Classification of some papers.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3139",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks",title:"Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A wireless ad-hoc network is a wireless network deployed without any infrastructure. This includes wireless mesh networks, mobile ad-hoc networks, and vehicular ad-hoc networks. This book focuses on the most fundamental aspects of wireless ad-hoc networks. Topics include the design of the link layer for better performance, the study on routing protocols for higher efficiency, and practical issues in its application. These topics are crucial to build a foundation in design, implementation, deployment, and analysis of a wireless ad-hoc network. Main features include: General introduction to a wireless ad-hoc network, Performance comparison and improvement of medium access protocols, New routing paradigm and algorithms, Autoconfiguration schemes and related issues and Privacy in a vehicular ad-hoc network.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0896-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5721-2",doi:"10.5772/3438",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wireless-ad-hoc-networks",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5a8ce0920ae4a8c48e38a9bc60684aa1",bookSignature:"Hongbo Zhou",publishedDate:"December 12th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3139.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19655,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 3rd 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 24th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 19th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"154490",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"hongbo-zhou",fullName:"Hongbo Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/154490/images/system/154490.jpg",biography:"I received my Ph.D. degree in Computer Science & Enginnering from Michigan State University. My research interestes include mobile computing, network security, and applications of information technology. I received my M.E. degree in Computer Architecture & Organiztion and B.E. degree in Computer Science & Engineering in Xi'an Jiaotong University.\n\nI joined Dept. of Computer Science, Slippery Rock University in August 2005, and have been teaching courses in IT program, including Unix, HTML/CSS, JavaScript, PHP/MySQL programming, C++, system management, and computer networks. In my spare time, I am also interested in Java, Python, Shell programming, network security, database systems, DocBook, algorithms & data structures, computer graphics, electronics, etc. Other than that, I enjoy reading books, listening to relaxed music and classical music, watching documentaries, ..., and surfing the net.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Slippery Rock University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"540",title:"Wireless Communication Network",slug:"communications-and-security-wireless-communication-network"}],chapters:[{id:"41440",title:"Comparison of the Maximal Spatial Throughput of Aloha and CSMA in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks",doi:"10.5772/53264",slug:"comparison-of-the-maximal-spatial-throughput-of-aloha-and-csma-in-wireless-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:3418,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"B. Blaszczyszyn, P. Mühlethaler and S. Banaouas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41440",authors:[{id:"154985",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Muhlethaler",slug:"paul-muhlethaler",fullName:"Paul Muhlethaler"},{id:"155011",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartlomiej",surname:"Blaszczyszyn",slug:"bartlomiej-blaszczyszyn",fullName:"Bartlomiej Blaszczyszyn"}],corrections:null},{id:"41442",title:"A Distributed Polling Service-Based Medium Access Control Protocol: Prototyping and Experimental Validation",doi:"10.5772/53772",slug:"a-distributed-polling-service-based-medium-access-control-protocol-prototyping-and-experimental-vali",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yingsong Huang, Philip A. Walsh, Shiwen Mao and Yihan Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41442",authors:[{id:"156089",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiwen",surname:"Mao",slug:"shiwen-mao",fullName:"Shiwen Mao"},{id:"156126",title:"Mr.",name:"Yingsong",surname:"Huang",slug:"yingsong-huang",fullName:"Yingsong Huang"},{id:"156127",title:"Mr.",name:"Phillip",surname:"Walsh",slug:"phillip-walsh",fullName:"Phillip Walsh"},{id:"156128",title:"Dr.",name:"Yihan",surname:"Li",slug:"yihan-li",fullName:"Yihan Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"41449",title:"Graph-Based Routing, Broadcasting and Organizing Algorithms for Ad-Hoc Networks",doi:"10.5772/54146",slug:"graph-based-routing-broadcasting-and-organizing-algorithms-for-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Li Liu, Xianyue Li, Jiong Jin, Zigang Huang, Ming Liu and Marimuthu Palaniswami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41449",authors:[{id:"156008",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Liu",slug:"li-liu",fullName:"Li Liu"},{id:"166197",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianyue",surname:"Li",slug:"xianyue-li",fullName:"Xianyue Li"},{id:"166198",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiong",surname:"Jin",slug:"jiong-jin",fullName:"Jiong Jin"},{id:"166199",title:"Dr.",name:"Zigang",surname:"Huang",slug:"zigang-huang",fullName:"Zigang Huang"},{id:"166200",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Liu",slug:"ming-liu",fullName:"Ming Liu"},{id:"166201",title:"Prof.",name:"Marimuthu",surname:"Palaniswami",slug:"marimuthu-palaniswami",fullName:"Marimuthu Palaniswami"}],corrections:null},{id:"41426",title:"Probabilistic Routing in Opportunistic Ad Hoc Networks",doi:"10.5772/53997",slug:"probabilistic-routing-in-opportunistic-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Vangelis Angelakis, Niki Gazoni and Di Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41426",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41426",authors:[{id:"156295",title:"Dr.",name:"Di",surname:"Yuan",slug:"di-yuan",fullName:"Di Yuan"},{id:"157141",title:"Dr.",name:"Vangelis",surname:"Angelakis",slug:"vangelis-angelakis",fullName:"Vangelis Angelakis"},{id:"157143",title:"Dr.",name:"Niki",surname:"Gazoni",slug:"niki-gazoni",fullName:"Niki Gazoni"}],corrections:null},{id:"41427",title:"Reducing Routing Loops Under Link-State Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks",doi:"10.5772/53814",slug:"reducing-routing-loops-under-link-state-routing-in-wireless-mesh-networks",totalDownloads:2606,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Takuya Yoshihiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41427",authors:[{id:"13453",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",surname:"Yoshihiro",slug:"takuya-yoshihiro",fullName:"Takuya Yoshihiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"41429",title:"Review of Autoconfiguration for MANETs",doi:"10.5772/52687",slug:"review-of-autoconfiguration-for-manets",totalDownloads:2367,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hongbo Zhou and Matt W. Mutka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41429",authors:[{id:"154490",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",surname:"Zhou",slug:"hongbo-zhou",fullName:"Hongbo Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"41463",title:"Privacy-Preserving Information Gathering Using VANET",doi:"10.5772/53537",slug:"privacy-preserving-information-gathering-using-vanet",totalDownloads:2891,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"T. W. Chim, S. M. Yiu, Lucas C. K. Hui and Victor O. K. Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41463",authors:[{id:"13405",title:"Dr.",name:"Tat Wing",surname:"Chim",slug:"tat-wing-chim",fullName:"Tat Wing Chim"},{id:"13406",title:"Dr.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Yiu",slug:"s.-m.-yiu",fullName:"S. M. Yiu"},{id:"13407",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas C. K.",surname:"Hui",slug:"lucas-c.-k.-hui",fullName:"Lucas C. K. Hui"},{id:"13408",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor O. K.",surname:"Li",slug:"victor-o.-k.-li",fullName:"Victor O. K. Li"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"135",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Application - Centric Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",bookSignature:"Geoff V Merrett and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/135.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"137",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",bookSignature:"Winston Seah and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3628",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",subtitle:"Network Layer and Circuit Level Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design",bookSignature:"Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3628.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3125",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",surname:"Ait Fares",slug:"salma-ait-fares",fullName:"Salma Ait Fares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"136",title:"Smart Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"smart-wireless-sensor-networks",bookSignature:"Hoang Duc Chinh and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/136.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"97",title:"Cellular Networks",subtitle:"Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca45ba51c623c9aef3c0d25772413039",slug:"cellular-networks-positioning-performance-analysis-reliability",bookSignature:"Agassi Melikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/97.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23032",title:"Dr.",name:"Agassi",surname:"Melikov",slug:"agassi-melikov",fullName:"Agassi Melikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1938",title:"Advanced Wireless LAN",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4d4c069bc97e5c0ad97e60e023b6827",slug:"advanced-wireless-lan",bookSignature:"Song Guo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15566",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",surname:"Guo",slug:"song-guo",fullName:"Song Guo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9219",title:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80b5339ac7ae4b7a91fd4e71b4d468e5",slug:"recent-trends-in-communication-networks",bookSignature:"Pinaki Mitra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7322",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",subtitle:"Security, Architectures and Protocols",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db5ab870ec11f9d4d1ebb54c7dd6e2bf",slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",bookSignature:"Mutamed Khatib and Samer Alsadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutamed",surname:"Khatib",slug:"mutamed-khatib",fullName:"Mutamed Khatib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8662",title:"Data Service Outsourcing and Privacy Protection in Mobile Internet",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"697eadc7a3390023bb43d1d2406f0ebb",slug:"data-service-outsourcing-and-privacy-protection-in-mobile-internet",bookSignature:"Zhen Qin, Erqiang Zhou, Yi Ding, Yang Zhao, Fuhu Deng and Hu Xiong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8662.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"101193",title:"Dr.",name:"Hu",surname:"Xiong",slug:"hu-xiong",fullName:"Hu Xiong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67216",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11662",leadTitle:null,title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book aims to collect the state of the art of techniques and technologies for monitoring lentic and lotic environments so important for the ecological role they perform.
\r\n\r\n\tThe knowledge relating to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the still or slow-moving waters - the so-called "lentic environments": lakes, swamps, ponds - but also fresh and salty waters, are to be deepened. Contributions related to their interaction with lotic waters - streams, rivers - will also be well appreciated. All those elements useful to represent the quality of these environments will be considered and treated also in relation to the ecological role they play.
\r\n\r\n\tStudies based on observations made and aimed at forecasting transformations (understood as the evolution of environments over time) will be collected. We also want to collect contributions relating to the influence of the surrounding environment such as those due to human disturbance or even to causes of natural origin. In addition, also studies relating to the management of inland waters and related indicators to identify the more common problems of pollution. Finally, we also want to collect contributions relating to best practices (the most significant experiences, procedures, actions, or in any case those that have allowed the best results to be obtained in relation to the conservation of these environments) through intelligent, low-cost systems.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-537-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-536-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-538-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli and Dr. Claudia Campanale",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",keywords:"Sampling Techniques, Water, Soil, Sediments, Ecological Networks, Ecosystem Health, Remote Sensing, Remote Environments, Temporary Environments, Geodatabase, Sensors and Cameras, Open-Source",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 9th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 27th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 26th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"With a Ph.D. from the University of Foggia in Italy, Dr. Massarelli is an environmental technologist and expert in the development of Smart Technologies for water management, environmental monitoring, and integration of spatial data.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A pioneering researcher in monitoring emerging pollutants in environmental matrices and extreme environments, Dr. Camapanale received her Ph.D. degree at the University of Bari, Italy. Her multidisciplinary approach is based on analytical evidence integrated by a biological and ecological vision.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpfU1QAI/Profile_Picture_1640002411379",biography:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli (Environmental technologist at Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute)is an expert in the development of Smart Technologies for water management and environmental monitoring, characterization and monitoring of contaminated and degraded sites, integration of spatial data such as standard methodologies, interoperability and data infrastructures.\r\nHe is also an expert in Geographic Information Systems, database administration, programming and IT-related roles, maintenance and creation of geographic data (accuracy and quality), use of scripting, and building cartographic output applying the principles of cartography using open-source IT systems for the processing, analysis, and integration of remote sensing data with airborne and satellite sensors for thematic purposes.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"315745",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Campanale",slug:"claudia-campanale",fullName:"Claudia Campanale",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpiKlQAI/Profile_Picture_1640002388093",biography:"Dr. Claudia Campanale is a pioneering researcher in monitoring emerging pollutants in environmental matrices and extreme environments through a multidisciplinary approach and based on analytical evidence integrated by a biological and ecological vision. \r\nShe uses Py-GC-MS and micro FTIR techniques for purification and characterization methods. Her microplastic research is focused on identifying and quantifying persistent organic pollutants sorbed on microplastics to investigate the role of these contaminants of emerging concern as carriers of hazardous chemicals to marine environments.\r\nShe is an expert in analytical chemistry techniques such as HPLC-MS, GC-MS, ICP-MS to characterize and quantify pollutants (inorganic and organic) in environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment).\r\nHard work, dedication, and passion are the basis of research.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"58600",title:"Analysis of Transportation Modes by Evaluating SWOT Factors and Pairwise Comparisons: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72882",slug:"analysis-of-transportation-modes-by-evaluating-swot-factors-and-pairwise-comparisons-a-case-study",body:'The costs of transportation are considerable in supply chain management. There are several transportation modes such as air, rail, truck, water, and intermodal modes. An intermodal transportation mode consists of multiple modes of transportation (e.g., water and truck) being used. Analyzing and selecting the right transportation mode is a challenging task because there are several options to choose from [1].
Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located in the east of the country. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island is a beautiful island at the eastern tip of Nova Scotia. The population of the region was 101,619 in 2011. Figure 1 shows the map of Cape Breton Island and the surrounding areas. Cape Breton Island has a unique geography with accessibility to deep water (North Atlantic Ocean) through multiple ports, such as the port of Sydney. Sydney is a community in Cape Breton Island which is located on the east bank of the Sydney River.
Cape Breton Island (source: Google Maps).
Department of Transportation, New Brunswick [2], published a report about Atlantic Canada Transportation Strategy 2008–2018. Atlantic Canada includes Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. Strategic highways, railways, airports, marine ports, and ferry services have been identified in said report. Cape Breton Partnership [3] summarized the supply chain and business opportunities in the Strait Area/Mulgrave region of Nova Scotia. The area is connected to Cape Breton Island through the Canso Causeway. Logistics opportunities and recommended priority opportunities have been identified in the report.
There are some existing investigations into the transportation modes in Cape Breton Island. A majority of them have focused on one mode of transportation (e.g., rail) in the area without providing an overview of multiple modes simultaneously. The port of Sydney master plan has been defined in the Sydney Harbor, Nova Scotia report [4]. Interested readers are encouraged to refer to the executive summary of the report. In Governance Structure Port of Sydney report [5], new governance structure has been discussed. Besides, some recommendations related to the vision, mandate, financial sustainability, and transition plan have been provided. An overview of rail studies in Sydney subdivision has been provided in the Summary report [6]. The authors concluded that the loss of rail services is a serious concern for businesses in the area. Besides, the proposed container terminal can result in significant rail traffic and can lead to the reactivation of the railway. MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7] published a report about rail/truck shipping between Cape Breton Island and Mainland Nova Scotia. Rail and trucking rates, transit times (truck versus rail), as well as impacts of transloading and shipping by truck are all important parts of the report.
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) matrix is a well-known technique for conducting a strategic study. It includes determining the objective of the company or project and identifying the internal and external factors for achieving that objective. SWOT is helpful when used to convert weaknesses into strengths, as well as threats into opportunities. SWOT matrix has several applications including strategic decision-making applications [8, 9]. SWOT analysis originated from the work of business policy academics at Harvard Business School and other American business schools in the 1960s [10]. It involves systematic thinking and comprehensive analysis of factors related to both internal and external aspects for any organization, project, or individual [11, 12]. In recent years, SWOT matrix has been utilized in different fields and has provided a good basis for strategy formulation when used properly [13]. However, inadequate development when using SWOT analysis leads to ending-up with long lists of general, even meaningless and over described factors [14]. In addition, the results of SWOT analysis would be strongly dependent on the knowledge and capabilities of the experts involved because it is a subjective approach [14, 15].
Some papers which used SWOT analysis have been classified in Table 1. Dadvar et al. [16] evaluated dry ports by SWOT matrix. A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a center for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. Gao and Peng [11] developed a model for analyzing and ranking SWOT factors with nonhomogeneous uncertain preference information. They showed the application of the model by a numerical example. Bas [17] applied SWOT-fuzzy based method for the electricity supply chain in Turkey. Diakaki et al. [18] analyzed Vehicle Automation and Communication Systems by SWOT technique. They analyzed the problem from the motorway traffic management viewpoint. Rauch et al. [14] developed strategies for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe by SWOT matrix. They provided both country and regional level SWOTs.
Authors | Application | # S | # W | # O | # T | Total | Ranking the factors | Finding the strategies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amin et al. [8] | Supplier selection | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 | ✓ | ||
Arslan and Er [19] | Liquid chemicals | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 29 | ✓ | ✓ |
Bas [17] | Electricity supply chain | 2 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 15 | ✓ | ✓ |
Dadvar et al. [16] | Dry ports | 14 | 8 | 14 | 10 | 46 | ||
Diakaki et al. [18] | Vehicle Automation Systems | 16 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 52 | ||
Gao and Peng [11] | Numerical example | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 17 | ✓ | |
Kurttila et al. [15] | Forest case | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13 | ✓ | ✓ |
Rauch et al. [14] | Forest supply chain | 13 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 46 | ✓ | ✓ |
Sevkli et al. [20] | Airline industry | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 30 | ✓ | ✓ |
Shahabi et al. [21] | Steel industry | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 14 | ✓ | ✓ |
Shang and Pheng [22] | Construction industry | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 12 | ||
Our research | Transportation modes | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 55 | ✓ | ✓ |
Classification of some papers.
S, strengths; W, weaknesses; O, opportunities; T, threats.
To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive report or publication in the literature about transportation modes in Cape Breton Island using SWOT analysis. In this chapter, we provide a unique overview of transportation modes including air, rail, truck, water, and intermodal modes in Cape Breton Island. Then, we find and rank the SWOT factors by two methods. Finally, appropriate strategies are found. This research is the first investigation that applies SWOT to analyze transportation modes in this area. The results of this research will provide bases for future quantitative investigations in the region. In addition, this chapter introduces the steps for analyzing transportation modes of other areas and regions using pairwise comparisons in AHP method.
The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 provides summary of transportation modes in Cape Breton Island. In Section 3, SWOT matrix is introduced. In addition, the factors of the matrix are identified and ranked. Section 4 discusses the transportation strategies obtained from the SWOT matrix. Finally, Section 5 provides the conclusions and future research.
Transportation is defined as the movement of products from one location to another location. It also refers to shipping the products from the beginning of a supply chain to the end customers and or consumers. Since few products are produced and consumed in the same location, transportation proves to play an important role in the supply chain. Moreover, transportation costs are regarded as an important part of the total supply chain cost [1]. The following sections include the summaries of the information we have collected about different modes of transportation in Cape Breton Island.
There are three commercial airports in Cape Breton Island. They have been illustrated in Figure 2. The main airport is JA Douglas McCurdy Airport that lies just 20 min from the Sydney downtown business district. It is also located within easy driving distance to other key areas of Cape Breton Island. This airport provides flight services, which are operated by four airline companies. Air Canada operates five flights daily to Halifax and a year round daily flight between Sydney and Toronto, with worldwide connectivity. WestJet also provides a daily flight between Sydney and Halifax year round and another daily flight between Sydney and Toronto from May to October. Air St. Pierre currently offers two flights per week to St. Pierre from July to September and one flight per week during the rest of the year. Unlike other airline companies which just provide passenger services, Air St. Pierre also provides weekly cargo service to St. Pierre and Miquelon. In the past, Provincial Airlines executive air charter service, which travels throughout Atlantic Canada, Ontario, the eastern U.S. and Greenland [23].
Airports of Cape Breton Island (source: Google Maps).
The second airport is Margaree Airport, which is owned by the Inverness Municipality. The Inverness County has decided to upgrade this airport as a part of efforts to grow a tourism-based economy [24]. The third airport is Port Hawkesbury Airport that is located in the north of the town of Port Hawkesbury and a few minutes drive from the gateway of Cape Breton Island (Canso Causeway). It has the geographical advantage of being near the famous golf course (Cabot Link), fishing (Margaree River), as well as other interests on Cape Breton Island and the eastern mainland of Nova Scotia. This airport offers a large number of Biz-Jets, recreational flyers, medical and government flights during the year, as well as charter services which operate from Halifax or any other airport on the Atlantic Seaboard [25].
There are three controlled-access 100-series highways converging in the Sydney area, which are Highway 104, Highway 105 (Trans-Canada Highway), and Highway 125. These highways are in total 211 km of 45,456 roadways [5]. In Cape Breton Island, Highway 105 connects the gateway of the island (Canso Causeway) located in Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Port Hawkesbury has been shown in Figure 2.
According to a research by MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7], total annual volumes of truck traffic at two locations in Cape Breton Island were 50,759 units through Hay Cove (St. Peter’s) and 221,825 units through South Haven (Baddeck) in 2014. MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7] also pointed out that all rail users indicated that the conversion from rail to truck movements would be a factor of 1:3, which means 500 inbound carloads by rail in 2014 would convert to 1500 truckloads traveling between Port Hawkesbury and Sydney.
Most of the Sydney-area shippers transport the products by rail to Port Hawkesbury and use transloading at the Port Hawkesbury Paper (PHP) facility before completing the journey to Sydney by Truck. The transloading process would also increase shipping costs for the shippers. It would also be necessary for shippers to increase their capital costs and for PHP to improve their storage capacity [7].
For the area of Cape Breton Island, short haul trucking is available for both trailer loads and bulk shipping. In the research of MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7], some of the interviewees said that they are either using RST Industries (Irving Group) or Trimac to move resin from Moncton or Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Another firm used Atlantic Diversified Trucking System (ADTS) flatbeds to transport products from Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Figure 3 illustrates the roads surrounding the Sydney area.
Roads connect Sydney Mines, North Sydney, Sydney, Glace Bay (source: Google Maps).
The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) is the operator of a 245-mile short line railway between Truro and Sydney, with spurs at Stellarton, Point Tupper, and Sydney. This railway was primarily purchased by RailTex company in 1993, then RailAmerica company in 2000, and now it is owned by Genesee & Wyoming Inc. (G & W). The Sydney Subdivision, a portion of the overall Truro to Sydney line, comprises a 98-mile section between St. Peter’s Junction (at Point Tupper) and Sydney [7]. A part of the railway across Sydney River has been shown in Figure 4.
Railway across Sydney river in Cape Breton Island.
The railway was active regularly over the past years. According to a study conducted in 2003, there were 520 outbound carloads of cargo per year originating east of St. Peter’s. These carloads included transportation of some products such as steel, coal, logs, and scrap. There were 767 carloads of building supplies, scrap, bulk cement, petroleum products, resins, feed, logs, and intermodal cargo inbound at the same time [7].
Recently, traffic on the rail line has decreased. It had decreased to about 500 carloads in total by 2014, which led to the owners applying to the Nova Scotia Public Utilities and Review Board (UARB) to stop the rail service. Based on the estimates from Genesee & Wyoming, 10,000 return carloads per year is the breakeven point for the Sydney Subdivision. For the past 10 years, losses resulting from reduced traffic volume were offset by an annual subsidy from the Province of Nova Scotia [7]. The owner did not resubmit the application for a $3 million yearly government subsidy in 2015, and the railway between Port Hawkesbury and Sydney was to be abandoned based on the authorization of the Nova Scotia regulator in October 2015 [26].
Due to the shut-down of this section of CBNS railway, some manufacturers would encounter challenges related to transportation costs. They would have to try and find new ways to receive raw materials [26]. It is expected that the businesses engaged in the transshipment of building supplies destined for Newfoundland and Labrador, and the businesses involved in feeding grain to the Island, and transportation of round wood (logs) would be affected significantly by the shut-down of the rail line [7].
The Port of Sydney is situated on the East Coast of Canada. It is noticeable that it is the closest port in North America to the Suez Canal, Middle East, and India, as well as Europe. Its channel and sheltered inner harbor have the potential to handle the world’s largest ships and vessels and the Port is placed on direct shipping routes to Europe, the U.S., Asia, and South America. The routes have been illustrated in Figure 5. In addition, the Port of Sydney is noted as the “Gateway to the Great Lakes” and is the furthest point that lake freighters or “lakers” can go during the 3 months of the year when the St. Lawrence cannot be voyaged [5].
The potential routes for water transportation to Cape Breton Island through Suez Canal (sources: Google Maps, website of Novaporte).
Some studies show that the development of the port and related supply chains has a very good future and can provide more opportunities for the area. Insufficient investment in transportation infrastructure is the main challenge for the port development plan. It has been announced that Harbor-Port Development Partners (HPDP) have signed an agreement with one of the world’s famous port construction companies, China Communications Construction Company Limited (CCCC) for the design, construction, and ownership of a deep-water container terminal in Sydney. The goal is not only to build the terminal, but also to bring business opportunities for all of the area’s supply chain components [27]. As for the design and construction of Sydney’s container terminal, CCCC plans to take charge of all required infrastructures and related equipment [28].
Marine Atlantic Inc. plays a significant role in water transportation through Cape Breton Island. The company provides ferry services between the island of Newfoundland and the Province of Nova Scotia over two routes; the routes are shown in Figure 6. The first route is a year-round, 96 nautical mile daily ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Port aux Basques located in Newfoundland and Labrador. The second one is active from mid-June until late September because of the weather conditions. It is a 280 nautical mile tri-weekly ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Argentia in Newfoundland and Labrador. The company provides service to more than 300,000 people yearly with 6–8 h travel between North Sydney and Port aux Basques, and 14–16 h travel between North Sydney and Argentia. Besides these routes, it also carries more than 100,000 commercial units each year, of which more than 50% of all products are being transported to and from the Newfoundland Island. Recently, there is a competition between the area and Halifax to transport the products needed to Newfoundland and Labrador.
Water transportation from Cape Breton Island to Newfoundland and Labrador (source: Google Maps).
Truck transportation provides convenience to shippers in Cape Breton Island and has the ability to cooperate with other transportation modes well due to the highways, road conditions, and the flexibility of truck transportation. Especially after discontinue of rail way service, truck services gradually replace the role of rail service in Cape Breton Island. Port Hawkesbury, as the entrance of the Island from the (mainland) rest of Nova Scotia, plays a significant role in the development of the transportation aspect of Cape Breton Island.
Truck and water transportation modes in the Port of Sydney can be combined to promote the intermodal transportation of Cape Breton Island. This port is the gateway for all trucked cargo to and from Newfoundland and Labrador. Due to the condition of the highways, a full range of trucking services can provide an alternative to rail and water transportation modes.
There is a possibility of combining water and rail transportations in this area as well. The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) has discussed with HPDP recently about the possibility of providing future rail service on the line from Truro to Sydney, as a part of the deep water port development project in Sydney [28].
SWOT analysis is one of the most straightforward approaches that can be used in the analysis of a company’s strategic position. It includes factors of internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats [10, 14].
We propose the following steps to analyze transportation modes of areas and regions:
Step 1: identifying the SWOT factors: brainstorming, SWOT form, interview, and literature review can be applied to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats factors.
Step 2: ranking the factors: multifactor process and pairwise comparisons are utilized to rank the identified factors.
Step 3: calculating the average of the weights for each factor: the results of Step 2 are combined to obtain the average of the weights for each factor.
Step 4: transportation strategies: transportation strategies related to the identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region are defined by the experts.
In this section, we apply these steps to analyze the transportation modes in Cape Breton Island.
In this research, we have applied four methods including brainstorming, SWOT form, interview, and literature review to identify the SWOT factors. (i) Brainstorming: we discussed and analyzed the potential SWOT factors in group meetings. Each group included 4 or 5 people. At the beginning of each session, we provided some general information about the transportation modes using PowerPoint slides. We emphasized that this research focuses on business transportation, not public transportation. (ii) SWOT form: Table 2 shows SWOT form that has been designed based on tables of Rauch [29] and Rauch et al. [14]. In addition to this table, we have provided an example of a SWOT table adopted from Dadvar et al. [16]. The example was helpful to provide ideas for the people. (iii) Interview: we noticed that it is a challenging task for some individuals to fill out the SWOT form. As a result, we conducted some interviews to find SWOT factors. The goal was to explore views and ideas related to this research. (iv) Literature review: some publications about transportation modes in the area have been mentioned in Section 1.1. We reviewed those publications to find the SWOT factors. The identified SWOT factors have been written in Table 3. In addition, SWOT factors based on transportation modes have been illustrated in Figure 7.
Internal strengths | Internal weaknesses |
---|---|
What are the advantages of the transportation modes in the area? What is done well? What do others see as advantages of them? - Shipping between the area and Newfoundland and Labrador | What are the current disadvantages of the transportation modes in the area? What could be done better? What is actually done poorly? - Lack of rail services |
Which trends are affecting the transportation modes in the area? Which opportunities can arise from these trends? - Port of Sydney development plan | Are there any relevant future competition scenarios? What are possible barriers and relevant changes? Does a technology shift or a change in legal framework threaten the actual status? - Competition between the area and Halifax |
SWOT form.
Strengths | Weaknesses |
---|---|
Air | Air |
S1: Passenger and cargo services through Sydney airport | W1: Small scale of Sydney Airport |
Rail | W2: Limitations in flight destinations |
S2: Existence of railways | W3: High cost of passenger and freight transportations |
Truck | W4: Infrequent flight schedules |
S3: Several roads and highways | Rail |
S4: Operations of local companies with economies of scale | W5: Lack of rail services |
S5: Shipping of fresh and flash frozen seafood products by refrigerated trucks to USA | W6: High cost of upgrading railways and related infrastructures |
Water | Truck |
S6: Shipping between the area, and Newfoundland and Labrador | W7: Existence of one connection road to the mainland |
S7: Ice free Sydney harbor | W8: All roads and highways are not twin |
S8: Existence of cruise | W9: Poor highways maintenance |
S9: Geographical location of Port of Sydney | W10: Fresh food deliveries from Halifax to the area is limited in each week |
S10: One of the deepest harbors in North America | Water |
S11: Fully operational and well developed shipping pier | W11: Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments |
S12: Existence of greenfield site which is ready for port of Sydney development | W12: Different ownerships of Sydney harbor bottom |
Intermodal | W13: Cruise berth limitations in Port of Sydney |
S13: Land availability for projects development | Intermodal |
S14: Tourism transportation | W14: Poor public transportation options to the Halifax |
Air | Rail |
O1: Future development in the Sydney airport | T1: Lack of information sharing about the importance of railways in the community |
O2: Future development in Margaree and Port Hawkesbury airports to reach tourism destinations | Truck |
O3: Increased flights and better schedules | T2: Poor highway maintenance continues to reduce number of privately-operated tour bus services |
Rail | T3: Competition between local transportation companies and other companies |
O4: The possibility of buying and maintaining rails by external companies | Water |
O5: Future rail services | T4: Competition between the area and Halifax |
Truck | Intermodal |
O6: Standards improvement of highway construction to lengthen lifespan of road surfaces | T5: Decreasing trend in population of the area |
Water | T6: Weather conditions such as storm |
O7: Port of Sydney development plan | T7: Increase in the cost of fuel for motor vehicles and marine vessels |
O8: Relocating ice breakers to the port of Sydney | T8: Short-term limitations because of stricter emission standards and environmental issues |
Intermodal | T9: Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development |
O9: Potential transportation businesses related to Donkin coal mine | T10: Limitations of government funding and support for development of transportation modes |
O10: Shipment from larger vessels to smaller vessels in port of Sydney | T11: Older demographic in local areas |
O11: Technological innovations | T12: Policy of provincial government for infrastructure development in Halifax area and Sydney area |
O12: Growth of tourism industry in the region | T13: Limited high-speed internet outside municipal population clusters that limits economic development opportunities |
O13: New markets and businesses due to increased transportation modes | |
O14: Cost saving and less damages to the roads due to the existence of the rails |
SWOT factors.
SWOT factors based on transportation modes.
In this section, the five most important factors from each group (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) are selected and ranked. Two methods including multifactor process and pairwise comparisons are utilized to rank the SWOT factors. Then, the results are compared.
In the multifactor decision-making process, 3 experts (E1, E2, E3) assign scores for each SWOT factor. The scale includes 1–9 in which 9 means extremely important. Then, the numbers are combined and the averages and ranks are calculated. The results have been written in Table 4. Based on the rankings, “Geographical location of Port of Sydney,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development” are the main transportation factors in the area.
Strengths | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 5.33 | 3 | W3 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6.66 | 2 |
S3 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 2 | W5 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 6.33 | 3 |
S6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5.33 | 3 | W6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4.66 | 5 |
S9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7.33 | 1 | W9 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
S10 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 2 | W11 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
O3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | T4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5.33 | 5 |
O5 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 5.33 | 4 | T5 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 3 |
O6 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 3 | T6 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 5.66 | 4 |
O7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1 | T9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7.33 | 1 |
O12 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7.33 | 2 | T10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 2 |
SWOT ranking based on multifactor process.
Some studies have shown that pairwise comparisons can provide more reliable results than the multifactor process [30, 31, 32]. Pairwise comparisons are utilized in analytic hierarchy process (AHP) [30]. We used a scale that ranges from equally preferred to extremely preferred (1—equally preferred, 2—equally to moderately preferred, 3—moderately preferred, 4—moderately to strongly preferred, 5—strongly preferred; 6—strongly to very strongly preferred; 7—very strongly preferred; 8—very to extremely strongly preferred; 9—extremely preferred). Table 5 shows the results of the comparisons for strengths assigned by Expert 1. For example, the expert determines that S3 is moderately preferred to S2. Thus, she assigns 3.
Strengths | S2 | S3 | S6 | S9 | S10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 |
S3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
S6 | 0.5 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 |
S9 | 3 | 1/2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
S10 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 |
Column totals | 9.5 | 2.67 | 8.5 | 4.16 | 8.5 |
Pairwise comparisons by E1 strengths.
In pairwise comparisons method, we should check the consistency vector. Interested readers can refer to [31] for more information. Generally, the consistency ratio should be 0.10 or less. Otherwise, the results are not consistent and the expert should fill the tables again [31]. In this case, the results are consistent.
The process is repeated and the numbers are obtained based on the opinions of 3 experts (E1, E2, and E3) for other factors. The weights and the ranks have been written in Table 6. All consistency ratios are less than 0.10.
Strengths | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.117 | 5 | W3 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.190 | 2 |
S3 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.297 | 1 | W5 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.250 | 1 |
S6 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.137 | 4 | W6 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.177 | 3 |
S9 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.203 | 3 | W9 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.130 | 4 |
S10 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.250 | 2 | W11 | 0.20 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.250 | 1 |
O3 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.113 | 4 | T4 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.150 | 4 |
O5 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.193 | 3 | T5 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.250 | 2 |
O6 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.107 | 5 | T6 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.140 | 5 |
O7 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.380 | 1 | T9 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 1 |
O12 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.210 | 2 | T10 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.180 | 3 |
SWOT ranking based on pairwise comparisons.
There are some differences between the ranks of the factors in Tables 4 and 6. Pairwise comparisons method is preferred to multifactor process method when we do not feel confident or comfortable about determining the factor weights independently. In this paper, we calculate the average of the weights of two methods (normalized multi factor process and pairwise comparisons). The results have been written in Table 7. Most of the ranks are like Table 8. We observe that “Several roads and highways,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,”, and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development” are the main transportation factors in the region.
Strengths | M | P | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | M | P | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 0.167 | 0.117 | 0.142 | 5 | W3 | 0.225 | 0.190 | 0.207 | 3 |
S3 | 0.219 | 0.297 | 0.258 | 1 | W5 | 0.213 | 0.250 | 0.232 | 2 |
S6 | 0.167 | 0.137 | 0.152 | 4 | W6 | 0.157 | 0.177 | 0.167 | 4 |
S9 | 0.229 | 0.203 | 0.216 | 3 | W9 | 0.169 | 0.130 | 0.149 | 5 |
S10 | 0.219 | 0.250 | 0.234 | 2 | W11 | 0.236 | 0.250 | 0.243 | 1 |
O3 | 0.184 | 0.113 | 0.149 | 4 | T4 | 0.170 | 0.150 | 0.160 | 4 |
O5 | 0.163 | 0.193 | 0.178 | 3 | T5 | 0.192 | 0.250 | 0.221 | 2 |
O6 | 0.184 | 0.107 | 0.145 | 5 | T6 | 0.181 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 4 |
O7 | 0.245 | 0.380 | 0.312 | 1 | T9 | 0.234 | 0.270 | 0.252 | 1 |
O12 | 0.224 | 0.210 | 0.217 | 2 | T10 | 0.223 | 0.180 | 0.202 | 3 |
SWOT ranking based on combination of normalized multifactor process (M) and pairwise comparisons (P) methods.
Modes | Strategies | Related SWOT factors | Rank |
---|---|---|---|
Air | Improve flights schedules and develop air cargo businesses | O3, O12, W3, T5, T6 | 5 |
Rail | Increase the activities that lead to have the rail services | S2, S6, O5, W5, W6, T5 | 4 |
Water | Focus on port of Sydney development plan | S9, S10, O7, W11, T10 | 1 |
Truck | Improve the road conditions and develop new roads | S3, S6, O6, W9, T5, T10 | 3 |
Intermodal | Increase the investment in different modes of transportations | S6, O12, T4, T10 | 2 |
Transportation strategies.
The three experts were invited to think about the transportation strategies related to the identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region. Table 8 shows the five main transportation strategies that are suggested by them. The work of Andrews [33] made the idea popular that a good strategy means ensuring a fit between the external situation a firm faces and its own internal qualities or characteristics. The proposed strategies have some characteristics connecting them to the SWOT factors. The experts have determined the related SWOT factors. We utilize and combine the weights of the SWOT factors (Table 7) to find the overall weight of each strategy and find the ranks in Table 8. Based on the information given in Table 8, “Focus on port of Sydney development plan” is the most important transportation strategy for the area (Rank 1).
In this chapter, we have provided a summary of transportation modes (air, truck, rail, water, and intermodal) in Cape Breton Island. The summary is helpful to provide insight for future applied transportation projects in the area. Furthermore, we have identified SWOT factors including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region. This chapter is the first investigation that has identified the SWOT factors related to transportation modes in the area. We have selected 20 factors (out of 55) and have ranked them using two methods (multifactor process, and pairwise comparisons). Then, we have compared and combined the results. Three experts contributed in this process. Based on our analysis, the most important transportation elements in Cape Breton Island are “Several roads and highways,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,” and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development”. Finally, the appropriate transportation strategies have been discussed. This paper provides the steps to analyze transportation characteristics of any area or region.
In this chapter, the SWOT factors have been identified and ranked by the experts. It is valuable to consider uncertainty in this process by using different methods such as fuzzy sets theory and compare the results. In addition, analytic network process (ANP) can be applied in future investigations to rank the factors. ANP is a decision-making technique which structures the problem as a network.
Acrylic resins, which represented an important step forward in dentistry, have been used in manufacturing denture bases, artificial teeth, orthodontic appliances, maxillofacial prostheses, single-tooth or provisional restorations, as well as veneering materials, since the middle of the twentieth century [1].
Characterized by low density and thermal conductivity, good resistance to chemical solvents, acrylic resins became the most popular material for denture base fabrication because of the low fabrication cost, easy repair/reline, low weight, and aesthetical properties [2].
The most frequently used acrylic resins in dentistry are heat-cured. They seemed very promising at first, but, in time, it turned out that heat-cured acrylics had various shortcomings, such as poor resistance, dimensional stability issues, polymerization shrinkage, high degradation rate in wet environment, allergenic potential and citotoxicity due to the residual monomer, difficult processing, due to the awkward flasking and packing procedure (Figure 1) [3, 4, 5, 6].
Flasking and packing of heat-cured acrylic dentures.
Acrylic resin becomes porous and permeable after prolonged use in the mouth wet environment, also being prone to discoloration [7].
The consequence may be denture base fracture, allergic reactions, and improper seating [8].
The fracture of the acrylic denture base is a very common clinical problem, partly due to its complex geometry, which favors stress concentration in certain areas [9]. Most of upper denture base fractures are caused by fatigue and impact, whereas in case of the lower denture base, impact and low fracture toughness are the main causes [10]. One of the primary problems of acrylics is the impact failure when the denture is accidentally dropped on a hard surface and fatigue failure when the unfit denture base deforms repeatedly through occlusal forces [11].
According to literature data, 68% of the acrylic dentures break within a few years after fabrication [12].
Acrylics are also well known for their allergenic potential, their citotoxicity being mainly due to the residual monomer [13, 14].
The adverse reactions of the oral mucosa, in case of conventional acrylic resins, may also be induced by porosity (Figure 2), poor hygiene, degradation due to water sorption [15, 16, 17].
Porous acrylic denture base.
Inadequately cleaned dentures are subject to quick formation of a biofilm on their surface [18].
The anaerobic environment, characteristic under poorly cleaned denture bases, is associated with the proliferation of certain bacterial species, consequently leading to a pathogenic biofilm composition and inducing denture stomatitis by plaque accumulation (Figure 3) [19].
Microbial flora found on the denture base surface: a. candida hyphae, b. cocci, c. mucinous conglomerate, d.
The often contaminated dentures of elderly patients may finally result in affecting the general health condition [20].
The high relative humidity of the oral environment, constant contact of the denture with saliva, cold and hot food and drinks, enzymes, bacteria, and the varying pH levels can severely affect the physical and mechanical properties of the denture [21]. Dental base materials, and especially acrylic resins, are prone to water sorption, as they tend to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, which also leads to deteriorated physical and mechanical properties [22].
In order to overcome these disadvantages, various attempts have been made. One of the methods considered was gold plating, which has proved to increase the retention and overcome plaque accumulation. However, the method did not prevail, as the adhesion between the acrylic resin and the gold plated layer deteriorates and abrades.
Later on, reinforced acrylic resins, characterized by better resistance and low/none residual monomer, became available. Alternative polymer systems, such as polyamide, epoxy, styrene, acetal, polycarbonate, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or vinyl resins, have been experimented, with promising results [23]. However, the desired denture base material has not been developed yet.
There has been ongoing effort to enhance the strength and fatigue resistance of.
acrylic resins, by means of: reinforcement with the addition of filling materials, altering the chemistry of acrylic resins, and manufacturing alternative denture base materials [24, 25].
Previous studies have shown that favorable results in improving mechanical properties such as impact and transverse strength were overcome using various types of fillers such as glass, carbon, polylactic fiber, plyometric polyamide, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, aramid, rayon, ceramic particle (barium titanate, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, hydroxyapatite, titanium dioxide, and calcium carbonate), and metal plates or wires [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].
There are numerous studies focusing on the effect of glass fibers on the mechanical qualities of acrylic resins, which reported improvement of tensile and flexural strength and esthetic results [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39].
Different other materials have been used for reinforcement, such as viscose fibers, mica, juta, or vegetable fibers [40, 41, 42].
Alternative manufacturing technologies for acrylic resins, which aimed at obtaining high-quality dentures, were constantly developed, using dedicated materials. These technologies including casting, injection, light curing, microwave polymerization, CAD/CAM milling, 3D printing have been more or less utilized [43].
Thermoplastic and CAD/CAM milled acrylates have a high impact rating resistance, long-term stability, being characterized by a dense and smooth surface. It’s highly biocompatible, due to the absence of residual monomer, and has very good long-term stability because of limited water retention [44].
Acrylic resins have been one of the most common commercial materials used for the manufacture of 3D printed denture bases. However, there were some technical challenges that hinder the application of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), such as large shrinkage, low degree of one-time curing, poor mechanical strength, low bacterial resistance, etc., limiting their clinical applications [45].
Nevertheless, great progress has been made in manufacturing alternative resin materials with outstanding properties.
Urethane-based resins have no allergic potential, due to the absence of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups. Manufactured by light curing, full and partial urethane dentures do not need flasking, packing, and heat curing, which are time-consuming. The system is extremely efficient and consists of three wax-like types of resins: baseplate resin, setup resin, contour resin. A full denture base needs no more than 30 minutes to process, starting with complete setting of the master model. The “wax-up” is practically made on the denture’s light-cured base, and after try-in, esthetic and phonetic approval, the final conditioning and light curing are carried out (Figures 4–7) [46].
Baseplate resin before light curing.
Attaching the teeth to the cured baseplate, by using the setup resin.
Contour resin, overlaid on the baseplate, exposed setup resin and necks of the teeth, processed using the warm air gun to create a smooth surface.
Final light curing.
Thermoplastic denture base materials include different types of hypoallergenic resins: polyamide (nylon), acetal, PEEK, epoxy, styrene, polycarbonate, vinyl, their most prominent advantages being higher elasticity, toxicological safety, and use of heat molding instead of chemical polymerization, which prevents polymerization shrinkage and related deformation [47, 48].
Thermoplastic resins are monomer-free and consequently nontoxic and non-allergenic, with high biocompatibility. They provide better resistance, esthetic appearance, and lower weight, being much more comfortable for the patient [8, 49, 50].
Their manufacture implies injection by special devices (Figure 8), after preheating the material (at a temperature of 200–250°C), in granular form, wrapped in special cartridges (Figure 9), which prevents dosage errors. The technology excludes any chemical reaction [51].
Injection devices for thermoplatic resins.
Thermoplastic grain-like resins, wrapped in cartridges.
Thermoplastic materials are suitable for the manufacturing of removable partial dentures, which totally or partially eliminate the metallic framework and clasps, resulting in the so-called “metal-free removable partial dentures.” If desired, any combination of the metallic framework or clasps with thermoplastic resin saddles and clasps is possible (Figure 10) [52, 53].
Combination between thermoplastic resin saddle, metallic and acetal clasps.
Their indications include: removable partial dentures, preformed clasps, removable partial denture frameworks, temporary or provisional crowns and bridges, full dentures, orthodontic appliances, anti-snoring devices, mouthguards and splints [54].
Polyamides (nylon) are the condensation result of a diamine and a dibasic acid [55].
In 1950, they were introduced in dentistry, as an alternative to denture acrylic base, and are being characterized by different degrees of flexibility, depending on the type of polyamide. Their main indications include patients with tissue allergies, cases of retentive dental fields (which are normally problematic for the insertion and disinsertion of the removable partial denture), and repeated denture fracture, as they are unbreakable [56, 57]. A polyamide denture may be bounced off the floor without cracking its base.
The types of polyamides include superflexible polyamide (Figure 11), extremely elastic, and medium-low flexibility polyamide, a half-soft comfortable material.
Metal-free superflexible polyamide removable partial dentures.
The clasps may be manufactured of the same material as the denture base. In the case of medium-low flexibility polyamide, ready-made clasps may be used. Metal clasps are also an option. (Figure 12).
Superflexible polyamide removable partial denture with metal clasps (right after injection and ready-to-go).
Acetal resins, also known as polyoxymethylene, are formed by the polymerization of formaldehyde. They have been used in dentistry since 1986, as alternative materials for denture base and clasps (Figure 13). Characterized by superior esthetics, acetal resins have been useful for low-weight removable partial dentures framework manufacturing in allergic patients [58]. They show high impact strength and elasticity [59]. Acetal resins are also indicated for Kemeny-type single unilateral partial dentures, provisional bridges, splints, and orthodontic appliances (Figure 13).
Acetal framework and clasps; acetal splint.
PEEK is a ketone-based semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties, used in dentistry since 2002, for crowns, implant superstructures, fixed partial dentures, and removable partial denture frameworks and clasps (Figure 14) [60, 61, 62, 63].
Removable partial denture with PEEK framework and clasps.
PEEK is highly biocompatible, insoluble, lightweight, with superior resistance to wear and fracture and elasticity comparable to bone. It may be optimized by adding ceramic nanoparticles. The material may be injected (grains) at 400°C or milled (disks) using a CAD/CAM system (Figure 15) [44]. Recently, 3D printing using PEEK materials has been utilized. Direct-ink writing 3D printing uses soluble epoxy-functionalized PEEK (ePEEK) and fenchone, but the most widely used technique is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which requires increases in the nozzle and heating bed temperatures for PEEK materials [64, 65, 66].
CAD/CAM milled PEEK framework.
CAD/CAM systems, which enable manufacturing 3D objects, have been used in dentistry since 1980, at first for fixed prosthodontic restorations [67].
In the 1990s, the fabrication of removable prosthodontic restorations was attempted, using both 3D printing and milling technologies [68, 69].
They offer many advantages to both dentists and patients, such as reduced number of appointments and easily available spare dentures, as digital data are saved [70, 71, 72].
Compared with the traditional methods, the lab work can be completed more conveniently and cost-effectively. The high initial cost of the milling machine may be overcome by referring the data to a milling center, which will handle the actual manufacturing.
Currently, both CAD/CAM methods: substractive milling and additive printing, are being used for removable dentures manufacturing [73, 74]. By milling, the denture may be obtained as one item, teeth and denture base in a single body [75], or separate pieces, the artificial teeth requiring subsequent bonding to the denture base [76]. The latter is the most frequently used at present, as it allows using commercially available artificial teeth, with better esthetics and physical properties [77, 78].
In case of 3D printing, the light-curing resin used is quickly converted from a liquid to a solid under the action of ultraviolet or visible light. The emergence of nanomaterials provides a new way to improve the performance of 3D printed acrylics [79]. By incorporating TiO2, antibacterial effects have been obtained [80].
Cellulose nanocrystals were attempted to reinforce acrylic resins for 3D printing, with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties and no significant cytotoxic effect [81].
Light curing is a green technology and the main molding method involved in 3D printing of resin-based dental materials. When irradiated with light, the photosensitive resin undergoes stacking and curing [82].
It consists of three main technologies: stereolithogaphy, digital light processing (DLP), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The distinctive feature of DLP technology is the diversity of materials, from thermoplastics to resins and ceramics, even zirconia paste. FDM, one of the cheapest and most popular 3D printing technologies in dentistry, enables using polylactic acid, polycarbonate, polyamide, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers [83].
Besides full dentures and frameworks for removable partial dentures, 3D printing dental resins are also indicated for crowns and bridges, high-precision working models (Figures 16 and 17), splints, custom trays.
3D printed high-precision models.
3D printed working model for manufacturing a removable partial denture.
Long-term deterioration of acrylic dentures in the oral environment is still an unsolved problem. Their allergic potential, mainly due to the residual monomer, is well known. New choices of resins, with better properties compared with acrylics, have been constantly developed for dental applications. Alternative processing technologies, such as casting, injection, light curing, CAD/CAM milling, and 3D printing, have been aiming to improving their qualities.
Choosing the right material for manufacturing full or removable partial dentures is very important because it has direct effect on their characteristics and lifetime, especially in case of allergic patients.
The authors would like to thank Professor Cristina-Maria Bortun for her valuable contribution and support.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"17"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11461",title:"Advances in Nanowires Synthesis and Applications to Sensing Technologies \ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"94ce46811974b75b5efded35f161ea18",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Felix Kutsanedzie, Dr. Annavaram Viswadevarayalu, Dr. Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum and Dr. Isaac Asempah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11461.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"443651",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Kutsanedzie",slug:"felix-kutsanedzie",fullName:"Felix Kutsanedzie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11464",title:"Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Potential Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce526ec78ed00c4f5f08ffb4548ff388",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri and Prof. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11754",title:"Nanozymes - Simulation, Design, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d040dd70e3021d1c7da668be1263616",slug:null,bookSignature:"D.Sc. Rafael Vargas-Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11755",title:"Nanoclay - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b716126dd284217d47a657db8ae22ef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walid Oueslati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11755.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176192",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",surname:"Oueslati",slug:"walid-oueslati",fullName:"Walid Oueslati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11756",title:"Quantum Dots - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Contemporary Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11757",title:"Nanorods - Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fb27f444442e8f039b560beae93e6873",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tejendra Kumar Gupta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11757.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345089",title:"Prof.",name:"Tejendra Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"tejendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Tejendra Kumar Gupta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12259",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f170098e663d39a3431be01f1afeece8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Suresh Sagadevan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12259.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473599",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:7},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1237",title:"Theoretical Physics",slug:"theoretical-physics",parent:{id:"231",title:"Quantum Physics",slug:"quantum-physics"},numberOfBooks:11,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:198,numberOfWosCitations:289,numberOfCrossrefCitations:132,numberOfDimensionsCitations:231,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1237",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10205",title:"Quantum Chromodynamic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d9403b5c874f6e63b0686cd7c432e00",slug:"quantum-chromodynamic",bookSignature:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67836",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Szadkowski",slug:"zbigniew-piotr-szadkowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7788",title:"Progress in Relativity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"258de121f66ce548dbf7a88bc569b58e",slug:"progress-in-relativity",bookSignature:"Calin Gheorghe Buzea, Maricel Agop and Leo Butler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99400",title:"Dr.",name:"Calin Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Buzea",slug:"calin-gheorghe-buzea",fullName:"Calin Gheorghe Buzea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4503",title:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49ea5b364e379eac3ca7747bc170c217",slug:"selected-topics-in-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3513",title:"Advances in Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbea1c081216f267a4480707f4ead9cf",slug:"advances-in-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1861",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17f3d0e20293bdad1d8f4c760e6826b3",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1613",title:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9c6e9ac171d39eecb718608fb626430",slug:"theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1613.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2138",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3487ee0a57a3bb9087dcf65c25e1b73d",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2139",title:"Some Applications of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78dac0afd6b5ae98402487ae1f1e836f",slug:"some-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1615",title:"Advances in Quantum Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"292f0a763e50627eed224ef40ec75962",slug:"advances-in-quantum-theory",bookSignature:"Ion I. Cotaescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108083",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:"I.",surname:"Cotaescu",slug:"ion-cotaescu",fullName:"Ion Cotaescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1660",title:"Quantum Gravity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5e880374e06a33f8c90db6877074d51",slug:"quantum-gravity",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Sobreiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101446",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Sobreiro",slug:"rodrigo-sobreiro",fullName:"Rodrigo Sobreiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1635",title:"Advances in Quantum Field Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f85baa6050940f123e42742ad20e437c",slug:"advances-in-quantum-field-theory",bookSignature:"Sergey Ketov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106742",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:"V.",surname:"Ketov",slug:"sergey-ketov",fullName:"Sergey Ketov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:11,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30722",doi:"10.5772/37914",title:"Energy Distribution of EEG Signal Components by Wavelet Transform",slug:"energy-distribution-of-eeg-signal-components-by-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:3444,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"1861",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",fullTitle:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience"},signatures:"Ibrahim Omerhodzic, Samir Avdakovic, Amir Nuhanovic, Kemal Dizdarevic and Kresimir Rotim",authors:[{id:"104339",title:"MSc.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Avdakovic",slug:"samir-avdakovic",fullName:"Samir Avdakovic"},{id:"112941",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Nuhanovic",slug:"amir-nuhanovic",fullName:"Amir Nuhanovic"},{id:"114763",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Omerhodzic",slug:"ibrahim-omerhodzic",fullName:"Ibrahim Omerhodzic"},{id:"114765",title:"Prof.",name:"Kemal",middleName:null,surname:"Dizdarevic",slug:"kemal-dizdarevic",fullName:"Kemal Dizdarevic"},{id:"114766",title:"Prof.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Rotim",slug:"kresimir-rotim",fullName:"Kresimir Rotim"}]},{id:"29585",doi:"10.5772/33510",title:"Application of the Nikiforov-Uvarov Method in Quantum Mechanics",slug:"application-of-the-nikiforov-uvarov-method-in-quantum-mechanics",totalDownloads:7403,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1613",slug:"theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics",title:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Cüneyt Berkdemir",authors:[{id:"95927",title:"Dr.",name:"Cuneyt",middleName:null,surname:"Berkdemir",slug:"cuneyt-berkdemir",fullName:"Cuneyt Berkdemir"}]},{id:"47567",doi:"10.5772/59040",title:"Physical Vacuum is a Special Superfluid Medium",slug:"physical-vacuum-is-a-special-superfluid-medium",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"4503",slug:"selected-topics-in-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",title:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"V.I. Sbitnev",authors:[{id:"93881",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeriy",middleName:null,surname:"Sbitnev",slug:"valeriy-sbitnev",fullName:"Valeriy Sbitnev"}]},{id:"29089",doi:"10.5772/32810",title:'Theory of “Weak Value" and Quantum Mechanical Measurements',slug:"theory-of-weak-value-and-quantum-mechanical-measurement",totalDownloads:2733,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Yutaka Shikano",authors:[{id:"92796",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Shikano",slug:"yutaka-shikano",fullName:"Yutaka Shikano"}]},{id:"30734",doi:"10.5772/36747",title:"1D Wavelet Transform and Geosciences",slug:"1d-wavelet-transform-and-geosciences-",totalDownloads:4156,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1861",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",fullTitle:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience"},signatures:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul, Leila Aliouane, Mohamed Hamoudi, Amar Boudella and Said Eladj",authors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"},{id:"109460",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Aliouane",slug:"leila-aliouane",fullName:"Leila Aliouane"},{id:"136464",title:"Prof.",name:"Amar",middleName:null,surname:"Boudella",slug:"amar-boudella",fullName:"Amar Boudella"},{id:"136465",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Eladj",slug:"said-eladj",fullName:"Said Eladj"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29087",title:"Time as Quantum Observable, Canonical Conjugated to Energy",slug:"time-as-quantum-observable-canonical-conjugated-to-energy",totalDownloads:2844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Vladislav S. Olkhovsky, Erasmo Recami and Sergei P. Maydanyuk",authors:[{id:"92941",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Maydanyuk",slug:"sergei-maydanyuk",fullName:"Sergei Maydanyuk"},{id:"103668",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:"Sergeyevich",surname:"Olkhovsky",slug:"vladislav-olkhovsky",fullName:"Vladislav Olkhovsky"}]},{id:"29086",title:"Measurement in Quantum Mechanics: Decoherence and the Pointer Basis",slug:"quantum-measurement-decoherence-and-the-pointer-basis",totalDownloads:3972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Anu Venugopalan",authors:[{id:"101861",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Venugopalan",slug:"anu-venugopalan",fullName:"Anu Venugopalan"}]},{id:"70295",title:"Periodic Solution of Nonlinear Conservative Systems",slug:"periodic-solution-of-nonlinear-conservative-systems",totalDownloads:875,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Conservative systems represent a large number of naturally occurring and artificially designed scientific and engineering systems. A key consideration in the theory and application of nonlinear conservative systems is the solution of the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This chapter surveys the recent approximate analytical schemes for the periodic solution of nonlinear conservative systems and presents a recently proposed approximate analytical algorithm called continuous piecewise linearization method (CPLM). The advantage of the CPLM over other analytical schemes is that it combines simplicity and accuracy for strong nonlinear and large-amplitude oscillations irrespective of the complexity of the nonlinear restoring force. Hence, CPLM solutions for typical nonlinear Hamiltonian systems are presented and discussed. Also, the CPLM solution for an example of a non-Hamiltonian conservative oscillator was presented. The chapter is aimed at showcasing the potential and benefits of the CPLM as a reliable and easily implementable scheme for the periodic solution of conservative systems.",book:{id:"7788",slug:"progress-in-relativity",title:"Progress in Relativity",fullTitle:"Progress in Relativity"},signatures:"Akuro Big-Alabo and Chinwuba Victor Ossia",authors:null},{id:"29091",title:"A Statistical Derivation of Non-Relativistic Quantum Theory",slug:"a-statistical-derivation-of-non-relativistic-quantum-theory",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Ulf Klein",authors:[{id:"93912",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulf",middleName:null,surname:"Klein",slug:"ulf-klein",fullName:"Ulf Klein"}]},{id:"43922",title:"Unruh Radiation via WKB Method",slug:"unruh-radiation-via-wkb-method",totalDownloads:3211,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3513",slug:"advances-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Advances in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Advances in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Douglas A. Singleton",authors:[{id:"163082",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Singleton",slug:"douglas-singleton",fullName:"Douglas Singleton"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1237",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. Escribano",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGnzQAG/Profile_Picture_1633076636544",institutionString:"Consultant and Independent Researcher in Industry Sector, Spain",institution:null},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"216995",title:"Prof.",name:"Figen",middleName:null,surname:"Kırkpınar",slug:"figen-kirkpinar",fullName:"Figen Kırkpınar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMzxQAG/Profile_Picture_1625722918145",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"