\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art on Theileriosis, Babesiosis, and Anaplasmosis, both in humans and domestic animals. Particularly this book aims to permit the researchers to enter into a critical focus on the biology of the parasites, eco-epidemiology of the diseases, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, surveillance, diagnosis, identification, and management of risks as well as the potential economic impact on animal production.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-384-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-383-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-385-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",bookSignature:"Prof. Elisa Pieragostini",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",keywords:"Zoonosis, Global Climate Change, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Haemoparasites, Prevention & Control, Piroplasmosis, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Tick-Borne Diseases, Ticks",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 15th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor of Animal genetics and breeding at Bari University, a researcher in animal genetics related to the resilience of Apulian livestock to enzootic tick-borne haemoparasites and to the involved functional effect of hemoglobin variants. She is a member of national and international scientific associations.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51521/images/system/51521.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pieragostini has a Degree in Biological Sciences, DPhil in Biochemistry received from Bologna University, Italy.\r\nShe was an Assistant professor of “Genetics” at the Faculty of Science of Bologna University, a Full professor of “Animal genetics and breeding” Bari University, Italy, and Elected President of course on “Agricultural Science and Technology” (2001-2010) Bari University.\r\nShe retired in 2015.\r\nFrom 1977 to 1984 she carried out intensive work on Drosophila investigating quantitative characters associated with biochemical markers. From the1985 onwards, she had been studying Apulian farm animals focusing on blood-based markers as well as on the structure-function relationship of the different hemoglobin variants come across and their relationship with the Apulian livestock resilience to the enzootic tick-borne diseases. \r\nShe was Project Director\r\nShe is a member of national and international scientific associations.",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Bari Aldo Moro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16081",title:"Effects of Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves in Complex Particles",doi:"10.5772/16456",slug:"effects-of-interaction-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-complex-particles",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
The majority of natural materials (rocks, soil, wood, etc.) are inhomogeneous and have a complex structure. Very often they are conglomerates or aggregates, i.e. made of small grains stuck together. This is especially typical for planetary aerosols and all types of cosmic dust (interstellar, circumstellar, interplanetary, cometary, etc.). Cosmic dust, specifically, cometary will be the main test object for this paper. This is related to the fact that cosmic dust is usually studied through remote sensing, specifically through the study of electromagnetic waves it scatters and emits. Due to this, the field of light scattering by cosmic dust has always been at the frontier of the study of interaction of electromagnetic waves with non-spherical and inhomogeneous particles. It has inspired publication of the scholarly books by van de Hulst (1957), Schuerman (1980), Kokhanovsky (2001), Hovenier et al. (2004), Voshchinnikov (2004), Borghese et al. (2010), and Mishchenko et al. (2000, 2002, 2010) and numerous book chapters, e.g., Mukai (1989), Lien (1991), Gustafson (1999), Gustafson et al. (2001), Kolokolova et al. (2004a, b).
\n\t\t\t
To consider the scattering of electromagnetic waves by an object of complex structure, we will determine this object as a configuration of discrete finite constituents. They will be called inclusions in the case of inhomogeneous particles, or monomers in the case when they are constituent particles of an aggregate. Their volume is large enough that we may ignore their atomic structure and characterize their material by a specified complex refractive index, m=n+iκ, whose real part is responsible for the refraction and imaginary part for the absorption of the light by the material. The surrounding medium is assumed to be homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and, in the case of aggregates, non-absorbing. Although we discuss some approximations, our consideration is based on the Maxwell equations fully describing the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the material. The non-linear optical effects, non-elastic scattering, quickly-changing illumination and morphology of the scattering object are beyond the scope of our study.
\n\t\t\t
As mentioned above, our test example will be cosmic dust that typically can be presented as aggregates of submicron monomers. In the optical wavelengths they are good representatives of inhomogeneous particles with inclusions of size comparable with the wavelength, more exactly of size parameter x=2πa/λ> 1 where a is the radius of the monomers and λ is the wavelength. The main light scattering characteristics that we use in our consideration are intensity (the first Stokes parameter, I) and linear polarization, P. The latter we describe as P=Q/I where Q is the second Stokes parameter; P>0 when the scattering plane is perpendicular to the polarization plane and P<0 when the scattering plane coincides with the polarization plane. We ignore the third Stokes parameter U since in the vast majority of the observational data the third Stokes parameter is equal to zero. We mainly consider how electromagnetic scattering affects phase curves, i.e. dependences of I and P on the phase angle, α, i.e. the angle source-scatterer-observer. It is related to the scattering angle as 180º- α. The phase curves typical for cosmic dust are presented in Fig. 1.1. Their major features that we will discuss later are forward and back scattering enhancements in the intensity phase curve and negative polarization at small phase angles. In Section 5 we also briefly consider spectral dependence of the intensity and polarization and circular polarization defined as V/I where V is the fourth Stokes parameter. All the ideas considered below can be easily extended to the case of other complex particles or media with inhomogeneities characterized by x>1.
\n\t\t\t
Figure 1.
Typical phase curves of intensity (left) and polarization (right) for cosmic dust. Intensity is normalized to the value at 180º. Notice forward and back scattering enhancements in the intensity curve and a negative polarization branch in the polarization curve at small phase angles.
\n\t\t\t
In Sections 2-4 we consider main interactions between constituents of a complex particle and describe the conditions and consequences of these interactions. The focus of our consideration is how the electromagnetic interactions change as the constituents (e.g. monomers in aggregates) become more closely packed. In Section 5 we discuss the results of rigorous computer simulations of the electromagnetic interactions. The simulations are illustrated by the results of computer modeling of light scattering by aggregates. For the modeling, we use the T-matrix approach for clusters of spheres by Mackowski & Mishchenko (1996) that, being a rigorous solution of the Maxwell equations, allows us to account for all physical phenomena that occur at the light scattering by aggregates of small particles, including far-field and near-field effects, and diffuse and coherent scattering.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Electrostatic approximation: Effective medium theories
\n\t\t\t
An extreme case of electromagnetic interaction between constituents of a complex particle occurs when this interaction can be considered in the electrostatic approximation. This consideration works when a complex particle can be represented as a matrix material that contains inclusions and both the size of the inclusions and distances between them are much smaller than the wavelength. This approach implies that the inhomogeneous particle is much larger than the inclusions and can be considered as a medium. Such a medium can be presented as homogeneous and characterized by some “effective” refractive index whose value can be found if refractive indexes of the matrix and inclusion materials are known. Such an approach to the complex particles (or media) is called mixing rules or effective medium theories. After the effective refractive index is found, it can be used to model the material of the particle whose size and shape correspond to the macroscopic particle and then consider scattering of radiation by such a macroscopic particle as if it is homogeneous. Numerous mixing rules have been developed for a variety of inclusion types (non-Rayleigh, non-spherical, layered, anisotropic, chiral) and their distribution within the medium including aligned inclusions and fractal structures (see, e.g., Bohren & Huffman, 1983; Sihvola, 1999; Choy, 1999; Chylek et al., 2000). However, still the most popular remain the simplest Maxwell Garnett (1904) and Bruggeman (1935) mixing rules. The Maxwell Garnett rule represents the medium as inclusions embedded into the matrix material and the result depends upon which material is chosen as the matrix. The Bruggeman rule was obtained for a conglomerate of particles made of materials with the refractive indexes of inclusions and matrix embedded into the material with the effective refractive index. This formula is symmetric with respect to the interchange of materials and can be easily generalized for the n-component medium.
\n\t\t\t
As we mentioned above, the derivation of the mixing rules is based on an assumption that the external field is an electrostatic one, which requires the inclusions to be much smaller than the wavelength of electromagnetic wave. More exactly, the criterion of the validity of effective medium theories is xRe(m)<<1 (Chylek et al., 2000) where x is the size parameter of inclusions and Re(m) is the real part of the refractive index for the matrix material. Comparison of effective medium theories with more rigorous calculations, e.g. those that use Discrete Dipole Approximation, DDA (Lumme & Rahola, 1994; Wolff et al., 1998; Voshchinnikov et al., 2007; Shen et al., 2008), and experiments (Kolokolova & Gustafson, 2001) show that even for xRe(m) ~1 effective medium theories provide reasonable results. The best accuracy can be obtained for cross sections and the worst for polarization, especially at phase angles smaller than 50 and larger than 120 .
\n\t\t\t
There were a number of attempts to consider heterogeneous grains using effective-medium theories, particularly to treat cosmic aggregates as a mixture of constituent particles (inclusions) and voids (matrix material) (e.g. Greenberg & Hage, 1990; Mukai et al., 1992; Li & Greenberg, 1998b; Voshchinnikov et al., 2005, 2006). In the visual these aggregates with the monomer size parameter of x >1 are, most likely, out of the range of the validity of the effective medium theories. However, for the thermal infrared, cosmic aggregates can be treated with the effective medium theories if they are sufficiently large; remember, that the macroscopic particle should be large enough to allow considering it as a medium.
\n\t\t\t
If the distance between inclusions becomes larger than the wavelength, the electrostatic approximation should be replaced by the far-field light scattering (see Section 3). If the inclusions or monomers in aggregates become comparable or larger than the wavelength i.e. the criterion xRe(m)<1 is violated, cooperative effects in electromagnetic interaction between the inhomogeneities become dominating. To account for them one needs to consider rigorously the interaction of electromagnetic waves that occurs in such complex objects counting on the near-field effects (Section 4).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Far-field light scattering
\n\t\t\t
The fundamental solution of the Maxwell equations as a harmonic plane wave describes the energy transfer from one point to another. The plane electromagnetic wave propagates in the infinite nonabsorbing medium with no change in intensity and polarization state. The presence of a finite scattering object results in modification of the field of the incident wave; this modification is called the electromagnetic scattering.
\n\t\t\t
If the scattering object (e.g., particle) is located from the observer at such a distance that the scattered field becomes a simple spherical wave with amplitude decreasing in inverse proportion to the distance to the scattering object, the equations describing the scattered field become much simpler. This is the so-called far-field approximation. There are several criteria of this approximation (e.g., Mishchenko et al., 2006, Ch. 3.2): 2π(R-a)/λ >>1, R>>a, and R>>πa\n\t\t\t\t2/λ, where R is the distance between the object and the observer and a is the radius of the object. The first relation means that the distance from any point inside the object to the observer must be much larger than the wavelength. Then, the field produced by any differential volume of the object (the so-called partial field) becomes an outgoing spherical wave. The second relation requires the observer to be at a distance from the object much larger than the object size. Then, the spherical partial waves coming to the observer propagate almost in the same direction. The third relation can be interpreted as a requirement that the observer is sufficiently far from the scatterer so that the constant-phase surfaces of the waves generated by differential volumes of the scattering object locally coincide in the observation point and form an outgoing spherical wave.
\n\t\t\t
If the scattering object is an ensemble of particles, it is convenient to present the total scattered field as a vector superposition of the fields scattered by individual particles and, thus, to introduce the concept of multiple scattering. It is worth noting that at multiple scattering the mutual electromagnetic excitations occur simultaneously and are not temporally discrete and ordered events (Mishchenko et al., 2010). However, the concept of multiple scattering is a useful mathematical abstraction facilitating, in particular, the derivation of such important theories as the microphysical theories of radiative transfer and coherent backscattering (see below).
\n\t\t\t
In some cases the scattering by a complex object can be considered in the far-field approximation that substantially simplifies the equations that describe the scattering. The conditions for this are the following: (1) the constituent scatterers of the complex object are far from each other to allow each constituent to be in the far-field zone of the others, and (2) the observer is located in the far fields of all of the constituent scatterers. Natural examples of such objects are atmospheric clouds and aerosols.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Diffuse light scattering
\n\t\t\t\t
The properties of the light that is scattered by an ensemble of scatterers (e.g., small particles) only once are fully determined by the properties of the constituents. If the particles are much smaller than the wavelength, they scatter light in the Rayleigh regime and produce symmetric photometric phase function with the minimum at 90 and also symmetric, bell-shaped, polarization phase function with the maximum at 90 . For larger particles, the phase curves demonstrate a resonant structure with several, or even numerous, minima and maxima in both intensity and polarization depending on the size parameter of particles and the refractive index. Nowadays, the single scattering properties can be reliably calculated for particles of various types (e.g., Mishchenko et al., 2002).
\n\t\t\t\t
If a complex object can be presented as a cluster of sparsely distributed particles, i.e. the far-field requirements are satisfied, the intensity of light scattered by the object is proportional to the number of constituents, N. While the number N and the packing density are increasing, the effects of mutual shadowing, multiple scattering, interference, and the interaction in the near field may destroy this dependence.
\n\t\t\t\t
The evolution of the scattering characteristics of a cluster of separated particles with increasing number of the constituent partciels can be illustrated with the results of model calculations preformed with the T-matrix method for randomly oriented clusters of spheres (Mackowski & Mishchenko, 1996). We consider a restricted spherical volume and randomly fill it with small non-intersecting identical spheres (in the same manner as Mishchenko, 2008; Mishchenko et al., 2009a, b; Petrova & Tishkovets, 2011; see example in Fig.3.1). In Fig. 3.1 we show the absolute values of intensity and the degree of linear polarization calculated for a single small nonabsorbing spherical particle and the volume containing different number of such particles. There we define the intensity as F\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\tQ\n\t\t\t\t\tsca\n\t\t\t\t\tX\n\t\t\t\t\tv, where F\n\t\t\t\t\t11 is the first element of the scattering matrix normalized in such a way that this quantity integrated over all phase angles is equal to unity, Q\n\t\t\t\t\tsca is the scattering efficiency of the cluster, and X\n\t\t\t\t\tv is the size parameter of the cluster calculated from the volume of the constituents as x\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\tN\n\t\t\t\t\t1/3.
\n\t\t\t\t
When the number of particles in the cluster grows, the amplitude of the bell-shaped branches of polarization decreases, and the curves of intensity in the phase interval from 20 to 150 become flatter. If the phase curves for individual particles contained substantial interference features typical for relatively large spheres (larger than the particles considered in the example in Fig. 3.1), these features would be continuously smoothed with increasing packing density (see, e.g., Mishchenko, 2008). Such a smoothing can be interpreted as a result of the increasing contribution of multiple scattering, when many scattering events force light to “forget” the initial direction and to contribute equally to all exit directions. This also causes the depolarization effect, i.e. the light multiply scattered by an ensemble of particles is characterized by smaller values of polarization than the polarization of the light scattered by an individual particle of the ensemble. This happens since the position of the scattering plane changes at each consequent scattering, thus changing the polarization plane of the scattered light. Multiple changes that resulted from multiple scattering by randomly distributed particles randomize the polarization plane and, thus, lower the polarization of the resultant light. It is remarkable that diffuse multiple scattering is unable to change the state of polarization. As a result of this, the polarization always changes its sign at the same phase angle as for an individual particle no matter how many particles are in the cluster (Fig 3.1).
\n\t\t\t\t
Since the behavior of the diffuse multiple scattering in the sparse media is rather well investigated in the framework of the radiative transfer theory, here we only recall the main properties of the scattered electromagnetic radiation. It increases, when either the particle size, or the number of particles in the medium, or the real part of the refractive index, or the packing density grow. If the imaginary part of the refractive index increases, the contribution of the radiation scattered twice predominates. The latter is partially polarized and can strongly depend on phase angle. For densely packed clusters or media, a study of the scattering based on the diffuse scattering is not relevant as it lacks consideration of such effects as shadowing and near-field interaction (see Section 4).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
The intensity and polarization of light scattered by a single spherical particle (dotted curve) and clusters of such particles contained in the volume of the size parameter X=20. The values of the size parameter x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 and the refractive index m of the constituent particles and the number of particles in the volume are listed in the figure. The packing density of the cluster (defined as ρ = N\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tx\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3/X\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 3) grows from 0.1% to 10% (for N=1 and 100, respectively). An example of the cluster is shown on the right.
\n\t\t\t\t
Numerous computations have shown that the light-scattering characteristics of aggregates substantially differ from those of a cluster of separated monomers and change if the structure and porosity of the aggregates change (West, 1991; Lumme & Rahola, 1994; Kimura, 2001; Kimura et al., 2003, 2006; Mann et al., 2004; Petrova et al., 2004; Tishkovets et al., 2004; Mishchenko & Liu, 2007; Mishchenko et al., 2007; 2009a; 2009b; Zubko et al., 2008; Okada & Kokhanovsky, 2009; and references therein). These changes cannot result from the diffuse multiple scattering between the aggregate monomers, which can only suppress the resonant features typical for the phase function of constituents and depolarize the scattered light. The specific shape of the phase curves shown in Fig. 1.1 is caused by more complex cooperative effects.
\n\t\t\t\t
A striking feature in the intensity phase curve in Fig 1.1 is a strong increase of the intensity as the phase angles become larger than 160º. Development of such an increase with increasing number of the particles in the volume is evident in the plots shown in the left panel of Fig. 3.1. This strong forward scattering enhancement is caused by constructive interference of light scattered by the particles in the exact forward direction. In this direction, the waves scattered once by all the particles are of the same phase (if the particles are identical) irrespective of the particle positions (see Bohren &Huffman, 1983; Section 3.3). The oscillating behavior of the intensity curves in the forward scattering domain also points to the interference nature of this feature. In the absence of multiple scattering, this interference would result in an increase of intensity by a factor of N(N\n\t\t\t\t\t−1) as compared to the scattering by a single particle or by a factor of N\n\t\t\t\t\t2, if the non-coherent single scattered components are taken into account. Such an increase is really observed, when the packing density is small. However its development slows down with increasing packing density and practically stops, when the packing density exceeds approximately 15%. Such a behavior results from the fact that the incident light exciting a particle gets attenuated by its neighbors. This effect finally leads to the exponential extinction of light considered in the radiative transfer theory. The polarization caused by the single scattering interference in the forward scattering region is the same as that for the constituents, if they are identical.
\n\t\t\t\t
One more interesting feature starts to develop in the intensity phase curve when the number of particles in the volume grows. This is the enhancement toward zero phase angle, which becomes noticeable at N=50 at phase angles smaller than 15 . It is accompanied by a change in the polarization state at small phase angles. These features are a typical manifestation of the coherent-backscattering (or weak-localization) effect, which is considered in the next section.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Coherent backscattering effect
\n\t\t\t\t
The enhancement of intensity that started to emerge in the backscattering domain (Fig. 3.1), when the packing density approached 5%, is a frequent feature of the phase curves of many scattering objects observed in laboratory (particulate samples) or in nature (regolith surfaces). This is the so-called brightness opposition effect. Explanation of its origin is illustrated in Fig. 3.2a (see Mishchenko et al., 2006 and references therein). The conjugate waves scattered along the same sequence of particles in the medium but in opposite directions interfere, and the result depends on the respective phase differences. For any observational direction far from the exact backscattering, the average effect of interference is negligible, since the particle positions are random. However, at exactly the backscattering direction, the phase difference is always zero and, consequently, the interference is always constructive, which causes the intensity enhancement to the opposition. This effect is called coherent backscattering.
\n\t\t\t\t
Interference in the backscattering direction may manifest itself in one more effect: it may lead to appearance of a branch of negative polarization at small phase angles (the so-called polarization opposition effect). This effect is schematically explained in Fig. 3.2b (also see Shkuratov, 1989; Muinonen, 1990; Shkuratov et al., 1994; Mishchenko, 2008). Particles 1-4 are in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident nonpolarized light. The particles 1 and 2 are in the scattering plane, while particles 3 and 4 are in the perpendicular plane. Let us assume that the particles are small relatively to the wavelength. Then they scatter light in the Rayleigh regime; the radiation scattered by such a Rayleigh particle is positively polarized for all phase angles. For the light scattered by the pair of particles 1-2, the resultant polarization keeps the polarization plane of the single scattering, i.e. it stays positive. However, the light scattering by the pair 3-4 occurs in the plane perpendicular to the resultant scattering plane; this makes the light scattered by this pair polarized in the scattering plane, i.e. negatively. The phase difference between the waves passing through particles 3 and 4 in opposite directions is always zero, while for particles 1 and 2 such phase difference is zero only at exactly the backscattering direction and quickly changes with changing the phase angle. Consequently, the conditions for negative polarization of the scattered light are on average more favorable in a wider range of phase angles than those for positive polarization. This forms a branch of negative polarization with the minimum at a phase angle whose value is comparable with the width of the brightness peak of coherent backscattering. Since only definite configurations of particles contribute to this effect, polarization opposition effect is less strong than the opposition effect in intensity.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Schematic explanation of the coherent backscattering effect (from Mishchenko, 2009a, b).
\n\t\t\t\t
An example of such a behavior is shown in Fig. 3.3. It is seen that the formation of the intensity enhancement at small phase angles is accompanied by development of a negative polarization branch as the number of particles in the ensemble grows. Notice that the effect results from the fact that the polarization of the single-scattered light is positive. If the polarization of the single scattered light is negative, the interference results in positive polarization. If the polarization of singly scattered light changes its sign at a specific scattering angle, the interference leads to a complex angular dependence of polarization for the ensemble of scatterers as seen in Fig. 3.1.
\n\t\t\t\t
In the interference presentation of the brightness and polarization opposition effects it was clearly assumed that the scatterers are in the far-field zones of each other, since some phase and polarization are attributed to the wave scattered by one particle and exiting the other one. However, recently it has been demonstrated that the conclusion on the interference nature of the opposition effects remains also valid for more closely packed media. In Fig. 3.4 we present some results obtained by Mishchenko et al. (2009a, b). They examined the influence of the packing density on the opposition phenomena in order to determine the range of applicability of the low-packing density concept of the coherent backscattering theory to densely packed media. As in the previous example, the ensemble of varying packing density was enclosed in a spherical volume of size parameter X (shown on the right of Fig. 3.4). When the number of particles in the volume of X=40 grows (N=500 corresponds to the packing density ρ=6.25%), the opposition peak grows, and the branch of negative polarization becomes deeper (Fig. 3.4 a-b). At the same time, the angular width of the opposition peak (determined as the angular position of the point, where the curve changes its slope) and the angular position of the polarization minimum are almost the same and remain constant with increasing number of particles. However, as the packing density grows (in Fig 3.4c this was achieved by decreasing the volume X) the shape of the negative branch transforms. To some value of the packing density, it is asymmetric, and its minimum is shifted to opposition as predicted by the theory of coherent backscattering (Mishchenko et al., 2006 and references therein). When the packing density grows up to substantial values (Fig. 3.4c, N= 300 that correspond to ρ = 30%), the effects related to the interaction of particles in the near field become noticeable. They manifest themselves in the transformation of the shape of the negative branch and its widening, which we discuss in Section 4.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
Same as Fig. 3.1, but X=15, x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1=1.5, and m=1.55+i0.01. The numbers of particles in the volume are listed in the right top corner of the polarization plot.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
The influence of the coherent backscattering on the intensity (normalized to the value at zero phase angle) and polarization of light scattered by ensembles of nonabsorbing spherical monomers of x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1=2 and m=1.32. Note that such individual monomers have polarization equal to zero in the backscattering domain and positive for the other phase angles. The size parameter of the volume X and the smallest and largest numbers of particles are shown in the plots. The geometry of the scattering ensemble is shown on the right. Adapted from Mischchenko et al. (2009b).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.1. Some experimental facts
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The above described opposition phenomena - a nonlinear enhancement of brightness to opposition and a negative branch of linear polarization of the scattered light – have been observed for cosmic dust in a variety of environments (debris disks, comets, Saturn’s rings, asteroids and satellites of planets) as well as for laboratory particulate samples. Numerous experimental studies showed that the characteristics of these effects and their phase profiles are undoubtedly connected with absorption and microphysical structure of the scattering objects. In particular, it was found that a very sharp narrow brightness peak and an asymmetric branch of negative polarization with the minimum close to zero phase angle (less than 2 ) are typical of bright and porous objects (see, e.g., the review by Rosenbush et al., 2002). These strongly expressed manifestations of the coherent backscattering mechanism appear due to a rather large free path of light in such a sparse particulate medium as regolith. Since the width of the coherent peak in intensity is inversely proportional to the free path, for extremely sparse media like atmospheric clouds this peak should be very narrow and cannot be observed. This peak also cannot be observed for the media that have a small restricted volume like small aggregates, especially if they are absorbing (e.g., Etemad et al., 1987). The absence of very sharp opposition features in aggregates and other individual particles of complex structure was confirmed by both observations of the cosmic dust and laboratory measurements (e.g., Levasseur-Regourd & Hadamcik, 2003; Shkuratov et al., 2004). This effect is also seen in Figs. 3.3-3.4 when the number of monomers in aggregates is small. These particles demonstrate a moderate increase of brightness to opposition and the branch of negative polarization with a shape close to symmetric.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Astronomical observations also revealed that dark or densely packed media demonstrate wider, if any, peaks of brightness near opposition and more symmetric branches of negative polarization (e.g., Shkuratov et al., 2002; Belskaya et al., 2005). This contradicts to the theory of coherent backscattering, which predicts that the opposition effects in brightness and polarization have the same cause and should appear simultaneously. Moreover, since only certain particle configurations contribute to polarization opposition effect, it might be less pronounced than brightness opposition effect. The shadow hiding, which is usually invoked to explain the widening of the opposition brightness peaks in dark surfaces (Lumme & Bowell, 1981), cannot induce such a significant negative polarization of the scattered light (e.g., Shkuratov & Grynko, 2005). Accurate consideration of the electromagnetic field in the particle vicinity, accounting for the presence of neighbor particles in the densely packed scattering clusters allows revealing one more scattering effect – the influence of the near field, which is considered in the next section.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Near-field effects
\n\t\t\t
In the case of compact aggregates/media the electromagnetic interaction becomes even more complex, because the electromagnetic field in the close vicinity of the scattering particle is inhomogeneous due to the lag of the wave within the particle with respect to the incident wave. This effect is mostly expressed if the scatterer is comparable in size to the wavelength. Direct calculations using the Lorentz–Mie theory for spherical particles show that the constant phase surface of the total field is funnel shaped in the particle vicinity (Fig. 4.1a). Consequently, the field inhomogeneity near the particle causes a rotation of the total field vector relatively to the incident field vector. This results in the formation of a Z-component of the total field that lies in the scattering plane and, consequently, reduces the scattered intensity in the back and forward scattering regions and increases the negative polarization (Tishkovets, 1998; Tishkovets et al., 1999; 2004a, b; Petrova et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t
To illustrate the influence of the field inhomogeneity in the vicinity of a particle, let us consider Rayleigh test particles located on a constant phase surface near a larger particle in its inhomogeneous zone (Fig. 4.1b). First, assume that the incident field is polarized in the scattering plane (as shown in Fig. 4.1a). If the test particles were far from each other and from other particles, i.e., in the homogeneous field, their dipole moments would be parallel to the x\n\t\t\t\t0 axis. In this case, the intensity of the light scattered by all four test particles-dipoles would concentrate in the direction α = 0 and 180 and would be zero in the direction α = 90 . If the test particles are, however, in the inhomogeneous zone near a wavelength-sized particle, the dipole moments induced in particles 1 and 3 have a nonzero component in the direction of wave propagation, i.e., along the z\n\t\t\t\t0 axis. This results in decreasing intensity of the scattered light in the direction α = 0 and 180 , whereas the intensity in the direction α = 90 becomes nonzero. In both cases, the scattered wave is polarized the same way as the incident one, i.e. in the scattering plane (negatively). Now assume that the incident wave is polarized perpendicular to the scattering plane. Then particles 1 and 3 produce the radiation that is polarized perpendicular to the scattering plane and does not depend on phase angle. The radiation scattered by particles 2 and 4 has a component parallel to the z\n\t\t\t\t0 axis (i.e., polarized in the scattering plane) that depends on α. As a result, the intensity again decreases in the directions α = 0 and 180 and increases in side directions, and polarization gets a negative component. So, at any polarization of the incident wave, the field inhomogeneity in the vicinity of the scattering particle induces a rotation of the field vector and leads to appearance of Z-component of the total field, which affects the angular distribution of the scattered intensity and causes negative polarization (for more details, see Tishkovets, 1998; Tishkovets et al., 1999; 2004a, b; Petrova et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t
One more type of interaction of particles in the near field is the mutual shielding of particles (Tishkovets, 2008; Petrova et al., 2009). The scheme with the test dipoles (Fig. 4.1b) helps to estimate qualitatively the result of the shielding. For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that at a given polarization of the incident radiation, the dipole moment of particle 1 is oriented exactly opposite to the ksc vector. In this case, particle 1 does not radiate in the ksc direction. It does not matter whether we take the shielding into account or not. When the incident radiation is polarized in the y\n\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\tz\n\t\t\t\t0 plane, in the case of ignoring the shielding, particle 1 would radiate like particle 3 or like all the particles in the homogeneous field. However, when the large particle shields particle 1, the latter does not radiate in the α direction, i.e., its positive polarization does not contribute to the scattered light. Thus, the shielding diminishes the positively polarized scattered radiation and diminishes the intensity in the α direction. However, in the backscattering direction, dipole 1 contributes to the scattered radiation, which induces an increase in the intensity with respect to that in the α direction. Contrary to the field inhomogeneity in the near zone, which is most noticeable for the wavelength-sized particles, the mutual shielding effect is independent of the size of the particles located in the near field.
\n\t\t\t
Under the above described conditions the wave coming from one particle to another is not spherical, and the single-scattering characteristics of individual monomers, such as their phase matrix, are not applicable. In other words, in densely packed systems the scatterers become highly dependent. The influence of the interaction in the near field on intensity and polarization of the scattered light can be easily demonstrated by the models, where the near-field contribution is ignored in the calculations of the light-scattering characteristics. The example presented in Fig. 4.2 clearly shows that the interaction in the near field substantially diminishes the backscattering peak in intensity induced by the coherent backscattering effect and changes the shape of the negative polarization branch.
\n\t\t\t
Contrary to the coherent backscattering mechanism, the near-field effects work in a wide angular range. In the backscattering domain they distort the manifestations of the coherent backscattering. Their influence on polarization is rather complex and significantly depends on the size parameter of monomers, their packing density, and the refractive index. For example, with increasing packing density (i.e., when the near-field effects manifest themselves more clearly), the negative branch becomes deeper and wider if the aggregate is composed of larger monomers, while it may become shallower for smaller constituents. The modeling experiments with particles of different properties show that the most permanent and noticeable manifestation of the near-field effects in polarization is the shift of the polarization minimum out of opposition (Petrova et al., 2007; 2009). In other words, while the coherent backscattering mechanism forms the negative branch with the minimum near zero phase angle, the interaction in the near field causes the shift of the polarization minimum to larger phase angles and makes the negative polarization branch more symmetric.
\n\t\t\t
Figure 6.
a) The scheme shows the constant phase surfaces and directions of electric field vectors (sum of the incident and scattered waves) in the close vicinity of a particle with x=4.0 and m = 1.32 + i0.05. The incident wave propagates along the wave vector k0 and is polarized in the x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t\tz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 plane. Adapted from Tishkovets et al. (2004a). (b) The scheme for the scattering of inhomogeneous waves by the Rayleigh test particles 1 - 4. Particles 1 and 3 are in the x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t\tz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 plane, while particles 2 and 4 are in the y\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t\tz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 plane. The incident wave propagates along the z\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 axis and is polarized in the x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t\tz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 plane. The scattered wave propagates to the direction of the phase angle α. The vectors at the Rayleigh particles show the directions of the induced dipole moments. Adapted from Petrova et al. (2009).
\n\t\t\t
Figure 7.
The influence of the interaction in the near field on the intensity (normalized to the value at zero phase angle) and polarization in the backscattering domain for the compact cluster shown in the insert. Thick and thin curves present the models calculated with and without the near-field effects respectively. Dashed curves show intensity and polarization for the individual monomer. The parameters x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t1, m, and N are shown in the figure. The data for the figures were kindly provided by V.P. Tishkovets.
\n\t\t\t
Due to their nature, the manifestations of the near-field effects can be more easily observed in absorbing aggregates when the packing density exceeds 10-15%. One of such examples is shown in Figs. 4.3 for the whole range of phase angles and separately for the backscattering domain. For rather small number of monomers, the conditions for diffuse scattering and coherent backscattering are applied. With increasing number of monomers, the forward-scattering peak develops, the intensity profile becomes flatter, and the polarization maximum gets depressed. Then the opposition peak in intensity grows, and the negative branch of polarization appears. However, the opposition features do not develop as quickly as in nonabsorbing aggregates (compare Fig. 3.4), because the free paths become somewhat shorter when absorbing monomers are added into the volume. Partly due to this effect, partly due to the interaction in the near field - which becomes more important with increasing packing density - the polarization minimum moves out of opposition. Further increase of the packing density makes the near-field effects even more decisive. We see that the opposition peak stops to grow, while the negative branch continues to develop; it becomes wider and deeper (the curves for N=200).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
Figure 8.
Top panel: same as Fig. 3.1-3.3, but for the parameters listed in the plot. The packing density varied from 0.1% to 20% (N changes from 1 to 200, respectively). Bottom panel: larger scale for the backscattering domain; the intensity is normalized to the value at zero phase angle.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Modeling of light scattering by aggregates
\n\t\t\t
In this section we explore how the considered above phenomena associated with electromagnetic interaction between constituents in a complex medium affect the angular and spectral dependence of intensity and linear polarization of the scattered radiation. We show how these results can be applied to the study of cosmic dust and other types of complex particles. We also briefly consider how the cooperative effects affect circular polarization of aggregates that contain optically active materials, e.g. complex organics of biological origin.
\n\t\t\t
To model electromagnetic scattering by complex dispersed systems, several methods are now available. They are based on the numerically exact solutions of the Maxwell equations. One of them, the so-called superposition T-matrix method (Mishchenko et al., 2002; Mackowski & Mishchenko, 1996), was used to obtain the intensity and linear polarization of clusters of particles discussed above. Since these computations are time and resource consuming, they cannot be presently fulfilled for very large clusters/layers of particles, such as regolith. Nevertheless, they allow us to obtain the scattering characteristics of aggregates of a restricted number of monomers that are typical for cosmic dust, and to study the dependence of the light-scattering characteristics on the size of monomers, their packing density and refractive index.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.1. Dependence of light scattering characteristics on the physical properties of aggregates
\n\t\t\t\t
Exploring the light scattering characteristics of aggregates, we continue to focus on the dependence of intensity and linear polarization on phase angle, i.e. photometric and polarimetric phase curves. Our goal is to find out how the phase curves depend on such characteristics of aggregates as the size and composition of the monomers, their number and arrangement in the aggregate. In the previous sections we were mainly interested in the models of complex objects that allowed us to better see specific physical phenomena such as coherent backscattering or near-field effects. This section is directed to provide a basis for the interpretation of experimental data, specifically the observations of cosmic dust. This is why in this section we use more realistic models of natural aggregates, namely the aggregates grown under ballistic process (Meakin et al. 1984). There are commonly used two types of such aggregates: Ballistic Particle-Cluster Aggregate (BPCA) that grows at collision of individual monomers with the aggregate and Ballistic Cluster-Cluster Aggregate (BCCA) that grows at collision of clusters of monomers. Examples of such aggregates are shown in Fig. 5.1. Notice that BPCAs are usually more compact than BCCAs. The packing density of ballistic aggregates is defined as the ratio of the volume taken by their monomers to the total volume of the aggregate which is the volume of a sphere of the characteristic radius A calculated as A\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t = 5/3 \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t∑\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tj\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1,..\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t(r\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\ti\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t-r\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tj\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t)\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t/(2N\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t) (Kozasa et al., 1992) where r\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\ti\n\t\t\t\t\t is location of the center of the ith monomer and the total number of the monomers is N. Packing density depends on the number of monomers; as this number increases, it decreases significantly for BCCAs and slightly for BPCAs (Kolokolova et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
The results of the modeling of the light scattering characteristics of BCCA and BPCA at some refractive indexes and monomer size are shown in Figs. 5.2 -5.3; for more results see LISA database at https://www.cps-jp.org/~lisa/. There instead of intensity I we use albedo, a characteristic that is usually used in astronomical observations to describe the reflectivity of an object. In the case of aggregates, albedo is defined as (I/I\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t)*(π/G) where I\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t is the intensity of the incident light and G is the aggregate geometric cross section (Hanner et al., 1981; Kimura et al., 2003). We show spectral dependence of albedo and polarization in two filters: 450 nm (blue filter) and 600 nm (red filter). Following astronomical definitions, if albedo or polarization have larger values in the red filter we say that they have a red color and if the values are larger in the blue filter we say that they have a blue color.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 9.
Samples of BPCA (left) and BCCA (right) aggregates. These aggregates were used in Kimura et al. (2003, 2006) computations to model light-scattering characteristics of cometary dust.
\n\t\t\t\t
First, notice in Fig. 5.2-5.3 the features of the modeled phase curves described in the previous sections, namely: (1) strong forward scattering resulted from the interference of the light single-scattered by individual monomers; (2) rather low values of the maximum polarization that manifests depolarizing effects of the diffuse scattering and influence of the near-field effects; (3) some, although small, backscattering enhancement; and (4) rather small but symmetric branch of negative polarization at small phase angles. The last two features indicate a serious influence of the near-field effects. This is not surprising as the monomers in aggregates touch each other, i.e. they do are located in the inhomogeneous field produced by their neighbors. As it was shown in Section 4, the near-field effects affect the shape of the intensity curve and result in a more pronounced and symmetric negative polarization branch and in diminished values of the positive polarization.
\n\t\t\t\t
The figures also show a difference between the plots obtained for aggregates of different physical properties. The most influential parameter seems to be the monomer size whose variations change the shape of the polarization phase curve and the dependence of the albedo on the wavelength. The real part of the refractive index mostly affects the maximum polarization. The imaginary part of the refractive index affects the spectral dependence of photometric phase curve and the values of albedo but does not much affect polarization. Notice also that the more compact BPCAs depolarize the light more strongly than the more porous BCCAs, although their other characteristics are rather similar.
\n\t\t\t\t
Although the curves in Figs 5.2-5.3 resemble the typical observational curves shown in Fig.1.1, they have some characteristics that are not typical for cometary dust. Observational facts summarized in Kolokolova et al. (2004a, b) indicate that comets usually have red photometric and polarimetric colors, i.e. their albedo and polarization have larger values at longer wavelengths. Unlike the observational data, the results of the modeling shown in Figs. 5.2-5.3 always demonstrate predominantly blue photometric color. In the case of the monomers of radius 120 nm and the refractive index equal to 1.4+i0.01, the results of the modeling also demonstrate blue polarimetric color for some phase angles. Also, in the majority of plots, the value of albedo at zero phase angle is higher than the one observed, which is equal to 3 - 5% (Hanner, 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 10.
Albedo (in %) and polarization as functions of phase angle for aggregates of monomer radius equal to 90 nm. Real part of the refractive index, n, and imaginary part of the refractive index, κ, are shown in the top left corner of each figure. Results for the wavelength 450 nm are shown by thick line (BCCA) and crosses (BPCA) and for 600 by thin line (BCCA) and circles (BPCA). All aggregates consisted of 128 monomers.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 11.
The same as Fig. 5.2 but for monomers of radius 120 nm.
\n\t\t\t\t
Our computations, summarized in Kimura et al. (2003, 2006) provided characteristics of the aggregates that satisfy the observational data for cometary dust. The best fit was achieved for the monomers of radius 100 nm and the refractive index that was determined based on in situ study of comet Halley, which is equal to 1.88+i0.47 for the wavelength λ=450nm and to 1.98+i0.48 for λ=600nm. It appears that for such a dark material a crucial characteristic is the number of monomers in the aggregate. Fig. 5.4 shows that increasing the number of monomers in the aggregate results in a more pronounced negative polarization branch and in a stronger depolarization of the positive polarization. This allows us to suggest that in the case of aggregates of thousands of monomers it is possible to reach the observable values of negative (~0.015) and positive (~0.3) polarization.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 12.
Albedo (in %) and polarization as functions of phase angle depending on the aggregate size (number of monomers in the aggregate). The monomer radius is equal to 100 nm. The refractive index was taken as typical for cometary dust (based on in situ data for comet Halley) and is equal to 1.88+i0.47 for the wavelength λ=450nm and 1.98+i0.48 for λ=600nm. The number of monomers in the aggregate is 64 (left panel), 128 (middle panel), 256 (right panel). Development of the negative polarization is shown in the inserts. Notice also a decrease of the polarization maximum more pronounced for the shorter wavelength. The figure was adapted from Mann et al. (2004).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigs. 5.2-5.4 also demonstrate that the polarimetric color is often less red in the case of more compact BPCAs. We explain this by a stronger depolarization of light in the case of more compact aggregates. Such a depolarization is even more evident from Figs. 3.3 and 4.3 where aggregates with higher packing density (more particles in the volume) always demonstrate smaller polarization maximum. Depolarization of light with increasing packing density is consistent with increasing electromagnetic interaction between the monomers resulted from both diffuse multiple scattering and near-field effects as considered in Sections 3-4
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova & Kimura (2010) showed that a measure of the depolarization can be the number of monomers covered by a single wavelength; the more monomers the wavelength covers, the more depolarized is the scattered light. It is clear that a single wavelength covers more monomers in the case of more compact aggregates. It also covers more monomers if the wavelength is longer. Thus, we can expect the scattered light to be more depolarized at longer wavelengths and the color of polarization should be blue. Blue polarimetric color is frequently observed. For example, it is typical for asteroid surfaces and interplanetary dust. However, as we already mentioned, cometary dust has a red polarimetric color. In our opinion, this is good evidence that cometary aggregates are highly porous. For porous aggregates, an increase in the wavelength may not increase the number of monomers covered by a single wavelength. Then the polarimetric color is defined by properties of individual monomers. Specifically, the monomer size parameter decreases with increasing wavelength that moves it closer to the Rayleigh regime of scattering characterized by higher polarization, thus, resulting in the red color of polarization.
\n\t\t\t\t
An interesting observational result was reported by Kiselev et al. (2008) who summarized the observational data of spectral behavior of comet polarization and showed that cometary dust is characterized by a red polarimetric color in the visible (wavelengths of 400-800nm) but it changes to a blue polarimetric color in the near infrared (wavelengths of 1000-3000nm). They also showed that some comets exhibit a blue polarimetric color even in the visible. These observations can be interpreted based on the dependence of electromagnetic interaction on the number of monomers covered by a single wavelength. Fig. 5.5 illustrates our point. One can see there that in the case of a porous aggregate a small change in the wavelength does not change the number of particles it covers. However, at longer wavelength even in porous aggregates the number of monomers covered by a single
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 13.
Illustration of the effect of increasing wavelength on the light scattering by an aggregate. In a compact aggregate (top part of the aggregate) the longer the wavelength the more monomers it covers, so the interaction between the monomers becomes stronger, and the light becomes more depolarized. This results in a decrease of polarization with wavelength, i.e. blue color of polarization. For a porous aggregate (bottom part of the aggregate), the number of monomers covered by a single wavelength does not change much as the wavelength increases, i.e. the change in the interaction between the monomers cannot overpower the change in the monomer size parameter, and so the polarization color stays red. However, as the wavelength reaches some critical value, the number of covered monomers in the porous aggregate changes significantly(as shown in the right-hand aggregate) and interaction becomes the main factor that defines the polarization color which then becomes blue.
\n\t\t\t\t
wavelength increases causing depolarization of the scattered light. This explains the change in the observed polarimetric color as the observations move to the near infrared. In the case of more compact aggregates, even a slight change in wavelength increases the number of covered monomers resulting in blue polarimetric color even in the visible. Thus, it is likely that the dust in the comets with blue polarimetric color, as well as asteroidal and interplanetary dust, is characterized by more compact particles. The wavelength where polarimetric color changes from red to blue may be used to determine the porosity of aggregate particles.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.2. Spectral manifestation of coherent backscattering
\n\t\t\t\t
In Section 3.2 we discussed how coherent backscattering affects intensity and polarization phase curves producing there brightness and polarization opposition effects. Recently it has been found that coherent backscattering also manifests itself in spectral data. It affects the depth of the absorption bands and makes it dependent on the phase angle. The physics of this is clear: since coherent backscattering produces brightness opposition effect of different steepness at different absorptions, the steepness of the opposition effect is different within and outside of the absorption bands and, thus, the absorption bands should have different depth and, most likely, shape at different phase angles. This fact was confirmed at observations of Saturn’s satellites. Their spectra have distinct ice absorption bands in the near infrared and these bands do change with phase angle (Fig. 5.6). Although this effect has been studied so far for regolith surfaces it should also exist for any medium whose light scattering is affected by coherent backscattering.
\n\t\t\t\t
We modeled spectral manifestation of the coherent backscattering using the T-matrix code and presenting the surface of Saturn’s satellites as a large icy aggregate similar to those described in Sections 3 and shown in Fig. 3.4. Fig 5.7 presents the results of our simulations of the ice absorption band at 2.8 μm at different size of monomers and packing density of the aggregate. One can see that the simulations correctly reproduce the observed tendencies. More so, the variations in the rate of the change of the absorption band depth and shape promise that the study of the spectra at several phase angles can serve as a new remote sensing tool to reveal properties of monomers and their arrangement in aggregates.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 14.
Spectrum of Saturn’s icy satellite Rhea at a variety of phase angles (from \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova et al., 2010\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t). It is clearly seen that the depth of the absorption bands varies with phase angle as it should be in accordance with the coherent backscattering. The red dashed ellipse shows the band whose modeling is presented in Fig. 5.7.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 15.
Simulations of the phase angle variations in the spectra of icy aggregates. Different phase angles (PA) are indicated in the left panel. The left panel is for the monomer of radius 1.0 μm and packing 5%, the middle panel is for the same monomers but different packing, 10%, and the right panel is for the same packing as the middle one but for smaller monomers, r= 0.85 μm. In all cases the overall size of the aggregate is 14 μm. Adapted from Kolokolova et al. (2011a).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.3. Circular polarization of the light scattered by aggregates
\n\t\t\t\t
Circular polarization was observed in the light scattered by the dust in comets (Rosenbush et al., 2007) and molecular clouds (Hough et al., 2001). It is well known that circular polarization manifests violation of mirror symmetry in the medium. Van de Hulst (1957) showed (see his Section 5.22) that circular polarization arises when the medium has unequal number of left-handed and right-handed identical but mirror asymmetric particles. This immediately shows that if we consider light scattering by a single aggregate, let say BPCA or BCCA, then even in the case of random orientation of this aggregate its circular polarization does not vanish as the majority of ballistic aggregates are asymmetric (Fig. 5.1). This was repeatedly shown by computer simulations of light scattering by aggregates (Kolokolova et al., 2006; Guirado et al., 2007). However, ensembles of natural aggregates, such as cosmic dust, usually do not have domination of particles of a specific handiness. So, in the case when some ensemble of natural aggregates demonstrates circular polarization, it has another violation of mirror symmetry than that resulted from the asymmetric arrangement of the monomers in the aggregates.
\n\t\t\t\t
One of the most common violations is alignment of elongated particles (e.g., in magnetic field). This is a very common situation for cosmic dust and numerous papers on alignment of aggregates and their circular polarization have been published (see reviews by Lazarian, 2007; 2009 and reference therein). One more opportunity for mirror asymmetry of aggregates is optical activity of their material. Optical activity is typical for organics of biological origin due to the homochirality of their molecules (i.e. domination of left handed amino acids and right handed sugars). Recently the T-matrix code by Mackowski & Mishchenko (1996) has been updated to allow accounting for the optical activity of the monomer material (Mackowski et al., 2011). Below we show some results of the computer modeling based on this code.
\n\t\t\t\t
To avoid the influence of mirror asymmetry of the aggregate itself, described above, we performed the calculations for a completely symmetric aggregate like a cube of spheres or 3D-cross. The optical activity was described by a complex parameter β=βr+iβi that demonstrated the difference in the complex refractive index for the light with left-handed and right-handed polarization; here βr described the circular birefringence of the material and βi described its circular dichroism. The code correctly predicted the equal but opposite sign of the circular polarization in the case of aggregates of the opposite sign of β. The modeling by Kolokolova et al. (2011b) showed that the circular polarization quickly increased with increasing optical activity, size of monomers, and especially size of the aggregate. An interesting result was a strong dependence of the circular polarization on the packing density of the aggregates. Fig. 5.8 shows that the circular polarization is much larger and increases more quickly with the size of aggregate in the case when the aggregate is more compact. This probably demonstrates an increasing influence of the diffuse multiple scattering as the aggregate becomes larger or more compact, and more monomers are involved in the light scattering.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 16.
Dependence of absolute values of circular polarization on the size of a 3D-cross aggregate (left) and cubic aggregate (right). The radius of the monomers is 50 nm; the wavelength is 650 nm. The dashed line is for a single monomer; solid lines are for the aggregates of 9, 125, and 343 monomers (thickness of the line increases with the number of monomers). In the simulations we used m=1.55002+i0.0006002 and β=7.034*10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t–i*0.8692*10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t which were estimated based on the measured excess of left-handed amino acids in some meteorites (Pizzarello & Cronin, 2000; Pizzarello & Cooper, 2001).
\n\t\t\t\t
It is evident that diffuse multiple scattering can affect circular polarization because at each consequent scattering on an optically active monomer circular polarization should increase. This effect is opposite to the depolarization of linearly polarized light in a result of multiple scattering. Linear polarization depends on the plane in which the scattering happens, and at multiple scattering this plane changes randomly thereby randomizing the resultant polarization (see Section 3.1). Orientation of the scattering plane does not affect circular polarization, and its formation is determined only by the fact that the light repeatedly interacts with optically-active scatterers. Since the cubic aggregate shown in Fig. 5.8 represents the case of a densely packed aggregate, we expect that its light scattering is also affected by near-field effects. How near-field effects influence circular polarization is a topic of a separate study that still needs to be done.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. Conclusions
\n\t\t\t
We have briefly described a progress recently made in the understanding and modeling of a variety of physical effects associated with electromagnetic interaction between constituent scatterers in a complex object such as an inhomogeneous particle or an aggregate of small monomers. Our test objects were aggregates as a common example of natural particles. In the case when such aggregates are made of particles much smaller than wavelength, effective medium theories can be applied to study their light scattering. However, natural, especially cosmic, particles are aggregates of monomers larger than wavelength when observed in the visible spectral range. Their light scattering requires a more sophisticated approach. We showed that with increasing packing density of aggregates interaction of their monomers becomes more complex and involves diffuse multiple scattering, coherent scattering, and, at even larger packing densities, near-field effects. The diffuse multiple scattering simplifies dependencies of intensity and polarization on phase angle reducing the resonant oscillations typical for single scattering by particles of size larger than wavelength. In its turn, coherent scattering complicates the phase curves adding brightness and polarization opposition feature in the backscattering domain. Development of these features becomes even more complex when the packing density increases and near-field effects become not negligible. The near-field effects affect all phase angles, changing value and location of both the polarization minimum and maximum as well as behavior of the intensity. The correct accounting for all these effects is possible by using rigorous solutions of the Maxwell equations for complex objects. In the case of aggregates, such a solution is provided by the superposition T-matrix approach (Mackowski & Mishchenko, 1996). We use this approach to simulate properties of large aggregates. This allows us not only to study all types of interaction separately and find conditions for their realization, but also to interpret the observational data for cosmic dust. The T-matrix modeling provides: (1) explanation of specifics of phase dependencies of intensity and polarization for cometary and other cosmic dust; (2) explanation of spectral dependence of polarization for comets and asteroids and its variations with wavelength; (3) explanation of variations in depth of spectral bands observed for Saturn’s satellites; (4) study of circular polarization of light scattered by objects of biological interest. This modeling also allows us to reveal the characteristics of dust particles in a variety of natural environments thereby validating it as a powerful tool for remote sensing applications.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
This work was supported by a grant of NASA Astrobiology Program and by a grant of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16081.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/16081.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16081",totalDownloads:2963,totalViews:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:81,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 12th 2010",dateReviewed:"March 2nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16081",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16081",book:{id:"166",slug:"electromagnetic-waves"},signatures:"Ludmilla Kolokolova, Elena Petrova and Hiroshi Kimura",authors:[{id:"25170",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludmilla",middleName:null,surname:"Kolokolova",fullName:"Ludmilla Kolokolova",slug:"ludmilla-kolokolova",email:"ludmilla@astro.umd.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"35233",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",fullName:"Hiroshi Kimura",slug:"hiroshi-kimura",email:"hiroshi_kimura@cps-jp.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"35234",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:"V.",surname:"Petrova",fullName:"Elena Petrova",slug:"elena-petrova",email:"epetrova@iki.rssi.ru",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Electrostatic approximation: Effective medium theories",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Far-field light scattering",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Diffuse light scattering",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Coherent backscattering effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"3.2.1. Some experimental facts",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Near-field effects",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Modeling of light scattering by aggregates",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.1. Dependence of light scattering characteristics on the physical properties of aggregates",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.2. Spectral manifestation of coherent backscattering",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.3. Circular polarization of the light scattered by aggregates",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBelskaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEfimov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShakhovskoj\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGil-Hutton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCellino\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 The F-type asteroids with small inversion angles of polarization. Icarus, 178, 213\n\t\t\t\t\t221 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBohren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHuffman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1983\n\t\t\t\t\tAbsorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, J. Wiley & Sons, NY.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBorghese\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDenti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaija\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tScattering from Model Nonspherical Particles: Theory and Applications to Environmental Physics Physics of Earth and Space Environments), Springer, Berlin.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBruggeman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. A. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1935 Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenenSubstanzen. I. Dielektrizitatskonstanten and Leitfahigkeiten der Mischkorper aus isotropen Substanzen. Annalen der Physik, 24, 636\n\t\t\t\t\t664 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChoy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\t Effective medium theory: principles and applications, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford England, New York.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChylek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVideen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeldart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDobbie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Effective medium approximations for heterogeneous particles. In: Light scattering by nonspherical particles (Mishchenko, M., Hovenier, J., & Travis, L., Eds.), 274\n\t\t\t\t\t308 , Academic Press, NY.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEtemad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThompson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndrejco\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMac\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKintosh. F. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987 Weak localization of photons: termination of coherent random walks by absorption and confined geometry. Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1420\n\t\t\t\t\t1423 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 From interstellar dust to comets- A unification of observational constraints, Astrophys. J., Part 1, 361, 260\n\t\t\t\t\t274 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuirado\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHovenier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoreno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Circular polarization of light scattered by asymmetrical particles, J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Transfer, 106, 63\n\t\t\t\t\t73 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGustafson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Å. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Scattering by complex systems I: Methods. In: Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space (Greenberg, J. M. & Li, A., Eds.), 535\n\t\t\t\t\t549 , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGustafson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Ǻ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Interactions with Electromagnetic Radiation: Theory and Laboratory Simulations, In: Interplanetary Dust,\n\t\t\t\t\t509\n\t\t\t\t\t523 , Springer-Verlag.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHanner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 The scattering properties of cometary dust, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 79-80, 164\n\t\t\t\t\t173\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHanner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiese\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZerull\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1981 On the definition of albedo and application to irregular particles, Astron. Astrophys. 104, 42\n\t\t\t\t\t46 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHough\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBailey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChrysostomou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGledhill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLucas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTamura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYates\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMenard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Circular polarization in star-forming regions: possible implications for homochirality, Advances in Space Research, 27, 313\n\t\t\t\t\t322 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHovenier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVan der Mee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDomke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tTransfer of polarized light in planetary atmospheres: basic concepts and practical methods, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan de Hulst\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1957\n\t\t\t\t\t Electromagnetic scattering by small particles, Dover Publ. Inc., New York.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Light-scattering properties of fractal aggregates: numerical calculations by superposition technique and the discrete-dipole approximation. J Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 70\n\t\t\t\t\t581\n\t\t\t\t\t594 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Optical properties of cometary dust: Constraints from numerical studies on light scattering by aggregate particles, Astron.Astrophys., 407, L5 -L9.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Light scattering by cometary dust numerically simulated with aggregate particles consisting of identical spheres, Astron.Astrophys., 449, 1243\n\t\t\t\t\t1254 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAntonyuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 The anomalous spectral dependence of polarization in comets, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 109, 1384\n\t\t\t\t\t1389 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKokhanocsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tOptics of Light Scattering Media: Problems and Solutions, Springer, Berlin.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGustafson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Å. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Scattering by inhomogeneous particles: Microwave analog experiment comparison to effective medium theories. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 70, 611\n\t\t\t\t\t625 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHanner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevasseur-Regourd\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGustafson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Ǻ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004a Physical properties of cometary dust from light scattering emission, In Comets II, (Festou, M. C., Keller, H. U., & Weaver, H. A., Eds.), 577\n\t\t\t\t\t604 , Univ.of Arizona Press, Tucson.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004b Characterization of dust particles using photopolarimetric data: Example of cometary dust, In: Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing (Videen, G., Yatskiv, Ya., & Mishchenko, M., Eds.), 431\n\t\t\t\t\t454 , Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht-London.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZiegler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Light-scattering properties of random-oriented aggregates: do they represent the properties of an ensemble of aggregates? J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Transfer, 100, 199\n\t\t\t\t\t206 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Two different evolutionary types of comets proved by polarimetric and infrared properties of their dust. Astron. Astrophys., 463, 1189\n\t\t\t\t\t1196 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuratti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Impact of coherent backscattering on the spectra of icy satellites of Saturn the implications of its effects for remote sensing, Astrophys J. Let., 711, L71 -L74.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Effects of Electromagnetic Interaction in the Polarization of Light Scattered by Cometary and Other Types of Cosmic Dust, Astron.Astrophys., 513, id.A40.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuratti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011a Modeling variations in the near-infrared spectra produced by the coherent backscattering effect, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer,\n\t\t\t\t\tDOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.03.010.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSparks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMackowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011b Astrobiological remote sensing with circular polarization. In: Polarimetric Detection, Characterization, and Remote Sensing (Mishchenko, M. I., Yatskiv, Ya. S., Videen, G., & Rosenbush, V. K., Eds.), Springer, Berlin, in press.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKozasa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMukai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 Optical properties of dust aggregates. I- Wavelength dependence, Astron. Astrophys., 263, 423\n\t\t\t\t\t432 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLazarian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Tracing magnetic fields with aligned grains, J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Transfer, 106, 225\n\t\t\t\t\t256\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLazarian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Quantitative Theory of Grain Alignment: Probing Grain Environment and Grain Composition, In: Cosmic Dust- Near and Far (Henning, Th., Grün, E., & Steinacker, J., Eds.), 482\n\t\t\t\t\t493 , Astromomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevasseur-Regourd\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHadamcik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Light scattering by irregular dust particles in the solar system: observations and interpretation by laboratory measurements. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 79-80, 903\n\t\t\t\t\t910 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 From interstellar dust to comets: infrared emission from comet Hale-Bopp C/1995 O1), Astrophys.J. Let., 498, L83 -L87.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLien\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Optical properties of cometary dust, In: Comets in the post-Halley era. 2 Newburn R. L., Neugebauer, M., & K. Rahe, Eds.), 1005\n\t\t\t\t\t1041 , Kluwer Acad. Publishers, Dordrecht.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLumme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBowell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1981 Radiative transfer in the surfaces of atmosphereless bodies. I. Theory. Astron. J. 86, 1694\n\t\t\t\t\t1704 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLumme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRahola\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Light scattering by porous dust particle in the discrete-dipole approximation. Astrophys. J., 425, 653\n\t\t\t\t\t667 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMackowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996 Calculation of the T matrix and the scattering matrix for ensembles of spheres. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 13, 2266\n\t\t\t\t\t2278 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMackowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSparks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 T-matrix approach to calculating circular polarization of aggregates made of optically active materials, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer,\n\t\t\t\t\tDOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.02.003.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 A comprehensive model to describe light scattering properties of cometary dust, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 89, 291\n\t\t\t\t\t301 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaxwell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGarnett. J. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1904 Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos Trans Roy Soc A, 203, 385\n\t\t\t\t\t420 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1984 Effects of cluster trajectories on cluster-cluster aggregation: a comparison of linear and Brownian trajectories in two- and three-dimensional simulations. Phys. Rev. A, 29, 997\n\t\t\t\t\t999 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Multiple scattering, radiative transfer, and weak localization in discrete random media: unified microphysical approach. Rev. Geophys. 46, RG2003.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHovenier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTravis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEds\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tLight Scattering by Nonspherical Particles. Theory, Measurements, and Applications. Academic Press, London.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTravis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLacis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tScattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTravis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLacis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Multiple scattering of light by particles: Radiative transfer and coherent backscattering. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Weak localization of electromagnetic waves by densely packed many-particle groups: exact 3D results. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 106, 616\n\t\t\t\t\t621 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMackowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCairns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVideen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Multiple scattering by random particulate media: exact 3D results. Opt. Express, 15, 2822\n\t\t\t\t\t2836 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDlugach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009a Direct solutions of the Maxwell equations explain opposition phenomena observed for high-albedo solar system objects. Astrophys. J. Let., 705, L118\n\t\t\t\t\tLL22 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDlugach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009b Azimuthal asymmetry of the coherent backscattering cone: Theoretical results. Physical Review A, 80, 053824\n\t\t\t\t\t053832\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLupishko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaydash\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBelskaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEfimov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShakhovskoy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tPolarimetric Remote Sensing of Solar System Objects, Akademperiodyka, Kyiv.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B53",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuinonen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990\n\t\t\t\t\tLight scattering by inhomogeneous media: backward enhancement and reversal of linear polarization. PhD dissertation, University of Helsinki, Finland.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B54",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMukai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Cometary dust and interplanetary particles. In: Evolution of Interstellar Dust and Related Topics (Bonetti, A., Greenberg J. M., & Aiello, S., Eds.), 397\n\t\t\t\t\t445 , North-Holland, Amsterdam.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B55",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMukai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIshimoto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKozasa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 Radiation pressure forces of fluffy porous grains, Astron. Astrophys., 262, 315\n\t\t\t\t\t320 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B56",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOkada\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKokhanovsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Light scattering and absorption by densely packed groups of spherical particles. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 110, 902\n\t\t\t\t\t917 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B57",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Light Scattering by Aggregates with Sizes Comparable to the Wavelength: An Application to Cometary Dust. Icarus, 148, 526\n\t\t\t\t\t536 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B58",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Polarization of light scattered by Solar system bodies and the aggregate model of dust particles. Solar System Res., 38, 309\n\t\t\t\t\t324 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B59",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Modeling of opposition effects with ensembles of clusters: Interplay of various scattering mechanisms, Icarus, 188, 233\n\t\t\t\t\t245 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B60",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Interaction of particles in the near field and opposition effects in regolith-like surfaces, Sol. System Res., 43, 100\n\t\t\t\t\t115 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B61",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Light scattering by aggregates of varying porosity and the opposition phenomena observed in the low-albedo particulate media. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.01.011.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B62",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPizzarello\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCronin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Non-racemic amino acids in the Murray and Murchison meteorites, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 329\n\t\t\t\t\t338 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B63",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPizzarello\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCooper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Molecular and chiral analyses of some protein amino acid derivatives in the Murchison and Murray meteorite, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, 897\n\t\t\t\t\t909 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B64",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAvramchuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Photometric and polarimetric opposition phenomena exhibited by Solar system bodies. In: Optics of Cosmic Dust (Videen, G., & Kocifaj, M., Eds.) 191\n\t\t\t\t\t224 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B65",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenbush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolokolova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLazarian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShakhovskoy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiselev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Circular polarization in comets: Observations of Comet C/1999 S4 LINEAR) and tentative interpretation, Icarus, 186, 317\n\t\t\t\t\t330 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B66",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchuerman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1980\n\t\t\t\t\tLight scattering by irregularly shaped particles. New York, Plenum Press.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B67",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDraine\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Modeling Porous Dust Grains with Ballistic Aggregates. I. Geometry and Optical Properties, Astrophys. J., 689, 260\n\t\t\t\t\t275 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B68",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 New mechanism of the negative polarization of light scattered by atmosphereless cosmic bodies. Astron Vestnik, 23, 176\n\t\t\t\t\t180 [in Russian].\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B69",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuinonen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBowell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLumme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeltoniemi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKreslavsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStankevich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovetz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOpanasenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMelkumova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 A critical review of theoretical models of negatively polarized light scattered by atmosphereless Solar system bodies. Earth, Moon, & Planets, 65, 210\n\t\t\t\t\t246 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B70",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOvcharenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZubko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiloslavskaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuinonen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiironen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 The opposition effect and negative polarization of structural analog for planetary regoliths. Icarus, 159, 396\n\t\t\t\t\t416 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B71",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOvcharenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZubko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVolten\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVideen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The negative polarization of light scattered from particulate surfaces and of independently scattering particles. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transfer, 88, 267\n\t\t\t\t\t284 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B72",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrynko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Light scattering by media composed of semitransparent particles of different shapes in ray optics approximation: consequences for spectroscopy, photometry, and polarimetry of planetary regoliths. Icarus, 173, 16\n\t\t\t\t\t28 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B73",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSihvola\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\t Electromagnetic Mixing Formulae and Applications, IEE Publ., London.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B74",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Backscattering of light by close-packed system of particles. Opt. Spectrosc., 85, 212\n\t\t\t\t\t217 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B75",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLitvinov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Comparison of collective effects at scattering by randomly oriented cluster of spherical particles. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 61, 767\n\t\t\t\t\t773 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B76",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLitvinov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004a Backscattering effects for discrete random media. In:. Photopolarimetry in remote sensing (Videen, G., Yatskiv, Ya. S., & Mishchenko, M. I., Eds), 221\n\t\t\t\t\t242 , Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B77",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJockers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004b Optical properties of aggregate particles comparable in size to the wavelength, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 86, 241\n\t\t\t\t\t265 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B78",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTishkovets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Light scattering by closely packed clusters: shielding of particles by each other in the near field. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 109, 2665\n\t\t\t\t\t2672 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B79",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoshchinnikov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tOptics of cosmic dust, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scientific Publishers.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B80",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoshchinnikov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIl’in\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTh.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Modelling the optical properties of composite and porous interstellar grains, Astron. Astrophys., 429, 371\n\t\t\t\t\t381\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B81",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoshchinnikov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIl’in\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTh.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDubkova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Dust extinction and absorption: the challenge of porous grains, Astron. Astrophys., 445, 167\n\t\t\t\t\t177 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B82",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoshchinnikov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVideen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTh.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Effective medium theories for irregular fluffy structures: aggregation of small particles, Applied Optics IP, 46, 4065\n\t\t\t\t\t4072 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B83",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWest\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Optical properties of aggregate particles whose outer diameter is comparable to the wavelength. Appl. Opt., 30, 5316\n\t\t\t\t\t5324 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B84",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWolff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClayton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGibson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Modeling composite and fluffy grains. II. Porosity and phase function. Astrophys. J., 503, 815\n\t\t\t\t\t830 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B85",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZubko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShkuratov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYu.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMishchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVideen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Light scattering in a finite multi-particle system. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 109, 2195\n\t\t\t\t\t2206 .\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ludmilla Kolokolova",address:"",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"166",type:"book",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",publishedDate:"June 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/166.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-304-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6013-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:123,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"737"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16073",type:"chapter",title:"The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves",slug:"the-fundamental-physics-of-electromagnetic-waves",totalDownloads:6818,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juliana H. J. Mortenson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26197",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Mortenson",fullName:"Juliana Mortenson",slug:"juliana-mortenson"}]},{id:"16074",type:"chapter",title:"Modern Classical Electrodynamics and Electromagnetic Radiation - Vacuum Field Theory Aspects",slug:"modern-classical-electrodynamics-and-electromagnetic-radiation-vacuum-field-theory-aspects",totalDownloads:4576,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.), Anatoliy K. Prykarpatsky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26687",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Bogolubov (Jr.)",fullName:"Nikolai Bogolubov (Jr.)",slug:"nikolai-bogolubov-(jr.)"},{id:"26689",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoliy",middleName:"K.",surname:"Prykarpatsky",fullName:"Anatoliy Prykarpatsky",slug:"anatoliy-prykarpatsky"}]},{id:"16075",type:"chapter",title:"Electromagnetic-wave Contribution to the Quantum Structure of Matter",slug:"electromagnetic-wave-contribution-to-the-quantum-structure-of-matter",totalDownloads:2902,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Burke Ritchie",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"24758",title:"Prof.",name:"Burke",middleName:null,surname:"Ritchie",fullName:"Burke Ritchie",slug:"burke-ritchie"}]},{id:"16076",type:"chapter",title:"Gouy Phase and Matter Waves",slug:"gouy-phase-and-matter-waves",totalDownloads:2921,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Irismar G. da Paz, Maria C. Nemes and José G. P. de Faria",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27072",title:"Dr.",name:"Irismar",middleName:null,surname:"Da Paz",fullName:"Irismar Da Paz",slug:"irismar-da-paz"},{id:"44004",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Nemes",fullName:"Maria Carolina Nemes",slug:"maria-carolina-nemes"},{id:"44005",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto de Faria",fullName:"Jose Geraldo Peixoto de Faria",slug:"jose-geraldo-peixoto-de-faria"}]},{id:"16077",type:"chapter",title:"Simulation and Analysis of Transient Processes in Open Axially-symmetrical Structures: Method of Exact Absorbing Boundary Conditions",slug:"simulation-and-analysis-of-transient-processes-in-open-axially-symmetrical-structures-method-of-exac",totalDownloads:2356,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Olena Shafalyuk, Yuriy Sirenko and Paul Smith",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31169",title:"Ms.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Shafalyuk",fullName:"Olena Shafalyuk",slug:"olena-shafalyuk"},{id:"31869",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Sirenko",fullName:"Yuriy Sirenko",slug:"yuriy-sirenko"},{id:"31870",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:"Denis",surname:"Smith",fullName:"Paul Smith",slug:"paul-smith"}]},{id:"16078",type:"chapter",title:"Fractional Operators Approach and Fractional Boundary Conditions",slug:"fractional-operators-approach-and-fractional-boundary-conditions",totalDownloads:2842,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Eldar Veliev, Turab Ahmedov, Maksym Ivakhnychenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"24660",title:"Prof.",name:"Eldar",middleName:"Ismailovich",surname:"Veliev",fullName:"Eldar Veliev",slug:"eldar-veliev"},{id:"24670",title:"Mr.",name:"Turab",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmedov",fullName:"Turab Ahmedov",slug:"turab-ahmedov"},{id:"24671",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Ivakhnychenko",fullName:"Maxim Ivakhnychenko",slug:"maxim-ivakhnychenko"}]},{id:"16079",type:"chapter",title:"Atmospheric Refraction and Propagation in Lower Troposphere",slug:"atmospheric-refraction-and-propagation-in-lower-troposphere",totalDownloads:5934,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Martin Grabner and Vaclav Kvicera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4710",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Kvicera",fullName:"Vaclav Kvicera",slug:"vaclav-kvicera"},{id:"24890",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Grabner",fullName:"Martin Grabner",slug:"martin-grabner"}]},{id:"16080",type:"chapter",title:"Atmospheric Attenuation due to Humidity",slug:"atmospheric-attenuation-due-to-humidity",totalDownloads:7891,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Milda Tamošiunaite, Stasys Tamošiunas, Mindaugas Žilinskas and Milda Tamošiuniene",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43070",title:"Dr.",name:"Stasys",middleName:null,surname:"Tamošiūnas",fullName:"Stasys Tamošiūnas",slug:"stasys-tamosiunas"},{id:"43528",title:"Dr.",name:"Milda",middleName:null,surname:"Tamošiūnaitė",fullName:"Milda Tamošiūnaitė",slug:"milda-tamosiunaite"},{id:"43529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mindaugas",middleName:null,surname:"Žilinskas",fullName:"Mindaugas Žilinskas",slug:"mindaugas-zilinskas"},{id:"43530",title:"Dr.",name:"Milda",middleName:null,surname:"Tamošiūnienė",fullName:"Milda Tamošiūnienė",slug:"milda-tamosiuniene"}]},{id:"16081",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves in Complex Particles",slug:"effects-of-interaction-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-complex-particles",totalDownloads:2963,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ludmilla Kolokolova, Elena Petrova and Hiroshi Kimura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25170",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludmilla",middleName:null,surname:"Kolokolova",fullName:"Ludmilla Kolokolova",slug:"ludmilla-kolokolova"},{id:"35233",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",fullName:"Hiroshi Kimura",slug:"hiroshi-kimura"},{id:"35234",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:"V.",surname:"Petrova",fullName:"Elena Petrova",slug:"elena-petrova"}]},{id:"16082",type:"chapter",title:"Models for Scattering from Rough Surfaces",slug:"models-for-scattering-from-rough-surfaces",totalDownloads:6206,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"F. Ticconi, L. Pulvirenti and N. Pierdicca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34519",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Ticconi",fullName:"Francesca Ticconi",slug:"francesca-ticconi"},{id:"35944",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Pulvirenti",fullName:"Luca Pulvirenti",slug:"luca-pulvirenti"},{id:"35945",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazzareno",middleName:null,surname:"Pierdicca",fullName:"Nazzareno Pierdicca",slug:"nazzareno-pierdicca"}]},{id:"16083",type:"chapter",title:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Circular Tunnels",slug:"electromagnetic-wave-propagation-in-circular-tunnels",totalDownloads:4548,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Osama M. Abo-Seida",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"24823",title:"Prof.",name:"Osama",middleName:null,surname:"Abo-Seida",fullName:"Osama Abo-Seida",slug:"osama-abo-seida"}]},{id:"16084",type:"chapter",title:"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Thin Dielectric and Metallic Films",slug:"propagation-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-thin-dielectric-and-metallic-films",totalDownloads:5887,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luc Levesque",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26483",title:"Dr.",name:"Luc",middleName:"Joseph",surname:"Lévesque",fullName:"Luc Lévesque",slug:"luc-levesque"}]},{id:"16085",type:"chapter",title:"Quasi-optical Systems Based on Periodic Structures",slug:"quasi-optical-systems-based-on-periodic-structures",totalDownloads:3470,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gennadij Vorobjov, Yulya Shulga and Vitaliy Zhurbenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko"},{id:"26985",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadiy",middleName:null,surname:"Vorobyov",fullName:"Gennadiy Vorobyov",slug:"gennadiy-vorobyov"},{id:"34021",title:"MSc.",name:"Yulya",middleName:null,surname:"Shulga",fullName:"Yulya Shulga",slug:"yulya-shulga"}]},{id:"16086",type:"chapter",title:"Waveguide Mode Converters",slug:"waveguide-mode-converters",totalDownloads:4645,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yoshihiro Kokubo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"3795",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kokubo",fullName:"Yoshihiro Kokubo",slug:"yoshihiro-kokubo"}]},{id:"16087",type:"chapter",title:"Resonance Properties of Scattering and Generation of Waves on Cubically Polarisable Dielectric Layers",slug:"resonance-properties-of-scattering-and-generation-of-waves-on-cubically-polarisable-dielectric-layer",totalDownloads:2143,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Lutz Angermann and Vasyl V. Yatsyk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13342",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",middleName:null,surname:"Angermann",fullName:"Lutz Angermann",slug:"lutz-angermann"},{id:"28705",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasyl",middleName:"Vasylyovych",surname:"Yatsyk",fullName:"Vasyl Yatsyk",slug:"vasyl-yatsyk"}]},{id:"16088",type:"chapter",title:"Cholesteric Elastomers with Mechanical Control of Optical Spectra",slug:"cholesteric-elastomers-with-mechanical-control-of-optical-spectra",totalDownloads:2149,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. Adrian Reyes, Laura O. Palomares and Carlos G. Avendano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27277",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes",fullName:"Juan Adrian Reyes",slug:"juan-adrian-reyes"},{id:"29798",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura Olivia",middleName:null,surname:"Palomares",fullName:"Laura Olivia Palomares",slug:"laura-olivia-palomares"},{id:"29799",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño",fullName:"Carlos Gabriel Avendaño",slug:"carlos-gabriel-avendano"}]},{id:"16089",type:"chapter",title:"Time Domain Reflectometry: Temperature-dependent Measurements of Soil Dielectric Permittivity",slug:"time-domain-reflectometry-temperature-dependent-measurements-of-soil-dielectric-permittivity",totalDownloads:4425,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Wojciech Skierucha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27461",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Skierucha",fullName:"Wojciech Skierucha",slug:"wojciech-skierucha"}]},{id:"16090",type:"chapter",title:"The Temperature Behavior of Resonant and Non-resonant Microwave Absorption in Ni-Zn Ferrites",slug:"the-temperature-behavior-of-resonant-and-non-resonant-microwave-absorption-in-ni-zn-ferrites",totalDownloads:3697,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Raul Valenzuela",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25367",title:"Prof.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela",fullName:"Raul Valenzuela",slug:"raul-valenzuela"}]},{id:"16091",type:"chapter",title:"Complex Permittivity Measurement of High Loss Liquids and its Application to Wine Analysis",slug:"complex-permittivity-measurement-of-high-loss-liquids-and-its-application-to-wine-analysis",totalDownloads:3843,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Z.E. Eremenko, V.N. Skresanov, A.I. Shubnyi, N.S. Anikina, V.G. Gerzhikova and T.A. Zhilyakova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29355",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoya",middleName:null,surname:"Eremenko",fullName:"Zoya Eremenko",slug:"zoya-eremenko"},{id:"32024",title:"Mr.",name:"Valery",middleName:null,surname:"Skresanov",fullName:"Valery Skresanov",slug:"valery-skresanov"},{id:"32025",title:"Mr.",name:"Tatyana",middleName:null,surname:"Zhilyakova",fullName:"Tatyana Zhilyakova",slug:"tatyana-zhilyakova"}]},{id:"16092",type:"chapter",title:"EMI Shielding using Composite Materials with Plasma Layers",slug:"emi-shielding-using-composite-materials-with-plasma-layers",totalDownloads:4127,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ziaja Jan and Jaroszewski Maciej",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25538",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Ziaja",fullName:"Jan Ziaja",slug:"jan-ziaja"},{id:"33964",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Jaroszewski",fullName:"Maciej Jaroszewski",slug:"maciej-jaroszewski"}]},{id:"16093",type:"chapter",title:"Reduction of Reflection from Conducting Surfaces using Plasma Shielding",slug:"reduction-of-reflection-from-conducting-surfaces-using-plasma-shielding",totalDownloads:3133,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cigdem Seckin Gurel and Emrah Oncu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26203",title:"Prof.",name:"Çiğdem Seçkin",middleName:null,surname:"Gürel",fullName:"Çiğdem Seçkin Gürel",slug:"cigdem-seckin-gurel"},{id:"36210",title:"Mr.",name:"Emrah",middleName:null,surname:"Öncü",fullName:"Emrah Öncü",slug:"emrah-oncu"},{id:"128103",title:"Prof.",name:"Emrah",middleName:null,surname:"Öncü",fullName:"Emrah Öncü",slug:"emrah-oncu"}]},{id:"16094",type:"chapter",title:"Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health",slug:"electromagnetic-waves-and-human-health",totalDownloads:14385,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Feyyaz Ozdemir and Aysegul Kargi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"24790",title:"Prof.",name:"Feyyaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",fullName:"Feyyaz Ozdemir",slug:"feyyaz-ozdemir"},{id:"36228",title:"Dr.",name:"AYSEGUL",middleName:null,surname:"KARGİ",fullName:"AYSEGUL KARGİ",slug:"aysegul-kargi"},{id:"128104",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysegul",middleName:null,surname:"Kargi",fullName:"Aysegul Kargi",slug:"aysegul-kargi"}]},{id:"16095",type:"chapter",title:"Image Resolution and Sensitivity Improvements of a Molecular Imaging Technique Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"image-resolution-and-sensitivity-improvements-of-a-molecular-imaging-technique-based-on-magnetic-nan",totalDownloads:2830,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasutoshi Ishihara, Tsuyoshi Kuwabara and Naoki Wadamori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"2895",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishihara",fullName:"Yasutoshi Ishihara",slug:"yasutoshi-ishihara"},{id:"39375",title:"Mr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuwabara",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Kuwabara",slug:"tsuyoshi-kuwabara"},{id:"39376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Wadamori",fullName:"Naoki Wadamori",slug:"naoki-wadamori"},{id:"128105",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuwabara",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Kuwabara",slug:"tsuyoshi-kuwabara"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3645",title:"Passive Microwave Components and Antennas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"passive-microwave-components-and-antennas",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10716",title:"Boundary Perturbation Theory for Scattering in Layered Rough Structures",slug:"boundary-perturbation-theory-for-scattering-in-layered-rough-structures",signatures:"Pasquale Imperatore, Antonio Iodice and Daniele Riccio",authors:[null]},{id:"10719",title:"Numerical Analysis of Planar Periodic Multilayer Structures by Method of Moments",slug:"numerical-analysis-of-planar-periodic-multilayer-structures-by-method-of-moments",signatures:"Stanislav Gona",authors:[null]},{id:"10704",title:"The High-Order Symplectic Finite-Difference Time-Domain Scheme",slug:"the-high-order-symplectic-finite-difference-time-domain-scheme",signatures:"Wei E.I. Sha, Xian-liang Wu, Zhi-xiang Huang and Ming-sheng Chen",authors:[null]},{id:"10714",title:"Nonlocal Electromagnetic Media: A Paradigm for Material Engineering",slug:"nonlocal-electromagnetic-media-a-paradigm-for-material-engineering",signatures:"Said M. Mikki and Ahmed A. Kishk",authors:[null]},{id:"10713",title:"Numerical Modeling of Photonic Crystal Circuits Using Fourier Series Expansion Method Based on Floquet-Modes",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-photonic-crystal-circuits-using-fourier-series-expansion-method-based-on-floqu",signatures:"Koki Watanabe and Kiyotoshi Yasumoto",authors:[null]},{id:"10712",title:"Computer Aided Design of Waveguide Devices by Mode-Matching Methods",slug:"computer-aided-design-of-waveguide-devices-by-mode-matching-methods",signatures:"Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz, Jose R. Montejo-Garai and Jesus M. Rebollar",authors:[null]},{id:"10709",title:"Circuital Analysis of Cylindrical Structures Applied to the Electromagnetic Resolution of Resonant Cavities",slug:"circuital-analysis-of-cylindrical-structures-applied-to-the-electromagnetic-resolution-of-resonant-c",signatures:"Felipe L. Penaranda-Foix and Jose M. Catala-Civera",authors:[null]},{id:"10710",title:"Solving Inverse Scattering Problems Using Truncated Cosine Fourier Series Expansion Method",slug:"solving-inverse-scattering-problems-using-truncated-cosine-fourier-series-expansion-method1",signatures:"Abbas Semnani and Manoochehr Kamyab",authors:[null]},{id:"10723",title:"Slot Optical Waveguides Simulations and Modeling",slug:"slot-optical-waveguides-simulations-amp-modeling",signatures:"Muddassir Iqbal, Z. Zheng and J.S. Liu",authors:[null]},{id:"10715",title:"Analysis and Design of SIW Components Based on H-Plane Planar Circuit Approach",slug:"analysis-and-design-of-siw-components-based-on-h-plane-planar-circuit-approach",signatures:"Isao Ohta and Mitsuyoshi Kishihara",authors:[null]},{id:"10727",title:"Design and Modeling of Microstrip Line to Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transitions",slug:"design-and-modeling-of-microstrip-line-to-substrate-integrated-waveguide-transitions",signatures:"Ting-Yi Huang, Tze-Min Shen and Ruey-Beei Wu",authors:[null]},{id:"10724",title:"Microstrip-Slot Transition and Its Applications in Multilayer Microwave Circuits",slug:"microstrip-slot-transition-and-its-applications-in-multilayer-microwave-circuits",signatures:"Norhudah Seman and Marek E. Bialkowski",authors:[null]},{id:"10720",title:"Vertical Transmission Lines in Multilayer Substrates and Highly-Integrated Filtering Components Based on These Transmission Lines",slug:"vertical-transmission-lines-in-multilayer-substrates-and-highly-integrated-filtering-components-base",signatures:"Taras Kushta",authors:[null]},{id:"10717",title:"Impedance Transformers",slug:"impedance-transformers",signatures:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko, Viktor Krozer and Tonny Rubaek",authors:[null]},{id:"10726",title:"Design of Compact Planar Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filters",slug:"design-of-compact-planar-ultra-wideband-bandpass-filters",signatures:"Yasushi Horii",authors:[null]},{id:"10707",title:"A Dual-Mode Wide-Band Bandpass Filter Using the Microstrip Loop Resonator with Tuning Stubs",slug:"a-dual-mode-wide-band-bandpass-filter-using-the-microstrip-loop-resonator-with-tuning-stubs",signatures:"Jessada Konpang",authors:[null]},{id:"10725",title:"Tunable Dielectric Microwave Devices with Electromechanical Control",slug:"tunable-dielectric-microwave-devices-with-electromechanical-control",signatures:"Yuriy Poplavlo, Yuriy Prokopenko and Vitaliy Molchanov",authors:[null]},{id:"10721",title:"Dual Mode Microstrip Ring Resonator with Composite-Right/Left-handed Line",slug:"dual-mode-microstrip-ring-resonator-with-composite-right-left-handed-line",signatures:"M.K.Haldar, Hieng Tiong Su and Kian Kiong Fong",authors:[null]},{id:"10718",title:"Electrically Small Resonators for Metamaterial and Microwave Circuit Design",slug:"electrically-small-resonators-for-metamaterial-and-microwave-circuit-design",signatures:"Marta Gil, Francisco Aznar, Adolfo Velez, Miguel Duran-Sindreu, Jordi Selga, Gerard Siso, Jordi Bonache and Ferran Martin",authors:[null]},{id:"10708",title:"Compact CPW Metamaterial Resonators for High Performance Filters",slug:"compact-cpw-metamaterial-resonators-for-high-performance-filters",signatures:"Ibraheem A. I. Al-Naib, Christian Jansen and Martin Koch",authors:[null]},{id:"10706",title:"Passive Diplexers and Active Filters Based on Metamaterial Particles",slug:"passive-diplexers-and-active-filters-based-on-metamaterial-particles",signatures:"Daniel Segovia-Vargas, Vicente Gonzalez-Posadas, Jose Luis Jimenez- Martin, Luis Enrique Garcia-Munoz and Oscar Garcia-Perez",authors:[null]},{id:"10711",title:"Multifrequency and Multifunction Metamaterial-Loaded Printed Antennas",slug:"multifrequency-and-multifunction-metamaterial-loaded-printed-antennas",signatures:"Francisco Javier Herraiz-Martinez, Daniel Segovia-Vargas, Eduardo Ugarte-Munoz, Luis Enrique Garcia-Munoz and Vicente Gonzalez-Posadas",authors:[null]},{id:"10728",title:"Wideband Planar Plate Monopole Antenna",slug:"wideband-planar-plate-monopole-antenna",signatures:"H. R. Hassani and S. M. Mazinani",authors:[null]},{id:"10705",title:"Collinear Microstrip Patch Antennas",slug:"collinear-microstrip-patch-antennas",signatures:"Alois Holub and Milan Polivka",authors:[null]},{id:"10722",title:"Design of Non-Uniformly Excited Linear Slot Arrays Fed by Coplanar Waveguide",slug:"design-of-non-uniformly-excited-linear-slot-arrays-fed-by-coplanar-waveguide",signatures:"JP Jacobs, J Joubert and JW Odendaal",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9878",title:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e57ef4b5bada0d966637cd303d76278f",slug:"electromagnetic-wave-propagation-for-industry-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10852",title:"Recent Topics in Electromagnetic Compatibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5d2cce3a2adbd5d108d3301ee97025b",slug:"recent-topics-in-electromagnetic-compatibility",bookSignature:"Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10852.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"166",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6561a39a2e8aaffc6cde23ecd65cdfde",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"415",title:"Behaviour of Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media and Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8496cd6f3c63a2b4d0b69076ec095343",slug:"behavior-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-different-media-and-structures",bookSignature:"Ali Akdagli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76005",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Akdagli",slug:"ali-akdagli",fullName:"Ali Akdagli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"166",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6561a39a2e8aaffc6cde23ecd65cdfde",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94521",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",body:'
1. Introduction
The Fourier transform has been the basis of digital signal processing since the development of the fast Fourier transform in 1965 by Cooley and Tukey in [1]. Its use for analysis goes back much farther with the development of the Fourier transform by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 1807 as a solution to thermodynamic equations. By using the Fourier transform, we can take any signal and obtain the amplitude of the sinusoids needed to recreate it. Then we can use this information to obtain the power spectrum of the signal, or we modify the amplitudes and take the inverse Fourier transform of the signal, which then filters the signal.
A fundamental limitation of the Fourier transform is that the all properties of a signal are global in scope. Information about local features of the signal, such as changes in frequency, becomes a global property of the signal in the frequency domain. There have been various methods proposed to address this limitation; the main two are the windowed Fourier transform and wavelets.
Gabor [2] created the windowed Fourier transform in 1946. It applies a window function of a short duration to the signal and the Fourier transform is applied to the resulting data. This method is frequently used; however, there are two limitations with this method. The first is that, since the filtering window is constant, it creates problems if the feature is larger or shorter than the window. The second is that the time resolution is the same for high frequencies as it is for low frequencies. Since as frequency increases, so does the rate of change of the signal, higher frequency signals can have more information in the same period of time as lower frequency signals, and so require a higher time resolution.
Wavelets overcome both these limitations in that the window is scaled in both time and frequency. The term wavelet was introduced by Ricker [3] in 1940 to describe the limited duration functions that he created to model seismic phenomena. The first wavelet was created earlier, in 1910, by Haar [4] as an alternative to the Fourier transform developed in 1807 by Fourier [5]. Work on the wavelet transform preceded slowly through the twentieth century until the 1980’s when work on them increased dramatically with the development of the continuous wavelet transform. In the 1990’s, the discrete wavelet transform and its inverse were developed, allowing filtering and compression of signals.
The wavelet transform has many more modes of operation and other options than the Fourier transform. This is one of the key problems with the use of wavelets; we can feel overwhelmed by all the options we have available with them. This chapter will go through some of these options and demonstrate their use.
2. Fourier transform
The Fourier Transform was first published in 1822 by Joseph Fourier [6]. It converts a mathematical function from the time domain to the frequency domain. This enables us to find new properties of the function that would otherwise be hidden. There are several different variations of the Fourier transform equation. In this chapter, we are using the traditional electrical engineering equation
f̂ω=∫−∞∞fte−iωtdtE1
to convert f(t) to the frequency domain.
The Fourier transform itself is for continuous functions. The Discrete Fourier transform was developed for astronomical observations. The goal was to calculate a trigonometric equation for the orbit of an object in the sky based on observations of its ascensions and declinations at various points in time. Most datasets consist of discrete points sampled in time. These can be converted to the frequency domain as well with the discrete Fourier transform. The computational complexity of this is O(n2).
An interesting note about the Fast Fourier Transform is that it actually predates the Fourier Transform. While the Fast Fourier Transform that we now use was published in a paper by Cooley and Tukey [1] in 1967, a functionally equivalent algorithm was found in an unpublished work by Carl Friedrich Gauss [7] that is presumed to date to 1805. A fascinating history of the Fast Fourier Transform is in [8]. Gauss was computing the discrete Fourier transform of 12 points and noted that the problem could be broken down into subproblems that could simplify the number of steps used [5].
The Fast Fourier Transform reduces the computational complexity of the Discrete Fourier Transform from O(n2) to O(n log2 n). This enables efficient computation of time series. Table 1 shows how the computational complexity increases for an O(n2) process versus an O(n log2 n) process. The difference grows between the two processes until at 1 million data points, the discrete Fourier transform would require over 50,000 times the amount of time that the Fast Fourier transform would require.
n
O(n2)
O(n log2 n)
Ratio
10
100
34
2.94
100
10,000
665
15.04
1000
1,000,000
9966
100.34
10,000
100,000,000
132,878
752.57
100,000
10,000,000,000
1,660,965
6020.60
1,000,000
1E+12
1,9931,569
50171.66
Table 1.
Computational complexity of O(n2) versus O(n log2 n).
The drawback with the Fourier transform is that all signal information is across the entire range of the transform. As stated in [9], “A local characteristic of the signal becomes a global characteristic of the transform”. As illustrated by other authors [10], the best way that this can be explained is by a score of music as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Opening of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony [11].
The score consists of many different notes, each with a finite duration, each happening at a precise time. A Fourier transform of this signal gives you the average amplitude of the individual frequencies over the entire piece, but obscures the duration and location of the notes. The Fourier power spectrum of music often approximates that of pink (1/f) noise [12]. That information is not lost, since the Fourier transform is reversible, but is encoded in the phase of the Fourier transform.
3. Windowed Fourier transform
In 1946, Gabor [2] proposed the windowed Fourier transform as a way to deal with this problem. In it, a window function of a short duration is applied to the signal and the Fourier transform is taken. This is repeated at different locations in the signal. An example of the use of Hamming window function is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Multiple Hamming window functions at successive locations in time.
One limitation of the windowed Fourier transform is that the window length is constant. When a signal feature is much shorter than the window, information about it can be difficult to extract, since the any local property within the time span of the window becomes a global property of the Fourier transform of the window, as noted previously. Conversely, when a signal feature is larger than the windowing function, information about it spans multiple windows, and can also be difficult to extract.
Another limitation is that the time resolution for the windowed Fourier transform is the same for high frequency signals as it is for low frequency signals. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the time resolution of the window is inversely proportional to the frequency resolution. Since a high frequency signal changes much faster than a low frequency signal, it would be ideal to have a transform with better time resolution for high frequency portions of the signal, and better frequency resolution for lower frequency portions of the signal.
Going back to the music score, we can see this by looking at two different notes, Middle C, and one that is two octaves higher, called C6, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Musical notation for middle C and C6.
The frequency for middle C is 261.63 Hertz, and the frequency for C6 is 1046.50 [13]. The frequency for C6 is quadruple the one for Middle C, which means that for every complete cycle of the middle C note, four complete cycles of C6 have occurred, as shown in Figure 4. The windowed Fourier transform would have the limitation that both notes would be treated equally, when the time resolution for C6 needs to be 4 times that of middle C for analysis purposes.
Figure 4.
Amplitude graph for Middle C and C6.
4. Wavelet transform
The wavelet transform overcomes the limitation of the windowed Fourier transform by scaling the bandwidth of the filter inversely to the frequency. According to [14], while each box of the windowed Fourier transform has the same bandwidth, each level of the wavelet transform has the same Q as defined as
Q≡Δff0.E2
This gives the transform the desired time resolution for the higher frequency portions of the signal and the desired frequency resolution for lower frequency portions.
5. Continuous wavelet
The continuous wavelet has a long history spanning from the 1940’s to present. In 1940, Norman Ricker first proposed the term wavelet and various mathematical functions to model seismic waves as they traveled through the Earth’s crust in [3]. He further refined this in a series of papers [15, 16, 17]. This was the first continuous wavelet. The functions in the time domain are given by
ψfmt=1−2π2fm2t2e−π2fm2t2,E3
called the three-loop equation, and
ψfmt=te−2π2fm2t2,E4
called the two-loop equation [18]. Graphs for both of these are in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Three loop (a) and two loop (b) Ricker wavelet equation with fm = 1.
The next development for continuous wavelets was in the 1980’s by Grossman and Morlet, and expanded on by Stephen Mallat and others [19]. The term continuous wavelet refers to the fact that it can be scaled to any time scale. Discrete wavelets can only use specific time scales, usually a power of 2.
Wavelet analysis centers around the use of a wavelet function, also called the mother function in literature, traditionally represented by the Greek letter upsilon (ψ). A key requirement is that it has finite energy, i.e.
∫ψt2dt<∞.E5
The energy of the wavelet function is usually one. Functions such as sine and cosine cannot be used as analyzing functions, because they violate this condition by having infinite energy. There is an implicit requirement that, while it has finite energy, it must have some energy, so the integration of the function must be greater than zero.
The second requirement is known as the admissibility condition, which states that the Fourier transform of the wavelet function cannot have a zero-frequency component, i.e.
Cg=∫ψ̂f2fdf<∞E6
This can only be satisfied if ψ̂f=0, however this requirement is not absolute. The Gabor wavelet is a complex wavelet that violates the admissibility condition. The Morlet wavelet is a real valued wavelet that has a small but greater than zero value for the zero-frequency value for its Fourier transform.
A third condition is usually that the wavelet function must have zero mean, which means that it must oscillate, hence be a wavelet. Mathematically this is [20]
∫ψtdt=0.E7
Another condition is that the wavelet function has effective support. While the wavelet functions for the continuous wavelets are usually mathematical functions that extend to infinity, effective support means that the wavelet functions are effectively zero outside of a certain range. Since the continuous wavelet functions asymptotically approach 0 as x goes to either ∞ or -∞, the choice of the boundary of this range is a bit arbitrary and can vary from paper to paper.
6. Continuous wavelet transform
Morlet and Grossman formalized the continuous wavelet transform in 1984 in [21]. For the continuous wavelet transform, the wavelet function itself is shifted in time and is scaled to do the wavelet transforms [22] as the following equation illustrates:
ψa,bt=1aψt−ba,a,b∈R,a≠0.E8
The continuous wavelet transform is defined as the integration of the function to be analyzed with the complex conjugate of the wavelet function:
CWTftab=∫−∞∞ftψa,b∗tdtE9
In some papers such as [22], you will see the definition of the continuous wavelet transform without the complex conjugate definition. Since most wavelet functions are real valued and not complex, both definitions are equivalent, since the complex conjugate of a real number is equal to that number. The difference only comes up when the wavelet function is complex, such as the Gabor wavelet.
An alternate formula for the continuous wavelet transform is
Wns=∑n′=0N−1xn′ψ∗n′−nδts,E10
where Wn(s) is the transformed sequence, xn′ is the original sequence, and ψ* is the complex conjugate of the analyzing wavelet function, n represents the time shift or dilation, and s represents the scale. Usually the time shift is calculated over the total number of data points of the function, and s goes over the scales that are being analyzed to give a two-dimensional picture of the data [23].
7. Discrete wavelets
The first discrete wavelet was created in 1910 by Alfred Haar as an alternative to the Fourier transform. This consists of two functions as shown in Figure 6, one a scaling function and a wavelet function. The scaling function is the unit step function and the wavelet function consists of offsets from that.
Figure 6.
Scaling (a) and wavelet (b) functions for Haar wavelet.
One of the drawbacks of the continuous wavelet transform is that it creates a lot of redundant data, since the coefficients between the scales are highly correlated. Ingrid Daubechies developed the theory of discrete wavelets in 1988, which generates compact data by eliminating the redundancy. Daubechies created an entire family of wavelet functions with the Haar wavelet forming the first level of the Daubechies wavelet.
The wavelet function for discrete wavelets is modified to
ψj,kt=1s0jψt−kτ0s0js0j,j,k∈Z,s0>1,E11
where s0 is the scale of the wavelet, usually 2 [20]. This condition as well as the condition that j and k are integers restricts the wavelet to only certain scales. The wavelet function has the properties of finite energy, oscillation, and the admissibility condition of the continuous wavelets, as well as the properties of compact support, vanishing moments, and orthogonality.
Compact support means that the wavelet function is defined by a series of coefficients over a finite region, and is zero at all other places. This contrasts with the continuous wavelets, which, as mentioned, are mathematical functions and have effective support in which the function continues to infinity, but is effectively zero outside of a finite range.
Vanishing moments are obtained when the following condition defined mathematically as
∫xkψxdx=0E12
holds true for all integers 0 ≤ k < N, where N is the number of vanishing moments of the function [24]. This property is useful for analyzing functions that have an additive polynomial trend function given by
fx=gx+Nx.E13
Here, g(x) is the function to be analyzed and N(x) is the polynomial trend function (also termed a nuisance function in Economics).
The orthogonality condition removes the redundancy of the continuous wavelet transform. As stated earlier, the discrete wavelet transform can only be used at certain scales, most often a power of 2. Mathematically it is stated as
∫ψj,ktψm,n∗tdt=1ifj=mandk=n0otherwise.E14
An orthogonal basis ensures that the signal is represented in the most compact way possible. However, by removing all the redundant information, this also removes information to handle shift variance. The exact same function sampled at two different places can yield very different results. In order to deal with this, some discrete wavelet transforms retain some of this redundant information.
Each wavelet of the discrete wavelet family consists of two functions, a wavelet function (ψ), as in the continuous wavelet families, and also a new function called a scaling function (ϕ). In literature, these are termed the mother and father functions respectively. The scaling function has its own admissibility condition, which ensures that it has the zero-frequency component that the wavelet function does not:
∫ϕxdx=1.E15
This is necessary so that a discrete wavelet transform terminates in a finite number of steps and can completely regenerate the information in the signal [20]. Otherwise, the zero-frequency component could never be captured, since no amount of scaling value can cause the wavelet filter to have a zero-frequency component.
In addition, as specified in [25] the scaling equation is defined in terms of a finite set of coefficients pk that are defined by the following equation
ϕx=∑kpkϕ2x−k,E16
that adheres to the following conditions as specified in [25] as well:
Pz=1/2∑kpkzk,E17
P1=1Averaging Property,E18
Pz2=P−z2=1forz=1,andE19
Peit>0fort≤π/2E20
The wavelet function is defined by
ψx=∑k∈Z−1kpl−k¯ϕ2x−k,E21
where l is the length of the set of coefficients, so that the wavelet coefficients are basically the scaling coefficients in reverse order with alternating signs. These coefficients are used to implement the discrete wavelet transform as a filter bank of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. Graph of the scaling and wavelet functions for Daubechies level 2 wavelet are shown in Figure 7 and the frequency response is shown in Figure 8. As with the Haar wavelet, the wavelet function is a high pass filter and the scaling function is a low pass filter. Both are symmetric around π/2.
Figure 7.
Scaling (a) and Wavelet (b) functions for Daubechies level 2 wavelet.
Different papers and software implementations have different coefficients for the Haar and Daubechies wavelet, depending on how they are normalized and whether the scale parameter from Eq. (8) is included is included in the filter. The coefficients for the Haar and the Daubechies level 2 wavelet are in Tables 2 and 3 with b defined by the implementation. Mathematica uses 2 for b, which would normalize the sum of the coefficients to 1. PyWavelets uses 2 for b. In any implementation, the filter coefficients for the wavelet filter are the coefficients for the scaling filter in reverse order with every other coefficient multiplied by −1.
Scaling coefficients
Wavelet coefficients
c0
1/b
d0
1/b
c1
1/b
d1
−1/b
Table 2.
Coefficients for Haar scaling and wavelet functions.
Scaling coefficients
Wavelet coefficients
c0
1+34b
d0
1−34b
c1
3+34b
d1
−3+34b
c2
3−34b
d2
3+34b
c3
1−34b
d3
−1−34b
Table 3.
Coefficients for Daubechies level 2 scaling and wavelet functions.
8. Discrete wavelet transform
The class of discrete wavelet functions has many transforms available with the discrete wavelet transform in Figure 9 the most common. Since this was the transform introduced with the Haar wavelet, it is sometimes referred to as the Haar transform [26] as well as the decimated wavelet transform [10]. Essentially, it works as a pyramid algorithm, where the number of coefficients of each lower level is roughly twice that of the preceding level, but each coefficient is influenced by half as much of the data set as the preceding level. Each level has two sets of coefficients, one is called coarse and the other is called details.
Figure 8.
Frequency response of scaling function (red) and wavelet function (blue) for Daubechies level 2 wavelet.
In Figure 9, g is the scaling filter defined by the set of scaling filter coefficients and h is the wavelet filter defined by the set of wavelet filter coefficients. At each level, the detail coefficients (W) are outputs, except for the final level, where the coarse coefficients (V) are given as outputs as well. Collectively, this set of coefficients contains enough information to reconstruct the signal perfectly.
One key part of the discrete wavelet transform is the down sampling operator, which is a function that removes every other position from a sequence. An example would be the sequence {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} would be {a, c, e, g} or {b, d, f, h}, after the down sampling operator is applied, depending on whether the even or the odd positions are eliminated. Both are valid, however, by convention with the discrete wavelet transform, the even positions are eliminated, leaving only the odd positions. The down sampling operator is what makes the discrete wavelet transform a pyramid function and also reduces the set of coefficients to the minimum amount necessary to reconstruct the signal.
A problem with the decimation operator is aliasing. This is when different sequences map to the same sequence after the application of the operator. An example would be that the sequences {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} and {a, h, c, i, e, j, g} would both map to the sequence {a, c, d, g}. Therefore, just given the sequence {a, c, d, g}, it would be impossible to reconstruct the original. The filters of the discrete wavelets are designed to compensate for this, ensuring that the original sequence can be recovered. The combination of these filters with the down sampling operator is referred to as decimation.
The discrete wavelet transform also has an inverse transform. This process combines as described in Figure 10 to form a perfect reconstruction of the signal, where g∼ is the inverse scaling filter coefficients and h∼ is the inverse wavelet filter coefficients. Just as the discrete wavelet transform had the decimation operator, the inverse transform has the upsampling operator. This takes a sequence and inserts 0 at every other position. For example, the sequence {a, c, d, g} would be {a, 0, c, 0, d, 0, g, 0} after the operator is applied.
Figure 9.
Diagram of a three-level discrete wavelet transform.
Implementing the discrete wavelet transform as a finite impulse response filter and using decimation gives it a computational complexity of O(n). As Table 4 shows, an O(n) process can be much faster than an O(n log2 n) process such as the fast Fourier Transform. At 1 million samples, an O(n) process requires almost 20 times less operations than an O(n log2 n) process (Table 4).
n
O(n log2 n)
O(n)
Ratio
10
34
10
3.40
100
665
100
6.65
1000
9966
1000
9.97
10,000
132,878
10,000
13.29
100,000
1,660,965
100,000
16.61
1,000,000
19,931,569
1,000,000
19.93
Table 4.
Computational complexity of O(n log2 n) versus O(n).
9. Stationary wavelet transform
Another wavelet transform for discrete wavelet functions is the stationary wavelet transform, also known as the undecimated discrete wavelet transform. Essentially the stationary wavelet transform is the discrete wavelet transform without the decimation operation for the data. Whereas the number of coefficients for each level is half that of the preceding level in the discrete wavelet transform, the number of coefficients is the same for each level in the stationary wavelet transform.
The procedure is diagrammed in Figure 11, where gn is the set of the scaling filter coefficients and hn is the set of the wavelet filter coefficients. The reason that the scaling filter and wavelet filter coefficients are different for each level is that instead of the decimation operator being applied to the wavelet data coefficients after each level, the upsampling operator is applied to the wavelet and scaling filter coefficients. The wavelet and scaling coefficients for each level are upsampled from the previous level, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 10.
Diagram of a three-level inverse discrete wavelet transform.
Figure 11.
Diagram of a three-level stationary wavelet transform.
Like the discrete wavelet transform, the stationary wavelet transform has an inverse transform, as shown in Figure 13. The difference between this and the inverse discrete wavelet transform is the absence of the upsampling operator. As with the stationary wavelet transform, the filter coefficients for the inverse stationary wavelet transform are changed instead of the data. In this case, the filters are down sampled. The retention of redundant data in the stationary wavelet transform helps to make it translation invariant, which is useful for filtering applications (Figure 13).
Figure 12.
Diagram of a filter upsampling for the stationary wavelet transform.
Figure 13.
Diagram of a three-level inverse stationary wavelet transform.
Since the decimation step is not used, the stationary wavelet transform has a computational complexity of O(n log2 n), the same as the Fast Fourier Transform. However, there is also memory complexity to consider. While the Fast Fourier Transform and the Discrete Wavelet Transform has an O(n) memory complexity, the stationary wavelet transform has an O(n log2 n) memory complexity. Therefore, the output will always be larger than the input.
10. Discrete wavelet packet transform
The two previous transforms applied the detail and the coarse filters to the data at each level. The output of the coarse filter is given as the input to the next level and the output of the detail filter at that level is included in the set of the outputs of the transform. In the final level, the output of both the detail and the coarse filters were included in the set of outputs of the transform; however, that is not the only possibility. The packet transform creates a binary tree where the detail and coarse filters are applied to each node, diagrammed in Figure 14. The output of the detail filter becomes one child and the output of the coarse filter becomes the other. This process is repeated until the final level is reached, creating a set of output coefficients where each set is identified by the sequence of filters applied to it.
Figure 14.
Diagram of a three-level discrete wavelet packet transform.
11. Stationary wavelet packet transform
The stationary wavelet packet transform is yet another transform for discrete wavelet functions. Basically, it combines the stationary wavelet transform with the wavelet packet transform, as diagrammed in Figure 15. Instead of the decimation operator, the filters themselves are upsampled for each level. The transform creates a binary tree, as with the discrete wavelet packet transform, where both filters for each level are applied at each node. As with the wavelet packet transform, the output from the detail filter becomes one child and the output from the scaling filter becomes the other, and the process is repeated until the final level is reached. Each set of output coefficients are also identified by the sequence of filters applied to it, with the difference that since there is no decimation applied between levels, the number of each set of output coefficients is the same as the input data. This leads to the total number of output coefficients to be 2 times the number of levels multiplied by the length of the input data. Both the discrete wavelet packet transform and the stationary wavelet packet transform have inverse transforms.
Figure 15.
Diagram of a three-level stationary wavelet packet transform.
The wavelet packet transform introduces many more possibilities for use, some of which are discussed here. Depending on the application, you can do different combinations of the scaling and wavelet filters. Computational complexity depends on the filter combinations selected. If it is taken to the maximum level with the maximum filter combinations, then the discrete wavelet packet transform has a complexity of O(n log2 n) and the stationary wavelet packet transform has a complexity of O(n2).
12. Conclusions
The Fast Fourier Transform has been listed as one of the top algorithms of the 20th century [27]. Its development has been instrumental to digital signal processing. However, recently a new algorithm, the wavelet transform, has started to have a significant impact on digital signal processing. The wavelet transform improves on the Fourier Transform in that it can analyze a signal by time and frequency simultaneously, thereby easily recovering localized signal information. This is key to many applications, including fractal and multifractal analysis, compression, and filtering.
The wavelet transform introduces many possibilities for use and this chapter has only touched the surface of it. Different wavelets can be used and the transform itself can be customized to fit the application as shown with the wavelet packet transform. Future research will be to determine the proper combination of features for various applications. In addition, there are other possibilities, such as the lifting wavelet transform, which wasn’t covered in this chapter. Only orthogonal wavelets that use the same set of wavelets for the forward and inverse transform were covered in this chapter. Biorthogonal wavelets that use different wavelets for the forward and inverse transforms are also available.
The key to wavelet compression and filtering is the sparse signal representation generated by the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform can reduce a signal to minimal set of coefficients. Coefficients that are near zero can be rounded to zero, reducing the size of the signal. In addition, fractional parts of the coefficients can be rounded, also reducing signal size. One of the first uses of this was to compress fingerprints for the FBI [28]. As stated in [29], in the 1990’s the FBI had 25 million cards, each containing 10 fingerprints. Digitized, each card contained 10 megabytes of information, for a total of 250 terabytes. Using the two-dimensional discrete wavelet packet transform gives a compression ratio of 20 to 1, enabling the archive to be stored on approximately 12.5 terabytes, while still being able to search and match unknown fingerprints against the ones in the archive. The recently developed JPEG format at the time was based on using the discrete cosine transform on blocks of the image, which left unacceptable artifacts in the image.
JPEG 2000 was developed using the two-dimensional wavelet transform to be the successor to JPEG, although it hasn’t caught on. JPEG 2000 allows both lossy and lossless compression. It also doesn’t have the lossy artifact generation that the JPEG format has as mentioned previously. Both lossy and lossless compression use the discrete wavelet transform, the difference is that the lossless one uses a wavelet transform that is reversible, while the lossy one uses a wavelet transform that introduces quantization noise that making it irreversible.
Compressed sensing deals with the fact that we that we can obtain a vast amount of information and a lot of it can be discarded and still retain what is relevant. As stated in [24], “singularities and irregular structures often carry the most important information in signals.” This is due to the fact that they represent changes to one or more of the properties of the signal. An example of this would be the edges in an image. Compressed sensing removes the redundant, unnecessary information from a signal and analyzes the remaining part of the signal. This is an ideal application for the wavelet transform.
The discrete wavelet transform has been used for Iris recognition for biometric identification in patent US 2002O150281A1 [30]. After taking a picture of the eye, the iris is extracted from the image and then converted to polar coordinates. Using the discrete wavelet transform, the high frequency components are extracted, which are the detail coefficients as referenced in this paper. These form the characteristic vector that is used to identify an iris from the previously recorded data.
The wavelet transform can provide an efficient way to filter white noise from a signal. The procedure consists of applying one of the discrete wavelet transforms to the data and then executing a threshold algorithm that modifies the detail coefficients. After the coefficients are modified, then the inverse transform is applied; the resulting output is a representation of the signal with the noise component significantly reduced.
There are numerous packages available for experimenting with the wavelet transform. The discrete and stationary wavelet transforms are available in Mathematica, Maple, Matlab, R, and PyWavelets to name a few, with the wavelet packet transform available in Mathematica, Matlab, and PyWavelets.
The wavelet transform provides many possibilities for signal analysis depending on the application. A few potential applications were touched on here. The reader is encouraged to develop their own uses and applications for the wavelet transform.
Notes
\n',keywords:"time-frequency analysis, Fourier transform, wavelet transform, signal processing, vanishing moment",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74096.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74096.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74096",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74096",totalDownloads:1232,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:6,dateSubmitted:"June 22nd 2020",dateReviewed:"October 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 18th 2020",datePublished:"February 24th 2021",dateFinished:"November 18th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74096",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74096",signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",book:{id:"10065",type:"book",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory",slug:"wavelet-theory",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-948-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-947-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-955-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",email:"kwirsing@vt.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Fourier transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Windowed Fourier transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Wavelet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Continuous wavelet",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Continuous wavelet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Discrete wavelets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Discrete wavelet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Stationary wavelet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Discrete wavelet packet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Stationary wavelet packet transform",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"12. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Notes",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Cooley JW, Tukey JW. An Algorithm for the Machine Calculation of Complex Fourier Series. Mathematics of Computation. 1965;19(90):297-301'},{id:"B2",body:'Gabor D. Theory of communication. Part 3: Frequency compression and expansion. Electrical Engineers - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering, Journal of the Institution of. 1946;93(26):445-457'},{id:"B3",body:'Ricker NH. The form and nature of seismic waves and the structure of seismograms. Geophysics. October 1, 1940;5, 1940(4):348-366'},{id:"B4",body:'Haar A. Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme. Mathematische Annalen. 1910;69(3):331-371'},{id:"B5",body:'Briggs WL, Henson VE. The DFT : an owner’s manual for the discrete Fourier transform. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; 1995 xv, 434 p'},{id:"B6",body:'J. B. J. Fourier, Théorie analytique de la chaleur. 1822'},{id:"B7",body:'C. F. Gauss, “Nachlass, Theoria Interpolationis Methodo Nova Tractata,” in Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke, Band 3, Königlichen Gesellschaft der WissenschaftenGöttingen, 1866, pp. 265-330'},{id:"B8",body:'Heideman MT, Johnson DH, Burrus CS. Gauss and the History of the Fast Fourier Transform. Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 1985;34(3):265-277'},{id:"B9",body:'Hubbard BB. The world according to wavelets : the story of a mathematical technique in the making. Wellesley, Mass: A.K. Peters; 1998'},{id:"B10",body:'D. L. Fugal, Conceptual wavelets in digital signal processing : an in-depth, practical approach for the non-mathematician, 1st ed. San Diego, Calif.: Space & Signals Technical Pub., 2009, pp. xxii, 302, 50 p'},{id:"B11",body:'L. v. Beethoven, “Symphonie No. 5, Op. 67,” E. Pauer, Ed., ed: B. Schott’s Söhne, 1808'},{id:"B12",body:'R. F. Voss and J. Clarke, ““1/f noise” in music: Music from 1/f noise,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 258-263, 1978'},{id:"B13",body:'B. H. Suits. (1998, September 2, 2013). Physics of Music - Notes. Available: http://www.phy.mtu.edu/∼suits/notefreqs.html'},{id:"B14",body:'J. Y. Stein, Digital signal processing : a computer science perspective (Wiley series in telecommunications and signal processing). New York: Wiley, 2000, pp. xx, 859 p'},{id:"B15",body:'N. Ricker, “Further developments in the wavelet theory of seismogram structure,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 197-228, July 1, 1943 1943'},{id:"B16",body:'Ricker N. Wavelet functions and their polynomials. Geophysics. July 1, 1944;9, 1944(3):314-323'},{id:"B17",body:'Ricker N. The form and laws of propagation of seismic wavelets. Geophysics. January 1, 1953;18, 1953(1):10-40'},{id:"B18",body:'Hosken J. Ricker wavelets in their various guises. First Break. January 1988;6:24-33'},{id:"B19",body:'Graps A. An introduction to wavelets. Computational Science & Engineering, IEEE. 1995;2(2):50-61'},{id:"B20",body:'C. Valens, “A Really Friendly Guide to Wavelets,” Available: http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/∼parg/mlrg/papers/arfgtw.pdf'},{id:"B21",body:'Grossmann A, Morlet J. Decomposition of Hardy Functions into Square Integrable Wavelets of Constant Shape. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis. 1984;15(4):723-736'},{id:"B22",body:'Y. Yu, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, F. Li, and C. Ge, “On the computation of wavelet series transform,” in Signal Processing Proceedings, 1998. ICSP ’98. 1998 Fourth International Conference on, 1998, pp. 313-316 vol.1'},{id:"B23",body:'C. Torrence and G. P. Compo, “A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 61-78, 1998/01/01 1998'},{id:"B24",body:'Mallat S, Hwang WL. Singularity detection and processing with wavelets. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theor. 1992;38(2):617-643'},{id:"B25",body:'A. Boggess and F. J. Narcowich, A first course in wavelets with Fourier analysis, 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009, pp. xv, 315 p'},{id:"B26",body:'Strang G, Nguyen T. Wavelets and filter banks. Wellesley. MA: Wellesley-Cambridge Press; 1996. p. xxi 490 p'},{id:"B27",body:'Rockmore DN. The FFT: an algorithm the whole family can use. Computing in Science & Engineering. 2000;2(1):60-64'},{id:"B28",body:'Brislawn CM. The FBI Fingerprint Image Compression Specification. In: Topiwala PN, editor. Wavelet Image and Video Compression. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1998. pp. 271-288'},{id:"B29",body:'“Wavelets, Fingerprints, and Image Processing,” in Discovering Wavelets, 1999, pp. 1-21'},{id:"B30",body:'S.-W. Cho, “Method of recognizing human iris using daubechies wavelet transform” USA Patent US 2002/0150281 A1, 2001'},{id:"B31",body:'K. Wirsing, “Application of Wavelets to Filtering and Analysis of Self-Similar Signals,” Master of Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2014'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Karlton Wirsing",address:"kwirsing@vt.edu",affiliation:'
Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10065",type:"book",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory",slug:"wavelet-theory",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-948-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-947-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-955-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"12018",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelika",middleName:null,surname:"Klinger",email:"angelika.klinger@siemens.com",fullName:"Angelika Klinger",slug:"angelika-klinger",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"6701",title:"Expert Systems Controlling the Iron Making Process in Closed Loop Operation",slug:"expert-systems-controlling-the-iron-making-process-in-closed-loop-operation",abstract:null,signatures:"Angelika Klinger, Thomas Kronberger, Martin Schaler, Bernhard Schürz and Klaus Stohl",authors:[{id:"8280",title:"DI",name:"Klaus",surname:"Stohl",fullName:"Klaus Stohl",slug:"klaus-stohl",email:"klaus.stohl@siemens.com"},{id:"12018",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelika",surname:"Klinger",fullName:"Angelika Klinger",slug:"angelika-klinger",email:"angelika.klinger@siemens.com"},{id:"12019",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Kronberger",fullName:"Thomas Kronberger",slug:"thomas-kronberger",email:"thomas.kronberger@siemens.com"},{id:"12020",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Schaler",fullName:"Martin Schaler",slug:"martin-schaler",email:"martin.schaler@siemens.com"},{id:"12021",title:"Title *",name:"Bernhard",surname:"Schürz",fullName:"Bernhard Schürz",slug:"bernhard-schurz",email:"bernhard.schuerz@siemens.com"}],book:{id:"3188",title:"Expert Systems",slug:"expert-systems",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"7267",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",surname:"Dunstan",slug:"neil-dunstan",fullName:"Neil Dunstan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of New England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"7290",title:"Prof.",name:"R Ganesh",surname:"Narayanan",slug:"r-ganesh-narayanan",fullName:"R Ganesh Narayanan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7849",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoram",surname:"Romem",slug:"yoram-romem",fullName:"Yoram Romem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/7849/images/1483_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yoram Romem is a hi-tech executive in parallel to his academic career. He was the President of the Nasdaq-traded Sapiens Technologies, The CEO of Expert Systems Industries and the Chairman of Transtech, Omnivee, Profitect and Timest. He got his B.Sc. (Summa cum Laude) from the Technion, Israel, and his Ph.D. from Bar-Ilan University, Israel, with his dissertation: Expert Systems: the Promise, the Disappointment, the Comeback. He is now a research fellow at the Tel-Aviv University.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tel Aviv University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"8257",title:"professor",name:"Xiao Hui",surname:"Fan",slug:"xiao-hui-fan",fullName:"Xiao Hui Fan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central South University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"8280",title:"DI",name:"Klaus",surname:"Stohl",slug:"klaus-stohl",fullName:"Klaus Stohl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"8295",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Pulka",slug:"andrzej-pulka",fullName:"Andrzej Pulka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Electronics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"12019",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Kronberger",slug:"thomas-kronberger",fullName:"Thomas Kronberger",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12020",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Schaler",slug:"martin-schaler",fullName:"Martin Schaler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12354/images/system/12354.png",biography:"Petrică Vizureanu obtained an MSc and Ph.D. in Heating Equipment from Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, Romania, in 1992 and 1999, respectively. He is currently a Full Professor and Scientific Supervisor in Materials Engineering at the same university. His research interests include expert systems for heating system programming, computer-assisted design for heating equipment, heating equipment for materials processing, heat transfer, biomaterials, and geopolymers. Dr. Vizureanu has more than 150 papers \n\nPublications are visible in over 150 papers in international journals and conferences (proceedings) and 35 books to his credit. Hirsch index: 18.",institutionString:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"134611",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuling",surname:"Chen",slug:"xuling-chen",fullName:"Xuling Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central South University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"unsubscribe-successful",title:"Unsubscribe Successful",intro:"
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2459},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:114},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:659},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"371",title:"Phytochemistry",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-phytochemistry",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:254,numberOfWosCitations:462,numberOfCrossrefCitations:366,numberOfDimensionsCitations:832,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"371",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9482",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16d29ce9f4f9ea78b5d3789c8fd79b0c",slug:"essential-oils-bioactive-compounds-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Wanessa Almeida da Costa and Sebastião Gomes Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8077",title:"Phytochemicals in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8db73d87975ed16ea4758f1aecb5bf27",slug:"phytochemicals-in-human-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao, Dennis Mans and Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8753",title:"Tannins",subtitle:"Structural Properties, Biological Properties and Current Knowledge",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d18f8d68a470cabaa124ad01ea455859",slug:"tannins-structural-properties-biological-properties-and-current-knowledge",bookSignature:"Alfredo Aires",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175895",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Aires",slug:"alfredo-aires",fullName:"Alfredo Aires"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7688",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f7407afbf69173f4fa419b4338a6c8",slug:"plant-physiological-aspects-of-phenolic-compounds",bookSignature:"Marcos Soto-Hernández, Rosario García-Mateos and Mariana Palma-Tenango",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7688.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6530",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"104f235908f326361a3ab16891949b70",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6530.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6794",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de750b7a7b62ae27896c73a630c39cb3",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",bookSignature:"Toshiki Asao and Md Asaduzzaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6385",title:"Potential of Essential Oils",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3dc02ec3b9f324b4b571867aa4ee7f15",slug:"potential-of-essential-oils",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7018",title:"Progress in Carotenoid Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ba5fb24fd6a28556e5b496fc87e9c8",slug:"progress-in-carotenoid-research",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Veridiana Vera De Rosso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3244",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Bio-Active Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b21aa6107fce439bd06d53fbe0bc3c9e",slug:"soybean-bio-active-compounds",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"65307",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83815",title:"Shikimic Acid Pathway in Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds",slug:"shikimic-acid-pathway-in-biosynthesis-of-phenolic-compounds",totalDownloads:4154,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found most abundantly in plants. These aromatic molecules have important roles, as pigments, antioxidants, signaling agents, the structural element lignan, and as a defense mechanism. The expression of phenolic compounds is promoted by biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, unfavorable temperature and pH, saline stress, heavy metal stress, and UVB and UVA radiation). These compounds are formed via the shikimate pathway in higher plants and microorganisms. The enzymes responsible for the regulation of phenolic metabolism are known, and shikimic acid is a central metabolite. The shikimate pathway consists of seven reaction steps, beginning with an aldol-type condensation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) from the glycolytic pathway, and D-erythrose-4-phosphate, from the pentose phosphate cycle, to produce 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP). A key branch-point compound is chorismic acid, the final product of the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is described in this chapter, as well as factors that induce the synthesis of phenolic compounds in plants. Some representative examples that show the effect of biotic and abiotic stress on the production of phenolic compounds in plants are discussed.",book:{id:"7688",slug:"plant-physiological-aspects-of-phenolic-compounds",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Beatriz Hernández-Carlos and Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"277799",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"60884",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76719",title:"Free Radicals and the Role of Plant Phytochemicals as Antioxidants Against Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases",slug:"free-radicals-and-the-role-of-plant-phytochemicals-as-antioxidants-against-oxidative-stress-related-",totalDownloads:3091,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:"Free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from various sources in the environment as well as from cellular processes in the body are of serious health challenges. Overwhelming levels of these free radicals disrupt the antioxidant defense system in the body thereby damaging cell membranes and cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids leading to cell death or causing mutations leading to uncontrolled cell division. Once the cellular antioxidant system is disrupted and becomes deficient, oxidative stress emerges thereby promoting several diseases such as diabetes, arthrosclerosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Better management of oxidative stress requires antioxidants from external sources to supplement the body’s antioxidant defense system. Because of their natural origin and therapeutic benefits, plants have been considered as a major source of antioxidants. Certain non-enzymatic plant phytochemicals such as glutathione, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, carotenoids, hydroxycinnamates as well as some vitamins have shown to possess antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. These plant phytochemicals are now been used in the prevention and management of oxidative stress-related diseases.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"}]},{id:"62573",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79683",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:7570,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:null,book:{id:"6530",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids"},signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"},{id:"192994",title:"Dr.",name:"Areej",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel"}]},{id:"61798",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77725",title:"Essential Oils: Market and Legislation",slug:"essential-oils-market-and-legislation",totalDownloads:2896,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of the market for essential oils and describes its fundamental regulation in the European Union (EU). Both processes and trends in essential oils production, trade, and consumption are analysed. Growth of the market stems from consumer interest in ‘naturals’ associated with health. The market is also attractive to subsistence farmers of developing countries as the raw materials (plants and plant parts), for essential olis are generally obtained from small farms. In the EU, product categories operate under specific regulations to enhance product quality and to maintain market homogeneity and consumer protection. This chapter focuses on EU legislation of general interest to the essential oils industry and regulations inherent to flavourings for food, cosmetics, and additives for animal nutrition.",book:{id:"6385",slug:"potential-of-essential-oils",title:"Potential of Essential Oils",fullTitle:"Potential of Essential Oils"},signatures:"Cinzia Barbieri and Patrizia Borsotto",authors:[{id:"237549",title:"Prof.",name:"Cinzia",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",slug:"cinzia-barbieri",fullName:"Cinzia Barbieri"},{id:"246538",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Borsotto",slug:"patrizia-borsotto",fullName:"Patrizia Borsotto"}]},{id:"62876",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78226",title:"Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active Principles for Pharmacological Importance",slug:"introduction-to-phytochemicals-secondary-metabolites-from-plants-with-active-principles-for-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5813,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity. In the pharmaceutical industry, plants represent the main source to obtain various active ingredients. They exhibit pharmacological effects applicable to the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections and also chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. However, the next step in science is to find new ways to obtain it. In this chapter, we discuss about the main groups of phytochemicals, in addition to presenting two case studies. One of the most important secondary metabolites is currently Taxol, which is a natural compound of the taxoid family and is also known for its antitumor activity against cancer located in breasts, lungs, and prostate and is also effective with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Our case studies will be about Taxol, extracted from an unexplored plant species, and the production of Taxol by its endophytic fungi.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",authors:[{id:"51406",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar",middleName:"Máximo",surname:"Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-escamilla-silva",fullName:"Eleazar Escamilla Silva"},{id:"243304",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"nadia-mendoza",fullName:"Nadia Mendoza"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62573",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:7556,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:null,book:{id:"6530",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids"},signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"},{id:"192994",title:"Dr.",name:"Areej",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel"}]},{id:"62876",title:"Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active Principles for Pharmacological Importance",slug:"introduction-to-phytochemicals-secondary-metabolites-from-plants-with-active-principles-for-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5802,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity. In the pharmaceutical industry, plants represent the main source to obtain various active ingredients. They exhibit pharmacological effects applicable to the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections and also chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. However, the next step in science is to find new ways to obtain it. In this chapter, we discuss about the main groups of phytochemicals, in addition to presenting two case studies. One of the most important secondary metabolites is currently Taxol, which is a natural compound of the taxoid family and is also known for its antitumor activity against cancer located in breasts, lungs, and prostate and is also effective with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Our case studies will be about Taxol, extracted from an unexplored plant species, and the production of Taxol by its endophytic fungi.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",authors:[{id:"51406",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar",middleName:"Máximo",surname:"Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-escamilla-silva",fullName:"Eleazar Escamilla Silva"},{id:"243304",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"nadia-mendoza",fullName:"Nadia Mendoza"}]},{id:"68108",title:"Analytical Methods of Isolation and Identification",slug:"analytical-methods-of-isolation-and-identification",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The chemical constituents of plants are complicated, and monomeric compounds must be obtained via extraction and isolation before structure identification, bioactivity screening, and so on. In recent years, the new technologies and methods of the extraction, isolation, and structural identification have come forth, which promote the speed of extraction and analysis of phytochemicals. The chemical structures of compounds from plants must be identified or elucidated, which may provide the necessary basis for further study on the bioactivities, structure-activity relationships, metabolisms in vivo, structural modification, and synthesis of the active compounds. The amount of chemical constituents isolated from plants is often minor, so the structural studies are often difficult to carry out with classical methods. Therefore, spectral analysis is mainly used. This chapter describes the isolation and identification methods during the study of phytochemicals.",book:{id:"8077",slug:"phytochemicals-in-human-health",title:"Phytochemicals in Human Health",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals in Human Health"},signatures:"Weisheng Feng, Meng Li, Zhiyou Hao and Jingke Zhang",authors:null},{id:"65307",title:"Shikimic Acid Pathway in Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds",slug:"shikimic-acid-pathway-in-biosynthesis-of-phenolic-compounds",totalDownloads:4147,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found most abundantly in plants. These aromatic molecules have important roles, as pigments, antioxidants, signaling agents, the structural element lignan, and as a defense mechanism. The expression of phenolic compounds is promoted by biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, unfavorable temperature and pH, saline stress, heavy metal stress, and UVB and UVA radiation). These compounds are formed via the shikimate pathway in higher plants and microorganisms. The enzymes responsible for the regulation of phenolic metabolism are known, and shikimic acid is a central metabolite. The shikimate pathway consists of seven reaction steps, beginning with an aldol-type condensation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) from the glycolytic pathway, and D-erythrose-4-phosphate, from the pentose phosphate cycle, to produce 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP). A key branch-point compound is chorismic acid, the final product of the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is described in this chapter, as well as factors that induce the synthesis of phenolic compounds in plants. Some representative examples that show the effect of biotic and abiotic stress on the production of phenolic compounds in plants are discussed.",book:{id:"7688",slug:"plant-physiological-aspects-of-phenolic-compounds",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Beatriz Hernández-Carlos and Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"277799",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"72167",title:"Terpenoids as Important Bioactive Constituents of Essential Oils",slug:"terpenoids-as-important-bioactive-constituents-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Plant and plant-derived natural products have a long and significant history in traditional medicine all over the world. Many studies in the recent past years focused on the benefic properties of essential oils (EOs) and their major components, terpenes and terpenoids (that are mostly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), and their biological properties. This chapter focuses on terpenoids as important bioactive constituents of EOs. It describes their uses, importance, extraction processes, and classification. The chapter provides an in-depth overview of the latest findings/research about terpenoids in EOs. It contains a well-prepared background, introduction, classification, chemical tests, bioactivities, as well as the characterization of terpenoids. It also discusses the bioactivities of EOs and that of terpenoids, with regard to their synergetic and/or their antagonistic effects.",book:{id:"9482",slug:"essential-oils-bioactive-compounds-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Essential Oils",fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stephane and Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules",authors:[{id:"224515",title:"Dr.",name:"Fongang Fotsing",middleName:null,surname:"Yannick Stéphane",slug:"fongang-fotsing-yannick-stephane",fullName:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stéphane"},{id:"227816",title:"Dr.",name:"Bankeu Kezetas",middleName:null,surname:"Jean Jules",slug:"bankeu-kezetas-jean-jules",fullName:"Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"371",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:null}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:"Landesa, Seattle",institution:null},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and Their Metal Complexes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:95,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79835",title:"Advances of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Bench to Bedside",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101702",signatures:"Kashif Haider and Mohammad Shahar Yar",slug:"advances-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-as-anticancer-agents-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",volumeInSeries:16,fullTitle:"Metabolomics - New Insights into Biology and Medicine",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189233/images/system/189233.jpeg",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219102/images/system/219102.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institution:{name:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245925/images/system/245925.jpg",institutionString:"Qazvin University of Medical Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/12018",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"12018"},fullPath:"/profiles/12018",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()