Principle of RGB colour coding.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7178",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Prosthesis",title:"Prosthesis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Prosthesis is an addition or attachment to the body that replicates the function of a lost or dysfunctional limb. Prostheses have evolved over the centuries starting from wooden and metal levers to highly sophisticated robotic limbs. While the design of prostheses has become complex and multidimensional, their control methodologies have been developed using signal processing and machine learning methods. This book reports on the recent progress in the design and control of prostheses.",isbn:"978-1-83880-381-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-153-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-382-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73978",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"prosthesis",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"87ab135eeaa8424520cff806439e32a2",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7178.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7250,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",biography:"Ramana Vinjamuri received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in dimensionality reduction in control and coordination of human hand from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2008. From 2008 to 2012, he worked as a postdoctoral research associate in the field of Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) to control prostheses at the School of Medicine, the University of Pittsburgh, where he received the Mary E Switzer Merit Fellowship from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) in 2010. From 2012 to 2013, he worked as a research assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, in the area of neuroprosthetics. He also worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, from 2013 to 2020. He holds a secondary appointment as an adjunct assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India. He is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, USA.\n\nIn 2018, Dr. Vinjamuri received the Harvey N Davis Distinguished Teaching Award for excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching. He also received the National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award in 2019 and an NSF Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers (IUCRC) Planning Grant in 2020. His other notable research awards are from the US-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund (USISTEF) and the New Jersey Health Foundation.",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"197",title:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation",slug:"physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation"}],chapters:[{id:"69806",title:"Introductory Chapter: Past, Present, and Future of Prostheses and Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89987",slug:"introductory-chapter-past-present-and-future-of-prostheses-and-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shanthini Madhanagopal, Martin Burns, Dingyi Pei, Rohan Mukundhan, Helen Meyerson and Ramana Vinjamuri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69806",authors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],corrections:null},{id:"65959",title:"Estimation of Targeted-Reaching-Positions by Around-Shoulder Muscle Activities and Images from an Action Camera for Trans-Humeral Prosthesis Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85026",slug:"estimation-of-targeted-reaching-positions-by-around-shoulder-muscle-activities-and-images-from-an-ac",totalDownloads:746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For trans-humeral amputation, daily living tasks requiring bimanual coordination, such as lifting up a box, are most difficult, hence most urgent for a trans-humeral prosthesis to fulfill. However, in studies reported on trans-humeral prosthetic control, the states of the target objects, such as their size, relative pose and position, which are important for any real reaching and manipulation tasks, have not been taken into account. In our previous study, for a box lifting-up task, we investigated the possibility of using around-shoulder EMG (electromyogram), for identifying target-reaching-positions for the boxes with different configurations (relative pose and position). However, with only the around-shoulder EMG, it is impossible for the system to guide the prosthesis to hold or grasp target objects precisely and fast sufficiently. The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of using both the image information from an action camera and around-shoulder EMG, to identify targeted-reaching-positions for various box configurations more accurately and more rapidly. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to realize both information integration of, and the target-reaching-position identification. A set of experiments were conducted. As a result, an average classification rate of 75.1% could be achieved for various box configurations.",signatures:"Yohei Muraguchi and Wenwei Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65959",authors:[{id:"48648",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenwei",surname:"Yu",slug:"wenwei-yu",fullName:"Wenwei Yu"},{id:"279809",title:"Mr.",name:"Yohei",surname:"Muraguchi",slug:"yohei-muraguchi",fullName:"Yohei Muraguchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"65305",title:"Hybrid Neuroprosthesis for Lower Limbs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83793",slug:"hybrid-neuroprosthesis-for-lower-limbs",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Assistive technologies have been proposed for the locomotion of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). One of them is the neuroprosthesis that arouses the interest of developers and health professionals bearing in mind the beneficial effects promoted in people with SCI. Thus, the first session of this chapter presents the principles of human motility and the impact that spinal cord injury causes on a person’s mobility. The second session presents functional electrical stimulation as a solution for the immobility of paralyzed muscles. It explains the working principles of constituent modules and main stimulatory parameters. The third session introduces the concepts and characteristics of neural prosthesis hybridization. The last two sessions present and discuss examples of hybrid neuroprostheses. Such systems employ hybrid assistive lower limb strategies to evoke functional movements in people with SCI, associating the motor effects of active and/or passive orthoses to a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system. Examples of typical applications of FES in rehabilitation are discussed.",signatures:"Percy Nohama, Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto and Maira Ranciaro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65305",authors:[{id:"192464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Percy",surname:"Nohama",slug:"percy-nohama",fullName:"Percy Nohama"},{id:"270348",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Nogueira Neto",slug:"guilherme-nogueira-neto",fullName:"Guilherme Nogueira Neto"},{id:"270349",title:"MSc.",name:"Maira",surname:"Ranciaro",slug:"maira-ranciaro",fullName:"Maira Ranciaro"}],corrections:null},{id:"67070",title:"Residual Limb Health and Prosthetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83819",slug:"residual-limb-health-and-prosthetics",totalDownloads:972,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The residual limb of individuals with lower limb loss is dynamic tissue that is susceptible to both acute and chronic changes to limb volume and health over time. Changes in residual limb volume that affect socket fit may contribute to maladaptive gait patterns and deleterious changes to the socket/limb interface that increase harmful shear stress and contributes to residual limb skin injury. Current socket systems are static and lack the ability to provide end-users and prosthetists with patient-centric data about changes in socket fit over time. There is a need for objective clinical decision-making that results in greater prosthesis usage, improved residual limb health, and better comfort ratings for end-users. Among the socket systems available in the market, the elevated vacuum suspension system improves residual limb skin oxygenation, attenuates socket-induced reactive hyperemia and preserves skin barrier function. This suggests that such a system is compatible with imparting physiological benefits to the residual limb in people with lower limb amputations.",signatures:"Sashwati Roy, Shomita S. Mathew-Steiner and Chandan K. Sen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67070",authors:[{id:"269340",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandan K",surname:"Sen",slug:"chandan-k-sen",fullName:"Chandan K Sen"},{id:"285940",title:"Dr.",name:"Sashwati",surname:"Roy",slug:"sashwati-roy",fullName:"Sashwati Roy"},{id:"286394",title:"Dr.",name:"Shomita",surname:"Mathew-Steiner",slug:"shomita-mathew-steiner",fullName:"Shomita Mathew-Steiner"}],corrections:null},{id:"70770",title:"Ambulatory Devices: Assessment and Prescription",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89886",slug:"ambulatory-devices-assessment-and-prescription",totalDownloads:1210,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Injuries or disabilities associated with the lower extremities and aging frequently result in ambulation difficulty and this usually necessitates the prescription of ambulatory assistive device (e.g., cane, crutch and walker) in an attempt to restore locomotory function. Ambulatory devices are orthotic devices that provide support, stability and balance for users to able to move from one point to another. Users can progress or retrogress from one ambulatory device to another while some are permanently fit on a particular device throughout lifetime. The progression is dependent on the medical condition, user’s abilities, user’s anthropometric and environment. Physiotherapist prescribes ambulatory device to users and helps with the fitting and proper use of the ambulatory device. A correct prescription and well fitted ambulatory device minimize functional limitation and promote functional ability and improve quality of life. Incorrect prescription, fitting and use of ambulatory device may result in early fatigue, frustration, fall and damage to blood vessels, muscles or nerves.",signatures:"Daniel Olufemi Odebiyi and Caleb Adewumi Adeagbo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70770",authors:[{id:"268146",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Odebiyi",slug:"daniel-odebiyi",fullName:"Daniel Odebiyi"},{id:"268254",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Adeagbo",slug:"caleb-adeagbo",fullName:"Caleb Adeagbo"}],corrections:null},{id:"66090",title:"The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84947",slug:"the-argus-ii-retinal-prosthesis-system",totalDownloads:1320,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The field of retinal prosthetics has seen significant advances in the past 3 decades. Encouraging results from different groups have shown coarse objective functional improvement, using a range of technological and surgical approaches. The Argus II retinal prosthesis system was the first of its kind to receive regulatory approval for commercial use in Europe and the USA. The device is designed to replicate the function of photoreceptors in converting visual information into electrical neural signals in patients with profound visual loss secondary to degenerative retinal disease. Results from a phase II study of 30 patients have demonstrated improved performance in basic tests of visual function, object recognition, letter reading, prehension, orientation and mobility tasks. It is now the most widely implanted retinal prosthetic device worldwide. This chapter provides an overview of the requirements of a retinal prosthetic system, the results from the Argus II device to date, and an insight into some of the challenges and future directions of visually restorative therapies.",signatures:"Edward Bloch and Lyndon da Cruz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66090",authors:[{id:"270449",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Bloch",slug:"edward-bloch",fullName:"Edward Bloch"},{id:"270855",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyndon",surname:"Da Cruz",slug:"lyndon-da-cruz",fullName:"Lyndon Da Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"67072",title:"Optimization of Maxillofacial Prosthesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85034",slug:"optimization-of-maxillofacial-prosthesis",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today, both additive manufacturing (3D image technology and 3D printing) had been developed dramatically and involved virtually in all fields of medicine and surgery. It has been widely applied in surgical and prosthetic reconstruction of the craniofacial defects. The aim of this chapter is to characterize and assess the mechanical and optical properties of 3D colored printed soft tissue facial prostheses produced by Z-Corp-Z510 and infiltrated with Sil-25 maxillofacial silicone polymers. Mechanical properties assessed according to ASTM specifications for tensile strength, tear strength, hardness and percentage elongation. Furthermore depth of infiltration plus quality of infiltration was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy SEM was applied for this purpose to determine the characteristic of interaction and incorporation between the starch powder particles and the silicone polymers. Finally, method of color reproduction and evaluation for the printed prostheses are recommended.",signatures:"Faraedon M. Zardawi and Kaida Xiao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67072",authors:[{id:"186097",title:"Dr.",name:"Faraedon",surname:"Mostafa",slug:"faraedon-mostafa",fullName:"Faraedon Mostafa"},{id:"275212",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaida",surname:"Xiao",slug:"kaida-xiao",fullName:"Kaida Xiao"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5943",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80150cc5713e49ac90a564e8b2895289",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5943.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8335",title:"Effective Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders for Racial and Ethnic Minorities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca6c7d5d975b1fa9ce320b1162b0dad6",slug:"effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-substance-use-disorders-for-racial-and-ethnic-minorities",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero and Tenie Khachikian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8335.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10615",title:"Contemporary Advances in Sports Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"725573ecd45f3f984f173d7d6dba0433",slug:"contemporary-advances-in-sports-science",bookSignature:"Redha Taiar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81693",title:"Prof.",name:"Redha",surname:"Taiar",slug:"redha-taiar",fullName:"Redha Taiar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9153",title:"Sports, Health and Exercise Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"366cfd9d5b01961dff4e4172896b1955",slug:"sports-health-and-exercise-medicine",bookSignature:"Samuel Honório, Marco Batista, João Serrano and Maria-Raquel G. Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230170",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Honório",slug:"samuel-honorio",fullName:"Samuel Honório"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",title:"Corrigendum to: Evaluation of Psoriasis Patients",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65200.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65200",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65200",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65200",chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",middleName:"Sandra",surname:"Orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",email:"meda2002m@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",email:"andrei.coneac@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",middleName:"Sandra",surname:"Orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",email:"meda2002m@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",email:"andrei.coneac@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7725",leadTitle:null,title:"Innovations In Assisted Reproduction Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with all recent advances in clinical and laboratory aspects of assisted reproductive therapy (ART). It elaborates on innovations and developments in the field that have the potential to improve ART outcomes. Chapters cover such topics as newer techniques for evaluating sperm, DNA, and ovarian reserve, including proteomic analysis, sonoendocrinology, preparation and administration of platelet-rich plasma, and in vitro maturation. Authors also address the structure, function, and role of low molecular weight ligands of gonadotropins, as well as the ethical and legal aspects of ART.",isbn:"978-1-83880-549-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-548-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-871-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77538",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9695,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220214/images/system/220214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nidhi Sharma received a MBBS and MS from Banaras Hindu University,\nVaranasi, India. She is a fellow of the Indian College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, fellow of assisted reproductive techniques, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Saveetha University, India. Dr. Sharma has 80 indexed publications and has authored several chapters in textbooks. She received her PhD in Obstetrics and Gynecology from Saveetha University, India, and Diploma in IVF and Reproductive Medicine from UKSH Universitätsklilikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Dr. Sharma has been a member of the teaching faculty of MBBS, MS, and PhD for 15 years. She is course coordinator and academic supervisor of BSc in Reproductive Biology, MSc in Clinical Embryology, Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine, and PhD in Reproductive Medicine at Saveetha University.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224544/images/13039_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sudakshina Chakrabarti is Associate Professor of Anatomy at Saveetha Medical College and hHospital, Chennai, India. She obtained a MBBS from Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. Chakrabarti completed a postgraduate degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology from J.J.M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India; an MD in Anatomy from Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, India; and is currently pursuing a PhD at Saveetha University, Chennai, India.\nShe is an ACLS, BLS, and PALS instructor under the American Heart Association and involved in simulation education. She has recently completed an Advanced Course in Medical Education and is an active member of the Medical Education Unit at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Chennai with experience in conducting faculty development programs.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"209136",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yona",middleName:null,surname:"Barak",slug:"yona-barak",fullName:"Yona Barak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209136/images/9827_n.png",biography:"Dr. Yona Barak obtained a BSc MSc and PhD from Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology Faculty of Life science . Both theses for these degrees dealt with in vitro maturation of mammalian oocytes. Dr. Barak established IVF laboratories and programs worldwide: one in 1984 at the Tel Aviv Medical Center where she was director of the IVF laboratory for 12 years, and one in 1986 at the Herzliya Medical Center where she served as scientific lab director for about 25 years. She established other programs in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, India, Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. \nIn 2001, she established, owned, and led the InviMed clinics in Poland. \nThroughout her career, Dr. Barak trained many embryologists worldwide. In 1996, she established and became a lecturer and the clinical director of the MSc program of Gametology and Embryology at Bar Ilan University, Israel. From 1998 to 2003, she was a member of the Faculty Scientific Advisory Board and lecturer of the MSc course for Clinical Embryology at Danube University, Krems Austria, an international program of clinical embryology in cooperation with Bourn Hall, UK and Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine. In 1996, she was elected by the members of Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine as an executive board member. In 1999, she became a vice president of Alpha, and in 2001, she became president and served until 2004\\' and is an honorary member until today. Honorary member of embryologists in Mexico, Argentina, and Italy, and a member of the Israeli National Advisory Committee of Gynecology, Embryology and Neonatology. Dr. Barak is an active scientist who has published research in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. She is a pioneer for Hyaluronate as a replacement for polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) (Breakthrough paper; 2002); in vivo maturation (IVM); human oocyte vitrification in closed systems; and more. She is owner and director of Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories for fertility services, and specializes in IMSI.",institutionString:"Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"216719",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ellenbogen",slug:"adrian-ellenbogen",fullName:"Adrian Ellenbogen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/216719/images/6788_n.jpg",biography:"Adrian Ellenbogen, MD, is Clinical Assistant Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. He conceded fellowship at the IVF Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England. He is also the founder and director (retired) of the IVF unit at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel. In addition, he is Scientific Director for the postgraduate course in Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility at the Rappaport School of Medicine, as well as Fertility Advisor and head of the Fertility Clinic, Meuheded Female Health Center, Bnai-Brack, Israel. \nDr. Ellenbogen is a member of American Society of Reproductive Medicine, European Society of Human Reproduction, International Society for Mild Approaches in Assisted Reproduction, International Society for In Vitro Fertilization, International Federation of Fertility Society, Israeli Fertility Association, and Israeli Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for the Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, and a reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Harefuah. He has published 52 papers in scientific journals, two book chapters, and has presented 33 plenary lectures in international congresses and organized 12 international scientific meetings. He has presented more than 120 lectures in international and national congresses.\nDr. Ellenbogen pioneered IVF treatment with minimal stimulation and egg donation law in Israel. He has trained physicians in Israel, Dominican Republic, Poland, Macedonia, and Russia in IVF. \nHe received the 2003 Israeli Ministry of Health and Israeli Civil Service Commission Award for Excellency in Labor, the Star Award of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine in in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, and the Award of the Israeli State Physicians Association in 2018 for his contribution to the Israel medical community.",institutionString:"Rappaport School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Hillel Yaffe Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1069",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility"}],chapters:[{id:"70897",title:"The Sperm: Parameters and Evaluation",slug:"the-sperm-parameters-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"286468",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",surname:"Milachich",slug:"tanya-milachich",fullName:"Tanya Milachich"},{id:"286483",title:"Mrs.",name:"Desislava",surname:"Dyulgerova-Nikolova",slug:"desislava-dyulgerova-nikolova",fullName:"Desislava Dyulgerova-Nikolova"}]},{id:"70916",title:"Insights of Sperm Pathology and Its Association with Infertility",slug:"insights-of-sperm-pathology-and-its-association-with-infertility",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"290919",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd",surname:"Sajad",slug:"mohd-sajad",fullName:"Mohd Sajad"},{id:"291264",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonu",surname:"Thakur",slug:"sonu-thakur",fullName:"Sonu Thakur"}]},{id:"69485",title:"Understanding the Epigenetic Modifications in Sperm Genome",slug:"understanding-the-epigenetic-modifications-in-sperm-genome",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"306939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eswari",surname:"Beeram",slug:"eswari-beeram",fullName:"Eswari Beeram"}]},{id:"69869",title:"Ovarian Reserve",slug:"ovarian-reserve",totalDownloads:781,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"68708",title:"Paternal Effects on Embryonic, Fetal and Offspring Health: The Role of Epigenetics in the ICSI and ROSI Era",slug:"paternal-effects-on-embryonic-fetal-and-offspring-health-the-role-of-epigenetics-in-the-icsi-and-ros",totalDownloads:607,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"288616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Tesarik",slug:"jan-tesarik",fullName:"Jan Tesarik"}]},{id:"70737",title:"Implantation: Cross Talk of the Developing Embryo and Endometrium",slug:"implantation-cross-talk-of-the-developing-embryo-and-endometrium",totalDownloads:829,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"312037",title:"M.A.",name:"Lauren",surname:"Grimm",slug:"lauren-grimm",fullName:"Lauren Grimm"},{id:"312038",title:"Dr.",name:"Roohi",surname:"Jeelani",slug:"roohi-jeelani",fullName:"Roohi Jeelani"},{id:"314161",title:"M.D.",name:"Angeline",surname:"Beltsos",slug:"angeline-beltsos",fullName:"Angeline Beltsos"},{id:"314162",title:"Dr.",name:"Amber",surname:"Cooper",slug:"amber-cooper",fullName:"Amber Cooper"}]},{id:"68455",title:"The Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of the Gonadotropin Receptors as the New Generation of the Regulators of the Reproductive Functions and Steroidogenesis",slug:"the-low-molecular-weight-ligands-of-the-gonadotropin-receptors-as-the-new-generation-of-the-regulato",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"75888",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Shpakov",slug:"alexander-shpakov",fullName:"Alexander Shpakov"},{id:"81685",title:"Dr.",name:"Kira",surname:"Derkach",slug:"kira-derkach",fullName:"Kira Derkach"},{id:"245241",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Bakhtyukov",slug:"andrey-bakhtyukov",fullName:"Andrey Bakhtyukov"},{id:"303442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Dar’in",slug:"dmitry-dar'in",fullName:"Dmitry Dar’in"}]},{id:"69730",title:"Proteomics as a Future Tool for Improving IVF Outcome",slug:"proteomics-as-a-future-tool-for-improving-ivf-outcome",totalDownloads:678,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",surname:"Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic",fullName:"Goran Mitulović"},{id:"256238",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",surname:"Panić-Janković",slug:"tanja-panic-jankovic",fullName:"Tanja Panić-Janković"}]},{id:"70544",title:"Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Infusion to Improve Pregnancy Outcome in Suboptimal Endometrium: A Review",slug:"autologous-platelet-rich-plasma-infusion-to-improve-pregnancy-outcome-in-suboptimal-endometrium-a-re",totalDownloads:629,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"255618",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mitchel",surname:"Schiewe",slug:"mitchel-schiewe",fullName:"Mitchel Schiewe"},{id:"312738",title:"MSc.",name:"Casey",surname:"Zeffiro",slug:"casey-zeffiro",fullName:"Casey Zeffiro"},{id:"315468",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvina",surname:"Bocca",slug:"silvina-bocca",fullName:"Silvina Bocca"},{id:"315469",title:"MSc.",name:"Helena",surname:"Russell",slug:"helena-russell",fullName:"Helena Russell"}]},{id:"69937",title:"Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Investigations and Interventions",slug:"recurrent-pregnancy-loss-investigations-and-interventions",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"307438",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinicius",surname:"Lopes",slug:"vinicius-lopes",fullName:"Vinicius Lopes"},{id:"310745",title:"Mr.",name:"Murilo C.",surname:"Souza-Oliveira",slug:"murilo-c.-souza-oliveira",fullName:"Murilo C. Souza-Oliveira"},{id:"310746",title:"Mr.",name:"Eduardo S.",surname:"Pimentel",slug:"eduardo-s.-pimentel",fullName:"Eduardo S. Pimentel"},{id:"310747",title:"Ms.",name:"Amanda Evelyn C.",surname:"Goulart",slug:"amanda-evelyn-c.-goulart",fullName:"Amanda Evelyn C. Goulart"},{id:"310748",title:"Ms.",name:"Natalia I. Zavattiero",surname:"Tierno",slug:"natalia-i.-zavattiero-tierno",fullName:"Natalia I. Zavattiero Tierno"},{id:"310749",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna Luiza Moraes",surname:"Souza",slug:"anna-luiza-moraes-souza",fullName:"Anna Luiza Moraes Souza"},{id:"310750",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean Pierre B.",surname:"Brasileiro",slug:"jean-pierre-b.-brasileiro",fullName:"Jean Pierre B. Brasileiro"},{id:"310759",title:"Ms.",name:"Valeria L. Mathias",surname:"Castro",slug:"valeria-l.-mathias-castro",fullName:"Valeria L. Mathias Castro"},{id:"310760",title:"Ms.",name:"Tatianna Q. F.",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"tatianna-q.-f.-ribeiro",fullName:"Tatianna Q. F. Ribeiro"},{id:"310761",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristina T.",surname:"Medina",slug:"cristina-t.-medina",fullName:"Cristina T. Medina"},{id:"310762",title:"Ms.",name:"Leilane G. Noleto",surname:"Lima",slug:"leilane-g.-noleto-lima",fullName:"Leilane G. Noleto Lima"}]},{id:"71508",title:"In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Oocytes: From Laboratory Bench to Clinical Practice",slug:"in-vitro-maturation-and-fertilization-of-oocytes-from-laboratory-bench-to-clinical-practice",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"209136",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yona",surname:"Barak",slug:"yona-barak",fullName:"Yona Barak"},{id:"216719",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Ellenbogen",slug:"adrian-ellenbogen",fullName:"Adrian Ellenbogen"}]},{id:"70764",title:"Bioethics of Assisted Reproductive Technology",slug:"bioethics-of-assisted-reproductive-technology",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"312437",title:"Dr.",name:"Justo",surname:"Aznar Lucea",slug:"justo-aznar-lucea",fullName:"Justo Aznar Lucea"},{id:"312692",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",surname:"Tudela",slug:"julio-tudela",fullName:"Julio Tudela"}]},{id:"70483",title:"Human Contraceptives: Current Status, Sperm Antigen Inhibitors and an Insight into PCSK4",slug:"human-contraceptives-current-status-sperm-antigen-inhibitors-and-an-insight-into-pcsk4",totalDownloads:684,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"287187",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dahril",surname:"Dahril",slug:"dahril-dahril",fullName:"Dahril Dahril"},{id:"288826",title:"Prof.",name:"Aulanni’am",surname:"Aulanniam",slug:"aulanni'am-aulanniam",fullName:"Aulanni’am Aulanniam"},{id:"294149",title:"Dr.",name:"Widi",surname:"Nugroho",slug:"widi-nugroho",fullName:"Widi Nugroho"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8471",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2575",title:"Prolactin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"338ea99a4e29b28d7463a976a301711b",slug:"prolactin",bookSignature:"György M. Nagy and Bela E. Toth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145362",title:"Prof.",name:"György M.",surname:"Nagy",slug:"gyorgy-m.-nagy",fullName:"György M. Nagy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3206",title:"Success in Artificial Insemination",subtitle:"Quality of Semen and Diagnostics Employed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a50fd2eb2e5decc46ec7e7aa8fc9722e",slug:"success-in-artificial-insemination-quality-of-semen-and-diagnostics-employed",bookSignature:"Alemayehu Lemma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecb5e49241a0c218206e413b562a4909",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4499",title:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64c41c45c40504082457d94565dcb68f",slug:"contemporary-gynecologic-practice",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"916",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3b5ce6116c6a12bd51e828ecbdf8dab",slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1821",title:"Basic Gynecology",subtitle:"Some Related Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a608bf8be6e7033af826c48b0833f86",slug:"basic-gynecology-some-related-issues",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2977",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4839b21e329663783593933587485387",slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",bookSignature:"Atef M.M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"771",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b89fb9267c4f3bd8ef2336164dd3a63c",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome",bookSignature:"Srabani Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/771.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119661",title:"Dr.",name:"Srabani",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"srabani-mukherjee",fullName:"Srabani Mukherjee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"936",title:"Amenorrhea",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0683f99f4a59138c60b51411f046b97d",slug:"amenorrhea",bookSignature:"Amar Chatterjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/936.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"amar-chatterjee",fullName:"Amar Chatterjee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60362",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75491",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",body:'With the rapid development of multimedia technologies and communication networks and the evolution of equipment that is capable of acquiring, archiving and to transmit images and videos at reasonable costs, which favours their use in several areas such as computer vision, medical imaging, multimedia systems, satellite imagery, telemedicine, and so on. These data are exchanged via channels that are not always secure, most of them are transmitted over open networks, much of this information is confidential or private. Indeed, this data can be easily intercepted or modified by attackers or by unauthorised users. The security of this information during transfer or storage has become more important and has attracted a lot of attention.
The use of medical imaging and biological image by professionals has remarkably evolved in recent years due to the development of digital technologies. It allows an increasingly in-depth investigation of organs through more efficient radiology systems. The statistical approach induced by the use of computer tools induces treatments on images in very high definition, so a modality like a scanner produces images of the size of the order of 10 MB and a complete examination reaches 500 MB. This critical volume not only posed the problem of the storage, circulation and exchange of this digital information between professionals, but also raised security problems.
Long before the invention of the computer, the man had chosen a simple way of communication that does not require any specialised knowledge except that of to draw, this method is to draw and design images. First of all, let us agree on the term ‘image’, the definition of model in the dictionary: [A representation of the external form of a person or thing in art]. For a computer, the display support of a digital image is the screen.
The development of communication media and storage media has dramatically transformed the means of communication. New technologies are mostly based on the exchange and storage of multimedia data and especially digital images. As a result, the digital image becomes plenty. Moreover, it is indispensable in several fields, notably communication [1]. In this section, we study the major categories of images and medical image and biological image. Also, we present the most well-known evaluation parameters of encrypted images.
A colour digital image is a computer file, which can be opened with an image viewing program. Once the image is open in real size, it is in the form of a rectangle consisting of a set of coloured points. A digital image is saved as a file. It is characterised by three elements:
Its type and format.
Its resolution in pixels.
Its colour depth.
This type of images are prevalent and the most widespread, a digital image matrix, also called the BITMAP image, can be considered as a matrix or an ordered set of two- or three-dimensional digital data.
The row and column indices identify the points in the image. The elements of the matrix are the elementary units of the image, they are called pixels or picture elements; the pixel is an abbreviation for PICture ELement [1, 2]. The number of rows of this matrix is m, and n represents the number of columns, and the product m × n gives us the size of the image. The resolution of an image is defined by the number of pixels per unit length. Therefore, we can build an image 2D as an array of values in which a position is matched on a plane (x, y) and a colour to visualise the image on an electronic medium.
It is simply a grid of thousands of pixels representing the successive colour points of the image. Each pixel is a very small square having precise coordinates and precise colour, in this way, the image then becomes a grid of pixels. This is the technique used in medical and biological image capture devices and digital cameras or scanners. Bitmap images are fully adapted to the world of photography. On the other hand, the more the quality of the image, the more voluminous is the file. Most popular formats are JPEG, PNG and GIF.
It is a digital image composed of geometric objects and created from mathematical equations (such as a circle, an arc, a curve, a straight line, a polygon) and parameters (like position, dimensions, colour). Each object is defined mathematically by equations and attributes like the position, colour, and so on. For example, the vector image of a circle is defined by type attributes such as centre position, radius and a straight line drawn between the points (x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2). We cannot present all the images in a vectorial way, and this is mainly the case of realistic photos that are matrix images. A vector image cannot be displayed directly on a screen. It must be transformed into a matrix type image.
These images are mainly used to make diagrams or plans in industrial software such as Desktop Publishing (PAO), CAD (Computer Aided Drawing), AutoCAD, CATIA, Illustrator and the tools of 3D design (like 3DSMax, Maya). The best-known formats are EPS, EMF and Windows Metafile (WMF).
Unlike matrix images, in the vector image, the positions and colours of the objects are not fixed, and they are calculated dynamically by the viewing software. In other words, to display a line, for example, the software determines the starting point, the point of arrival and the trajectory to follow. Then, it calculates and positions all the pixels necessary to display this line. The same procedure can be used for more complex shapes and colours.
Vector images are rather light, that is, small file size. Also, because they consist only of mathematical entities, they have the famous property of being able to be enlarged without limit, each line and each form being dynamically recalculated (Figures 1(a), (b) and 2(a), (b)). On the other hand, they are rather dedicated to creating relatively simple renderings such as diagrams, etc.
Zoom on matrix image: decrease of the quality of the image.
Zoom on vector image: does not lose the quality of the image.
Difficult indeed to create such renderings of landscapes, details, games of shadows with vector image that does not allow realism.
In Figure 1, we see that when we make a zoom on matrix image, the quality and the clarity of the zoomed image will be decreased. On the other hand, in Figure 2, when we zoom a vector image, the zoomed image does not lose the quality.
Medical and biological imaging is a set of techniques consisting of imaging the different regions of the body. The use of the medical and biological images allows a deeper and deeper investigation of organs through radiology, and it is also used in biomedical research to understand better how the body works.
The beginning medical imaging is the result of the work of Wilhelm Röntgen on the X-rays in 1895, and he made the first anatomical X-ray images of his wife Anna Berthe Roentgen. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. There exist several types of medical and biological imaging that are more or less adapted according to the area of study. We distinguish in particular [3, 4]:
Medical and biological images are real images, they cannot be calculated; therefore, they are matrix images. The evolution of multimedia and communication technologies has consequences in the field of health through the provision of new means of sharing and remote access like picture archiving communication systems (PACS) and the adoption of new standards. The need for a measure appeared after the development of the media digital and image networks. The medical community has actively set standards for digitally exchanging patient records and in particular, medical images, among the objectives of these criteria, to make the software solutions more efficient. A standard of medical information exchange is a convention between professionals to access and exchange and secure the data. Among the criteria existing on the market, it is possible to quote [4, 5]:
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM):
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is the global standard for the management of medical images and their environment, and it was created in 1985 by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to standardise the data transmitted between different radiology devices [6]. This standard not only defines a file format but also a data transmission protocol. The DICOM standard is now used by most manufacturers of medical imaging equipment.
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise:
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) is an initiative of health professionals to ensure better interoperability between systems [7]. It proposes the use of standards for the exchange of clinical and administrative information such as DICOM for the image and health level 7 (HL7) for messages between medical software.
Hospital Information Systems:
Hospital Information Systems (SIH) is an information system applied to health facilities such as hospitals, clinics, radiology centres, analysis centres and medical offices? It covers all the systems of functioning in a health facility such as administrative system, accounting system, logistics and stock system, medical informatics, and so on.
Radiological Information Systems:
Information system is usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate and search for information. It manages the planning and management of certain administrative and clinical activities such as patient identification and follow-up, appointment management, the realisation of the exams, dictation of the report, invoicing, and so on.
Health Level 7:
Health Level 7 (HL7) is a standard that defines a format for exchanged clinical electronic data [8]. This information can be financials or administrative.
For a digital image, we can distinguish three main types of colours [1] (Figure 3):
(a) Binary image, (b) greyscale image and (c) colour image.
Binary images are pixel matrices where the content of each element can only take values 0 for black or 1 for the white colour (Figure 3(a)). Therefore, the number of colours is only of two, and the rendering of the image is sometimes sufficient in some cases.
The first applications adapted well to this type of images. In the beginnings of digital image processing, we have the problem of calculation time and memory space. Therefore, it did not allow processing of complex images. Binary images are a simple context allowing formalisation of mathematical problems by tools such as topology. Also, in the field of industrial vision such as fault detection, quality control, measurement, and so on, we often consider the binary image as a mandatory step, generally following the phase of segmentation, hence the importance of this type of images.
Greyscale images are coded on 8 bits (corresponding to 1 byte), and in this case, we get
In this coding, the image is broken down in general into three planes: red, green and blue (Figure 3(c)). The colour of a pixel is obtained, as the painter would mix the basic colours. Each pixel is represented by a vector consisting of red, green and blue components.
We describe one of the most commonly used principles. RGB coding: The principle consists of mixing the three colours: red, green and blue (denoted RGB) (see Table 1). With these three colours, we obtain a whole palette of shades ranging from black to white. Each colour is associated with 1 byte (256 levels of brightness) of each of the fundamental colours.
Red | Green | Blue | Colour |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | Black |
255 | 0 | 0 | Red |
0 | 255 | 0 | Green |
0 | 0 | 255 | Blue |
128 | 128 | 128 | Grey |
255 | 255 | 255 | White |
Principle of RGB colour coding.
A ‘colour’ pixel is then coded with 3 (or 24-bit) bytes, and then, it is possible to obtain colour possibilities, that is, 16 million different colours (16,777,216 =
There are other types of encoding colours, and the best known are TSL, CMY, CIE, YUV, and YIQ.
Any image processing changes the pixels relative to the original image. A robust ciphering algorithm must make these changes irregularly and at the same time, maximise the difference between the pixel values of the original image and the ciphered image. The encrypted image must be independent of the original image, and the final image must not reveal the characteristics of the plaintext image.
One of the oldest and best-known measures is visual inspection; with the advancement of cryptanalysis techniques, the visual inspection is no longer sufficient to examine the power of a ciphering algorithm. Therefore, the use of quantitative factors is necessary to judge a cryptosystem [9] better.
Factors that measure the quality of the recording techniques can be classified into two families [4, 10]:
The histogram of an image is a discrete function that represents the distribution of the number of pixels in an image; according to their intensity of each value, we associate the number of pixels in the image with this level. It indicates for each value between the black (0) and the white (255), how many pixels of this value in the image; in the abscissa (x-axis): the grey level (from 0 to 255); on the ordinate (y-axis): the number of pixels (see Figure 4). In a histogram, each vertical bar represents the number of times of level of corresponding grey [11]. For a digitally reliable algorithm, the histogram of the ciphered image must have both properties:
The histogram of the ciphered image must be entirely different from the histogram of the original image.
To prevent information leakage to an adversary, the histogram of the ciphered image must have a uniform distribution. Figure 5 shows the histogram of an encrypted image, and we notice that the number of each intentionality (grey level) is close. We find not a higher intensity in a remarkable way or lower remarkably, so the attacker will not be able to have information on the number of the intentionality of the original image.
Histogram of greyscale image.
Histogram of ciphered image.
The correlation coefficient (CC) determines the relationship and degree of similarity between two variables. In a cryptosystem of images, the correlation is used to measure the difference between two images [4, 12], the relationship between the pixels at the same location in the manifest image and the ciphered image. The correlation is a useful measure for judging the quality of the cryptosystem [12, 13].
For a robust cryptosystem, the correlation coefficient (CC) must be very close to zero. Thus, the success of the encryption process signifies small values of CC, and the encrypted image is random and highly uncorrelated [12]. It guarantees that the algorithm is resistant to pixel correlation attack. If the correlation coefficient is close to one, it means that the original image and the ciphered image are very dependent, and the encryption process has failed to hide the details of the original image so that the precise image can be reproduced easily from the encrypted image [12].
The correlation coefficient can be obtained from the formula [11, 12]:
where x and y are pixel values of the same index of the original image and the ciphered image, respectively.
The entropy of information is another important factor in evaluating the resistance of a cryptographic system. The entropy of the information H (s) of a source s can be calculated by the formula [14]:
where the probability of the symbol
By entropy, we can assess the degree of uncertainty and the randomness of the system [15]. If all the symbols ‘
The previous parameters are useful for judging the quality of an algorithm, but they are not good enough because they do not keep any information about pixel positions. A suitable encryption algorithm should change the positions of the pixels randomly and uniformly. This avoids the situation in which some pixels will be subject to a significant change then the other pixels will be subject to a small change [4].
The irregular gap is based on the calculation of the divergence caused by the encryption process [16]. The calculation of the irregular deviation (ID) is summarised in the following steps [4, 12]:
Find the matrix D which represents the absolute difference between the value of the pixels before and after the encryption:
Construct the histogram ‘H’ of the matrix D.
Find the average value
Estimate the absolute difference
The irregular deviation (ID) is calculated as follows:
The intermittent deviation (ID) indicates the divergence that has the pixel of the original image [12]. If the irregular deviation is close to a distribution uniform, so this is a good parameter of resistance against statistic attacks [4].
Noise is present in most of the images; a good cryptosystem must be robust against noise. If the decrypted image is very similar to the original image, then the encryption system is resistant to noise. To measure the noise, we compare the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the original image and the encrypted image, the PSNR is given by the formula [12]:
where
In cryptography, diffusion is a desirable property that is introduced by Shannon in his paper published in 1949 [17]. A good cryptosystem must ensure proper dissemination. Diffusion means that if only one bit of the original image is modified, it should entirely unpredictably change the encrypted image. This phenomenon is also called the avalanche effect.
A suitable algorithm must be susceptible to small changes [18]. The hacker can make a little difference in the original image, and then observe the change result. In this way, if the diffusion parameters are low, it can find a significant relationship between the original image and the encrypted image. If the algorithm has an excellent diffusion, the relationship between the encrypted image and the original image is too complicated, and the attacker cannot easily predict the changes. Therefore, this attack would become inefficient.
To measure the difference in a cryptosystem, we modify a bit in the clear image and then calculate the resulting deviation of the encryption process. To test the influence of this change, two measures can be used: NPCR and UACI [11, 12, 19].
We take two encrypted images,
The first measure is the number of pixels change rate (NPCR) is defined by the formula:
where M and N are the width and height of
The second measure is the unified average change intensity (UACI) is defined by:
Significant progress in technology and the enormous amounts of data generated digital births have given rise to new problems. Of these issues, there is data protection or cryptography. Cryptography uses the mathematics to transform a data in the clear into an incomprehensible data, and the opposite direction of this operation is cryptanalysis. Therefore, cryptology has two main branches: cryptography and cryptanalysis. Encryption is the secret writing of information, and cryptanalysis is the analysis of cryptography or the study of the level of security of the systems.
The purpose of cryptography is to provide some security services such as confidentiality, integrity and authenticity [20, 21]. The word cryptography comes from Greek ‘Krypto’ means I hide and ‘graph’ means document [22].
Cryptography is not used solely to protect the diplomatic and military communication. Nowadays, image encryption has applications in various fields such as medical and biological image, internet communication, closed-circuit television (CCTV), satellite image, and so on.
In this section, we study the two main branches of cryptology:
Cryptography is the study of the techniques used to accomplish the four following purposes [20, 21]: confidentiality, integrity, authentication and nonrepudiation.
Encryption algorithms can be classified in different ways; according to the structure of the algorithms, depending on the keys or the percentage of the encrypted data [4] (Figure 6).
Classification of algorithms.
Symmetric encryption.
Asymmetric encryption.
Hash function.
An exciting application of public key cryptography is the digital signature, which is the reverse use of public key encryption. The digital signature is used in the opposite direction of an asymmetric encryption algorithm (Figure 10).
Electronic signature.
If decryption is to find the precise text knowing the key and the algorithm, cryptanalysis is to try to find the exact version without knowing the key. Cryptanalysis or what Oscar does is the science or art of deciphering encrypted data when the key is unknown. It was developed parallel to cryptography. Among the objectives of cryptanalysis is to measure the weaknesses and robustness of the capacity of a cryptosystem to attack [21, 25].
In this chapter, we have presented generalities on digital image and medical and biological image, cryptography, primary themes used in encryption, the objectives of cryptography and the classification of algorithms, this ranking is non-exhaustive, there are other types of algorithms like chaotic algorithms [26], as its name suggests, chaotic cryptography relies on the use of chaos. The theory of elliptic curves and the approach of correcting codes are also used to develop new public vital algorithms [27].
We have also mentioned in this chapter the second branch of the cryptology: cryptanalysis, its principles and the different types of attacks. The creation of modern encryption techniques has brought light to new methods of cryptanalysis. We can group these new methods into two large families: differential cryptanalysis [4] and linear cryptanalysis [21].
Graph colouring problem steganography and watermarking can also be a solution to increase safety [12, 24]. Steganography is a technique used to hide secret data in media imperceptibly (Figure 11). Many effective steganographic methods can be found in the literature [28]. The primary purpose of watermarking is the protection of copyright by adding visible or nonvisible copyright information. We can find several stenographic techniques [28, 29] and watermarking techniques [30] in the literature.
Steganographic scheme.
Breeders and geneticists have used different mating designs for development of improved genotypes of plants [1]. Mating designs are principles involved in arranging different cross combinations and altering the genetics of plants to satisfy human needs [1, 2]. The original intent of developing these designs was to estimate additive- and/or dominance- variance genetic parameters. Successful plant breeding involves selection of appropriate mating design and parents [1, 3]. However, selection of appropriate mating designs is influenced by the type of crossing used (artificial or natural), type of pollination (self or cross pollinated), type of pollen dissemination (insect or wind), the purpose of project (genetic or breeding studies), the presence of male sterility system and the size of population desired. Selection of mating design for the estimation of genetic diversity depends on the objective of study, time, space and biological limiting factors. A suitable mating arrangement is imperative for successful plant breeding programme [4].
Mating and experimental designs are critically important in plant breeding. The four main significance of mating designs include (i) generation of information on genetic control of character, (ii) serves as basis for selection and development of elite genotypes in breeding population, (iii) estimation of genetic gain, and (iv) generation of information for evaluation of parents in breeding program [5, 6, 7, 8]. Use of any particular mating design lies in its ability to adequately address research questions of plant breeders such as: Are genetic variabilities significant? How much of the variation is heritable or due to environment? And what types of gene(s) influence significance? Comparison of variances of both segregating and the non-segregating generations provides a good resolve of the above questions [9]. Generally, for a given number of parents, the mating design that permits larger number of crossings will produce smaller sampling variance. Path coefficient analysis, generation mean analysis, stability analysis, heritability and genetic advance, combing ability, heterosis and inbreeding depression, gene action in plant breeding, triple test cross analysis, correlation and regression analyses are also used to answer various research questions [10, 11]. The statistical components and interpretations should match the mating and experimental designs used in plant breeding experiments [6].
This book chapter focuses on the floral biology, genetic improvement, breeding procedures and mating designs in cassava. The objective was to provide updated information on breeding procedures and mating designs in cassava. This information would contribute to effectively guide scientists, researchers, students and research and development partners in the selection of adequate design for improved efficiency in cassava breeding.
Cassava belongs the genus Manihot of the family Euphorbiaceae. The genus comprises two sections, viz., the Fructicosae, which contains low-growing shrubs adapted to savannah grassland or desert conditions and the Arborae, containing tree species [12, 13]. There are about 98 species in the genus Manihot, all of which are confined to the tropical Americas [14]. Cultivated cassava belongs to the section Fructicosae, often considered as an unknown cultigen in the wild [14]. All known species of Manihot are polyploids with 2n = 36 chromosomes, although they exhibit regular bivalent pairing, thereby behaving as diploids [15].
Cassava is monoecious with both male (pistillate) and female (staminate) flowers borne on the same plant [16]. The female cassava flowers are usually borne on the lower part of the inflorescence and are fewer than the male flowers, which are borne on the upper part of the inflorescence [17, 18]. The female and male flowers on the same inflorescence open at different times, a condition known as protogyny. The female flowers open one to two weeks before the male flowers. However, female and male flowers on different branches of the same plant can open at the same time. Cassava is a cross–pollinating root crop producing highly heterozygous plants [13, 17]. Self-pollination has been noted, although the proportions of self- and cross–pollinated seeds generated depends on the genotype, the type of pollinating insect present and the plant design [13]. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression have been reported in cassava [19, 20].
Cassava exhibits varying flowering patterns ranging from those with frequent flowering pattern to types that do not flower [21]. Flowering may begin at six weeks after planting in the early types, depending on the genotype and the environment used [13]. Flowering initiation is preceded by reproductive branching known as forking. The time of forking depends on the genotype and agroecological conditions. Optimum flowering occurs at moderate temperatures of about 24 °C [17]. Since cassava does not flower during a long dry season, Kawano [18] suggested that cassava crossing blocks should be irrigated during the dry season. A good understanding of the optimum flowering period and duration of flowering is important for successful crossing.
Flowering in cassava is controlled by the complex interaction of a range of genetic and environmental factors [17]. Moreover, the control of flowering and flowering itself are major challenges in cassava breeding. For instance, genotype(s) possessing valuable complementary traits of interest may not be used in breeding due to its shyness and non-synchronized flowering [22]. Flowering synchronization of genotypes for crossing may present a problem. However, flowering on a single plant usually lasts for more than two months [13]. Since male flowers are more numerous than female flowers, the limiting factor for large production of hybrid cassava seeds is lack of sufficient female flowers [17]. Thus, genotypes intended to be used as female parents should be planted sequentially and in higher numbers than the males [18]. The number of seeds set per female flower significantly differ per genotype. This necessitates the selection of highly fertile genotypes as female parents.
Genetic improvement in root and tuber crops begin with the assembly and evaluation of broad-based germplasm or source populations [23]. Genotypes with high frequencies of genes associated with desirable complementary traits are selected from the source populations and utilized as parents for the generation of new recombinant genotypes [20, 23]. Since cassava is highly heterozygous, selection of suitable parents for hybridization is among the most critical steps in a breeding programme. Parental selection for a cassava hybridization programme is often based on known performances of putative genotypes. However, parental selection based on phenotypic performances alone is not a sound procedure, since phenotypically superior clones may produce poor recombinants in the segregating population [24]. This led to the suggestion of selecting elite parents on the basis of genetic value [25]. Genotypic performances in hybridization programmes depend on their combining ability and the effectiveness in transmitting heredity traits to their progeny [26]. In a breeding programme where general combing ability (GCA) is more important, a small number of parents with good GCA should be utilized. If the specific combining ability (SCA) is more important, a large number of parents should be used to produce a large number of the first filial generation (F1) families [25]. A good understanding of existing profiled parental traits is imperative to guide effective parental selection and genetic improvement of current breeding populations. Genetic improvement through hybridization consists of selection of parents, generation of F1 progeny and selection of superior clones [25]. Clonally propagated crops such as cassava, yam, sweetpotato, etc. are generally improved by crossing two or more clones possessing desirable complementary traits, followed by selection in the F1 progeny. Controlled pairwise-crossing could be done manually to produce full-sib families, or naturally in polycross nurseries that allow open pollination to produce half-sib families [23, 27]. The breeding procedure of clonally propagated crops is known as clonal selection [28].
The main objective of breeding is to improve the characteristic of plants to obtain new genotypes that are more desirable agronomically and economically [25, 29]. However, improving some specific traits of certain crops may be among key priority objectives for various agronomic and/or economic reasons. Some of the common breeding methods in cassava include: clonal selection, recurrent selection and backcross breeding. Backcross breeding has been used to incorporate genes for disease resistance [23, 30].
A clone is a group of genetically identical vegetative propagule obtained from a single plant [31]. Hybridization of parental clones with superior traits produces a source population that may be utilized for the selection of new clones [32]. Hybridization creates genetic variability in progeny obtained through gene recombination of parental clones used. Botanical seeds obtained from crosses are grown in seedling nurseries. The growing seedlings are exposed to major diseases and pests such as cassava mosaic disease (CMD), cassava brown-streak disease (CBSD), and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) for selection against susceptible seedlings [30]. The clonal selection is based on visual observations and on breeders’ judgment of the genetic value of the clones [25]. The replicated preliminary yield trial (PYT) should involve both the selected clones and suitable standard check(s). A few clones with desirable superior performances are selected for the yield trial stages. Replicated yield trials should be conducted in several locations along with suitable standard check(s). The best clones with desirable high yield, quality and disease resistance are then multiplied and released as a new variety [28, 30]. Alternatively, the superior clones may be isolated and grown as a variety from a genetically mixed population of an asexually propagated crop. The demerit of this technique is that genetic progress is limited to the isolation of the best genotype present [28]. Moreover, the phenotypic values the clones are contingent upon include the effects of the genotype, the environment and the genotype × environment interactions [33]. During the early stages of clonal selection, single plants or single plots are used with the emphasis of eliminating weak and undesirable plants [30]. The later clonal selection stages involving replicated yield trials, yield and yield attributes are considered, with the emphasis of identifying and selecting superior clones [16].
Recurrent selection involves the selection of a number of plants with desirable phenotype, growing, evaluating and selecting seedling-derived clones obtained from seeds, and intercrossing the progenies in all possible combinations [25, 32]. At IITA, recurrent selection has been utilized for the genetic improvement of cassava breeding populations for CMD resistance and other agronomic traits [34]. Genetic improvement for CMD resistance alone was accomplished in one cycle (1–2 years). However, combination of CMD resistance with high yield potential trait took about 4–5 years. The introgression of exotic sources from other continents, especially Latin America, into IITA breeding populations was achieved after obtaining adequate resistance to CMD [34].
Backcross breeding involves repeated backcrossing of the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations to one of the parents [28]. The progenies obtained are increasingly similar to the recurrent parent. Interspecific hybridization between cultivated cassava (
Transfer of high protein content of tuberous roots of cassava from wild species (
Inbreeding reduces the genetic load of deleterious genes thereby increasing the frequency of desirable genes [23] and improving selection efficiency [38]. In sweetpotato, inbreeding depression was noted for storage root yield, storage root number and vine length [39]. To develop new genotypes with high dry matter content and high storage root yield, it has been suggested to develop high dry matter inbred lines for crossing among themselves or with superior cultivars. Development of genotypes with high starch content requires concentration of genes controlling starch content in the genotype [39]. In cassava breeding, inbreeding is seldom practiced due to the lengthy duration required to obtain high levels of inbreeding (9–10 years) and high level of inbreeding depression [23]. Tolerance to inbreeding depression can be bred into crops. Fifth generation inbred lines of cassava were developed at IITA [40]. In India, Easwari-Amma et al. [38] reported reasonable homozygosity in successive generations of inbred lines of cassava in four generations.
Gene is known as the basic unit of inheritance. Genes are responsible for the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next [29]. Gene action and gene inheritance are involved in crop improvement process. From physiology perspective, gene action is the reflection of gene differences that provide the basis for the selection of desirable genotypes in plant breeding [41]. Gene action also determines the expression of characteristics of plants including its morphology, response to environments, and yielding ability. Gene inheritance is the transmission of genetic material or information to succeeding generations [42]. According to Klug and Cummings [43] the classical Mendelian genetic pattern of inheritance reveals the expression of one dominant, when two contrasting characters are brought together in a cross and one recessive (latent) in F1 and in F2 the two characters segregate and express themselves phenotypically. Knowledge of gene inheritance is relevant for the efficient recovery and maintenance of desirable genes transmitted from selected parents to their progeny [26].
Multiple genes are known to influence the phenotypic expression of a quantitative trait. The four gene actions in the phenotypic expression of traits are: additive, dominance, epistatic and overdominance. Additive genes are genes that act additively or cumulatively to a quantitative character, whereas dominance gene effects are deviations from additive effects [44]. Epistatic gene effects are non-allelic gene interactions; and over-dominance gene effects occur when the contribution of the combined alleles is greater than the separate effect of either allele [26].
Most of the physiological characters such as yield, dry matter content and disease resistance are inherited quantitatively [32]. Quantitatively inherited characters are controlled by polygenes with small individual effects and environmental effect [42]. The varied expression of quantitatively inherited characters is continuous and measurable [45].
Different mating designs possess different genetic parameters that can be estimated. For instance, the diallel or North Carolina II mating design permits for the estimation of two key genetic parameters for the set of genotypes used [42]. The two genetic parameters include: the average performance of parents in crosses, which estimates the breeding value of a given genotype due to additive gene effects, also known as general combining ability (GCA); and the deviation of individual crosses from the mean performance of parents, due to specific allelic combinations or dominance effects, also referred to as specific combining ability (SCA). A high GCA/SCA variance ratio indicates the importance of additive gene action effects, whereas a low ratio suggests the presence of dominant and/or epistatic gene effects [46]. If the SCA is smaller than the GCA, the performance of the single cross progeny is affirmed based on the GCA of the parents.
The phenotype is a combined expression of the genotype and environment effects. The breeder is mainly interested in determining the proportion of the phenotypic expression that is due to genotypic and environmental effects [24]. The genotypic effect of a genotype is the difference between the mean of all the phenotypes with that genotype and the mean of all the phenotypes in the population [42]. Prediction of genetic improvement expected from crossing and inbreeding requires estimation of variances between crosses. Thus, selection of a mating design for the development of progenies and their evaluation depends on its efficiency in estimating variance components [42].
The main purposes of using mating designs are: to inform breeders with vital information on the genetic control of the character under investigation; and to generate breeding population(s) that can be utilized as a source population for the selection and development of potential genotypes [47]. These purposes enable the breeder to choose an appropriate breeding strategy, thereby evaluating the genetic progress that can be expected for a given selection intensity [48].
Early cassava breeding efforts mostly focused on improvement of the crop for staple food for humans [13]. During this period, intensive selection was done for disease resistance and root yield potential, thereby restricting the availability of genetic variability for starch and dry matter content [49]. The general breeding objectives considered were high yield, root characteristics, adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, early maturity resistance to major insect pests and diseases [23, 30]. Early generation testing is a pre-requisite in self- and cross-pollinated crops to permit the estimation of the genetic potential of an individual [50]. The early generation testing and selection in cassava involves seedling and clonal (single row) stages on the basis of high heritability obtained in traits such as plant type, branching habits and reaction to certain diseases [51] and harvest index [52]. Selection can also be done on the basis of single plant performance [23]. Seedlings are usually exposed to key cassava diseases such as CMD, CBSD and CBB using spreader varieties, and susceptible seedlings are eliminated.
The selection criteria for the seedlings includes short neck (1–3 cm), fat roots that are uniform, short, and compact as well as low cyanide content [49, 53]. Seedlings that are low branching (50–100 cm) are also discarded since they are associated with high branching habit that tends to produce low harvest index and yield [20]. Sometimes root dry matter is also used as a selection criterion [49]. The relevance of root dry matter was observed by Byrne [21] that significant correlations (r = 0.48**) exist between dry matter content in seedling and single row trials, and suggested that evaluation for this trait was feasible at the F1 stage. The selected seedlings are harvested at 12 months after planting and screened for conformation and root characteristics. Visual evaluation with few data collection is often used at the early stages of selection involving large number of materials for easy handling at reduced costs [23]. Low planting densities have been suggested for seedling population establishment to allow equal opportunity of all plants to express their genetic potential and to minimize the effects of intergenotypic competition [54]. At the clonal evaluation trial stage, competition between neighboring genotypes may favor more vigorous plant architectures [55].
At the later stages of selection, the emphasis of selection shifts from highly heritable traits to those of low heritability such as yield. At the preliminary yield trial (PYT), advanced yield trial (AYT) and regional trial (RT) stages of selection, each plot is replicated at least twice [23]. The selection is done on the basis of yield per plot, dry matter content, CNP levels, consumer acceptance, and adaptation of the crop [30]. Multi-environments trials (METs) covering a wide range of environments are done to identify clones with reasonable stability for desired traits across METs. Superior clones are evaluated on-farm for farm level testing and farmer evaluation. The clones that are the most popular with farmers are recommended for rapid multiplication, distribution and release.
Many mating designs have been developed to enable breeders and geneticists to extract more genetic information from parents and progenies. These mating designs are broadly categorized into two [56]. The first is based on control over parents involved in a cross. This group is sub-divided into two: (i) control over seed parents only. Examples include top cross and polycross designs; and (ii) control over both parents and examples include diallel, partial diallel, line × tester, North Carolina and bi-parental designs. The second broad category is based on control over parents per progeny. This is sub-divided into four including (i) one-factor designs such as top cross and polycross; (ii) two-factors designs such as bi-parental, diallel, partial diallel, line × tester designs and generations; (iii) three factors design such as triallel design; and (iv) four factors design such as quadriallel design. Mating designs offer different hierarchical structures, such as half-, full-sib family, and individuals within family, in the progeny population. Of the mating designs highlighted above, the key ones that are often utilized in cassava breeding are discussed below.
Bi-parental mating design involves selection and paired random mating of a large number of parents (n) to obtain
The merits of bi-parental design are (i) it provides information on additive and dominance components of genetic variance; (ii) it is useful in selecting breeding procedure for genetic improvement of polygenic characters. The demerits of this design include: (i) it lacks the ability of providing information for estimation of all genetic parameters; (ii) use of unjustifiable assumption where critical genetic and environmental parameters are needed [48]; and (iii) overestimation of genetic component compared to environmental component where unjustified assumptions are used. Although family plots may be allotted by randomization of individual plants in the experiment to increase precision of overestimates, it is however, practically more expensive. The simpler alternative is direct estimation of VEC from families × replicates interaction mean square in an adequately replicated trial. The layout, statistical model and analysis of variance of the bi-parental mating design are reviewed in Nduwumuremyi et al. [6].
Diallel mating design is a mating arrangement used in both plant and animal breeding to investigate the genetics of qualitative and quantitative trait inheritance [58]. Diallel design is the most widely used and abused of all mating designs in estimating genetic parameters [58]. The abuse is possibly related to the presence of random and fixed models used in diallel analysis [59]. In the random model, parents are random members of a random mating population, and is useful to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) variances. The GCA estimates the mean performance of a line in hybrid combinations and is due to additive gene action. It is also the deviation of progeny mean from the mean of all lines in the experiment [5]. The variations between maternal groups are essentially due to variations in their general combining ability. The SCA measures specific hybrid crosses that perform relatively better or worse than expected mean performance of lines involved and is due to non-additive gene action [5]. It measures the dominance deviation from the additive model. Information of GCA and SCA (the types of gene action influencing various traits) enables evaluation of parental entries and selection of the best breeding system for maximum improvement of trait [60]. In this mating scheme, the general linear models are commonly used for identification of heterotic groups [59], estimation of general or specific combining ability [61], interactions with environments and years, or estimation of additive, dominance and epistatic genetic effects and genetic correlations [62].
There are essentially four main types of diallel mating design that have been reported [60]. These include: Full diallel involving parents and reciprocal crosses along with F1, half diallel with parent and without reciprocal crosses, Full diallel without inclusion of parents, and Half diallel without parents and reciprocal crosses. In full diallel mating design, all parents, reciprocals and F1s are mated in all possible combinations to generate hybrids [63]. The features of this design include (i) it requires twice as many crosses and entries in experiments; (ii) it permits testing for maternal and paternal effects [60]; (iii) it is required for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in a population [5]. The half diallel without reciprocals is effectively applied where reciprocal effects are assumed to be negligible in a diallel mating system. Other forms of diallel mating design include partial or fractional diallel mating design and disconnected half diallel mating design.
The partial diallel or fractional diallel mating design is a technique in which part of all possible crosses are made from a diallel analysis [1]. It is usually utilized in plant breeding to evaluate parents for their combining ability [64]. Partial diallel mating design involves omission of certain crosses thereby reducing number of crosses per parent (
The merits of partial diallel analysis include (i) it estimates heritability, genetic advance and heterosis; (ii) it is also utilized in open pollinated species with problem of male sterility [64]; (iii) the GCA of the parents are estimated with less precision, but larger gains may result from intense selection among a larger number of parents; (iv) selection can be done among crosses from many parents; and (v) where the parents represent a population, the variance for general combining ability can be estimated more accurately [65]. Some demerits of partial diallel analysis are: (i) each parent equal chance of mating and recombining with every other parent [64]; (ii) its analysis is complex; (iii) it does not estimate difference between each pair of GCA effects with same precision; and (iv) an unsuccessful cross further creates imbalance in partial diallel mating, whereas such missing cross can be tolerated without significant loss of balance in diallel design [56].
Polycross is the natural intermating or crossing among group of genotypes in isolated block [6]. It was first used by Tysdal, Kiesselbach and Westover in 1942, in relation to progenies obtained from outcrossed plants in a nursery [48]. Polycross design has been used for various plants that are obligate crossers such as tree crops, forage grasses, sugarcane, legumes and especially roots and tubers that are propagated by vegetative means, i.e. cassava, sweet potato and yam [5]. Polycross design accords equal chance of natural intermating among plants thereby eliminating the possibility of selfing and hand pollination [56]. Although polycross design in cassava breeding does not prevent self-pollination, however, it produces more cross-bred botanical seeds than controlled pairwise pollination techniques [13]. Self-pollination can be minimized in polycross blocks by emasculating plants located near an intercrossing population [13]. The genetic basis of polycross is similar to topcross, but differing with its characteristic wider genetic background of pollen source.
The features of a polycross nursery include: (i) it is adequately isolated to safeguard against foreign pollen grains; (ii) it consists of small plot size and highly replicated compact blocks to permit large number of test genotypes; (iii) plots and blocks are arranged in all directions that permit random pollination by wind; and (iv) two to three border rows of seed mixture of test inbreds.
The mating arrangement of putative candidates or entries is critical for successful random mating in the polycross block [26]. Latin square design has been considered most appropriate for equal random intermating among entries in a polycross nursery [66], however, where entries are more than 10, completely randomized block design could be used [5]. About 20–30 replications are used in the crossing block of the two designs. Ideal criteria for use of polycross is practically hard to fulfill due to several limitations such as cross incompatibility, male sterility, irregular- and non-flowering and lack of flowering synchronization, nonrandom dispersal of pollen, among others cause deviation from random mating. Plant breeders often use sequential planting of genotypes with different flowering dates for synchronization of flowering and crossing.
The progenies of each of the test genotypes are half-sib families. They are collected separately and mixed over replications and evaluated. For instance, if six inbreds will produce six polycross bulk seed samples
The merits of polycross design lie in its applications such as in the development of synthetic cultivars, recombination of selected entries in recurrent selection breeding, or evaluation of GCA of entries [5]. It is used for identification of maternal parents with superior genotypes based on general combining ability reflected in the performances of the progenies [6]. Conventionally, half sibs are developed from individual maternal parent. However, paternal parents could be identified using DNA fingerprinting and parentage analysis. Polycross is useful in determining variance components, GCA and heritability. The variance components and GCA are determined from the average performance of the progenies of individual maternal parents. Variations measured in a progeny are partitioned into within and between maternal parents [26]. The estimated heritability obtained reveals the usefulness of polycross and guides the choice of progenies in breeding programme [56].
The demerits of polycross include insufficient statistics to estimate all genetic parameters, expected genetic gains are reduced by half since the components of variance are estimated from maternal half sibs; information about the males is lost, there is no control over the pollen source; nonrandom mating may occur due to lack of flowering synchronization, unequal pollen production and/or position effects within crossing block [6]. Environmental variability greatly influences flowering and performances of the parents and progenies possibly due to their diverse origins and heritability of traits [6, 66]. These factors could affect the accuracy of GCA and heritability estimates suggesting a cautionary note on their use.
The line × tester mating design involves mating between lines (f) and testers to generate ‘fm’ hybrids [56]. It is the simplest design that simultaneously provides full-sibs and half-sibs compared to topcross which only exhibits half-sibs. The line × tester technique was introduced by Kempthorne [67] as one of the powerful tools used to estimate the combining ability effects and assist selection of desirable parents and crosses for pedigree breeding [68].
The main features of the lines × tester design are (i) mf crosses are needed in which ‘m’ is male and ‘f’ is female; (ii) it provides information on germplasm lines; (iii) it consists of simple analysis compared to complex designs; and (iv) it follows both first and second order statistics [56].
The main features of a good tester include (i) broad genetic base; (ii) wider adaptability; (iii) low yield potential; and (iv) low performance of other traits [56].
The linear model for line × tester design is:
Some merits of line × tester design are (i) it facilitates selection of desirable parents and breeding procedure via measurement of genetic components of variance; (ii) it is good for estimation of genetic gains from both VA and VD and evaluation of germplasm; (iii) it provides heterosis, heritability and genetic advance estimates [56]; (iv) it is useful in determining types of gene actions involved in the expression of quantitative traits [70]. Some demerits of the line × tester design are (i) it does not estimate epistasis variance, (ii) it lacks equal change of random mating [56]; (iii) limited selection intensity; and (iv) high cost.
The North Carolina designs were developed to improve the efficiency and save time that restrained diallel mating design. The North Carolina designs I, II, and III were developed in 1952 by Comstock and Robinson.
The general features of the NC designs include:
Effective in breaking undesirable linkages – mating randomly selected plants in segregating population.
Selection of suitable breeding procedure for polygenic traits.
Useful for self- and cross-pollinated species.
Used in the generation of variability – creating heterozygosity.
The bi-parental mating permits evaluation of segregating (F2 or later generation) population of individual cross made between two inbred lines.
It provides information on two components of genetic variance i.e. additive and dominance variance.
It is useful in the selection of suitable breeding procedures.
Despite these applications, the North Carolina designs are (i) not applicable to the segregating populations of three way, double and multiple crosses; (ii) does not permit several simultaneous segregating crosses; (iii) does not provide information on the epistatic variance; and (iv) analysis is difficult as it is based on second order statistics.
The specific characteristics and applications of the various NC designs are summarized in Table 1.
No. | North Carolina Design I (NC I) | North Carolina Design II (NC II) | North Carolina Design III (NC III) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Each male is mated to a different group of females. | Each male is mated to the same group of females. | Each male is mated to both inbred parents of original cross. |
2 | ‘f’ crosses are obtained. | ‘mf’ crosses are obtained. | ‘2 m’crosses are obtained. |
3 | Variance is divided into 2 parts: males and females. | Variance is divided into 3 parts: males, females and male × female. | Variance is divided into 2 parts: male and male × female. |
4 | Variance due to male provides an estimate of additive variance ( | Variance due to male and female provides an estimate of additive variance ( | Variance due to male provides an estimate of additive variance ( |
5 | Variance due to female provides an estimate of additive ( | Variance due to male × female provides an estimate of dominance variance ( | Variance due to male × female provides an estimate of dominance variance ( |
6 | It requires 10–12 times more area than design 3. | It requires 2–3 times more area than design 3. | It requires much less area than designs 1 and 2. |
7 | It is influenced by the presence of maternal effects. | It is influenced by the presence of maternal effects. | It is not affected by the presence of maternal effects. |
8. | It involves F2 plants in crossing. | It involves F2 plants in crossing. | It involves F2, P1 and P2 plants in crossing. |
9. | It is least powerful design. | It is intermediate design. | It is most powerful design. |
Of the three North Carolina designs summarized in Table 1, NC I and II are often utilized in root and tuber breeding programmes. The North Carolina I mating design (nested design) is a hierarchical design that involves mating between each common male and different sets of female parents. It is widely applicable in theoretical and practical plant breeding [5]. The statistical model for NC I design is:
The merits of this design include (i) it is useful for both self- and cross-pollinated species; (ii) it is utilized for estimation of additive and dominance variances; (iii) it is used to evaluate full- and half-sibs in recurrent selection; (iv) it is widely used in animal studies, as well as maize breeding for determination of genetic variances [5]; (v) its merit over biparental and polycross designs, is that it gives three statistics, whereas biparental and polycross designs give two statistics [71].
The demerits of NC I are (i) it is practically inapplicable in breeding species that produce few amounts of seed, since the technique requires sufficient seeds for replicated evaluation trials; and (ii) it does not account for epistatic variance.
The North Carolina II (NC II) mating design is a factorial design that has been modified from NC I design by Comstock and Robinson [72]. In the NC II design, each progeny family exhibits half-sib relationships through common male and common female. It is most adapted to plants with multiple flowering that facilitate repeated use of each as male and female parents.
The NC II is used to estimate genetic variances and to assess inbred lines for combining ability [73]. In NC II, an equal number of different sets of females and males is randomly selected from an F2 population, with each male mated with a female to create female half-sib (HS) groups and male HS groups [46]. This is achieved through systematic crossing of
The difference between the mean performance of the progeny of a given male and the mean of the progeny of all the males used in the crosses is the GCA. The GCA gives an indication of how well the genes combine, on average, to produce the best progeny when crossed to a random sample of females in the population. Th GCA is often obtained from the mean square (MS) between HS family groups. The occurrence of significant deviation from the mean performance of the progeny is attributable to dominance or epistatic effects. The deviations of specific individual crosses are estimated from the ‘male × females’ MS in the ANOVA of the NC II [46].
If the number of males and females are the same (
The merits of NC I mating design are: (i) the NC II is useful for estimation of both GCA and SCA [5]; (ii) there is possibility of analyzing for maternal effects using reciprocal crosses [48]; (iii) the design is useful for evaluation of inbred lines for their combining abilities; (iv) it provides estimates of genetic gains from both VA and VD; and (v) it provides good information for parents and full-sib families. The demerits of this design include: (i) it lacks estimate of epistasis or G × E interaction effect [46]; (ii) limited selection intensity; and (iii) high cost.
This chapter articulates features, applications, analysis, merits, demerits, the role and progressive modifications of mating designs in explaining the nature of quantitative variation for their use in plant breeding and genetics. The choice of appropriate parents and mating design depends on critical factors of genetic, environmental, interaction between the genotype and environment, etc. A good knowledge of the flower and pollination biology, total genetic variance due to genetic and environmental influence guides meaningful decision on resource allocation and expected response to selection. Moreover, the use of appropriate experimental design and statistical technique would help plant breeders to estimate and explain the type of gene action existing in parents and progenies. Half-sibs generated in some of the designs can be resolved using DNA fingerprinting or parentage analysis. The use of integrated conventional-molecular techniques increases precision and efficiency in plant breeding. However, as efficient molecular techniques emerge, economic phenotyping of mega trials still remains a challenge.
The authors are thankfully grateful to scientists at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and lecturers at the University of Ghana whose supports have been tremendous in building our careers.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Mean square | Expected mean square |
---|---|---|---|
Between families | M1 | ||
Within families | M2 | ||
Total |
Source: Acquaah [5].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Sum of squares | Mean squares | Expected mean squares | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | ||||
GCA | |||||
SCA | |||||
Reciprocal eff. | |||||
Error |
Source: Griffing [59].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Sum of squares | Mean squares | Expected mean squares | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | ||||
GCA | |||||
SCA | |||||
Error |
Source: Griffing [59].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Sum of squares | Mean squares | Expected mean squares | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | ||||
GCA | |||||
SCA | |||||
Reciprocal eff. | |||||
Error |
Source: Griffing [59].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Sum of squares | Mean squares | Expected mean squares | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | ||||
GCA | |||||
SCA | |||||
Error |
Source: Griffing [59].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Sum of square | Mean square | Expected mean square |
---|---|---|---|---|
Replication (r) | — | |||
Crosses ( | — | |||
GCA ( | σ2 | |||
SCA ( | σ2 | |||
Error ( | σ2 | |||
Total |
Source: Sharma [56].
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Mean square | Expected mean square | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | |||
Replication ( | ||||
Genotype ( | MS2 | |||
Parents ( | ||||
Crosses ( | ||||
Lines ( | Mm | |||
Testers ( | Mf | |||
Lines × testers | Mmxf | |||
Error | MS1 |
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Mean square | Expected mean square |
---|---|---|---|
Replication | |||
Males | |||
Females | |||
Males × females | |||
Within progenies | |||
Error | |||
Total |
Source: Kearsey and Pooni [52].
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11857",title:"Updates on Excitons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a2fd9bbbbae283bf115881d9d5cc47a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11857.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11861",title:"Redefining Standard Model Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"085d4f6e00016fdad598675f825d6775",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Brian Albert Robson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11861.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102886",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian Albert",surname:"Robson",slug:"brian-albert-robson",fullName:"Brian Albert Robson"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12013",title:"Plasma Science - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0261ac62d10563bf93735982748e3a2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12013.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12014",title:"Aerodynamics of Sports",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a15f5d35a75d3dfee7d27e19238306b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rakhab Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12014.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhab",surname:"Mehta",slug:"rakhab-mehta",fullName:"Rakhab Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12270",title:"Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"998af2dd3ea1e28f4db7451a65010272",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Masoud Harooni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12270.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"184282",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",surname:"Harooni",slug:"masoud-harooni",fullName:"Masoud Harooni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:64},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1220",title:"High Energy Physics",slug:"high-energy-physics",parent:{id:"227",title:"Nuclear Physics",slug:"nuclear-physics"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:92,numberOfWosCitations:164,numberOfCrossrefCitations:103,numberOfDimensionsCitations:242,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1220",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6149",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d3bc531cb8e2ffbe4a436ab42b70653",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boualem Djezzar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18189",title:"Prof.",name:"Boualem",middleName:null,surname:"Djezzar",slug:"boualem-djezzar",fullName:"Boualem Djezzar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5451",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fe8c3174bbb6d68493d39220cdec7ca",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5094",title:"Neutron Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7f3fac75e54e8345b01ca5cb1a4e68",slug:"neutron-scattering",bookSignature:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118821",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldemar Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",slug:"waldemar-alfredo-monteiro",fullName:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1616",title:"Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29e08be0c8877548d8d9daa55a06fe3b",slug:"particle-physics",bookSignature:"Eugene Kennedy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101837",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Kennedy",slug:"eugene-kennedy",fullName:"Eugene Kennedy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1590",title:"Gamma Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30f1336f3c9399366ea01d1f1a33f920",slug:"gamma-radiation",bookSignature:"Feriz Adrovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106756",title:"Prof.",name:"Feriz",middleName:null,surname:"Adrovic",slug:"feriz-adrovic",fullName:"Feriz Adrovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:74823,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"58998",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73234",title:"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Polymerization",slug:"ionizing-radiation-induced-polymerization",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Ionizing radiation can induce some kinds of reactions, other than polymerization, such as dimerization, oligomerization, curing, and grafting. These reactions occur through a regular radical chain causing growth of polymer by three steps, namely, initiation, propagation, and termination. To understand ionizing radiation-induced polymerization, the water radiolysis must be taken into consideration. This chapter explores the mechanism of water molecules radiolysis paying especial attention to the basic regularities of solvent radicals’ interaction with the polymer molecules for forming the crosslinked polymer. Water radiolysis is the main engine of the polymerization processes, especially the “free-radical polymerization.” The mechanisms of the free-radical polymerization and crosslinking will be discussed in detail later. Since different polymers respond differently to radiation, it is useful to quantify the response, namely in terms of crosslinking and chain scission. A parameter called the G-value is frequently used for this purpose. It represents the chemical yield of crosslinks, scissions and double bonds, etc. For the crosslinked polymer, the crosslinking density increases with increasing the radiation dose, this is reflected by the swelling degree of the polymer while being immersed in a compatible solvent. If crosslinking predominates, the crosslinking density increases and the extent of swelling decreases. If chain scission predominates, the opposite occurs. A further detailed discussion of these aspects is presented throughout this chapter.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy",authors:[{id:"212371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamady Ghobashy",slug:"mohamed-mohamady-ghobashy",fullName:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy"}]},{id:"58410",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72074",title:"Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems",slug:"radiation-induced-degradation-of-organic-compounds-and-radiation-technologies-for-purification-of-aq",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Environmental application of radiation technologies is an important part of radiation processing. Radiation treatment of aqueous systems contaminated with organic compounds is a promising method of water and wastewater purification and corresponding technologies are being developed. In this chapter, the following aspects of radiation treatment process are considered: sources of contamination and major contaminants of water and wastewater; primary processes in aqueous systems initiated by ionizing radiation; principal ways of contaminant conversion as consequences of primary processes (complete mineralization of organic compounds, partial decomposition of organic molecules resulted in detoxification, decolorization, disinfection of polluted water, and improvement in biological degradation of contaminant, polymerization of monomers’ contaminants, oxidation-reduction processes, and coagulation of colloids); sources of ionizing radiation; and main equipment applied in radiation technologies of aqueous system purification.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Igor E. Makarov and Alexander V. Ponomarev",authors:[{id:"213652",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Makarov",slug:"igor-makarov",fullName:"Igor Makarov"},{id:"213657",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Ponomarev",slug:"alexander-ponomarev",fullName:"Alexander Ponomarev"}]},{id:"53504",doi:"10.5772/66925",title:"Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Mutation Breeding",slug:"applications-of-ionizing-radiation-in-mutation-breeding",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"As a predicted result of increasing population worldwide, improvements in the breeding strategies in agriculture are valued as mandatory. The natural resources are limited, and due to the natural disasters like sudden and severe abiotic stress factors, excessive floods, etc., the production capacities are changed per year. In contrast, the yield potential should be significantly increased to cope with this problem. Despite rich genetic diversity, manipulation of the cultivars through alternative techniques such as mutation breeding becomes important. Radiation is proven as an effective method as a unique method to increase the genetic variability of the species. Gamma radiation is the most preferred physical mutagen by plant breeders. Several mutant varieties have been successfully introduced into commercial production by this method. Combinational use of in vitro tissue culture and mutation breeding methods makes a significant contribution to improve new crops. Large populations and the target mutations can be easily screened and identified by new methods. Marker assisted selection and advanced techniques such as microarray, next generation sequencing methods to detect a specific mutant in a large population will help to the plant breeders to use ionizing radiation efficiently in breeding programs.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Özge Çelik and Çimen Atak",authors:[{id:"147362",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Çelik",slug:"ozge-celik",fullName:"Özge Çelik"},{id:"147364",title:"Prof.",name:"Çimen",middleName:null,surname:"Atak",slug:"cimen-atak",fullName:"Çimen Atak"}]},{id:"32846",doi:"10.5772/36950",title:"Current Importance and Potential Use of Low Doses of Gamma Radiation in Forest Species",slug:"current-importance-and-potential-use-of-low-doses-of-gamma-radiation-in-forest-species",totalDownloads:5301,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"L. G. Iglesias-Andreu, P. Octavio-Aguilar and J. Bello-Bello",authors:[{id:"110581",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Iglesias-Andreu",slug:"lourdes-iglesias-andreu",fullName:"Lourdes Iglesias-Andreu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"32842",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:74818,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"32837",title:"Environmental Gamma-Ray Observation in Deep Sea",slug:"environmental-gamma-ray-observation-in-deep-sea-",totalDownloads:2931,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Hidenori Kumagai, Ryoichi Iwase, Masataka Kinoshita, Hideaki Machiyama, Mutsuo Hattori and Masaharu Okano",authors:[{id:"108174",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",middleName:null,surname:"Kumagai",slug:"hidenori-kumagai",fullName:"Hidenori Kumagai"},{id:"108237",title:"Dr.",name:"Masa",middleName:null,surname:"Kinoshita",slug:"masa-kinoshita",fullName:"Masa Kinoshita"},{id:"137650",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Iwase",slug:"ryoichi-iwase",fullName:"Ryoichi Iwase"},{id:"137656",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Machiyama",slug:"hideaki-machiyama",fullName:"Hideaki Machiyama"},{id:"146918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Hattori",slug:"mutsuo-hattori",fullName:"Mutsuo Hattori"},{id:"146919",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaharu",middleName:null,surname:"Okano",slug:"masaharu-okano",fullName:"Masaharu Okano"}]},{id:"58998",title:"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Polymerization",slug:"ionizing-radiation-induced-polymerization",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Ionizing radiation can induce some kinds of reactions, other than polymerization, such as dimerization, oligomerization, curing, and grafting. These reactions occur through a regular radical chain causing growth of polymer by three steps, namely, initiation, propagation, and termination. To understand ionizing radiation-induced polymerization, the water radiolysis must be taken into consideration. This chapter explores the mechanism of water molecules radiolysis paying especial attention to the basic regularities of solvent radicals’ interaction with the polymer molecules for forming the crosslinked polymer. Water radiolysis is the main engine of the polymerization processes, especially the “free-radical polymerization.” The mechanisms of the free-radical polymerization and crosslinking will be discussed in detail later. Since different polymers respond differently to radiation, it is useful to quantify the response, namely in terms of crosslinking and chain scission. A parameter called the G-value is frequently used for this purpose. It represents the chemical yield of crosslinks, scissions and double bonds, etc. For the crosslinked polymer, the crosslinking density increases with increasing the radiation dose, this is reflected by the swelling degree of the polymer while being immersed in a compatible solvent. If crosslinking predominates, the crosslinking density increases and the extent of swelling decreases. If chain scission predominates, the opposite occurs. A further detailed discussion of these aspects is presented throughout this chapter.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy",authors:[{id:"212371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamady Ghobashy",slug:"mohamed-mohamady-ghobashy",fullName:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy"}]},{id:"53780",title:"Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Investigation of Environmental and Food Samples",slug:"gamma-ray-spectrometry-and-the-investigation-of-environmental-and-food-samples",totalDownloads:2529,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gamma radiation consists of high‐energy photons and penetrates matter. This is an advantage for the detection of gamma rays, as gamma spectrometry does not need the elimination of the matrix. The disadvantage is the need of shielding to protect against this radiation. Gamma rays are everywhere: in the atmosphere; gamma nuclides are produced by radiation of the sun; in the Earth, the primordial radioactive nuclides thorium and uranium are sources for gamma and other radiation. The technical enrichment and use of radioisotopes led to the unscrupulously use of radioactive material and to the Cold War, with over 900 bomb tests from 1945 to 1990, combined with global fallout over the northern hemisphere. The friendly use of radiation in medicine and for the production of energy at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has caused further expositions with ionising radiation. This chapter describes in a practical manner the instrumentation for the detection of gamma radiation and some results of the use of these techniques in environmental and food investigations.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Markus R. Zehringer",authors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",middleName:null,surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}]},{id:"54118",title:"Gamma Rays from Space",slug:"gamma-rays-from-space",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"An overview of gamma rays from space is presented. We highlight the most powerful astrophysical explosions, known as gamma-ray bursts. The main features observed in detectors onboard satellites are indicated. In addition, we also highlight a chronological description of the efforts made to observe their high energy counterpart at ground level. Some candidates of the GeV counterpart of gamma-ray bursts, observed by Tupi telescopes, are also presented.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Carlos Navia and Marcel Nogueira de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"189908",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Navia",slug:"carlos-navia",fullName:"Carlos Navia"},{id:"243084",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"marcel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Marcel De Oliveira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1220",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",value:94,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"91",type:"subseries",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",keywords:"Sustainable, Society, Economy, Digitalization, KPIs, Decision Making, Business, Digital Footprint",scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580"},editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82622",title:"Contemporary Geographical Gerontology: Reconciling Space and Place in Population Ageing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105863",signatures:"Hamish Robertson",slug:"contemporary-geographical-gerontology-reconciling-space-and-place-in-population-ageing",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hamish",surname:"Robertson"}],book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/120236",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"120236"},fullPath:"/profiles/120236",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()