diet [8]. The gut microflora can face daily challenges such as poor diet, antibiotic use, stress, or food poisoning, leading to an imbalance between “good” and “bad” bacteria. However, eating foods containing probiotics can increase the amount of healthy bacteria in the gut [8]. Probiotics are a group of beneficial microorganisms that, if consumed in sufficient doses of 106 log Cfu/gr, can lead to health.promoting properties in humans [8]. The majority of probiotics belong to the genera
Microencapsulation technologies can be used in many applications in the food industry, such as controlling the oxidative reaction, coating flavors, colors and odors, stable and controlled release of the desired substance, extending the useful life, etc. [5]. Techniques to reduce the lethal effects of the gastrointestinal tract on probiotic microorganisms have been developed and evaluated. Among these, the microencapsulation technique is one of the most appropriate solutions. Microencapsulation is a physicochemical or mechanical process for trapping probiotic bacteria in an emulsion to produce particles with a diameter of a few nanometers to a few millimeters [5].
Technology The microencapsulation of living probiotic cells is covered by other preservatives or mixtures thereof in different techniques [23]. Protection of microcapsules when passing through the stomach can be increased by the use of insoluble wall materials [23]. Microencapsulation protects bacterial cells from environmental pressures such as oxygen, high acidity, and gastric conditions and can be used to pass through the stomach with little damage [24]. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the preservation of probiotic microorganisms by microencapsulation during food processing and storage [23]. The purpose of microencapsulation is to create an environment in which bacteria survive during processing and storage and are released into, Suitable places the gastrointestinal tract (eg the small intestine) [23].
The first and foremost step in all microencapsulation methods is to select a suitable material as a wall or membrane for the stability and properties of the particles produced in the microencapsulation [25]. These materials are used alone or in combination to form a layer. Covering microencapsulation with a double membrane can act as a barrier against external conditions [26]. The most important choice for the coating material is the Yield of the coatings. The finely coated probiotic in the final product must be degradable and create a boundary between the internal phase and the environment (permeability) and also be evaluation in opinion of cost [4]. The properties of the coating materials and their placement are the main determinants of the functional properties of the microencapsulation [26]. The materials used as coatings for bead can contain two or more layers of base materials [5, 26]. The properties of the coating materials and their shape are the main determinants of the functional properties of the coatings [5]. Microencapsulation must be soluble in water to maintain the coherence of their structure in the food matrix and the digestive tract [5]. Therefore, the materials used as coatings in the microencapsulation should have the following properties. Chemically with the main substance. Ability to form membranes around bacterial cells. Be able to protect bacterial cells against adverse environmental conditions. Be stable and economically viable [26]. To date, there has been no ideal coverage that fits all goals. Therefore, obtaining suitable coatings to create a balance point between the optimal properties, such as protection against moisture, acidity, high temperature, gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) [26]. The encapsulating agent should not be toxic, as it can directly affect the morphology, diameter and permeability of the particles. Selecting the right material for probiotic microencapsulation is essential for the stability and properties of the particles produced [25]. There is a wide range of natural or synthetic polymers, including: proteins (such as zein, soy protein, collagen, and gelatin), polysaccharides (such as cellulose, starch, alginate, and chitosan), and fats [26].
Polysaccharides are biopolymers composed of monosaccharaides. They have hydroxyl groups that may be intramolecular hydrogen bonded with water or other molecules. They are also influenced by the nature of the monomers of their substituent groups, which alter the molecular and functional properties [26].
Alginate, gum Arabic, carrageenan, xanthan, carboxymethylcellulose, gelan are natural anionic polysaccharides that tend to be negative at pH values above pKa. And when they are lower than pKa, they are neutralized [26]. Ionic chemical elements such as Ca + 2 change the electrical charge properties of all ions. Such as alginate gel, which interacts with opposing groups on the polymer chain [27].
Alginates are natural marine polysaccharides that are extracted from seaweed [28]. The most important applications of alginate are its stabilizing, gelling and water retaining properties [28]. Alginates are natural polymer chains consisting of 100.3000 monomer units in a chain rigid and somewhat flexible [26]. The ability to connect polymer alginate chains with polyatomic ions such as Ca + 2, Ba + 2, Sr. + 2 is through electrostatic bonding and hydrogel formation [26]. When a cation such as Ca + 2 participates in an interchain bond. It creates a three-dimensional network of gel and micro-and Nano-sized hydrogel bead in the microencapsulation of materials. Which has received much attention in recent studies [26]. One of the benefits of alginate is the formation of gels around bacterial cells. It is also safe and inexpensive. Some of the disadvantages attributed to alginate beads. The resulting beads are highly porous, which reduces the protection of bacterial cells in adverse environmental conditions. Another disadvantage of alginate bead is that it is sensitive to the effects of acid and is not compatible with the resistance of bead in gastric conditions [29, 30]. However, defects can be remedied by combining alginate with other polymer compounds, coating the bead with another compound, or structural modification of alginate using various additives [31].
Acacia trees are the main source of Gum Arabic. The chemical composition of Gum Arabic is complex and consists of a group of macromolecules composed of a large proportion of carbohydrates (97%) [32]. Gum Arabic (GA) is highly soluble in water and also has a relatively low viscosity compared to other gums [26]. The functional properties of gum Arabic are closely related to its structure, for example, solubility, viscosity, interaction with water and oil in an emulsion, determine the ability of fine coating in Gum Arabic [32]. Some researchers tested Gum Arabic as an indigestible polysaccharide, finding that Gum Arabic reached the large intestine without digestion in the small intestine [33]; Gum Arabic is gradually fermented by the bacterial flora of the large intestine, which produces short-chain fatty acids [34]. Therefore, it can be taken in large daily doses without side effects. Daily consumption of 25 and 30 grams of Gum Arabic for 21 to 30 days reduces total cholesterol by 6 and 10.4%, respectively [32]. Arabic gum is used as a stabilizer, emulsifier and as a coating in the food industry [33]. Solubility and properties of low viscosity emulsions by Gum Arabic enables the ability to retain and transfer the Trapped material in fine encapsulation. Gum Arabic with maltodextrin is a good choice for coating in microencapsulation [35].
Carrageenans are extracted from red seaweed (
Xanthan gum is a microbial exo polysaccharide with a cellulosic structure and a chain of two mannose and a glucuronic acid. They are produced from plant pathogens
Carboxymethyl cellulose are also called semi-synthetic anionic polysaccharides. The properties of carboxymethylcellulose include; Concentration, adhesion, strength building, water retaining agent, colloidal state, stabilizer, emulsion and layer formation. Due to their diverse properties, they are widely used in the food industry, among them is their use as a coating material in encapsulation of probiotics. In one study, CMC and chitosan were used as coatings for
Cationic polysaccharides are those that tend to be positive below their pKa value, while remaining much higher than the neutral pKa value. Chitosan is the only naturally Extracted cationic polysaccharide [27]. Other synthetic cationic polysaccharides have been previously described, for example, cation hydroxyethylcellulose and cation hydroxypropyl, that have cosmetic applications [26]. However, despite their potential and benefits as cationic materials, none of them have yet been reported as a coating material for probiotic microencapsulation.
Chitosan is a semi-synthetic polymer. Due to its low cost, non-toxicity and adhesion to the outer surface of the particle, it increases the stability of the particles. Which is often used for probiotic microencapsulation [25]. In addition, it provides resistance to the gastrointestinal tract simulator. It has an electrostatic interaction with sodium alginate [10]. The use of chitosan as a capsule for probiotic bacteria can have disadvantages. Because this polysaccharide has an inhibitory effect against microorganisms [25], including lactic acid bacteria [25], Despite the antimicrobial properties of chitosan, it has been used in combination with other encapsulating agents to microencapsulated probiotics [41]. Chitosan coating improves the survival of encapsulated
Non-ionic polysaccharides are macromolecules that have no formal charge. However, other neighboring species and / or environmental conditions may affect their loading characteristics Natural, non-ionic polysaccharides such as starch, maltodextrins, cyclodextrins and guar gum have been used as coatings for probiotic microencapsulation [43].
Starch is produced by plants and is mostly composed of two different polysaccharides of D-glucose: linear and spiral amylose and highly branched amylopectin. Starch due to its high amylose leads to the formation of flexible and strong coatings. Corn starch is also known as resistant starch (RS) due to its high amylose content, which is the most common type of starch [44]. Starch films are: odorless, tasteless, colorless, non-toxic and semi-permeable to carbon dioxide, moisture, oxygen as well as fat and flavoring components [44]. Modified starch such as (actinyl-succinate starch) is a food additive. It was successfully optimized as a coating material for microencapsulation of
Maltodextrins H2o {(c6H10o5) n} starch is hydrolyzed. It is a natural, non-ionic polysaccharide that binds glucose units together mainly by glycoside bonds (4 → 1). Its macromolecules do not have a specific charge [26]. Unlike starch, they have high solubility and low viscosity in the formation of encapsulation, moisture control, reduced wall permeability to oxygen, reduced adhesion problems, easy digestibility and easy drying are the properties of gel formation in maltodextrin [26]. Equivalent dextrose (DE) indicates the reduced number of aldehyde groups relative to pure glucose (constant concentration), so that high DE indicates lower weight, higher solubility. Due to having a hydrophilic group, it increases the moisture in the final product. Due to their low cost, neutral flavor and aroma, as well as their role in protecting bacterial cells, resistant to thermal degradation during drying, maltodextrins are used as Coating material in encapsulation [26, 45]. In general, in maltodextrins, the solubility and stability dependence of the high molecular mass and the viscosity, adhesion, and crystallization depend on the low molecular weight [35].
Guar gum is structurally a type of polysaccharide whose main chain is mannose and the sidelong groups attached to it are galactose. This substance is extracted from Guar plant and in combination with water, creates a concentrated solution, and due to this property has many applications in the food industry. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, the use of appropriate amounts of guar gum in various food products is safe. It has recently been
Cyclodextrins are annular oligosaccharides containing glucose units with alpha 1 and 4 glucopyranose bonds. Cyclodextrins are produced through starch by enzymatic conversion. The spatial structure of cyclodextrin forms a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic cavity. Its benefits include the ability to remove cholesterol from many foods (eg eggs and dairy); inhibits the increase of plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol [26]. Cyclodextrin coatings are also used more for controlled release in drugs [48]. Therefore, not many studies have been performed on encapsulation of probiotics. In recent studies, microencapsulation of
Lipids are made up of fats, fatty acids, waxes and phospholipids. Lipids are used as coatings in microencapsulation. Due to their relatively low polarity, they prevent moisture transfer. The hydrophobicity of lipids makes the microencapsulation coatings brittle [49]. Therefore, lipids are combined with other coatings such as proteins and polysaccharides to improve the microencapsulation properties. In previous reports, polysaccharide coatings and proteins have been found to cause structural cohesion and selective permeability to gases (so2, o2) [50]. The addition of fat also made the coatings resistant to water vapor. Most lipid coatings are fats: their source-dependent fats include vegetable and animal fats. The chemical structure of fats is composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Hence, their properties largely depend on the composition of fatty acids. Vegetable fats are widely used as concurrent encapsulation materials in microencapsulation of probiotics by method emulsification or by spry drying [26]. Silva et al., On the other hand, microencapsulated probiotics using vegetable oil as a coating alone or covered with gum Arabic and gelatin. Microencapsulated bacteria showed greater protection than free bacteria in simulated gastrointestinal conditions (eg, pH, temperature, sodium chloride, and sucrose) [51].
Waxes are GRAS materials and have been widely used in the food industry, for example as food additives or as a protective coating for fruits, vegetables and cheese. Nevertheless, waxes are less commonly used as coatings for microencapsulation probiotics. For example, Mandal et al. [52] reported the use of wax, stearic acid, or poly-L-lysine as the outer coating of probiotic microcapsules prepared with resistant starch and alginate, that wax and stearic acid showed improved survival of
Phospholipids are a large group of lipids commonly used in the food industry and have the ability to form emulsions, micelles and liposomes. These lipids contain phosphorus and play an important role in the construction and metabolism of living cells. Phospholipids are more complex than simple lipids (fats and waxes). Examples of phospholipids are phosphatidic acid (phosphatidate) (PA), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (cephalin) (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS). In this regard, phospholipids are the main components of liposomes. When phospholipids are dispersed in water, the molecules come together to form a distinct bilayer. Such interactions cause the formation of vesicles, also called liposomes [53]. Liposomes have been used extensively as systems to transport active compounds such as drugs, vitamins, enzymes, and so on.
Although liposomes have shown great potential for controlled encapsulation and release of nutrients, their use in food has not yet been fully utilized [26]. Despite the high potential of liposomes for encapsulation and controlled release of nutrients, their use in food has not yet been fully utilized [26]. For example, up to now, microencapsulation of probiotics by liposomes has not been reported, which may be due to the cost of the process and materials as well as the large size of the probiotic microorganisms [54]. However, the resistance of liposomes to the gastrointestinal tract as well as the survival of probiotics in the intestinal there are issues that need to be review.
Proteins are excellent materials for microencapsulation of probiotics; however, they are often used in combination with other coating agents. To date, few proteins have been used as coatings [26]. Due to their properties, many proteins are used as a good barrier against O2 permeability and CO2 as a coating agent. Each protein has a unique set of physicochemical properties [55]. Proteins used as coating agents for probiotic microcapsules, on their nature, can be classified as plant or animal proteins based. Examples of animal origin proteins include gelatin, casein, whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), egg whites, and caseinates. Examples of plant origin proteins, on the other hand, include corn (saddle), pea, wheat, and soy. Gelatin is one of the oldest and most widely used proteins in the food industry, as an ideal coating material in the preparation of microencapsulation in probiotics [56]. Recent studies have shown that gelatin provides a suitable coating by interacting with a wide range of polysaccharides in a variety of ways [26].
Some of the other proteins used in probiotic microencapsulation are egg white (albumin), soy protein and whey protein. These proteins have good emulsifying and gelling properties that are considered as ideal materials for microencapsulation [26]. In the study, soy protein isolates and alginate were used as a coating material for microencapsulation of
Whey proteins in concentrate (WPC) and isolated (WPI) contain 35%. 85% and > 95% protein, respectively. WPCs are low in fat and cholesterol and high in lactose and total fats, while WPIs are high in protein and low in lactose and fat [59]. Whey proteins, in its various forms, have recently been studied as coatings for microencapsulation of probiotics [26]. In some studies, it has been shown that the ability and elasticity and strength of the gel increase in the presence of the main components of whey protein (beta-lactoglobin and alpha-lactoalbumin).
Sweet whey (SW) is an example of a product that contains casein and whey proteins. In recent studies, sweet whey was used to microencapsulation
Microencapsulation methods for encapsulate bioactive compounds have been proposed in several ways. To increase their ability release and stability under conditions product process and storage [26]. The attention of the food industry to the low cost of the method used is also worth considering. However, the final quality of the product should not be affected. The method used in forming the beads affects indicators such as the diameter and moisture of the beads [26]. Successful methods used in microencapsulating such as spray drying, spray freeze drying, electro spraying, fluidized bed drying; extrusion, Emulsification and coacervation [26].
Fluidized bed technology was patented by Dr. Wurster et al. And developed between 1957 and 1966 [5]. Proper air circulation in the atomic nozzle ensures that all particles in the fluidized bed achieve a uniform coating. This nozzle atomizes the selected coating (an aqueous solution) at low temperature by evaporating the solid solvent [5]. Air turbulence allows the coated particles to be suspended and coated evenly. The wall materials used in this method include cellulose derivatives, dextrin, emulsifiers, lipids, protein derivatives and starch which is used dissolved in an evaporative solvent. Fluidized bed technology is suitable for microencapsulation probiotic bacteria using cell layering with various preservatives such as glucose, maltodextrin, trehalose or sucrose, preferably skim milk to improve bacterial dehydration [5]. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of fluidized bed drying for probiotic microencapsulation [25, 26].
This method of drying is called lyophilization. In this method, probiotics are frozen in the presence of a coating material. It works by reducing the ambient pressure and creating a vacuum at low temperatures to sublimate frozen water directly. The most common uses of wall materials include proteins, maltodextrins, disaccharides, and gums. One of the most important benefits of freeze drying is water phase conversion and prevention of oxidation. It has the highest survival rate after drying and the lowest loss during storage. In any case, freeze-drying is a very expensive technology. Therefore, in further studies, spray drying [61], is used to dry probiotics. The freeze drying process provides maximum stability during storage. For this reason, this technique is used as a second method during microencapsulation. In this way, the stability of probiotic bacteria can be improved in the gastrointestinal tract and the beneficial effect of probiotic [45].
Spray drying is a common method for producing microencapsulation in food because it has been proven to be suitable for large-scale industrial applications [62]. The first spray dryer was made in 1878 and is therefore a relatively old method compared to rival technologies [62]. This is probably the most economical and effective drying method in the industry, first used to preserve a flavor in the decade of 1930. However, the industrial production of encapsulated probiotics using hot air dryers is not very useful in food, due to the reduced viability when bacteria dry and the reduced stability during storage. The bacterial cell is transferred to an emulsion that acts as a microencapsulation. The encapsulate is usually a hydrocolloid such as gelatin, vegetable gum, modified starch, dextrin or non-gelling protein. The resulting solution dries and acts as a barrier to oxygen and aggressive substances. In the spray drying process, a liquid mixture in a container with a single-fluid nozzle, a two-liquid nozzle is atomized, and the solvent is evaporated by contact with hot air [62].
It is a physical method of trapping probiotic living cells and uses hydrocolloids (alginates and carrageenan) as encapsulates. Tiny droplets from inside a nozzle device under air pressure or a syringe, dropped out inside a hardening solution such as calcium. Extrusion is a simple and inexpensive method that uses a gentle operation. It does not damage probiotic cells and increases the survival of probiotic bacteria. This technology does not contain harmful solvents and can be done under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The most important disadvantage of this method is that due to the slow formation of bead, it is very difficult to use in industry [63]. Gel granules can be added to a second polymer solution as a coating. The second layer is used to protect the cell or improve the organoleptic properties of the cell [63].
It is a chemical technique for trapping probiotic cells. Most hydrocolloids (alginate, carrageenan and pectin) are used as encapsulates. An emulsifier and a surfactant are needed to form the bead. A hardening solution such as calcium chloride is then added to the emulsion [63]. Its main disadvantage is the large diameter of the bead.
The electrospray technology used for microencapsulation is based on the principle of electro-hydrodynamics. This process includes a high voltage electric field. Which enters capillary liquid containing the main substance and is sprayed where the spherical droplets precipitates. Freezing occurs through various methods, for example by chemical hardening or by solvent evaporation. This method is combined with other microencapsulation techniques to increase the microencapsulation efficiency. So far, the electrospray extrusion technique has been used successfully for probiotic microencapsulation [64].
Drops are rich in organic matter that are formed through the separation of the liquid phase. It is mainly due to the association of oppositely charged molecules (polyelectrolytes, polysaccharides) or hydrophobic proteins (elastin polypeptides) [65]. A phenomenon produced by the accumulation of colloidal droplets that causes the simultaneous separation of two liquid phases. A dense phase is rich in polymer and a very dilute phase. Particle diameters range from 1 to 100 micrometers [65].
The efficiency of microencapsulated bacteria can be evaluated from different angles. Such as increasing the survival of probiotics, increasing the resistance of microcapsules to bacteriophage invasion, increasing their resistance to toxic and lethal chemical agents, as well as the ability to produce probiotic foods by improving the survival and stability of probiotic cells during production, storage and passage of the digestive system-Finally, it preserves the sensory properties of the product, which contains microencapsulation bacteria [23, 66].
Dairy products have traditionally been the best producer of probiotics. They showed excellent conditions for the survival of probiotic bacteria. Because milk has a physicochemical composition rich in protein and with a significant amount of lipids. As a result, it creates a protective matrix for probiotics [23]. Microencapsulation is important to increase probiotic The addition of bead should not affect the sensory properties of food products. The addition of bead should not affect the sensory properties of food products [63]. Most of the research has been done and the products that are marketed in the food industry as probiotics. Dairy products are probiotics. Due to the problems of lactose intolerance in some people in the community (about 70% in Asia), sensitivity to milk proteins and the prevalence of high cholesterol require foods other than dairy that are good carriers for probiotic bacteria. Non-dairy foods provide a variety of substrates of antioxidants, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins [23]. The development of non-dairy probiotic products such as fruits, vegetables and grains has been shown to be one of the best choices and has increased the demand for non-dairy probiotics [23]. Properties and structural compounds (nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber and antioxidants, including the right amount of sugar) Fruits, vegetables and grains are suitable and ideal substrates for probiotic microbes [67]. Various factors such as protein concentration, sugar, fat and pH level in the food product can affect the growth and survival of probiotics [63].
Scientific sources related to the probiotic microencapsulation emphasize on its destruction, in the large intestine. The microencapsulated bacteria can resist acidic conditions in the stomach. Depending on the processing conditions and the type of coated material used, it regulates the release rate of microencapsulation bacteria in the presence of bile salts [5]. In this way, probiotic bacteria are protected and as a result, high concentrations of living cells can be achieved [5]. The finely coated must have selective permeability to support the environmental conditions that keep cells live, so that it can be designed to release probiotic cells in a specific area of the body [5].
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
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The system which provides for the integration of two machine levels, hardware and software, was subsequently tested by a representative sample of students who then provided feedback through a questionnaire.",book:{id:"10271",slug:"software-usability",title:"Software Usability",fullTitle:"Software Usability"},signatures:"Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti, Sergio Tasso and Osvaldo Gervasi",authors:[{id:"278035",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Tasso",slug:"sergio-tasso",fullName:"Sergio Tasso"},{id:"336170",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Gervasi",slug:"osvaldo-gervasi",fullName:"Osvaldo Gervasi"},{id:"336177",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Damiano",middleName:null,surname:"Perri",slug:"damiano-perri",fullName:"Damiano Perri"},{id:"336178",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Simonetti",slug:"marco-simonetti",fullName:"Marco Simonetti"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71263",title:"3D Modeling and Computer Graphics in Virtual Reality",slug:"3d-modeling-and-computer-graphics-in-virtual-reality",totalDownloads:1063,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In the era of digital information technologies, 3D modeling and computer graphics techniques not only apply to the development of virtual models for computer simulation, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, etc., but also they can be applied in many different applications in virtual reality (VR). However, the computer graphics effect and visual realism are usually the trade-offs with the real-time and realistic interaction in VR. In this book chapter, we would like to review the general flow of the VR program development process, and the recent 3D modeling and texture painting techniques used in VR. On the other hand, we would introduce some of the key 3D modeling and computer graphics techniques that can be applied in VR in order to enhance the speed of interaction. The key techniques including smoothing techniques and mesh editing modifiers are not only useful for the designers to learn the 3D modeling process, but it also helps to create less complex mesh models maintaining good visual effects. The techniques are particularly important in the development of 3D models to satisfy the demanding computation requirement of real-time interaction in VR program.",book:{id:"7603",slug:"mixed-reality-and-three-dimensional-computer-graphics",title:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Yuk Ming Tang and H.L. Ho",authors:[{id:"314714",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuk",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yuk-tang",fullName:"Yuk Tang"}]},{id:"76063",title:"Usability of Computerised Gaming Simulation for Experiential Learning",slug:"usability-of-computerised-gaming-simulation-for-experiential-learning",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter examines the impacts of computerization of gaming simulations on their usability. Simulation and gaming is an interdisciplinary domain which rallies, among others, the disciplines of education and modelling, and which aim at helping groups of participants to acquire knowledge and skills on complex topics. Gaming simulations can take the form of haptic games or computerised simulations. Yet, the later form may slow down the learning potential for the users. The chapter describes the different types of computerization of gaming simulations. It then examines the effects of computerization, both from the users’ perspective (accessibility, captive effect, and flexibility of use) and from the developers’ perspective (material, human, and time requirements). Some paths to overcome barriers to experiential learning of computerised gaming simulation are finally presented.",book:{id:"10271",slug:"software-usability",title:"Software Usability",fullTitle:"Software Usability"},signatures:"Nicolas Becu",authors:[{id:"335132",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Becu",slug:"nicolas-becu",fullName:"Nicolas Becu"}]},{id:"72705",title:"Mixed Reality: A Known Unknown",slug:"mixed-reality-a-known-unknown",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Mixed reality (MR) is an area of computer research dealing with the combination of real-world and computer-generated data (virtual reality), where computer-generated graphical objects are visually mixed into the real environment and vice versa in real time. This chapter contains an introduction to this modern technology. Mixed reality combines real and virtual and is interactive, real-time processed, and registered in three dimensions. We can create mixed reality by using at least one of the following technologies: augmented reality and augmented virtuality. The mixed reality system can be considered as the ultimate immersive system. MR systems are usually constructed as optical see-through systems (usually by using transparent displays) or video see-through. Implementation of MR systems is as marker systems (real scene will be added with special markers. These will be recognized during runtime and replaced with virtual objects) or (semi) markerless systems (processing and inserting of virtual objects is without exact markers. Additional information is usually needed, for example, image and face recognition, GPS coordinates, etc.). The chapter contains also a description of mixed reality as an advanced computer user interface and the newest collaborative mixed reality.",book:{id:"7603",slug:"mixed-reality-and-three-dimensional-computer-graphics",title:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Branislav Sobota, Štefan Korečko, Marián Hudák and Martin Sivý",authors:[{id:"109378",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",middleName:null,surname:"Sobota",slug:"branislav-sobota",fullName:"Branislav Sobota"},{id:"121880",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Korecko",slug:"stefan-korecko",fullName:"Stefan Korecko"},{id:"322684",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marián",middleName:null,surname:"Hudák",slug:"marian-hudak",fullName:"Marián Hudák"},{id:"322685",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Sivý",slug:"martin-sivy",fullName:"Martin Sivý"}]},{id:"72350",title:"Mixed Reality in the Presentation of Industrial Heritage Development",slug:"mixed-reality-in-the-presentation-of-industrial-heritage-development",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The chapter ‘Mixed reality in the presentation of industrial heritage development’ is aimed at exploring opportunities for collaboration between theoretical research, monument preservation, virtual reality and architectural practice. It deals with the identified key factors that conditionally affect the quality and efficiency of architectural design process of architects within the cooperation in the conservation process of industrial heritage as well as the opportunities of transfer the research results from futuristic disciplines. For this purpose, the chapter examines the case study ‘the reconstruction of Old Power Plant in city Piešťany’ and describes possible solutions on the basis of the Mixed reality (MR). The opportunity to experience the industrial object with multiple senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch) in MR delivered a unique personalized experience and immersive memories about lost heritage.",book:{id:"7603",slug:"mixed-reality-and-three-dimensional-computer-graphics",title:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Mixed Reality and Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Vladimír Hain and Roman Hajtmanek",authors:[{id:"312940",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vladimír",middleName:null,surname:"Hain",slug:"vladimir-hain",fullName:"Vladimír Hain"},{id:"312942",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Hajtmanek",slug:"roman-hajtmanek",fullName:"Roman Hajtmanek"}]},{id:"76094",title:"Application of Artificial Intelligence in User Interfaces Design for Cyber Security Threat Modeling",slug:"application-of-artificial-intelligence-in-user-interfaces-design-for-cyber-security-threat-modeling",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In recent years, Cyber Security threat modeling has been discovered to have the capacity of combatting and mitigating against online threats. In order to minimize the associated risk, these threats need to be modelled with appropriate Intelligent User Interface (IUI) design and consequently the development and evaluation of threat metrics. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized every facet of our daily lives and building a responsive Cyber Security Threat Model requires an IUI. The current threat models lack IUI, hence they cannot deliver convenience and efficiency. However, as the User Interface (UI) functionalities and User Experience (UX) continue to increase and deliver more astonishing possibilities, the present threat models lack the predictability capacity thus Machine Learning paradigms must be incorporated. Meanwhile, this deficiency can only be handled through AI-enabled UI that utilizes baseline principles in the design of interfaces for effective Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) with lasting UX. IUI helps developers or designers enhance flexibility, usability, and the relevance of the interaction to improving communication between computer and human. Baseline principles must be applied for developing threat models that will ensure fascinating UI-UX. Application of AI in UI design for Cyber Security Threat Modeling brings about reduction in critical design time and ensures the development of better threat modeling applications and solutions.",book:{id:"10271",slug:"software-usability",title:"Software Usability",fullTitle:"Software Usability"},signatures:"Jide Ebenezer Taiwo Akinsola, Samuel Akinseinde, Olamide Kalesanwo, Moruf Adeagbo, Kayode Oladapo, Ayomikun Awoseyi and Funmilayo Kasali",authors:[{id:"338732",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jide",middleName:"Ebenezer Taiwo",surname:"Akinsola",slug:"jide-akinsola",fullName:"Jide Akinsola"},{id:"346123",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Akinseinde",slug:"samuel-akinseinde",fullName:"Samuel Akinseinde"},{id:"346124",title:"Dr.",name:"Olamide",middleName:null,surname:"Kalesanwo",slug:"olamide-kalesanwo",fullName:"Olamide Kalesanwo"},{id:"346125",title:"Mr.",name:"Moruf",middleName:null,surname:"Adeagbo",slug:"moruf-adeagbo",fullName:"Moruf Adeagbo"},{id:"346126",title:"Mr.",name:"Kayode,",middleName:null,surname:"Oladapo",slug:"kayode-oladapo",fullName:"Kayode, Oladapo"},{id:"346127",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayomikun",middleName:null,surname:"Awoseyi",slug:"ayomikun-awoseyi",fullName:"Ayomikun Awoseyi"},{id:"347001",title:"Dr.",name:"Funmilayo",middleName:"Abibat",surname:"Kasali",slug:"funmilayo-kasali",fullName:"Funmilayo Kasali"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"572",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. 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Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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