Soil-beneficial fungi on different physiological and catabolic processes in various host plant species.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5525",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pain Relief - From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies",title:"Pain Relief",subtitle:"From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since the beginning of times, pain treatment has been the motive of research giving birth to multiple groups of pharmacological families and therapies. Pain perception is a construction built over the biological phenomenon of signal transduction surrounded by different factors such as gender, age, and sociocultural status, among others. The concept of pain as the solely biological manifestation of defense is nowadays considered as a narrow-minded view of this topic. In this regard concepts such as newborns feel no pain or older people complain about everything therefore should not be paid attention when referring pain, are being left behind in the understanding that pain alleviation is a human right and everybody feeling pain should be helped for its relief. This book comprises many aspects of pain treatment and the drugs involved in it. From old analgesics with new mechanisms of action for pain alleviation to analgesics potential for diminishing oxidative stress; from pharmacological therapies to electrical ones, going through alternative medicine; and from pain treatment in dentistry to chronic pain therapies, also boarding the treatment of migraine, different experts share their knowledge on the topic.",isbn:"978-953-51-3188-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3187-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4831-9",doi:"10.5772/63264",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"pain-relief-from-analgesics-to-alternative-therapies",numberOfPages:362,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"5ffdba8a1f402fe1b279cf05e2fa0aae",bookSignature:"Cecilia Maldonado",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5525.jpg",numberOfDownloads:27795,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 5th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"73432",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Maldonado",slug:"cecilia-maldonado",fullName:"Cecilia Maldonado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73432/images/5629_n.jpg",biography:"Cecilia Maldonado is an assistant professor at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department in the Faculty of Chemistry, UdelaR, Uruguay, and a researcher at the University Hospital in the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service. She completed her PhD degree in Efflux Transporter and Its Relationship to Anticonvulsant Therapeutics. In the recent years, she worked with the Pain Interdisciplinary Unit in the University Hospital on the follow-up of patients with chronic pain and also investigated methadone pharmacokinetics. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and was awarded with the Grant for Professional Innovation from the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) in 2013.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of the Republic",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uruguay"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1197",title:"Pharmaceutical Drug",slug:"pharmaceutical-drug"}],chapters:[{id:"55334",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pain Relief - From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68903",slug:"introductory-chapter-pain-relief-from-analgesics-to-alternative-therapies",totalDownloads:1460,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Cecilia Maldonado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55334",authors:[{id:"73432",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Maldonado",slug:"cecilia-maldonado",fullName:"Cecilia Maldonado"}],corrections:null},{id:"55012",title:"Advance Delivery System Dosage Form for Analgesic, Their Rationale, and Specialty",doi:"10.5772/68096",slug:"advance-delivery-system-dosage-form-for-analgesic-their-rationale-and-specialty",totalDownloads:1227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55012",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55012",authors:[{id:"93768",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Ibrahim",surname:"Noordin",slug:"mohamed-ibrahim-noordin",fullName:"Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53246",title:"Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Pain",doi:"10.5772/66444",slug:"pharmacotherapy-of-chronic-pain",totalDownloads:1143,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Marta Vázquez and Pietro Fagiolino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53246",authors:[{id:"73431",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",surname:"Fagiolino",slug:"pietro-fagiolino",fullName:"Pietro Fagiolino"},{id:"194067",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Vazquez",slug:"marta-vazquez",fullName:"Marta Vazquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"54018",title:"Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) in Acute Pain: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects",doi:"10.5772/67299",slug:"patient-controlled-analgesia-pca-in-acute-pain-pharmacological-and-clinical-aspects",totalDownloads:1993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Marcos Tadeu Parron Fernandes, Fernanda Bortolanza Hernandes,\nThaís Natália de Almeida, Vitor Pinheiro Sobottka, Regina Célia Poli-\nFrederico and Karen Barros Parron Fernandes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54018",authors:[{id:"192181",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",surname:"Barros Parron Fernandes",slug:"karen-barros-parron-fernandes",fullName:"Karen Barros Parron Fernandes"},{id:"204196",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marcos Tadeu",surname:"Parron Fernandes",slug:"marcos-tadeu-parron-fernandes",fullName:"Marcos Tadeu Parron Fernandes"},{id:"204197",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Bortolanza Hernandes",slug:"fernanda-bortolanza-hernandes",fullName:"Fernanda Bortolanza Hernandes"},{id:"204198",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Thais Natália",surname:"de Almeida",slug:"thais-natalia-de-almeida",fullName:"Thais Natália de Almeida"},{id:"204199",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Vitor",surname:"Pinheiro Sobottka",slug:"vitor-pinheiro-sobottka",fullName:"Vitor Pinheiro Sobottka"},{id:"204200",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Regina Célia",surname:"Poli-Frederico",slug:"regina-celia-poli-frederico",fullName:"Regina Célia Poli-Frederico"}],corrections:null},{id:"53881",title:"A Review of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Therapy for Paediatric Acute and Chronic Pain Management",doi:"10.5772/66771",slug:"a-review-of-intravenous-lidocaine-infusion-therapy-for-paediatric-acute-and-chronic-pain-management",totalDownloads:2125,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Gillian R. Lauder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53881",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53881",authors:[{id:"76532",title:"Dr.",name:"Gillian R.",surname:"Lauder",slug:"gillian-r.-lauder",fullName:"Gillian R. Lauder"}],corrections:null},{id:"53684",title:"Analgesics Use in Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/66600",slug:"analgesics-use-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:5236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Shaip Krasniqi and Armond Daci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53684",authors:[{id:"192653",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaip",surname:"Krasniqi",slug:"shaip-krasniqi",fullName:"Shaip Krasniqi"},{id:"192863",title:"Prof.",name:"Armond",surname:"Daci",slug:"armond-daci",fullName:"Armond Daci"}],corrections:null},{id:"53868",title:"Headache of Analgesic Abuse as a Cause of New Pain Pathways Development",doi:"10.5772/67244",slug:"headache-of-analgesic-abuse-as-a-cause-of-new-pain-pathways-development",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Silvia Ussai and Alessandro Rizzardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53868",authors:[{id:"192664",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Ussai",slug:"silvia-ussai",fullName:"Silvia Ussai"},{id:"195382",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Rizzardo",slug:"alessandro-rizzardo",fullName:"Alessandro Rizzardo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53877",title:"Pharmacovigilance of the Analgesic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/67243",slug:"pharmacovigilance-of-the-analgesic-therapy",totalDownloads:919,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Silvia Ussai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53877",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53877",authors:[{id:"192664",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Ussai",slug:"silvia-ussai",fullName:"Silvia Ussai"}],corrections:null},{id:"53992",title:"Pharmacologic Management of Low Back Pain",doi:"10.5772/66959",slug:"pharmacologic-management-of-low-back-pain",totalDownloads:1164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dallas Schepers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53992",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53992",authors:[{id:"193688",title:"Dr.",name:"Dallas",surname:"Schepers",slug:"dallas-schepers",fullName:"Dallas Schepers"}],corrections:null},{id:"53673",title:"Paracetamol: Update on its Analgesic Mechanism of Action",doi:"10.5772/66649",slug:"paracetamol-update-on-its-analgesic-mechanism-of-action",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Christophe Mallet, Alain Eschalier and Laurence Daulhac",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53673",authors:[{id:"193022",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Mallet",slug:"christophe-mallet",fullName:"Christophe Mallet"},{id:"193023",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",surname:"Eschalier",slug:"alain-eschalier",fullName:"Alain Eschalier"},{id:"193024",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",surname:"Daulhac",slug:"laurence-daulhac",fullName:"Laurence Daulhac"}],corrections:null},{id:"53305",title:"Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Antagonists: Potential Analgesics for Jejunal Pains",doi:"10.5772/66597",slug:"voltage-gated-calcium-channel-antagonists-potential-analgesics-for-jejunal-pains",totalDownloads:1083,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Kania Bogdan Feliks and Danuta Wrońska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53305",authors:[{id:"191823",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan",surname:"Kania",slug:"bogdan-kania",fullName:"Bogdan Kania"},{id:"199103",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",surname:"Wronska",slug:"danuta-wronska",fullName:"Danuta Wronska"}],corrections:null},{id:"53638",title:"Interaction of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Possible Biomedical Implications",doi:"10.5772/66478",slug:"interaction-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-with-reactive-oxygen-species-ros-possibl",totalDownloads:1012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Norman A. García, Mabel Bregliani and Adriana Pajares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53638",authors:[{id:"192988",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pajares",slug:"adriana-pajares",fullName:"Adriana Pajares"},{id:"195188",title:"Dr.",name:"Norman Andino",surname:"García",slug:"norman-andino-garcia",fullName:"Norman Andino García"},{id:"195285",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mabel",surname:"Bregliani",slug:"mabel-bregliani",fullName:"Mabel Bregliani"}],corrections:null},{id:"55365",title:"Effect of Nonpharmacological Therapies on Pain and Health Perception in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/66477",slug:"effect-of-nonpharmacological-therapies-on-pain-and-health-perception-in-patients-with-knee-osteoarth",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Paweł Lizis, Wojciech Kobza, Grzegorz Mańko, Marcin Sitarz and\nJarosław Pyka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55365",authors:[{id:"192906",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Lizis",slug:"pawel-lizis",fullName:"Pawel Lizis"},{id:"193000",title:"MSc.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Kobza",slug:"wojciech-kobza",fullName:"Wojciech Kobza"},{id:"193001",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",surname:"Mańko",slug:"grzegorz-manko",fullName:"Grzegorz Mańko"},{id:"193004",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Sitarz",slug:"marcin-sitarz",fullName:"Marcin Sitarz"},{id:"193005",title:"MSc.",name:"Jarosław",surname:"Pyka",slug:"jaroslaw-pyka",fullName:"Jarosław Pyka"}],corrections:null},{id:"53663",title:"Natural Products as a Source for Novel Analgesic Compounds",doi:"10.5772/66770",slug:"natural-products-as-a-source-for-novel-analgesic-compounds",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Rehab Fawzy Abdel-Rahman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53663",authors:[{id:"192874",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Abdel-Rahman",slug:"rehab-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab Abdel-Rahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"53119",title:"Sweet Solution Analgesia",doi:"10.5772/66596",slug:"sweet-solution-analgesia",totalDownloads:890,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Khawla Nuseir, Manal Kassab and Mohammed Al-Azzani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53119",authors:[{id:"192195",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Khawla",surname:"Nuseir",slug:"khawla-nuseir",fullName:"Khawla Nuseir"},{id:"192198",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Al-Azzani",slug:"mohammed-al-azzani",fullName:"Mohammed Al-Azzani"},{id:"193043",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal",surname:"Kassab",slug:"manal-kassab",fullName:"Manal Kassab"}],corrections:null},{id:"55367",title:"Analgesics: New Target and Sources",doi:"10.5772/67853",slug:"analgesics-new-target-and-sources",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mohammad Saleem and Huma Naz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55367",authors:[{id:"192065",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Saleem",slug:"mohammad-saleem",fullName:"Mohammad Saleem"},{id:"192858",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Huma",surname:"Naz",slug:"huma-naz",fullName:"Huma Naz"}],corrections:null},{id:"54987",title:"Analgesic Potential of Extracts and Derived Natural Products from Medicinal Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68631",slug:"analgesic-potential-of-extracts-and-derived-natural-products-from-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:1757,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Abdur Rauf, Noor Jehan, Zarka Ahmad and Mohammad S. Mubarak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54987",authors:[{id:"192295",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdur",surname:"Rauf",slug:"abdur-rauf",fullName:"Abdur Rauf"},{id:"207128",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor",surname:"Jehan",slug:"noor-jehan",fullName:"Noor Jehan"},{id:"207129",title:"Dr.",name:"Zarka",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zarka-ahmad",fullName:"Zarka Ahmad"},{id:"207131",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad S.",surname:"Mubarak",slug:"mohammad-s.-mubarak",fullName:"Mohammad S. Mubarak"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2509",title:"Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57c10c8e0b4bb01a815f2c42db01956e",slug:"recent-advances-in-novel-drug-carrier-systems",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5173",title:"Anticoagulation Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"209b074c858a63f0b8c7533de6e6e8f8",slug:"anticoagulation-therapy",bookSignature:"Ozcan Basaran and Murat Biteker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178766",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozcan",surname:"Basaran",slug:"ozcan-basaran",fullName:"Ozcan Basaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9086",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b13e06123db7a16dcdae682eb47ac66",slug:"drug-repurposing-hypothesis-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7110",title:"Opioids",subtitle:"From Analgesic Use to Addiction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8bd70b93e5c8ff9ea766159555eb63da",slug:"opioids-from-analgesic-use-to-addiction",bookSignature:"Pilar Almela Rojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7110.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98258",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",surname:"Almela Rojo",slug:"pilar-almela-rojo",fullName:"Pilar Almela Rojo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7994",title:"Metformin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4763270256096f776a58d75658fe1d9b",slug:"metformin",bookSignature:"Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian and Manfredi Rizzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7994.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66301",slug:"corrigendum-to-denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",title:"Corrigendum to: Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66301.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66301",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66301",chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8807",leadTitle:null,title:"Organic Synthesis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tOrganic synthesis has always been one of the central topics of research for the scientific community in the academic laboratories and industrial world. Many striking journal articles and remarkable reviews and books have been published in the past year describing the practicability and applications of the subject demonstrating the importance of organic synthesis. In the present book, we will be putting together the topics in organic synthesis which may include but not limited to, (1) the basic terms and concepts, (2) various organic reactions including reduction, oxidation, addition, elimination, rearrangements, and cycloadditions, (3) Total Synthesis of Natural products, (4) transition metal catalysts, organocatalysts, enzymes and biotransformations, (5) applications in medicinal chemistry and drug design and development, (6) purification methods and characterization techniques, etc. To set a limit and to increase the scope of the book, author(s) are encouraged to send the chapters that include selected examples with practical applications and good yielding reactions reported within the past decade. Older topics with significant findings or their essence to prepare the foundation may be included in the chapter are welcomed as well.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3bbbd989d0896f142d317ccb8abcc35",bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant S Deore",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8807.jpg",keywords:"Natural Product Synthesis, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Stereoselective synthesis, Chirality, C-H Functionalization, Cross-Coupling Reactions, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Homogeneous Catalysis, Green Synthesis, Green Solvents and Reagents, Bioorganic synthesis, Click Chemistry",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 14th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 15th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 20th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 19th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"251769",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",middleName:"S",surname:"Deore",slug:"prashant-deore",fullName:"Prashant Deore",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251769/images/system/251769.png",biography:"Dr. Prashant S. Deore was born in India. He received a Master’s degree in organic chemistry from Pune University in 2007. In the same year, he qualified with the SET and CSIR-NET (JRF) and joined in the group of Prof. Narshinha P. Argade for the doctoral studies in National Chemical Laboratory, India. In 2014, he awarded with a Ph. D. in Chemistry and was a recipient of the 2nd prize in “2014 Eli Lilly and Company Asia Outstanding Thesis Awards”. In July 2014 he moved to Canada and joined as a postdoctoral researcher in the group of Prof. Richard Manderville at the University of Guelph, Canada. Presently, Dr. Deore is working on the collaborative project between the University of Guelph and Aterica health Inc., and providing consulting to the company. His research interest includes organic synthesis, fluorescent probes development, nucleic acid synthesis and modifications, and aptasensor development for proteins and food toxins.",institutionString:"University of Guelph",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270935",firstName:"Rozmari",lastName:"Marijan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270935/images/7974_n.png",email:"rozmari@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55505",title:"Particle Jetting Induced by the Impulsive Loadings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68795",slug:"particle-jetting-induced-by-the-impulsive-loadings",body:'\nWhen particles are dispersed by an impulsive pressure loading, the expanding particle cloud typically forms a nonuniform structure that takes the form of particle jets whose leading edges are agglomerates of constituent grains [1–12]. A host of experimental evidence from a wide range of sources shows that the expanding cloud of explosively disseminated material comprises of “particles” or fragments that have significantly different dimensions from those associated with the original material as shown in Figure 1(a) and (b) [1–7, 10–13]. Photographic evidence shows characteristic jets or fingers behind these expanding fragments. These coherent conical particle jets travel ballistically as shedding mass along the trajectories with increasingly diffuse edges.
\nExplosive dispersal of dry (a) and wetted glass beads (b) using cylindrically stratified configurations [12]. Shock dispersal of flour (c) and quartz sand (d) particles using semi-two-dimensional configurations.
Particle jetting has been widely observed in volcanic eruptions, supernovae, explosion of landmines, thermobaric explosion (TBX), fuel-are explosion (FAE), and dense inert metal explosive (DIME) [14–17]. The formation of particle jetting has also been observed during the impact of solid projectile on granular media [18]. The structure of particle jets in terms of the jet number of size is important to the viability of many applications. For instance, the strength of TBX and FAE needs to be enhanced by the after-burning of the reactive particles dispersed in the payload cloud. The detonation performance of the particle laden cloud depends on both the shape and concentration of the cloud which in turn is a result of the jet mixing [19]. In contrast with the large-scale injury radius of TBX and FAE, DIME utilizes the high-speed dense metal–particle jets to hit the targets in close range. Thus the momentum of particle jets determines the lethal radius. Another opposite application is mitigation of the blast pressure (both prompt and quasi-static) associated with the detonation, since a commonly used technique to reduce effects of blast from explosives is to surround the explosive with a layer of liquid, powder, or a slurry mixture of the two. Drag is seen as a potential mechanism to transfer energy from the blast wave to the disseminated particles or droplets so the size of particles or formation of jets is important in determining the efficiency of this mechanism. Frost and Zhang have reviewed many of the processes occurring in heterogeneous blast including jet formation [15, 17, 20, 21].
\nExtensive experimental investigations of the explosive- or shock-induced particle jetting mainly using cinematographic techniques provide fundamental data regarding both structure and evolution of particle jets. Closer look into the high-speed photos of either explosive- or shock-induced particle jetting reveals a dual structure (see Figure 1(c)) [1, 2, 12]. Primary jets initiated on the inner surface of the particle layers take shape during the first dozens of microseconds after the detonation of the central explosive evidenced by the light stripes detected from the radiographs of the explosive dispersal of particle shells [5, 6]. Upon the reflection of the shock wave on the outer surface of particle layers, a large number of smaller jets begin to burgeon from the outer surface and quickly develop into a full bloom [3]. The dominant primary jets are expelled from the outer surface and overtake the smaller secondary jets, merging of secondary jets occurring through the aerodynamic interaction. The respective evolutions of the primary and secondary jets are not so distinguishable from the radiographs and high-speed photos of the explosive dispersal of particles (see Figure 2). But the statistic distribution of jet size unravels two distinctive peaks representing the primary and secondary jets, respectively [13]. In order to overcome the difficulties in distinguishing the primary and secondary jets, a semi-two-dimensional configuration based on the Hele-Shaw cell that will be discussed in Section 3.1 was employed to access the evolution of both sets of jets subjected to the radial shock loading. Although the overpressure of weak shock waves is several orders of magnitude lower than that of blast waves, the formation and evolution of the primary and secondary jets as shown in Figure 3 have astonishingly similar characteristics in terms of the initiation sequence and the signature structure [2]. Whereas whether or not the jetting process in these two extreme conditions follow the same path is still debatable.
\nRadiographs and high-speed photos of explosive dispersal of glass beads (a) [5], dry (above panel of (b)) and wet (bottom panel of (b)) quartz sand grains [13]. (c): the statistic distribution of size of the explosive induced dry and wet sand jets at t = 2ms [13].
High-speed photos of semi-two-dimensional shock-induced particle jetting [2].
Great efforts have been devoted to investigate the dependence of the jet number on a variety of parameters, including the configuration of charge, the mass ratio of the payload and the explosive (M/C), the inner and outer radius of particle layers, the particle material and size, and the moisture content, etc., mainly in the case of explosive dispersal of particles [2, 4, 6, 8, 13]. Specifically, Zhang et al. found that the numbers of primary and secondary jets dispersed by the 44 mm diameter of central explosive cylinder are 1.8 and 1.5 times those with the 10 mm diameter of explosive [14]. Frost et al. found that the jetting phenomenon is much more visible in cases of explosive dispersal of brittle or ductile powders, such as quartz sand, glass beads, SiC powders, aluminum powders, copper powders, compared with rigid and hard powders, like stain steel particles that are dispersed into the particle cloud rather than particle jets [10]. Frost and Xue both found that the addition of the interstitial water/oil significantly increases the jet number [12, 13].
\nSome fundamental problems need to be addressed in this regard. First, several variables are correlated rather than independent so that it is impossible to single out the effect of the individual variable. For instance, changing the inner or outer radius of the particle layers or particle materials would inevitably alter the M/C that proves to be key factor determining the jet number. Rodriguez et al. proposed an alternative way to measure the effects of pertinent factors [2]. Acceleration of the outer surface of particle ring, which is a function of a variety of parameters, is found to be key determining factor. Therefore, choosing some proper dynamic variables instead of structural parameters may well provide a new perspective in this regard, but entailing a thorough understanding of the physics underlying the particle jetting.
\nSecond, distinguishing the primary and secondary jets from the radiographs or high-speed photos of the explosive dispersal of particles using either spherical or cylindrical stratified configurations is so difficult if not impossible that the validity of the experimental results is questionable thanks to the superimposition of two sets of jets on the timescale of microseconds. Adopting a semi-two-dimensional configuration in which particle rings are dispersed by the radial propagating shock waves seems to be promising approach to this problem. Besides, no detonation product gases obscuring the particle jets and substantially prolonged duration of jets facilitate the observation of particle jetting. But to what extent the shock-induced particle jetting can mimic that driven by the central explosion is quite questionable taking into account that the overpressure of shock waves is several orders lower than that of blast waves.
\nPredicting the jet number entails the knowledge of the mechanisms governing the primary and secondary jets, respectively. Several theories have been put forward, but understanding the origin of particle jetting still remains a significant challenge [3, 8, 9, 13, 22, 23]. The timescale for the formation of primary jets predicted by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability is much slower than the experimental observation [6]. Another interface instability theory involves the perturbation on the inner and outer surfaces of the particle layers that act as the microjets precipitating the macrojets propagating into the bulk. Riple et al. demonstrated the evolution of the initial perturbation (see Figure 4) into well-developed jets and argued that the casing fragments and other imperfections may provide the initial perturbation [3]. However, particle jetting occurs regardless of the presence of the inner and outer casings and shows similar structure. Certain intrinsic imperfections with the length scale similar to the jets should exist if this theory holds. An increasing number of investigators have focused their attention on the bulk fracture of powder bed. Frost et al. postulated that the breakup of a layer of particles at high strain rates was governed by a balance of expansion inertia effects tending to fracture the layer versus viscous dissipation that tends to maintain the stability of the layer [24]. Along this line, Xue et al. developed a theoretical model account for the instability onset of the expanding powder shell [13]. Milne et al. conjectured that the powder is explosively compacted into a brittle solid which then forms cracks as the shell expands [5]. This conjecture is consistent with the observations that the primary jetting occurs during the first wave transit times. The major obstacle of this argument is that the compacted powder cannot sustain the tension or the surface energy, both among the essential components comprising the brittle fragmentation of solids. A few attempts try to understand the secondary jets, and the earlier works of Ripley et al. focused on the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI), which showed well-defined persistent jetting structures matching the number of prescribed outer surface perturbations [3]. However, the timescale for formation was slow and the surface instability did not propagate into the bulk [3]. Xue et al. modified the hollow sphere expansion model that originally accounts for the spallation of shocked solids so that the external particle jetting can be seen as parallel to the solid spallation [22].
\nSchematics of the formation of primary and secondary jets caused by the inner and outer cases, respectively. (a): fragmentation of the inner and outer cases; (b): formation of primary and secondary jets arising from the gaps between fragments of inner and outer cases, respectively; (c): primary jets overtake the secondary jets. Inset: the corresponding snapshots from the hydrodynamic simulations of Ripley et al. [3,19].
Despite the resembling phenomenal features sheared by the explosive- and shock-induced particle jetting, the shock interaction with particles in the explosive dispersal is substantially stronger than that in the weak shock dispersal. In the former case, particles are compressed into solids with the density almost same as that of the constituent materials when the particle jetting commences. It suggests that a continuum approach is appropriate to model the explosion-driven particle jetting. By contrast, the weak shock wave only initiates the homogeneous or localized unsteady flows on the particle scale. The shocked particles behave more like fluids rather than solids. Unsteady and heterogeneous particle flows occurring during the weak shock interaction with particles entail a particle scale approach. Xue et al. described the particle scale formation and evolution of particle jets via the discrete element method (DEM), shedding some lights on the distinctive origins of the shock-induced particle jetting [25].
\nThis chapter first reviews the up-to-date understanding of the phenomenology and physics of the particle jetting in both explosion-driven and shock-induced cases. Special attention is focused on theoretical progresses in unraveling the mechanism behind the respective particle jetting and establishing models account for the onset of jetting, which is elaborated in Sections 2 and 3. Further work and possible breakthrough in this regard would be discussed in Section 4. The conclusion is presented in Section 5.
\nOne generally accepted fact of the explosive-driven particle jetting is that particle instabilities occur during the first dozens of the microseconds after the detonation of the central explosive. It is thus necessary to elucidate the interactions between particles, shock waves, and detonation product gases. Hydrodynamic simulations [22] have been performed to reveal the evolution of dry and saturated sand layers surrounding the spherical central explosive (TNT or HXM), the configuration illustrated in Figure 5(a). In order to accurately describe the dynamic responses of wet sand with different degrees of saturation β, we adopted a modified version of Laine and Sandvik model developed by Grujicic et al. [26] to account for the effect of moisture content via explicitly incorporating the degree of saturation in the equation of state (EOS) and the strength model. Given the relative incompressibility of the water phase, the compressibility of the wet sand is increasingly reduced with the degree of saturation as illustrated by the EOS of the wet particles with varying saturation (see Figure 5(b)). Besides, the wet sand’s yield stress is reduced due to the moisture-induced interparticle lubrication effects leading to a reduced effective friction coefficient (see Figure 5(c). For details of the modified compaction model, readers can be referred to Refs. [26, 27] (see Figure 6).
\n(a) Schematic of the spherical stratified configuration used in the hydrodynamic simulations. (b) EOS curves of the sand with varying degree of saturation. (c) Variations in dependence of the sand’s yield stress on the pressure with increasing moisture contents [22].
Evolutions of density profiles in dry sand (a) and saturated sand (b) after the detonation of the central explosive (TNT) [22].
The evolvement of the sand shell upon the blast wave can be well embodied by the variations in its radial density profile as shown in Figure 3. The sequence of events basically resembles those occurring in the shock-loaded water shell described by Milne et al. [5, 6]. When the shock front reflects upon the outer surface of the particle shell, the rarefaction wave travels back into particles and pulls away a thin spall layer moving forward into air. The compressive stresses in the compacted particles are relaxed in the wake of the rarefaction wave accompanied by the rapid decrease of the packing density. The expansion of detonation product gases sends a shock wave into the particles, which arrests the rarefaction wave in its path in the case of dry sand or recompact particles diluted by rarefaction wave in the case of saturated sand. As a result, besides the outmost thin spall layer, the particle shell evolves into two distinct layers, namely the inner compact layer and outer dilute layers. The inner compact layer retains the maximum density almost as that of pure quartz and expands as an incompressible shell during a relatively long time, at least during the first hundred of microseconds after the detonation of central explosive. The hypothesis is supported by the consistent velocity across the thickness of the inner compact layer (see Figure 7(a) and (b)). Opposedly, particles inside the outer dilute layer lose the persistent contacts in the wake of the rarefaction wave. The mass ratio of the compact and dilute layers depends on the geometry and the composition of granular shell, as well as the strength of central explosive.
\nEvolutions of velocities of the inner and outer surfaces of the compact dry/saturated sand layer driven by the detonation of central TNT (a) and HXM (b).
Due to the trivial compressibility of saturated sand, the acceleration of the compact saturated sand layer is much stronger than that of dry sand since less shock energy is dissipated among the compaction. The expanding velocity of the compact saturated sand layer is much larger than that of the dry sand (see Figure 7(a)).
\nThe decomposition of the particle shell into the inner compact and outer dilute layers as a result of shock interaction prompts us to speculate that the fragmentation of the inner and outer layers correspond to the primary and secondary particle jetting, respectively. This speculation satisfies some fundamental facts that (1) the primary and secondary particle jets initiate from the inner and outer surface of particle shells, respectively; (2) the secondary particle jetting occurs upon the reflection of the shock wave on the outer surface; (3) the primary jets overtake the primary jets in later times. Therefore, a dual particle jetting model illustrated in Figure 8 has been put forward to account for the formation of the primary and secondary jets. The following task is to elaborate the proper models describing the respective fragmentation of the inner and outer particle layers. These models should be based on the underlying mechanisms and validated against the experimental results, the onsets of primary/secondary jetting, the size of primary/secondary jets, and the dependence of the jet number on a variety of factors as well.
\nIllustration of the dual particle jetting model, which consists of the formation of the inner compact and outer dilute layers, and the breakup of these two distinct layers [22].(a):the initial annular configuration; (b): expansion of detonation gases issues the compression wave; (c): the reflected rarefaction wave causes the spallation of outermost layer; (d):fragmentation of the inner compact layer; (e): protrusion of secondary jets; (f): overtake of secondary jets by primary jets.
The consistent density and velocity across the thickness of the inner compact layer indicate that the compacted layer expands as the incompressible shell. Under this premise, we consider a sphere shell characterized by an inner radius R1 and outer radius R2 as shown in Figure 9, which can be determined by the hydrodynamic simulations (see Figure 6). The thickness of the shell is R2–R1. Adopting the spherical coordinate system associated with the frame (er, eθ, eφ), the outward divergent motion of the continuous sand shell demonstrated in experiments is modeled by applying a uniform velocity Vrer at the inner surface (R = R1), which can also be derived from the hydrodynamic simulation (see Figure 7).
\nConfiguration of an expanding spherical shell with inner radius R1 and outer radius R2 [13].
Applying the continuity and momentum equations to the incompressible granular shells that can be described as viscoplastic materials, the analytical circumferential stress can be derived as follows (details of formulation can be referred to Ref. [13]).
\nwhere ρ is the mass density of the sand shell, τc is the yield stress, and η is dynamic viscosity. Bearing in mind that the yield stress, τc, is a function of both saturation degree and the pressure applied on the inner surface which is in the order of O(100–101) Mpa (see Figure 5(c)), the yield stress of saturated sand (~1 MPa) is much lower than that that of dry sand (~13.7 MPa) due to the lubrication effect assuming average pressure \n
To predict the instability onset of the expanding sand shell, we will invoke a criterion for instability that has been shown to reasonably emulate more rigorous stability analysis [28]. This method can be viewed as an application of Le Chatelier’s principle that states that for a system to be stable any deviation from equilibrium must bring about forces that tend to restore equilibrium. In general, the loss of stability is assumed to take place when an increment in strain occurs with no simultaneous increase in pressure or in load.
\nTo obtain the circumferential pressure in the expanding shell, the circumferential stress from Eq. (1) is integrated through the thickness h of the shell,
\nFigure 10(a) and (b) plot the variations of circumferential tension in dry and saturated sand shells with the expansion of the shell driven by the detonation of central TNT or HMX, respectively. The parameters are chosen as follows: ρ = 2.1 × 103 kg/m3, Vr,dry,tnt = 220 m/s, Vr,dry,hmx = 330 m/s, Vr,saturated,tnt = 380 m/s, Vr,saturated,hmx = 420 m/s, τc,dry = 15 MPa, τc,saturated = 0.5 MPa. The terms with the coefficient involving η can reasonably be ignored as a result of the dimensional analysis. The instability onset is identified as the point at which dT/dR2 = 0, beyond which the increase of strain does not render the corresponding increase of the pressure or loads. Specifically, the critical radius of dry and saturated sand shells corresponding to the destabilization onset driven by detonation of TNT or HMX are Rc,dry,tnt = 75 mm, Rc,dry,hmx = 80 mm, Rc,saturted,tnt = 98 mm, Rc,saturted,hmx = 105 mm, respectively. Clearly, faster detonation velocity of explosive and addition of interstitial fluids can effectively delay the destabilization onset of the inner compact layer, equivalently the initiation of the primary jetting, consistent with the experimental observations. Likewise, we can predict the destabilization onsets of expanding sand shells with varying moisture contents as plotted in Figure 11, which agree well with those derived from the experimental observations. Note that the observed destabilization onsets of particle shells were determined from the high-speed photos that show the visible patterns in the surface of charge, which actually occurs after the destabilization onset.
\nThe variations of circumferential tension in dry and saturated sand shells with the expansion of the shell driven by the detonation of central TNT (a) or HMX (b).
Theoretically predicted (curve line) and experimentally observed (red circles) critical radii of expanding sand shells with varying saturation degree driven by the detonation of central TNT.
The fragment size following breakup is substantially determined by the wavelength of the most unstable disturbance that has the greatest growth rate. Determination of a dominant unstable wave length is difficult due to the time-varying nature of the mean flow. Louis suggested that for a small value of Γ, the most disturbances are in a range of wavelengths between O(1) and O(1/Γ) times the instant thickness of the shell, where Γ is the dimensionless number as follows
\nIn Eq. (3), \n
Primary jet mass vs. yield stress of sand shells [13].
A micromechanical approach describing the cavitation process originally applied to ductile damage in solids has been proposed to account for the spallation in a liquid (or melt metal) subjected to a pulsed tensile load [29]. Xue et al. [22] adapted this cavitation-based spallation model to account for the disintegration of the outer particle layer, or equivalently, the formation of the secondary particle jetting, which is initiated by the unloading wave opposed to the tensile loading.
\nThe incipient spallation of the outer particle layer takes the form of the macroscopic dilation in the wake of rarefaction waves. The dependence of the volumetric variation on the pressure is schematically plotted in Figure 13(a). Within the frame of cavitation model, the bulk of the sample is seen as a collection of adjacent hollow spheres of internal and external radii a(t) and b(t) (see Figure 13(b)), respectively. The initial outer radius of the sphere b0 can be interpreted as the mean half-length between two neighboring nucleation sites as depicted in Figure 13(b). As b0 defines the mass volume involved in the cavitation pattern, the “microscopic” pressure invoked by the cavitation varies with b0. Since the “microscopic” pressure should agree with the “macroscopic” pressure dictated by the volumetric variation, this compatibility provides a criterion for the determination of b0. To ensure the expansion of the microscopic hollow sphere is compatible with the dilation of the macroscopic outer particle layer, the microscopic expansion rate of the sphere, 3b/b, should remain consistent with the macroscopic dilation rate of the particle layer, V/V, where V is the volume of the outer particle layer. The dilation rates at these two length scales are thereafter detonated by a single parameter D.
\n(a) Pressure relaxation experienced by the dry (dashed line) and saturated (solid line) particle layer accompanied by the dilation; (b) schematic of the hollow sphere pattern; (c) the expansion of the individual hollow sphere [22].
The spallation or, equally, the dilatation process of the outer layer consists of three stages. The first so-called hollow sphere expansion stage is prescribed by the relaxation of the accumulated pressure when the volumetric increase is dictated by the dilatation rate D. During the phase I, voids hardly begin to grow due to the inertial resistance. The end of the phase I of cavitation coincides with the full relaxation of the pressure marked by the restoration of the initial packing density. Afterward, the rapidly expanding matrix progressively becomes gaseous so that the particles interact by collision and the continuous displacement/stress field does not exist. Thus, the matrix and the void of the hollow sphere undergo the independent inertial expansion. The gaseous regime of the matrix is hereinafter detonated as the phase II of cavitation, which sustains as long as the matrix remains diluter than the initial packing state. Examining the packing density of the matrix in the dry sand suggests that the gaseous state of matrix maintains even when the fragmentation starts. By contrast, the gaseous saturated sand is soon transformed to the dense granular flows when the loose particles get recompressed by the unconstrained outward expansion of the void. The subsequent expansion of the void, detonated as the phase III, is conditioned by the dense granular flow in the incompressible matrix.
\nAnalytical modeling of these three sequent phases can be referred to Ref. [22]. This cavitation model estimates that the fragment size or equally the secondary jet size for dry and saturated sand ranges from 4 to 6 mm and 1.6 to 3.3 mm, respectively. Applying the proper fragmentation criterion, the predicted onset of secondary particle jetting occurs at 200–300 μs for the dry sand and 50–100 μs for the saturated sand after the detonation, respectively. The cavitation model is capable of predicting the fragmentation onset and the fragment size consistent with the experimental results. Therefore, cavitation is inferred here to be the most probable spallation mechanism of the outer particle layer.
\nThe size of the secondary jets represented by twice the length between two activated nucleation sites, 2b0, is dictated by the compatibility of the “microscopic” and macroscopic pressures during the unloading of the compacted particles. Mathematically, smaller b0 in saturated sand is rendered by the significantly elevated dilation rate due to the larger elastic energy and faster moving release waves in the saturated sand. Micromechanically, it is the results of the competition between two neighboring cavities. Analogous to the scenario involving the Mott waves traveling between fractures (see Figure 14(a)), the expansion of cavity emanates the compressive waves into the neighborhood so as to suppress the potential cavitation nucleation in the encompassed area. The combined travel length of the compression waves emanating from the neighboring nucleation sites can be taken as the upper limit of the spacing between nucleation sites, namely 2b0 (see Figure 14(b)). The unloading duration in saturated sand is almost one order shorter than that in dry sand, leading to the significantly shortened distance between two neighboring cavities.
\n(a) A schematic of the Mott cylinder model with regard to the dynamic fragmentation of the solid cylinder (ring); (b) in particles, compression waves propagate away from an activated nucleation sites (above) retarding any activation of the nucleation sites within the travel radius and collide with those emanating from the adjacent nucleation sites [22].
It is difficult to visualize the particle jet spread in the spherical or cylindrical experiments of the explosive-driven particle jetting due to the superimposition of jets, obscured by detonation gases, and the very short timescale as well. To overcome these disadvantages, Rodriguez et al. [1, 2] studied the particle jetting in quasi-two-dimensional configurations using moderate pressure loads induced by shock-tube-type facilities connected to a Hele-Shaw cell. With this convenient experimental setup, it is possible to conduct repetitive reliable experiments using a ring of particles in radial expansion trapped in a Hele-Shaw cell as shown in Figure 15(a). More importantly, it is much easier to visualize and distinguish the primary and secondary jets. Xue et al. carried out the experiments of the shock-induced particle jetting using the apparatus similar to that devised by Rodriguez and reported similar observations of the particle jetting process.
\n(a) Schematic of the quasi-two-dimensional experimental setup for shock induced particle jetting. Insets: photo of the four ring sample (left) and the overpressure histories at the exit of shock tube (right). (b) High speed photos of particle induced particle jetting.
Figure 15(b) shows the evolutions of dual particle jets of flour ring dispersed by the shock wave with the overpressure of 3.33 bar. The perturbation of the inner surface of ring can be detected at t = 1 ms. The primary jets cutting through the inner surface are well defined in the first several milliseconds. A large number of secondary jets burst out of the outer surface of ring 1.5 ms after the shock front reaches the outer surface. Afterward, the needle-like secondary jets undergo dramatic growth during the following one millisecond, while the tips of primary jets seem to be arrested at the bottom of secondary jets. It takes another several milliseconds that the primary jets overtake the secondary jets.
\nExperimental observations can only provide the configurational evolution of particle ring having no access to the particle-scale information, such as the particle velocities and forces. DEM has proven to be an effective tool to investigate the particle-scale velocity and stress fields in particles subjected to the static or dynamic loadings. Xue et al. performed the DEM simulations of the shock-induced particle jetting using the same geometrical configuration as in the experimental. Parametric studies were carried out to quantify the effect of a variety of variables, including the overpressure of shock loading (p0), the inner and outer radii of ring (Rin and Rout), the packing density (χ), and particle size (dp). Details of the simulation can be found in Ref. [25].
\nFigure 16 shows the shock dispersal of particle rings in terms of variations in velocity profiles. The shock-loaded particle rings with different initial parameters develop into the resembling jet structures with distinctive features as demonstrated in Figure 16. The formation and evolution of the primary jets in all cases, which are barely accurately described using experimental techniques, undergo two distinctive phases, namely the nucleation of the incipient jets and the competitive growth of the incipient jets. Here, the incipient jets are referred to as the localized shear flows or, equivalently, the fast moving particle clusters as shown in the innermost frame in each subfigure of Figure 16. The inner surface of ring remains smooth without visible dents or ripples so that the first phase is almost impossible to identify from the experimental observations.
\nEvolutions of the velocity profiles in particle rings with different parameters. Particles are shaded according to the magnitude of velocities. (a) dp = 2 mm, p0 = 5 bar, Rin = 20 cm, χ = 0.55; (b) dp = 2 mm, p0 = 5 bar, Rin = 35 cm, χ = 0.55; (c) dp = 2 mm, p0 = 5 bar, Rin = 20 cm, χ = 0.42; (d) dp = 1 mm, p0 = 5 bar, Rin = 20 cm, χ = 0.45.
The azimuthal velocity profiles of particle ring in early times shown in Figure 17 demonstrate the nucleation of the incipient jets. No consistent pattern persists during the first millisecond, the spikes in the azimuthal velocity profile being transient and irregular. The flows behind the shock front are largely homogeneous around the perimeter. The following several milliseconds saw the dramatic transition of azimuthal velocity profile from irregular oscillations to regular fluctuations that are consistent throughout. This transition is clearly manifested by the substantial jump around t = 0.5–1 ms in the variations of correlation coefficient of the two sequential azimuthal velocity profile (see Figure 17(b)). The peaks indicated in Figure 17(a) correspond to the localized shear flows, or equivalently the incipient jets identified in Figure 17(d).
\n(a) Azimuthal velocity profiles of particle ring in early times and (b) variations of correlation coefficient of the two sequential azimuthal velocity profile of particle ring. Snapshots of particle ring at t = 0.2 ms (c) and t = 3 ms (d).
The radial growth of incipient jets in terms of the penetration depth into the bulk and the cross-sectional width is strongly uneven, the strong jets mushrooming outwards opposed to the retarded weak jets. As a result, the substantial elimination and the coalescence of weak jets prevail throughout the second phase. By contrast, the mushroom-like strong jet occasionally would split into multiple subjets, which is more likely to occur in rings with low packing density (see Figure 16(c) and (d)). Interestingly, the multiplication of strong jets can take place multiple times. The evolutional characteristics of incipient jets revealed by the DEM simulations are substantiated by the experimental observations (see Figure 18).
\nHigh speed photos of shock dispersal of corn quartz sand ring.
The elimination of the weak jets significantly influences the temporal variations of the jet number as shown in Figure 19. After the chaotic initiation of incipient jets during the first several milliseconds evidenced by the strong oscillation of jet number, the jet number plummets dramatically in the following 5–10 ms. Afterward, the jet number undergoes much more gradual decrease until the jets are expelled from the outer surface of ring. Taking into account these fundamentals demonstrated in Figure 19, a physics-based equation as follows can be derived to describe the temporal variation of jet number, Njet.
\nTemporal variations of the jet number with varying overpressure of shock loadings (a) and inner radius of ring (b). The inner radius of ring remains constant, Rin = 20 cm in (a). The overpressure peak in (b) is 5 bar.
In Eq. (4), Njet,i represents the number of initial activated incipient jets; Vjet represents the decline rate of jet number during phase II (number per unit time); Δt is the duration of phase II. Surprisingly, the overpressure of shock waves does not have the discernible effect on the number of initial jet, Njet,i, which instead is a function of the inner radius of ring, Rin, the particle diameter, dp, and the packing density, χ. It suggests that Njet,i is indicative of some intrinsic characteristics of particles, analogous to the intrinsic flaws of solids. The decline rate of jet number, Vjet, is clearly elevated by stronger shock loadings. Besides, lower packing density seems to hinder the elimination of jets. The duration of phase II, Δt, is among the most important factors governing the jet number, since the significant increase of jet number either due to the stronger shock loadings or larger inner radius of ring is dominantly caused by the truncated phase II. In another way, there is not enough time for the elimination of jets to fully unfold. The thickness of ring, h, the overpressure of shock loadings, p0, and the packing density, χ, are among the parameters influencing Δt.
\nThe analytical formulation of Eq. (4) entails a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms, specifically the formation and elimination mechanisms of incipient jets. With regard to the formation of incipient jets, it is necessary to unlock the transition of the homogeneous flows to the localized shear flows. Unlike solids or liquids, the stress waves in particles travel through particle contact points and are primarily transmitted by the “force chains” that carry most of load in the granular materials [18, 30]. Meanwhile, the shock energy is dissipated by the random particle collisions. Because of the strong energy dissipation and nonlinear characteristics of granular systems, the inter-particle forces are transmitted through heterogeneous architecture of force chains such as shown in Figure 20, where the inter-particle contact forces are represented by inter-particle lines scaled with the magnitude of the contact forces. The initial contact network of particles (see the top panel in Figure 20) appears to be homogeneous in general with particle-scale heterogeneities. The cylindrical shock loading activates the contacts aligning with the local radial directions. Besides the intricate contact network in the innermost particle layers, a handful of long linear force chains extend radially from the inner surface toward the outer surface (shaded red in the second panel in Figure 20). These long linear force chains act as the arteries from which a growing number of short force chains are initiated, forming distinguishable clusters of force chains at t = 1 ms with the dimensions much larger than that of constituent particles.
\nSnapshots of the network of force chains in the bottom section of the particle ring subjected to the shock loading of P0 = 20 bar in early times. Force chains (denoted by the thick dashed red lines )at t = 0. 6 ms indicate the long linear force chains acting as the nuclei of the force chain clustering [25].
The variations in the circumferential distributions of strong contact density, ρcontact, in early times (see Figure 21), demonstrate how the particle-scaled heterogeneities evolve into the macroscale clusters of strong contacts indicated by the contact force peaks with width much larger than the particle size. Note that the agglomeration of force chains is well ahead of the formation of the nonuniform velocity profile that signifies the beginning of the particle clustering. Since the momentum alongside the stresses is being transmitted along the force chains, leaving the particles disconnected from the force chains, there are few chances to obtain the momentum. Particles connected by the strong force chains are supposed to move faster than those cut off from the contact network. Force chains thus act as the main channels of momentum at least in early times as suggested by the strong correlation between the Azimuthal distribution of contact density ρcontact and radial velocity Vr in the first millisecond as shown in Figure 21(a).
\n(a) Azimuthal distribution of contact density ρcontact and radial velocity Vr of particle ring at different times and (b) temporal evolution of correlation coefficient between ρcontact and Vr.
Force chains also play a major role in the elimination of weak jets caused by the dilating strong jets as demonstrated in Figure 22. With the incipient jets (composed of the red circles in Figure 22) moving ahead of the slow-moving particles (denoted by the green-dashed circles in Figure 22), velocity differences across the edges of the incipient jets retard any sustained contacts, leading to the weakened lateral confinement imposed on the jets. Therefore, nontrivial transverse flows occur along the edges of jet, the jet front flaring out significantly (see the middle panel in Figure 22). The lateral expansion of adjacent jets, especially the jet heads, squeezes the slow-moving particles in between (denoted by blue-dotted circles in Figure 22) establishing an intricate network of force chains therein (see the middle and bottom panels in Figure 22). The newly constructed force chains with the dominant transverse orientation hinder the radial transport of the momentum that is instead channeled along the transversely aligned force chains (see the middle panel in Figure 22). The growth of the burgeoning minor jets between two major jets is thus likely to be suppressed or even retarded. The minor jets composed of particles indicated by the dotted circle in the middle panel of Figure 22 are degraded to the slow-moving cluster. With the slow-moving particles increasingly lagging behind, more spaces are left outside the edges of jets, resulting in the intensified transverse flows along the edges. By contrast, the radial compaction leads to the enhanced radial resistance restraining the radial advance of the jet front such as illustrated in the bottom panel of Figure 22. At some point, the transverse flows along the edges of jets are expected to overwhelm the radial propagation. The edges of major jets curl outward toward the opposite directions so that the major jet splits into several subjets (indicated by the circles in the bottom panel in Figure 22). The subjets with the propagation direction deviating from that of the parental jet would undergo the same development described above until they are expelled from the outer surface.
\nIllustrations of the evolution of the jetting pattern as well as the contact network. The red circles, dashed-line filled circles and blue filled circles represent the fast-moving particles connected by force chains, slow-moving particles without effective contacts among them, and slow-moving particles connected by transversely oriented force chains, respectively [25].
Given that the suppression of weak jets by the strong jets is mainly responsible for the decrease of jet number, the decline rate of jet number, Vjet, decidedly depends on the spatial density of incipient jets, the perimeter of ring, and the transverse expansion of strong jets. The average spacing of initial jets varies little with Rin and p0, whereas decreases with decreasing packing density and particle size. The transverse expansion of strong jets strongly correlates with the radial propagation of jets that are driven by the impulsive loadings. Accordingly, stronger shock loading intensifies both the radial and transverse expansion of jets, hastening the suppression of the adjacent weak jets.
\nFigure 23 highlights the key events characterizing the formation and competitive growth of incipient jets. An excessive large number of strong force chains extruding into the bulk serves as the nuclei of incipient jets. The jets born earlier or showing stronger shear flows undergo considerable transverse flare up, annihilating the burgeoning weak jets. A substantial portion of initial incipient jets cannot survive the first instants of the phase II.
\nIllustration of key events dominating the formation (left) and elimination (right) of incipient jets.
Despite the resembling jetting pattern driven by the central explosion and radial shock loadings, the underlying mechanisms are fundamentally different as required by the distinct behaviors of particles subjected to strong blast waves and modest shock waves. In the former case, particle layers are compacted so tightly that they expand like the solids of the constituent materials. Thus, the (primary) particle jetting may well be understood from the continuum perspective since the hydrodynamic instability of interface, such as RT instability, fails to predict the jetting timescale comparable with the experimental data. Bulk fracture of compacted expanding particle layers becomes the promising candidate. The dynamic fragmentation theories of solids may well be applicable to the theoretical model of the explosion-driven particle jetting. But some major alterations need to be made to adapt these theories to the fragmentation of particle assemble. Since particles cannot sustain the tensile stresses nor have the surface energy, the fracture criterion of solids involving these two pivotal variables does not hold in particles. Experimental results suggest that the inception of particle jetting initiates shortly after the propagation of the rarefaction wave. This observation implies that the unloading of particles triggers the particle jetting. The fractures of solids mainly nucleate at the intrinsic flaws that determine the statistics of fragment size. By contrast, the dimension of flaws in particle system, namely the inter-grain pores, contradicts with that of particle jets. It is plausible to assume that the nuclei of the particle jets may well be brought in by a strong shock interaction. The implosion of particles causes dozens of shear bands across the thickness of particle ring with attrited grains [31]. Recent experiments also collected the sintered clumps of aluminum powders after the explosive dispersal of powders [32]. The heterogeneous thermodynamic activities occurring in the blast loaded particles, such as shear banding, should be the focus of the future study. A thorough understanding in this regard needs the rigorous examination of previous experimental data and development of adequate experimental and numerical techniques providing more direct evidences.
\nShock-induced particle jetting opens a fundamentally different domain but attracts relatively less attention compared with the explosion-driven particle jetting. This scenario offers an ideal opportunity to look into the transient particle flows. This chapter presents some preliminary investigations into this problem via both experimental and numerical methods. Much more work is needed to clarify the origin of the nuclei of incipient jets and the interplays between jets with varying strengths. In this regard, force chains play an essential role via introducing the inhomogeneity and modulating the jetting pattern.
\nBoth explosion-driven and shock-induced particle jetting exhibit the dual jetting structure, namely, the primary jets initiating from the inner surface and the secondary jets initiating from the outer surface of particle rings/cylinders/shells. The primary and secondary jets have fundamentally different size and occur in different times so that respective mechanisms are required. More importantly, distinct behaviors of particles subjected to strong blast waves and weak shock waves dictate different mechanisms underpinning the particle jetting in both cases. Accordingly, we adopt a continuum approach to model the explosion-driven particle jetting. Specifically, a destabilization model of expanding shell is proposed to account for the onset of the primary jetting. The secondary jetting can be described by a cavitation spallation model based on the expansion of hollow spheres. The timescale and characteristic size of primary/secondary jets predicted by theoretical models agree well with the experimental data. By contrast, the shock-induced particle jetting is studied via the DEM method, which can access the particle-scale information, such as particle velocities and contact forces. The investigation reveals a two-staged evolution of particle (primary) jets, the formation and competitive growth of incipient jets. The formation of incipient jets is characterized by the transition from the homogeneous flows to the localized shear flows. The ensuing evolution of incipient jets is accompanied by the substantial annihilation of weak jets and the multiplication of strong jets. The mechanisms underlying these two phases are found to be closed related with the network of force chains.
\nThe microorganism was used from the very beginning of the civilization in the agriculture and industrial processes even before their existence was well known. Production of fermented beverages, bread and vinegar are traditional processers practiced from the time of early civilization. Recent advancement in our understanding about the genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of fungi, has led the exploitation of fungi for preparation of different agriculture and industrial products of economic importance. All the environmental factors influence the distribution of the fungal flora of soil [1, 2].
The primary functions of filamentous fungi in the soil are to degrade organic matter and help in soil aggregation. Besides this property, bound species of Alternaria, genus Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Dematium, Gliocladium, Humicola and Metarhizium manufacture substance like organic compounds in soil and therefore could also be necessary for the maintenance of soil organic matter. Plant growth regulators and chemical fertilizers have been used to increase crop production [3, 4]. Application of chemical fertilizers to crop plants negatively affects human health and environments. Recent studies have focused on identification of alternative methods to enhance plant productivity and protect the soil. Soil borne microbes can enter roots and establish their population in plants as endophytes, and many plant-associated fungi are well known for their capacity to promote plant growth; however, the relationship between these microbes and plants is still uncertain [5]. Microorganisms have the ability to produce phytohormones, solubilize insoluble phosphate and convert complex organic substances to simple forms. Endophytic fungi have also been shown to impart plants with tolerance to salt, drought, heat and diseases [6].
The four endophytic fungi (GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, and GM-4) were tested for their ability to improve soybean plant growth under salinity stress conditions. The seed germination and plant growth were higher in seeds pretreated with endophytic fungal cultures than their controls. The positive influence of fungi on plant growth was supported by gibberellins analysis of culture filtrate (CF), which showed wide diversity and various concentrations of Gibberellic acids [7].
Application of rhizospheric fungi is an effective and environmentally friendly method of improving plant growth and controlling many plant diseases. Three predominant fungi (PNF1, PNF2, and PNF3) isolated from the rhizospheric soil of peanut plants were screened for their growth-promoting efficiency on sesame seedlings. Among these isolates, PNF2 significantly increased the shoot length and fresh weight of seedlings compared with controls. Analysis of the fungal culture filtrate showed a higher concentration of indole acetic acid in PNF2 than in the other isolates [8].
The fungal associations with plants influence the primary and secondary metabolism of plants at all developmental stages. Photosynthesis is an important primary mechanism, and the main source of energy for plants. Its efficiency is related to photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Leaf chlorophyll a was increased in fungi-treated plants more so than in the controls [9].
The fungi dominate in low pH or slightly acidic soils where soils tend to be undisturbed [10]. Fungi break down the organic residues so many alternative sorts of microbes will begin to decompose and method the residues into usable merchandise. Approximately 90% of all plants form symbiotic mycorrhizae fungi relationships by forming hyphae networks. Through mycorrhizae the plant obtains mainly phosphate and other minerals, such as zinc and copper, from the soil. The fungus obtains nutrients, such as sugars, from the plant root. This mutually beneficial relationship is called a mycorrhizae network [11].
Soil fungi can grow in a wide range of soil pH but their population is more under acidic conditions because of severe competition with bacteria at neutral pH. A majority of fungi are aerobic and prefer to grow at optimum soil moisture. The contribution of these organisms in biochemical transformation under excessive moisture is negligible [12].
The rhizosphere is a locality next to the basis dominated by soil microbes wherever several chemicals and organic chemistry methods occur. Soil fungi form up to 10–30% of the soil rhizosphere. The fungi ability to produce a wide variety of extracellular enzymes, they are able to break down all kinds of organic matter, decomposing soil components and thereby regulating the balance of carbon and nutrients for maintain soil health. This allows fungi to bridge gaps in the soil to transport nutrients relatively far distances back to the plants [13] (Tables 1 and 2).
Fungal species/strain | Plant type | Fungi-mediated response | Beneficial effects on plant species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
AM fungi | Dead vegetation in soil | Degrade of dead organic | Nutrient mobilization | [43] Hodge et al. (2001) |
Phanerochaete velutina | Wood | Decomposing wood | Phosphorus translocation | [44] Wells et al. (1998) |
Pleurotus sp. | Wood | Wood decay | Nutrient mobilization | [45] Cohen et al. (2002) |
Perisporiopsis lateritia | Leaves of Hevea sp. | Leaves decay | Nutrient mobilization | [46] Chaverri and Gazis (2010) |
Navisporus floccosus | Wood | Wood decay | Nutrient mobilization | [47] Phillips et al. (2012) |
M fungi | Pinus taeda | Decomposing organic matter | Carbon and nitrogen cycling | [48] Hoorman (2011) |
AM fungi | Vigna unguiculata | Mineral uptake | Improved nutritional status | [49] Yaseen et al. (2011) |
M fungi | Allium cepa | Plant growth | Improved nutritional status | [50] Albrechtova et al. (2012) |
Trichoderma sp. | Arabidopsis sp. | Auxins dependent mechanism | Higher biomass production and increased lateral roots formation | [51] Contreras- Cornejo et al. (2009) |
Trichoderma sp. | Agriculturally important crops | Biocontrol | Crop management | [52] Chalot and Brun (1998), [53] Harman and Mastouri (2010) |
Ectomycorrhizal fungi | Higher plant species | Phenolic compounds degradation | Plant protection | [54] Ha (2010) |
Ectomycorrhizal fungi and AM fungi | Agricultural crops | Stomatal physiology and water relation | Improved water potential status and increased photosynthesis rate | [55] Arnold and Engelbrecht (2007) |
Soil-beneficial fungi on different physiological and catabolic processes in various host plant species.
Agricultural application of fungi.
Soil is a primary source of fungal growth, and is associated with the roots of all plant species. Fungi produce a wide range of bioactive metabolites, which can improve plant growth [14]. In addition, fungi supply inorganic nutrients to plants, such as ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate [15] and they are used as biofertilizers. Rhizosphere microorganisms can overcome competition with other soil factors and survive under variable environmental conditions [16].
The microbes and plants along regulate several soil processes as well as the carbon cycle and nutrient utilization. Plant diversity and abundance might modification the complete soil scheme through the discharge of root exudates that attract or inhibit the expansion of specific organisms [17].
The saprophytic fungi of decay maintain the never-ending cycle of greenhouse emission that could be the most significant staple for plant chemical processes in nature. They additionally cause rot, decay, and decomposition of animal and plant remains emotional plant nutrients in an exceedingly type offered to inexperienced.
There are types of fungi they serve to suppress fungi inflicting the sickness disease of the seedlings and thereby influence favorably the expansion of crops.
Some fungi like Empusa sepulchrasis, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cordyceps melothac can be used to control some insect pests. Others parasitic to some insects particularly, some spore-forming ones. The fungi spores sprayed on the crop cuss to regulate them. Colorado potato beetles, citrus rust mites, and spittle-bugs of insect cuss that may be controlled exploitation fungi. These types of fungi form loops on their mycelium which traps and strangle nematodes as the attempt to pass through. They later absorb nutrition from the nematodes.
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi belong to theGlomeromycota. They are primitive fungi at the base of the tree for higher fungi (basidiomycetes). They turn out microscopic structures, or comparatively tiny sporocarps (truffle-like). Just over 200 species of these fungi are described, yet they are capable of forming mycorrhizal associations with the majority of plants. The word mycorrhiza is derived from the classical Greek word for “mushroom” and “root.” In a mycorrhizal association, the underground mycellium is in contact with plant roots, but without causing any harm to the plant.
Mycorrhizal fungi accountable in the rising growth of host plant species because of raised nutrient uptake, production of growth-promoting substances and tolerance to drought, salinity and synergistic interactions with other beneficial microorganisms [18]. The soil conditions prevalent in sustainable agriculture are likely to be more favorable to AM fungi than are those under conventional agriculture [19]. The AM fungi are widely distributed in natural and agricultural environments and have been found associated with more than 80% of land plants, ferns, woody gymnosperms and angiosperms and grasses [20].
Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are beneficial fungal organisms that share symbiotic association with many land plants. The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi have the potential to improve soil characteristics, thereby promoting plant growth in normal and stressful environments [21]. The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi colonization enhances plant growth [22] and changes the morphological, nutritional and physiological levels of plants to improve resistance against different abiotic stresses [23]. The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi inoculation protects Ocimum basilicum against salinity stress by improving mineral uptake, chlorophyll synthesis and water use efficiency [24]. Tomato plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi show an increase in the leaf area, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorous contents to enhance the plant growth rate compared to controls [25].
Fungi can be used to produce material of nutritive value such as vitamins, amino acids, and lipids to make it more nutritious and palatable. Mushrooms are cultivated to yield fruit bodies directly consumed as food and yeast cells, mold mycelium is grown in fermenters to produce single-cell protein which may be used as food.
Soil phosphorus is a critical factor in plant response and responses are generally better under low phosphorus levels. Host genotypes and fungal strains seem to influence the response of plants to inoculation. The worldwide field experiment has provided evidence to show that under marginal P-deficiency soils lacking in effective AM fungal endophytes increase in yield of wheat, maize, barley, potatoes, and cowpea. Increased uptake of zinc has also been shown in AM fungus inoculated peach, maize, wheat and potato in zinc deficiency soils. The AM associations related to increased uptake of sulfur and calcium, improved water absorption and tolerance of plants to water stress in citrus and avocado seedlings have also been noticed. There are also reports of increased levels of cytokinins and chlorophyll by AM fungus- infected plants [26]. Therefore, many researchers were trying to use alternative approaches based on either manipulating or adding microorganisms to enhance plant protection against pathogens. The useful microorganisms (antagonistic bacteria) (e.g., bacteria genus visible radiation, Bacilli subtilis) and fungi (e.g., AMF, Trichoderma) contend with plant pathogens for nutrients and house, by manufacturing antibiotics, by parasitizing pathogens [27].
The fungi form a symbiotic association with roots of higher plants, facilitating uptake of plant nutrients, particularly of those which are less mobile this association is known as mycorrhizal association [28].
There are two types of mycorrhizal association (i) Ectotrophic mycorrhizae and (ii) Endomycorrhizae.
Ectotrophic mycorrhizae
Ectotrophic mycorrhizae, where the fungus forms a mantle or sheath around the root surface and where the mycelium develops intracellularly. The fungi which forms this types of association are species of Boletus, Amenita, etc.
Endomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae, where the fungus develops intracellularly in the root without forming Hartig net. In this association the penetration of roots cells is characterized by the formation of terminal spherical structure called vesicular, which contain oil droplets and phosphorus. This type of mycorrhiza is called vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae.
The management of AM fungi is very vital for organic and low-input agriculture systems wherever soil phosphorus is, in general, low, although all agroecosystems can benefit by promoting arbuscular mycorrhizae establishment. Some crops that poor at seeking out nutrients within the soil passionate about AM fungi for phosphorus uptake. For example, flax, which has poor chemotaxis ability, is highly dependent on AM-mediated phosphorus uptake at low and intermediate soil phosphorus concentrations. Proper management of AMF in the agroecosystems can improve the quality of the soil and the productivity of the land. Agricultural practices like reduced tillage, low phosphorus fertilizer usage and perennialized cropping systems promote functional mycorrhizal symbiosis [29].
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecological restoration comes (phytoremediation) has been shown to modify host plant institution on degraded soil and improve soil quality and health. There is evidence to suggest that this enhancement of soil aggregated stability is due to the production of a soil protein known as glomalin [30]. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and is of agricultural significance particularly in the Phosphorus deficient soils where the where the phosphorus in the vesicle diffuses out into the cytoplasm and is taken up by the plant. Fungi belonging to the genera Glomus, Endogene form this association [31].
The mycorrhizas can be used to help plants overcome extreme environmental conditions, such as saline environments [32] and several AM species have been found living in saline habitats [33]. According to some estimates, around 50% of plants living near shorelines possess mycorrhizal associations in their root systems [34]. Similarly, several species of AM were discovered in salt marsh plants [35]. Even in very saline sites reaching more than 150 dS/m of electrical conductivity, there are species of AM that can survive such hostile conditions [36].
There are different mechanisms by which AM fungi can help plants cope with salt stress. For example, they can enhance soil nutrient absorption by plants [37, 38] showed that the addition of AM fungi to lettuce and onion plants resulted in increased accumulation of phosphorus under conditions of salinity stress. Furthermore, AM can affect the ionic balance of plants, especially about Na+ and Cl− [39].
Furthermore, the addition of AM to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under conditions of salinity improved anti-oxidant enzyme production, thus protecting cell membranes from damage. AM fungi can also improve the secretion of different types of hormones, one of them being abscisic acid. Mycorrhizal effects on hormones are important, as these hormones can enable plants to overcome many environmental stressed [40]. For example, inoculation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with Glomus intraradices induced enhanced levels of hormones in these plants under conditions of salinity stress and this, in turn, affected the regulation of stomatal closure. Salinity may also induce drought conditions for plants, so AM fungi may also help plants increase water uptake. The addition of mycorrhizas to leek (Allium porrum) increased the surface area of the roots, thereby increasing water absorption by the plants. The efficiency of water use in lettuce plants improved significantly with the addition of mycorrhizas under salt stress [41].
Rice is mostly cultivated under rain-fed conditions. The yield can be severely reduced when the water supply is insufficient, therefore drought is one of the major constraints for rice production. Rice has its mechanisms to drought stress, and they are also assisted by living soil organisms. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among one of the soil microorganisms that may enhance drought resistance of rice. It assists plants in uptake water and nutrients. It also plays roles in regulating plant hormones, as well as stomatal behavior under drought stress. Apart from that, intercropping is likely contributing to the improvement of drought resistance and AM fungi activity. Intercropping can enhance AM fungi colonization and improve the root morphology of rice which beneficial for drought resistance. Thus, this analysis aims to achieve a lot of insight regarding the mutuality between AM fungi and rice beneath drought stress. The study will focus on the effects of AM fungi on the growth of rice, rice hormones, water potential and the contribution of AM fungi and intercropping on drought resistance of rice. The mycorrhizal development still strongly stimulated the improvement of plant growth and increased plant survival under drought stress. AMF had shown to reinforce drought tolerance in numerous plants [42].
The fungi have been utilized for controlling insect pests. The microbial control of insect pests emerged 100 years ago. Insect is infected by fungi through the body surface and this property is different from the infection caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Fungi attacking insect are called entomogenous. The conidia of the insect attacking fungi are attached to the insect integument where they germinate and the germ tubes penetrate in insect body under optimum temperature and humidity. The fungus proliferates in the insect body and the insect body gets covered with mycelia and conidia. The newly formed conidia are dispersed and cause subsequent infections and the cycle is continued (Table 3).
Mycoinsecticide.
Based on the nature of fungal biocontrol agents the nematopathogenic fungi are of three types, nematode, trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys, Dactylella), endoparasites (Hirsutella, Meria) and highly specific egg parasites (Datylella). The common and commercialized myconematicide are Royal 300 R (Arthrobotrys robata), Royal 350 R (Arthrobotrys suporba).
The increased absorption of available nutrients from soil as the fungus changes root morphology, which result in the larger root surface available for nutrient absorption. Fungal filaments also act as the absorption surface and increasing the nutrient availability by solubilizing insoluble nutrients like phosphorus, which thus become available to plant and increasing the nutrient mobility due to faster intracellular nutrient mobility and mobilizing nutrients from the soil mass not visited by the roots system but traversed by the mycorrhizal hyphae. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protected plants by up-regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes and by regulating the synthesis of phytohormones, which might possibly interconnect the various tolerance mechanisms for cumulative stress response. The prominent effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against salinity was proven to be due to a restriction in sodium uptake by roots and to the homeostasis of nutrient uptake.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6091426454b1c484f4d38efc722d6dd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"193",title:"Pathology",slug:"medicine-pathology",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:12,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:366,numberOfWosCitations:78,numberOfCrossrefCitations:80,numberOfDimensionsCitations:177,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-pathology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9135",title:"Rare Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"607a44edc1c494df4d5d126af71ca89c",slug:"rare-diseases",bookSignature:"Zhan He Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9135.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226446",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhan He",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"zhan-he-wu",fullName:"Zhan He Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6790",title:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f74d43da90463b17a26bbf2fb7a09ed",slug:"fluid-and-electrolyte-disorders",bookSignature:"Usman Mahmood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183337",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",slug:"usman-mahmood",fullName:"Usman Mahmood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7009",title:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80148bd84e86e5fe1c7527637e8e3be8",slug:"hypoxia-and-anoxia",bookSignature:"Kusal K. Das and Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7009.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6297",title:"Histopathology",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"395c889b2d2cc4f452fe7e1ad8226fe4",slug:"histopathology-an-update",bookSignature:"Supriya Srivastava",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6297.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85273",title:"Dr.",name:"Supriya",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",slug:"supriya-srivastava",fullName:"Supriya Srivastava"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5906",title:"Pathophysiology",subtitle:"Altered Physiological States",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b277409ee570d9c47798ff5b42638603",slug:"pathophysiology-altered-physiological-states",bookSignature:"David C. Gaze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71983",title:"Dr.",name:"David C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gaze",slug:"david-c.-gaze",fullName:"David C. Gaze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6025",title:"Temporomandibular Joint Pathology",subtitle:"Current Approaches and Understanding",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6663d492aea23855b9fdcf753089981e",slug:"temporomandibular-joint-pathology-current-approaches-and-understanding",bookSignature:"Yusuf Emes, Buket Aybar and Gühan Dergin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5955",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",subtitle:"from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b371e3b8f0d78aa871934011fa0860c7",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",bookSignature:"Thomas Rath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67436",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",slug:"thomas-rath",fullName:"Thomas Rath"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2619",title:"Histopathology",subtitle:"Reviews and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe380d20a204de277654d4d89459cfc4",slug:"histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Enrique Poblet Martinez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2619.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157748",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Poblet",slug:"enrique-poblet",fullName:"Enrique Poblet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"788",title:"Topics in Renal Biopsy and Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff37da307f4471516e16d5801fbb9164",slug:"topics-in-renal-biopsy-and-pathology",bookSignature:"Muhammed Mubarak and Javed I. Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119854",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Mubarak",slug:"muhammed-mubarak",fullName:"Muhammed Mubarak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"733",title:"Muscle Biopsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d793e898675e9191a913e63cfebab37",slug:"muscle-biopsy",bookSignature:"Challa Sundaram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/733.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75812",title:"Dr.",name:"Challa",middleName:null,surname:"Sundaram",slug:"challa-sundaram",fullName:"Challa Sundaram"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"985",title:"Prostate Biopsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d821ee10598f9f1022eda0fe588f035",slug:"prostate-biopsy",bookSignature:"Nabil Kaddis Bissada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92564",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil K.",middleName:null,surname:"Bissada",slug:"nabil-k.-bissada",fullName:"Nabil K. Bissada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"287",title:"Liver Biopsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9856c3e2c382494e27f34c5264f50fd4",slug:"liver-biopsy",bookSignature:"Hirokazu Takahashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40534",title:"Dr",name:"Hirokazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",slug:"hirokazu-takahashi",fullName:"Hirokazu Takahashi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:12,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"18773",doi:"10.5772/20110",title:"Ishak versus METAVIR: Terminology, Convertibility and Correlation with Laboratory Changes in Chronic Hepatitis C",slug:"ishak-versus-metavir-terminology-convertibility-and-correlation-with-laboratory-changes-in-chronic-h",totalDownloads:33114,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy",title:"Liver Biopsy",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy"},signatures:"Gamal Shiha and Khaled Zalata",authors:[{id:"37453",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shiha",slug:"gamal-shiha",fullName:"Gamal Shiha"}]},{id:"18781",doi:"10.5772/19224",title:"Transient Elastography for Assessment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"transient-elastography-for-assessment-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2559,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy",title:"Liver Biopsy",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy"},signatures:"Ludovico Abenavoli",authors:[{id:"34117",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludovico",middleName:null,surname:"Abenavoli",slug:"ludovico-abenavoli",fullName:"Ludovico Abenavoli"}]},{id:"25595",doi:"10.5772/33534",title:"Generation and Use of Cultured Human Primary Myotubes",slug:"generation-and-use-of-cultured-human-primary-myotubes",totalDownloads:2954,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"muscle-biopsy",title:"Muscle Biopsy",fullTitle:"Muscle Biopsy"},signatures:"Lauren Cornall, Deanne Hryciw, Michael Mathai and Andrew McAinch",authors:[{id:"96027",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"McAinch",slug:"andrew-mcainch",fullName:"Andrew McAinch"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59286",title:"Surgical Approaches to the Temporomandibular Joint",slug:"surgical-approaches-to-the-temporomandibular-joint",totalDownloads:5359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"temporomandibular-joint-pathology-current-approaches-and-understanding",title:"Temporomandibular Joint Pathology",fullTitle:"Temporomandibular Joint Pathology - Current Approaches and Understanding"},signatures:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad and Maryam Sohrabi",authors:[{id:"172188",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeelinejad",slug:"mohammad-esmaeelinejad",fullName:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad"},{id:"240723",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabi",slug:"maryam-sohrabi",fullName:"Maryam Sohrabi"}]},{id:"41363",title:"Molecular Histopathology",slug:"molecular-histopathology",totalDownloads:6047,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances",title:"Histopathology",fullTitle:"Histopathology - Reviews and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Hussein A. Kaoud",authors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",middleName:null,surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}]},{id:"58358",title:"Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint: Diagnosis and Management",slug:"internal-derangements-of-the-temporomandibular-joint-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:2059,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"temporomandibular-joint-pathology-current-approaches-and-understanding",title:"Temporomandibular Joint Pathology",fullTitle:"Temporomandibular Joint Pathology - Current Approaches and Understanding"},signatures:"Ufuk Tatli and Vladimir Machon",authors:[{id:"203864",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ufuk",middleName:null,surname:"Tatli",slug:"ufuk-tatli",fullName:"Ufuk Tatli"},{id:"204401",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Machon",slug:"vladimir-machon",fullName:"Vladimir Machon"}]},{id:"58425",title:"Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Approaches and Recent Advances",slug:"inflammation-and-chronic-kidney-disease-current-approaches-and-recent-advances",totalDownloads:1503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Simona Mihai, Elena Codrici, Ionela Daniela Popescu, Ana-Maria\nEnciu, Laura Georgiana Necula, Gabriela Anton and Cristiana\nTanase",authors:[{id:"76152",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana",middleName:null,surname:"Pistol-Tanase",slug:"cristiana-pistol-tanase",fullName:"Cristiana Pistol-Tanase"},{id:"80114",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Anton",slug:"gabriela-anton",fullName:"Gabriela Anton"},{id:"215418",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Enciu",slug:"ana-maria-enciu",fullName:"Ana-Maria Enciu"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"223988",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Necula",slug:"laura-georgiana-necula",fullName:"Laura Georgiana Necula"}]},{id:"41355",title:"Ossifying Fibromas of the Craniofacial Skeleton",slug:"ossifying-fibromas-of-the-craniofacial-skeleton",totalDownloads:3180,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances",title:"Histopathology",fullTitle:"Histopathology - Reviews and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Bruno Carvalho, Manuel Pontes, Helena Garcia, Paulo Linhares and Rui Vaz",authors:[{id:"140061",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",slug:"bruno-carvalho",fullName:"Bruno Carvalho"},{id:"142266",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Pontes",slug:"manuel-pontes",fullName:"Manuel Pontes"},{id:"142267",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Linhares",slug:"paulo-linhares",fullName:"Paulo Linhares"},{id:"142268",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz",slug:"rui-vaz",fullName:"Rui Vaz"},{id:"142958",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"helena-garcia",fullName:"Helena Garcia"}]},{id:"62184",title:"Hyponatremia and Psychotropic Drugs",slug:"hyponatremia-and-psychotropic-drugs",totalDownloads:1011,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"fluid-and-electrolyte-disorders",title:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders",fullTitle:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders"},signatures:"Mireia Martínez Cortés and Pedro Gurillo Muñoz",authors:null},{id:"18778",title:"The Current Status of Non-Invasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis: Real Time Tissue Elastography",slug:"the-current-status-of-non-invasive-assessment-of-liver-fibrosis-real-time-tissue-elastography",totalDownloads:3115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy",title:"Liver Biopsy",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy"},signatures:"Hiroyasu Morikawa and Norifumi Kawada",authors:[{id:"34696",title:"Prof.",name:"Norifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kawada",slug:"norifumi-kawada",fullName:"Norifumi Kawada"},{id:"53289",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Morikawa",slug:"hiroyasu-morikawa",fullName:"Hiroyasu Morikawa"}]},{id:"62764",title:"Thyroid Nodules in Diagnostic Pathology: From Classic Concepts to Innovations",slug:"thyroid-nodules-in-diagnostic-pathology-from-classic-concepts-to-innovations",totalDownloads:841,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"histopathology-an-update",title:"Histopathology",fullTitle:"Histopathology - An Update"},signatures:"Ilze Fridrihsone, Ilze Strumfa, Boriss Strumfs, Andrejs Vanags, Dainis\nBalodis, Arvids Jakovlevs, Arnis Abolins and Janis Gardovskis",authors:[{id:"54021",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Strumfa",slug:"ilze-strumfa",fullName:"Ilze Strumfa"},{id:"159998",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnis",middleName:null,surname:"Abolins",slug:"arnis-abolins",fullName:"Arnis Abolins"},{id:"160000",title:"Prof.",name:"Janis",middleName:null,surname:"Gardovskis",slug:"janis-gardovskis",fullName:"Janis Gardovskis"},{id:"174929",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrejs",middleName:null,surname:"Vanags",slug:"andrejs-vanags",fullName:"Andrejs Vanags"},{id:"202252",title:"Dr.",name:"Arvids",middleName:null,surname:"Jakovlevs",slug:"arvids-jakovlevs",fullName:"Arvids Jakovlevs"},{id:"202253",title:"Dr.",name:"Dainis",middleName:null,surname:"Balodis",slug:"dainis-balodis",fullName:"Dainis Balodis"},{id:"203012",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Fridrihsone",slug:"ilze-fridrihsone",fullName:"Ilze Fridrihsone"},{id:"205692",title:"MSc.",name:"Boriss",middleName:null,surname:"Strumfs",slug:"boriss-strumfs",fullName:"Boriss Strumfs"}]},{id:"55576",title:"The Roles of Indoxyl Sulphate and p-Cresyl Sulphate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Therapeutic Options",slug:"the-roles-of-indoxyl-sulphate-and-p-cresyl-sulphate-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease-a-review",totalDownloads:782,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Melissa Nataatmadja, Yeoungjee Cho, Katrina Campbell and David\nW. Johnson",authors:[{id:"50425",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"183338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeoungjee",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"yeoungjee-cho",fullName:"Yeoungjee Cho"},{id:"205845",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Nataatmadja",slug:"melissa-nataatmadja",fullName:"Melissa Nataatmadja"},{id:"205846",title:"Dr.",name:"Katrina",middleName:null,surname:"Campbell",slug:"katrina-campbell",fullName:"Katrina Campbell"}]},{id:"41354",title:"Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors of the Central Nervous System",slug:"neuronal-and-mixed-neuronal-glial-tumors-of-the-central-nervous-system",totalDownloads:3810,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances",title:"Histopathology",fullTitle:"Histopathology - Reviews and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Mohammed M.A. Al Barbarawi, Mohammed Z. Allouh and Suhair M.A. Qudsieh",authors:[{id:"139562",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Barbarawi",slug:"mohammed-barbarawi",fullName:"Mohammed Barbarawi"},{id:"141645",title:"Dr.",name:"Suhair",middleName:null,surname:"Qudsieh",slug:"suhair-qudsieh",fullName:"Suhair Qudsieh"},{id:"154721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouh",slug:"mohammed-allouh",fullName:"Mohammed Allouh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-pathology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/119949/elie-cogan",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"119949",slug:"elie-cogan"},fullPath:"/profiles/119949/elie-cogan",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()