Constants for transfer coefficients
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11534",leadTitle:null,title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tRenewable energy is playing an important role in today’s energy system. Moreover, the storage of renewable energy is becoming a very critical issue. This book aims to present a review of the latest advances in renewable energy resources, devices, and technologies. The different energy resources including solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, water energy, and hydro energy resources will be presented as well as the different devices used for collecting renewable energy. Storage systems used for storing renewable energy will be discussed including compressed air storage systems, flywheel storage systems, electrochemical storage systems, and chemical storage systems, as well as different types of batteries used for collecting renewable energy. We hope to cover new topics and issues related to renewable energy, new regulations of renewable energy for different countries, and the simulation related to energy storage systems and devices. The goal of this book is to include also experimental work related to renewable energy.
\r\n\t
Re-circulating cooling water systems are generally used to remove waste heat from hot process streams in conditions above the ambient temperature in many types of industries such as chemical and petrochemical, electric power generating stations, refrigeration and air conditioning plants, pulp and paper mills, and steel mills. Typical re-circulating cooling water systems are constituted by a mechanical draft wet-cooling tower that provides the cooling water that is used in a set of heat exchangers operated in parallel as can be seen in Figure 1. The economic optimization of re-circulating cooling water systems includes the simultaneous selection of the optimal design variables of the cooling tower and each heat exchanger in the cooling network, as well as the optimal structure of the cooling water network. The question is then how to reach this goal. Earlier work on cooling water systems has concentrated on the optimization of stand-alone components, with special attention given on the individual heat exchangers of the cooling water network. Other publications have dealt with the problem of designing minimum-cost cooling towers for a given heat load that must be dissipated (see Söylemez 2001, 2004; Serna-González et al., 2010). Most of the methodologies previously reported have concentrated their attention in the optimal synthesis of cooling water networks (see Kim and Smith, 2001; Feng et al., 2005; Ponce-Ortega et al., 2007). All previous formulations simplified the network configurations because they consider the installation of only one cooling tower; however, the industrial practice shows that sometimes it is preferable to use a set of cooling towers connected in series, parallel, and series-parallel arrangements to improve the performance of the cooling towers reducing the operational cost and, hence, to decrease the overall total annual cost for the cooling water system. In addition, previous methodologies do not have considered several arrangements for the cooling water that can improve the performance in the coolers and reduce their capital costs. Another limitation for the previously reported methodologies is that they are based on the use of simplified formulations for the design of cooling towers.
\n\t\t\tThis chapter presents an optimization model for the simultaneous synthesis and detailed design of re-circulating cooling water systems based on the superstructure of Figure 2. The model considers all the potential configuration of practical interest and the results show the significant savings that can be obtained when it is applied.
\n\t\t\tTypical cooling water system.
This section presents the relationships for the proposed model, which is based in the superstructure of Figure 2. In the next equations, the set NEF represents the cooling medium streams leaving the cooler network
The heat of each hot process stream (
Proposed superstructure.
are parameters with known values. The heat absorbed by the cooling medium in the matches is equal to the transferred heat by the hot process streams, where
A heat balance for each match of the superstructure is required to determine the intermediate temperatures of the hot process stream and the cooling medium as well as the cooling medium flowrate at each match. For problems with
where
Mass and energy balances are required to calculate the inlet flow rate and temperature for the cooling water to each stage. For the
To calculate the temperature of the bypass cooling-water stream of each stage (TOk), the following heat balance in the splitters is required,
\n\t\t\tNote that using the heat balance given in equation (4) is possible to know the inlet cooling medium temperature (\n\t\t\t\t\t
The above set of equations is necessary for
The following mass balance must be included for the first stage to determine the flowrate of the cold water provided by the cooling tower network to the cooler network, considering that only cold water is used in the first stage.
\n\t\t\tThe inlet temperatures of the hot process streams define the last location for the superstructure. In other words, the inlet temperature of the hot process stream
The outlet temperatures of hot process streams give the first location for the superstructure. Therefore, the outlet temperature of the hot process stream
In addition, the inlet temperature for the cooling medium (
To ensure a monotonically decrement for the temperatures through the stages of the superstructure, the next constraints are included. It is necessary to specify that the temperature of each hot process stream in the stage
The inlet cooling medium temperature to stage
The temperature inlet cooling medium to the cooling network must be less or equal than the inlet cooling medium temperature in the stage
Finally, the outlet cooling medium temperature in the match
Logic constraints and binary variables are used to determine the existence of the heat exchangers between the hot process stream
Here \n\t\t\t\t\t
Because the area requirements for each match (
where \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tEquations (18) and (19) are written as inequalities because the heat exchanger costs decrease when the temperature differences increase. Note that the use of binary variables allows the feasibility because if the match does not exist, the parameter \n\t\t\t\t\t
The flowrates (Fwj) and temperatures (Twj) of the cooling water streams that are directed to the splitters at the inlet of the cooling tower network are determined in the last stage of the cooler network. It is important to note that a problem with
The outlet cooling water stream flowrate from the cooling network can be sent to each tower of the cooling tower network (
the inlet water flowrate (
There is a loss of water in the cooling towers by evaporation (
while the drift loss of water is 0.2 percent of the inlet water flowrate to the cooling tower (Kemmer, 1988):
\n\t\t\tThus, for each cooling tower, the outlet water flowrate is given by the following expression:
\n\t\t\tand the outlet cooling tower flowrate (
The flowrate (
To avoid salts deposition, usually a little blowdown flowrate (
Note that the last term is the total drift loss of water by the air in the cooling tower network. Also,
but the cooling medium temperature in the outlet of cooling network (
To maintain the cooling medium flowrate constant in the cooling system, it is necessary a makeup flowrate to replace the lost water by evaporation, drift and blowdown,
\n\t\t\tNote that the total water evaporated and drift loss of water in the cooling tower network are considered. The flowrate required by the cooling network (
and the inlet cooling medium temperature to the cooling network is obtained from,
\n\t\t\tTo avoid mathematical problems, the recycle between cooling towers is not considered; therefore, it is necessary to specify that the recycle in the same cooling tower and from a cooling tower of the stage
The following relationships are used to model the design equations for the cooling towers to satisfy the cooling requirements for the cooling network. First, the following disjunction is used to determine the existence of a cooling tower and to apply the corresponding design equations,
\n\t\t\tHere \n\t\t\t\t\t
where \n\t\t\t\t\t
where
and the algebraic equations to calculate the enthalpy of bulk air-water vapor mixture and the water temperature corresponding to each Chebyshev point are given by,
\n\t\t\twhere
To calculate the available Merkel number, the following disjunction is used through the Boolean variable\n\t\t\t\t\t
Notice that only when the cooling tower
Values for the coefficients \n\t\t\t\t\t
The corresponding disjunction is given by,
\n\t\t\tUsing the convex hull reformulation (Vicchietti et al., 2003), previous disjunction is modeled as follows:
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t||
e=1 (splash fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\te=2 (trickle fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\te=3 (film fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | 0.249013 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.930306 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.019766 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.464089 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.568230 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.432896 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.653578 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.641400 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.782744 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.352377 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.292870 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.178670 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Constants for transfer coefficients
Values for the coefficients \n\t\t\t\t\t
where
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t||
e=1 (splash fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\te=2 (trickle fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\te=3 (film fill) | \n\t\t\t\t\t|
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t3.179688 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t7.047319 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t3.897830 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.083916 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.812454 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.777271 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-1.965418 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-1.143846 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t-2.114727 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.639088 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t2.677231 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t15.327472 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.684936 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.294827 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.215975 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.642767 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.018498 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.079696 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Constants for loss coefficients
The air-vapor flow at the fill inlet and outlet
where
where \n\t\t\t\t\t
where \n\t\t\t\t\t
If the arrangement is in parallel, the total fill height is equal to the fill height of the tallest cooling tower, but if the arrangement is in series, the total fill height is the sum of the cooling towers used in the cooling tower network. This decision can be represented by the next disjunction,
\n\t\t\tThis last disjunction determines the existence of flowrates between cooling towers. Following disjunction is used to activate the arrangement in series,
\n\t\t\there \n\t\t\t\t\t
If a series arrangement does not exist, then a parallel arrangement is used. In this case, the total fill height is calculated using the next disjunction based on the Boolean variable\n\t\t\t\t\t
The reformulation for the disjunction is:
\n\t\t\tNotice that when \n\t\t\t\t\t
Finally, an additional equation is necessary to specify the fill height of each cooling tower depending of the type of arrangement,
\n\t\t\tAccording to the thermodynamic, the outlet water temperature in the cooling tower must be lower than the lowest outlet process stream of the cooling network and greater than the inlet wet bulb temperature; and the inlet water temperature in the cooling tower must be lower than the hottest inlet process stream in the cooling network. Additionally, to avoid the fouling of the pipes, 50º C usually are specified as the maximum limit for the inlet water temperature to the cooling tower (Serna-González et al., 2010),
\n\t\t\there
The local driving force (
The maximum and minimum water and air loads in the cooling tower are determined by the range of test data used to develop the correlations for the loss and overall mass transfer coefficients for the fills. The constraints are (Kloppers and Kröger, 2003, 2005),
\n\t\t\tAlthough a cooling tower can be designed to operate at any feasible
The flowrates of the streams leaving the splitters and the water flowrate to the cooling tower have the following limits:
\n\t\t\tThe objective function is to minimize the total annual cost of cooling systems (
where
where the capital cooling network cost is obtained from the following expression,
\n\t\t\tHere
where
In addition, the operational cost for the cooling network is generated by the makeup flowrate used to replace the lost of water in the cooling towers network,
\n\t\t\twhere
where
This disjunction is algebraically reformulated as:
\n\t\t\twhere the parameters
This section shows the physical properties that appear in the proposed model, and the property correlations used are the following. For the enthalpy of the air entering the tower (Serna-González et al., 2010):
\n\t\t\tFor the enthalpy of saturated air-water vapor mixtures (Serna-González et al., 2010):
\n\t\t\tFor the mass-fraction humidity of the air stream at the tower inlet (Kröger, 2004):
\n\t\t\twhere
where
\n\t\t\t\t
For the density of the air-water mixture (Serna-González et al., 2010):
\n\t\t\twhere
Two examples are used to show the application of the proposed model. The first example involves three hot process streams and the second example involves five hot process streams. The data of these examples are presented in Table 3. In addition, the value of parameters
For the Example 1, the optimal configuration given in Figure 3 shows a parallel arrangement for the cooling water network. Notice that one exchanger for each hot process stream is required. In addition, only one cooling tower was selected; consequently, the cooling tower network has a centralized system for cooling the hot process streams. The selected packing is the film type, and the lost water is 13.35 kg/s due to the evaporation lost (75%), and the drift and blowdown water (4.89% and 20.11%), while a 70.35% of the total power consumption is used by the fan and the rest is used by the pump (29.64%). The two above terms represent the total operation cost of the cooling system; therefore, both the evaporated water and the power fan are the main components for the cost in this example. Notice that the water flowrate in the cooling network is 326.508 kg/s, but the reposition water only is 13.25 kg/s, which represents a save of freshwater of 95.94% respect to the case when is not used a cooling tower for thermal treatment of the cooling medium. The total annual cost is 468,719.906$US/year. The contribution to total annual cost for the cost of cooling network is 66%, while for cooling tower network and the pump are 31% and 2.96%, respectively. These results are given in the Table 4.
\n\t\t\tRespect to the Example 2, Figure 4 presents the optimal configuration, which shows a parallel arrangement to the cooling water network, while the cooling towers network is formed by a distributed system composed by two cooling towers to treat the effluents from the cooling network and to meet the cooling requirements. The selected fill is the film type, and the lost water by evaporation, drift and blowdown represent a 74.99%, 3.94% and 21.07% of the total water lost, respectively. Respect the total power consumption in the cooling system, the fan demands a 65.37% and the pump use a 34.62% of the total cost. The economical results are given in the Table 4. The optimal cooling system shows costs for the cooling network, cooling tower and water pump equal to 61.21%, 36.34% and 2.44%, respectively, of the total annual cost. In addition, for the case that only one cooling tower is selected, the total annual cost is 143,4326.66$US/year, which is 7% more expensive than the optimal configuration. The savings obtained are because the distributed system is able to find a better relationship between the capital cost and the operation cost, which depends of the range, inlet water flowrate and inlet air flowrate to the cooling tower network; therefore,
\n\t\t\tOptimal configuration for the Example 1
in the distributed systems there are more options. In this case, the use of freshwater by the cooling network is reduced by 94.92% with the use of the cooling towers. Other advantage of use a distributed system is that depending of the problem data just one cooling tower could not meet with the operational and/or thermodynamic constraints and could be necessary to use more than one cooling tower.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t|||||
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTHIN (ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTHOUT (ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tFCP (kW/ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tQ (kW) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\th (kW/m2ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t76.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t100 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t3660 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.089 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t82 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1320 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.845 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t108.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t400 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t25540 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.903 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t|||||
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTHIN (ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTHOUT (ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tFCP (kW/ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tQ (kW) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\th (kW/m2ºC) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t10000 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.089 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t75 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t100 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t4700 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.845 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t120 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t450 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t36000 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.903 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t90 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t300 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t13500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1.025 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t110 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t250 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t17500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.75 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Data for examples
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t468,719.906 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1,334,977.470 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t309,507.229 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t817,192.890 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t145,336.898 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t485,196.940 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t6,131.013 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t16,588.250 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t32,958.635 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t61,598.140 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t13,875.780 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t32,587.640 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t303,376.216 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t800,604.640 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t112,378.262 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t181,000.330 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Results for examples
Optimal configuration for the Example 2
This chapter presents a new model for the detailed optimal design of re-circulating cooling water systems. The proposed formulation gives the system configuration with the minimum total annual cost. The model is based on a superstructure that considers simultaneously series and parallel arrangements for the cooling water network and cooling tower network, in which the cooling medium can be thermally treated using a distributed system. Significant savings were obtained with the distributed cooling systems for the interconnection between cooling water network and cooling towers. Evaporation represents the main component for the lost of water (70-75%); while the drift and blowdown represent the 3-5% and 20-25%, respectively. The fan power consumption usually represents the 65-70% of the total power consumption in the cooling system; and the pump represents around the 30-35%. For re-circulating cooling water systems the costs of cooling network, cooling tower network and the water pump represent the 60-70%, 30-40% and 2-5% of the total cooling system cost, respectively. When re-circulating cooling water systems are used, the use of freshwater in the cooling network is significantly reduced (i.e., 95%).
\n\t\tNowadays, the quality of products, including services, appears the mandatory criterion that must be taken into account by companies all over the world. In order to better organize their activities, the companies design, implement, and then review business management systems.
ISO standards offer a framework that covers different areas and give companies support regarding the design and implementation of the management systems.
To ensure a certain degree of quality in all the levels and areas, the company designs and sets in place the quality management system (QMS), in accordance with the fundamentals presented in ISO 9000 [1] and the requirements given by ISO 9001 [2].
In the last decade, to have a quality system implemented in the company appears not enough to identify all the problems and solve them or to face in a reliable way the changing environment. After some time, the systems need to be evaluated in order to identify their performance. For realizing the self-assessment of the QMS, the standard ISO 9004 [3] comes in handy.
To offer a broader alternative to ISO 9004, the excellence models have been developed and reviewed to facilitate benchmarking and maturity level assessment in terms of performance [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. One of the most developed and used Excellence Model is the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model [4, 5, 6].
As the industry evolved taking into account the quality of products, processes, machines, and systems, another problem appeared that it is not covered in total by the tools used in order to analyze the performance (ISO 9004 [3] and Excellence Models [4, 5, 6]). The excellence models were the starting point of finding solutions for a sustainable development of companies.
In order to achieve sustainable development for a company, the three pillars, namely society (social responsibility), economic growth, and the environment protection, must be taken into account [9].
In 2010, ISO drafted and published the standard ISO 26000 [10] that offer companies’ guidelines considering two of the three pillars (society and environment). Its purpose is to harmonize the social behavior of enterprises worldwide [10, 11, 12].
An important item in sustainability is the establishing of key performance indicators and the manner in which they have to report them. To have guidelines for reporting, the Stitching Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and ISO have developed a framework for companies presented in GRI1 Foundation [13]. The next three standards cover the part of general disclosures [14], materials [15], and economic performances [16]. The first four GRI standards are applied in all fields.
Nowadays, searching companies’ websites, more and more companies exhibit their strategy in terms of customer focus and sustainability. Moreover, sustainability strategies are promoted to increase customer loyalty showing the approaches for sustainable development so as to harmonize stakeholders into more sensitive balance between environment – human – development – policies.
One may analyze the structure of ISO standards concerning quality management, i.e., the fundamentals (ISO 9000 [1]), the requirements (ISO 9001 [2]), and the guidance for sustained success that may be considered an assessment framework and tool for the QMS maturity (ISO 9004 [3]). The QMS principles are accompanied by possible actions, these actions being translated into requirements in ISO 9001 [2]. This means that one may not focus unbalanced on one or another component of the system, the whole, as a system, appears relevant, and all aspects should be considered irrespective of the priority order selected by the organization to address the fundamental through approaches.
Once implemented, the organization may step into the next level of performance, applying the self-assessment regularly in order to define improvement plans and act accordingly. In this context, ISO 9004 offers a maturity assessment tool [3] finalized with a radar diagram for better evidence of the areas with more potential or emergency need for improvement. Such a radar, together with the detailed maturity assessment, may be used by the management team (top and middle) as a prioritizing tool for the decision-making process.
If organizations maintain into the improvement cycle according to ISO 9001 requirements, certainly certain benefits may be reported on long term, but, in order to proactive reply to the global changes, ISO standards appear too basic to release organizational adaptability and people real engagement. The management team has the option to support improvement projects, even beyond the ISO requirements, such as motivating people through different mechanisms to balance professional to private life or involvement in community responsibility projects. On short term, the tangible effect may be more satisfaction and engagement of people.
Based on the experience of different contexts, in function of the organizational capability, a significant step ahead may be embracing extended fundamentals of an excellence model, such as EFQM [3, 4] or other similar business models. Table 1 presents in comparison the fundamentals showing the consistency in progression of these principles.
Quality management principles [2] | Fundamental concepts EFQM model [4] | Fundamental concepts updated EFQM model [5] |
---|---|---|
Achieving Balanced Results | Sustaining Outstanding Results | |
Customer focus | Adding Value for Customers | Adding Value for Customers |
Leadership | Leading with Vision, Inspiration & Integrity | Leading with Vision, Inspiration & Integrity |
Engagement of people | Succeeding through People | Succeeding through the Talent of People |
Process approach | Managing by Processes | Managing with Agility |
Improvement | Nurturing Creativity & Innovation | Harnessing Creativity & Innovation |
Evidence-based decision making | ||
Relationship management | Building Partnerships | Developing Organizational Capability |
Taking Responsibility for a Sustainable Future | Creating a Sustainable Future |
Comparison of fundamentals.
Once a sound management system set in place and a deep commitment of the management team for these fundamentals, the use of the excellence model framework is naturally adopted. Even more complex, more evidence-based, more refined, and in-depth interconnected, the excellence model offers to the management team the framework for assessment on a broader and more discrete perspective in order to define action plans for improvement. Similarly, but more complex, all fundamentals should be considered, each of them having corresponding criteria and subcriteria, and the same maturing assessment is proceeded, revealing finally the areas for improvement.
The difference, but the added value of the excellence model, lies into the more refined evidence research for more organizational cells and layers, seen in the progression of PDCA (Approach – Deployment – Assessment & Refinement) of the assessment so as to identify, prioritize, and implement sustainable approaches.
Even if the model changed the role from an assessment tool [4, 5] to a framework for defining the direction so as to cocreate together with others a sustainable ecosystem [6], in order to understand the capabilities and to address the necessary changes, the assessment grid (Table 2) is given for connecting to evidences while analyzing the reality, in order to define priorities for present and future.
Type of evidences | Attributes | Rating % |
---|---|---|
Lack of indicators Lack of procedures Interfaces undefined | No evidence or anecdotal/Unable to demonstrate | 0% |
Indicators set in place, but no monitoring and connection with the approaches Improvement plan drafted Procedures for critical issues Interfaces coordination in an unformal way | Partial Conformity/Some evidence/Limited ability to demonstrate | 25% |
Improvement plan documented and monitored Procedures/processes set in place, documented and functional Functional interfaces Rare or minor disruptive processes/few or minor non-conformities Monitored indicators as decision-making process threshold/framework | Effective/Evidence/Able to demonstrate | 50% |
Regular improvement of the documented processes Regular update of procedures for better and more fluent functioning Interfaces regular monitoring together with process stakeholders | Efficient/Clear evidence/Fully able to demonstrate | 75% |
Innovative approaches set in place Practices reference for benchmarking at global level Anticipation of needs and their evolution Committed and motivated actors Continuous learning from the implemented approaches to explore perceived opportunities | Excellent/Comprehensive evidence/Recognized as global role model | 100% |
Assessment grid for enablers.
Disruptive processes appear nevertheless in any environments and nowadays change, balance, technology, transformation may not be avoided; moreover, after a long period of stop-and-start, with direction research in the pandemic time, which revealed clearly that previous solutions should be reviewed and soundly transformed, a diagnostic of the entity’s reality is needed.
The RADAR tool has been developed on the basis of the Deming cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) but adding the organization’s reason of existence in the ecosystem, measured through the results composed by perceptions and outcomes/outputs/indicators, all of these benchmarked versus targets.
The assessment/diagnostic tool allows the management team to analyze in depth the working style in order to manage more effective and efficient, but to enable the strategy and plans definition in clear priority and consistent follow-up. The starting point is the results aimed to achieve, once determined, approaches are set in place to deliver these results, approaches become operational through deployments, and their effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability are assessed and refined. The assessment framework is detailed in Table 3 for enablers and Table 4 for results.
Element | Detail | Rating % | Organization reality | |
---|---|---|---|---|
What are the results aimed to achieve as follows the Strategy | Search evidence and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement | ||
Plan and develop sound and integrated | Sound—considering relevant stakeholders needs build Approaches with real rationale and define processes to support them | Search evidence and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement | |
Integrated—considering the Strategy to achieve the Results, build and connect the Approaches in a sustainable and synergetic structure | ||||
Implemented—approaches are implemented in relevant areas with time refinement based on the stakeholders present and future needs | Search evidence and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement | ||
Systematic—approaches are operational and enable resilience and agility; Approaches are planned and executed soundly | ||||
Measurement—regular measurements of approaches effectiveness & efficiency, regular measurements of effectiveness & efficiency of carried out deployments, appropriate measurements selected and regularly monitored | Search evidence and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement | ||
Learning and creativity—internal and external good practices/practices to avoid and improvement opportunities are internalized and valorized, approaches and deployments are updated with creativity | ||||
Improvement and innovation—outputs from measurements and learning and creativity are feeding evaluation, prioritization, planning and implementation of improvements and innovations | ||||
Summary per Enabler subcriterion | Consolidated rating | Strengths and Areas for improvement |
Radar assessment framework for enablers.
Element | Detail | Rating % | Organization reality |
---|---|---|---|
Results should be comprehensive, reliable, accurate and consistent with the strategy | Scope and relevance—performance seen as strategy to fulfill relevant stakeholders needs and expectations is demonstrated by coherent and sustained key results (KPI) | Search evidence in relevant areas and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement |
Integrity—results are accurate and reliable and ensure confidence | |||
Segmentation—to reveal meaningful insights | |||
Trends—sustained positive performance at least 3 years | Search evidence in relevant areas and assess | Strengths and Areas for improvement | |
Targets—are set and are consistently achieved, in line with the strategic objectives | |||
Comparisons—external comparisons are made and these are favorable, in line with the strategic objectives | |||
Confidence—the performance level will be sustained as enablers—results relationship is conditioned | |||
Summary per Result subcriterion | Consolidated rating | Strengths and Areas for improvement |
Assessment framework for results.
For a better understanding of how the day-to-day activity of the organization should be framed into the excellence assessment, some guidance is presented in Table 5. Current tools, developments, and ways of working may be associated to enablers, but the management thinking design should always be mirrored by the results (perceptions and outcomes) assessment and their evolution understanding, compared with targets and adequately/dynamically benchmarked. The cause-effect relation helps in understanding the “why” behind the organization’s approach, the “how” to deploy the approaches, and the achievements as a result, in practice the consequence of all these actions.
Enabler | Subcriterion | Possible approach | Possible deployment |
---|---|---|---|
Leadership | Leaders develop the Mission, Vision, Values, Ethics and act as models | Define the core business purpose for a sustainable future and consequently the Values and Ethics | Vision, Mission, Values are developed and integrated into the Strategy and communicated regularly to all stakeholders |
Define and review leaders code of conduct/agreed behaviors to explicit the leaders role model | Enable assessment, review, improvement of individual performance, mainly those of leaders | ||
360° Appraisal - evaluate leaders performance based on feedback from all levels of interaction top, down and lateral | Deploy a sound process of assessment of the individual performance so as to build a culture of trust and ethics | ||
Leaders define, monitor, review and improve the management system and the performance | Set strategic measures to monitor performance in line with the stakeholders needs and expectations, such as Balanced Scorecard | Management team assess progression against targets set so as to achieve the strategic goals; composite indicators are regularly analyzed as part of the decision process | |
Management board meetings for regular review and refinement in line with the business | Strategic objectives are cascaded into the reporting processes (financial, operational a.s.o) | ||
Leaders engage with external stakeholders | Regular contact of senior management with key customers, partners and community representatives | Define business to business strategic level and review it regularly in line with the strategic goals | |
Reporting and public communication, such as Sustainability report (UN Global Compact) | The reports content, format and circulation concern business key financial, environmental and societal progression, in line with international initiatives committed for, if the case | ||
Leaders reinforce the culture of excellence with organization’s people | Define the culture of excellence by adopting a business model in line with an excellence model, such as EFQM | Consider excellence as a reference in the planning processes; leaders actively involve people in improvements | |
Leaders ensure that the organization is flexible and manage changes effectively | Annual Board Meeting—the Board communicate the plans and gain support/commitment for their implementation | The management team agrees the strategic plans and gain support, if the case, from shareholders | |
Annual kick-off event—leaders communicate the overall strategy and the annual objectives | Leaders adopt organization’s objectives and cascade them to individual ones in their teams | ||
Strategy | Strategy is based on understanding both stakeholders’ needs and expectations and external environment | Understanding developments, opportunities, threats on the desired and current market | Relate market analysis with strategic partners, knowledge management and research and development, connect with academics a.s.o. |
Understand any updates concerning legal and regulatory compliance | Legal and operational teams should cooperate to identify and implement the regulatory and compliance framework and correspondent actions to set in place | ||
Strategy is based on deeply understanding internal performance and capabilities | Perform an in-depth self-assessment conducted internally or externally; Cross check with control systems results | Perform an in-depth self-assessment to identify priorities for the action plans; Consider objectively the organization’s capabilities | |
Strategy and policies are developed and updated to ensure sustainability | SWOT analysis may reveal internal and external perspectives (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) | Balance internal and external perspectives in strategy, policies and strategic plans | |
Strategy and policies are communicated and deployed/documented | Strategy mapping—strategy is geographically segmented and aligned with stakeholders’ expectations | Strategy maps may be communication tools and review tools for the management team to check performance and update the objectives, plans, processes | |
Cascade objectives—align personal and teams’ objectives although the organization with the strategic ones | Start from top level and progressively break down through functional streamlines and individuals; Connect individual objectives with internal communication and the appraisal process | ||
People | People plans are aligned with the organization strategy | People engagement rather than people satisfaction | Enable people’s contribution to their full capacity to the organization goals; Link people engagement to customer loyalty and key results |
Recruiting process—attract, evaluate and select new and potential talented people | Promote mobility, link to remuneration and benefits policies, adapt to the level of people to be recruited, third part/external service may be used | ||
Succession planning—identify potential successors for the key roles and prepare them adequately | Prepare business continuity planning on immediate and long-term perspective and review regularly the planning | ||
People’s knowledge and skills are developed | Appraisal process—assess individual performance and behaviors against a set of agreed objectives, competences, attitudes | Align organization’s overall objectives to people individual performance and objectives; Link to people survey and to performance related incentives (salary, bonus, promotion…penalty) | |
Personal development and training—align individual needs to competences needed for the role as derived by the strategic objectives | HR strategy is aligned to people capabilities, organizational needs to fulfill the strategic goals and the appraisal process; Training plans are drafted and implemented, results of training are assessed and valorized | ||
Management development programs and/or people certification | Talent management plans set in place; Staff certification for roles needing it or for professionals in industry/sector setting the requirement, eventually on regular basis | ||
People are aligned, engaged and empowered | Process improvement teams—improvement as culture in a structural process | Privilege cross-functional teams; Involve (experts) facilitators or include training to guide the process | |
5S—workplace and flows organization methodology | Empowering people to improve the workplace and the processes they are involved in; Facilitate processes’ standardization | ||
Objectives’ cascade—align individuals to strategic objectives | Connect to strategic planning process (ex-ante) and the appraisal process and people motivation policies objectively supported by people performance (ex-post) | ||
People communicate effectively throughout the organization | Internal communication—clear communication channels top, down, horizontal, inter-departments/units | Ensure a bilateral way of communication to support dialog and information transfer, based on needs of people and teams; Use surveys to assess the effectiveness | |
Electronic communication media | Encourage communication and networking through e-means (intranet, blogs, social networking a.s.o.), but maintain and valorize physical interaction, too | ||
Workers council | Develop a sustainable partnership with the workers’ structures, if any | ||
People are recognized, rewarded and cared for | Rewards and benefits | Develop a flexible benefit package aligned to overall HR strategy | |
Salary benchmarking | Screen the connection between people’s motivation incentives and benefit package in the region, industry, sector etc. (external service may be used) | ||
Health and safety | Implement legal and regulatory compliance in term of occupational safety and health; Bonus as medical insurance, welfare, facilities for family | ||
Partnership and resources | Partners and suppliers are managed for sustainable benefit | Suppliers’ selection criteria | Suppliers’ audits, assessment |
Establish, develop and manage relationship with partners | Partnership-related processes clearly defined, monitored and assessed; Partners’ performance reported (impact on KPI) and related to Strategy | ||
Finances are managed to secure sustained success | Budgeting process, with data in compliance to legal regulation, stock exchange a.s.o. | Ensure budget are aligned to strategic objectives; Budget allocations are cascaded and aligned with processes and reviewed, correlated with the Results | |
Procurement processes, lengths of supply chains | Responsible purchasing is a key for CSR strategy | ||
Buildings, equipment, materials and natural resources are managed in a sustainable way | Buildings’ policy and facilities management to ensure a safe working environment with all necessary facilities for achieving the Strategy | Effective management of sites, locations, outsourced facilities Assess people satisfaction Report sustainability Review the policies | |
Environmental management system Information security management system | Consider ISO certifications (ISO 14001, 27001 a.o.) | ||
Technology is managed to support strategy | Possible IT outsourcing Internal digital transformation processes | IT maintenance, support, other services IT policies aligned to strategic goal People training and support | |
Information and knowledge are managed to build operational capability | Knowledge management system Ensure data security, availability, integrity | Build a knowledge management system Capitalize the organizations’ knowledge | |
Processes, Products and Services | Processes are designed and managed to optimize the value for stakeholders | Process approach and risk-based thinking | ISO 9001 implementation/certification |
Lean Six Sigma | DMAIC to understand performance dynamics and identify improvement options Monitor customer experience | ||
Products and services are developed to create value for customers | Research and development | Sustainability issues, production techniques, end life cycle monitored, recycling, buy-back, research on as-used components | |
Focus groups to collect and generate new ideas, direct feedback | Involve customer in testing new products Collect regularly the Voice of Customer (VOC) | ||
Products and services are effectively promoted and marketed | Strategy of marketing / product launching, including target audience, value proposition, pricing, promotion | Clear definition of target audience; Use effective channels for reaching audience Assess the marketing campaign through the effective results | |
Products and services are produced, delivered and managed | Supply chain management to ensure effective delivery of products and services to customer | Connect CSR into the supply chain management | |
Customer relationships are managed and enhanced | Customer relationship management—a system set in place tracking contacts, accompanied details of expectations | Connect to product development, marketing-sales and performance indicators | |
Customer centers | Sometimes outsourced Dependent on customer strategy adopted | ||
Customer surveys, the most common tool to collect customer experience | Frequency, segmentation, use of results to drive improvements and review of strategy |
Guidance for enablers.
Considering the evolution of the industrial fields nowadays and the requirements stated by the standards and laws, companies have adopted more often the concept of sustainability. The sustainability development of a company is given by the three pillars of sustainability (see Figure 1): society (social responsibility), economic growth, and the environment protection. The three pillars are embedded within the company’s management systems.
Sustainability pillars.
Since the first pillar of sustainability—economic growth—has been defined, this has appeared important for companies to remain in competition in their field of activity. In order to maintain a constant economic growth, companies define strategic objectives and continuously implement these objectives in all areas of improvement identified using several types of performance models. This pillar may relate to the first two enablers presented in Table 5: Leadership and Strategy.
Second and third pillars of sustainability development cover the other three enablers presented in Table 5: people, partnership and resources, and some parts of processes, products, and services.
The three pillars are, also, reflected in the Business Continuity Plan of companies, plan required by the legal norms in each country. Every company must consider and establish possible actions to keep under control the impact on the society and environment in any given situation.
In order to support companies and harmonize their social behavior, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has created the standard “
The standard contains voluntary guidance, but it does not need a certification. Table 6 presents an example of steps that can be followed in order to implement the standard. Before implementing the ISO 26000, the most important step is to identify the stakeholders of the company and the impact they have on the social responsibility decisions that will be taken and implemented (see Figure 2).
Steps | Possible actions | |
---|---|---|
Plan | Identify the need benefits of implementing SR standard in the company | Establish the SR characteristics |
Identify the relationship between SR and sustainability | ||
Define the policy and the strategy | Identify stakeholders | |
Identify and create a common ground between the values of the company and the SR values | ||
Analyze the SR principles | ||
Analyze and identify the needed areas for the company considering the seven core subjects of SR | ||
DO | Integrate in the existing management system the SR requirements | Adopt the SR principles |
Establish the SR objectives | ||
Establish the KPI (key performance indicators) for SR | ||
State the action plan | ||
Implement the possible actions | Establish the way of reporting the KPI | |
Raise awareness in the company | ||
Integrate the action plan in the company systems | ||
Communicate and set the reporting means for all the stakeholders | Identify the most effective way of communication | |
Engage the stakeholders taking into account their impact on the company decisions regarding SR | ||
Analyze the SR influence | ||
Report the KPI established | ||
Check | Evaluate | Monitor the SR performance |
Analyze the data obtained | ||
Act | Improve | Identify possible action in order to improve the SR performance Track the improvements impact |
Implementation of the ISO 26000 standard.
Stakeholders.
The NEN Handbook “The implementation of SR – Best practices and tools for ISO 26000” offers a set of detailed free tools that can be used to implement the Social Responsibility (SR) in companies (see Table 6).
In order to implement the SR principles and objectives in the organization management, first of all, the relevant areas of interest correlated with the core subjects of ISO 26000 should be identified. In Table 7 are presented some relevant areas that can be important for different companies.
Core subject | Relevant areas of interest | Stakeholders |
---|---|---|
Organizational Governance | The application of the SR principles ensures an elevated level of organizational governance | The organization leaders Employers |
A joint effort is needed, considering the size of the Organization, to achieve the desired results associated with SR. | ||
The most effective mechanism to implement is to maintain the motivation of the stakeholders and to proper develop of the principles of Social Responsibility | ||
Human Rights | Establish transparent and effective complaint and redress mechanisms | The organization leaders Employers Customers Suppliers Society Local government |
“Equal rights for all employees and workers (such as gender equality) Strive for diversity in the employee group” | ||
Freedom of opinion and expression | ||
Contribution to economic, social and cultural rights | ||
“No child labor and no forced labor Freedom of association or collective bargaining “ | ||
Labor Practices | Contracts for employees with clear and correct mentions | The organization leaders Employers |
Equal and equitable opportunities for all employees | ||
Contracts with clear and fair mentions to subcontractors, suppliers and partners | ||
Protection of personal and private data of employees | ||
Social protection for employees | ||
Collaboration and openness to dialog with independent representatives representing the interests of employees | ||
Continuous communication with local communities or other local stakeholders | ||
Implementation of occupational medicine systems | ||
Emergency assistance | ||
Handling/Handling of Dangerous Equipment | ||
Preventive Medical Investigations | ||
Staff development and training plan | ||
Training program for new employees | ||
Environment | Respecting and promoting the following principles:
| The organization leaders Employers Customers Suppliers Society Local government |
Pollution prevention through management:
| ||
Sustainable use of resources through the effective use of the following:
| The organization leaders Employers Society | |
Climate change mitigation through effective management of greenhouse gas emissions, Reducing vulnerability to floods | The organization leaders Society | |
Valorization and protection of biodiversity | ||
Valorization and Sustainable use of land and natural resources Restoration of ecosystems | ||
Progress on ecological urban and rural development | ||
Fair Operating Practices | Clear rules regarding the accepted level of giving and receiving business gifts Respecting the local culture | The organization leaders Employers Costumers Suppliers |
Verification of certificates and declarations of origin | ||
Establishing rules and boundaries regarding political lobbying | ||
Similar level of information available to all providers and contractors | ||
Contracts including clear terms and fair prices in relation to suppliers and | ||
Honest pricing policy with suppliers | ||
Implement appropriate vigilance mechanisms | ||
Payment of fair compensation for intellectual and physical property rights | ||
Consumer Issues | Clear, honest and complete information about the products or services delivered and their impact. | The organization leaders Customers Employers |
Mechanisms for returning and withdrawing the product from the market. | ||
Reliable, accurate, and verifiable information about the impact of products/services on the environment, society or economy | ||
Adequate and relevant information on: product health and safety, possible negative impacts, maintenance, assembly or recycling. | ||
Products that can be recycled or repaired and reused | ||
Accessible and efficient customer complaint mechanism | ||
Mechanisms for proper installation, use, repair, maintenance, return and recycling | ||
Clear and fair guarantee and implementation mechanism | ||
Mechanism for resolving disputes, resolving disputes, and mediating at a minimum cost to consumers | ||
Transparent mechanism for obtaining, using, securing, and deleting personal data | ||
The right of the customer/consumer to verify personal data | ||
Protection policy for the provision of essential services to all consumers | ||
Education and awareness program for customers/consumers regarding the purchase conditions, comparison of key functions, impact of use, etc. | ||
Community involvement and development | Analysis of communities affected by core activities | The organization leaders Society |
Review of supporting the Millennium Development Goals or local development goals | ||
Education and learning program for communities | ||
Plan for respecting cultural traditions and protecting cultural heritage | ||
Participation in local and national skills development programs, including apprenticeships | ||
Plan for the direct creation of local jobs | ||
Collaboration with universities or institutions in stimulating and providing technology at accessible local conditions | ||
Providing fair opportunities for local suppliers and SMEs | ||
Fair fiscal policy | ||
Program to support communities with essential health care services, access to clean water, good sanitation | ||
Activities to stimulate the improvement of the infrastructure for transport, water, electricity, communications, etc. |
The core subjects from ISO 26000 [10].
Companies that have implemented ISO 26000 and monitor sustainability should annually report the key performance indicators they set. In order to do that, they can use the reporting framework given by the GRI.
Analyzing the common ground of the excellence models (EFQM) or sustainability, one may notice that for both approaches the companies must:
Set objectives considering the fundamental concepts that the company has adopted and internalized in the company’s culture
Identify KPI for both and then ways and tools to monitor them
Evaluate the performance on a regular basis
Report the results
Relaunch the cycle considering the performance and results versus the targets and comparing to the competitors when resetting the objectives.
Considering a company that adopted both excellence and sustainability concepts and codefined the company’s values starting from these fundamentals, one may propose the structure of the company’s management system looking similar to the Greek temple, as presented in Figure 3.
Company structure.
The foundation to build a surviving business may embed the fundamental concepts of excellence and sustainability, the pillars for maintaining the business in the global competition should arise from the two models, merging the enablers and the results of excellence with the criteria to assess sustainability, and finally, the company assesses and reports regularly the KPI and the other metrics in order to better comply with the values, to differentiate among competitors, and to better serve the stakeholders.
This work has been funded from the Erasmus + project “Boosting Sustainable Digital Education for European Universities (BoostEdU),” no. 2020-1-CZ01-KA226-HE-094408. The European Commission has no responsibility concerning the content of this deliverable.
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",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n\\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are high; thus negative impact on old buildings are likely to occur if appropriate measures are not taken in advance, when designing and constructing the tunnel. For deep tunnels with high overburden and low rock mass properties, squeezing conditions and excessive loads around the excavation can jeopardize the stability of the tunnel, leading to extensive collapse. The aim of the chapter is to give details on advance computational modelling and analytical methodologies, which can be used in order to design shallow and deep tunnels and to present real case studies from around the world, from very shallow tunnels in India with only 4.5 m overburden to a deep tunnel in Venezuela with extreme squeezing conditions under 1300 m overburden.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Spiros Massinas",authors:[{id:"295762",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Massinas",slug:"spiros-massinas",fullName:"Spiros Massinas"}]},{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4484,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]},{id:"66828",title:"Breathing Monitoring and Pattern Recognition with Wearable Sensors",slug:"breathing-monitoring-and-pattern-recognition-with-wearable-sensors",totalDownloads:3113,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"This chapter introduces the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, and the reasons for measuring breathing events, particularly, using wearable sensors. Respiratory monitoring is vital including detection of sleep apnea and measurement of respiratory rate. The automatic detection of breathing patterns is equally important in other respiratory rehabilitation therapies, for example, magnetic resonance exams for respiratory triggered imaging, and synchronized functional electrical stimulation. In this context, the goal of many research groups is to create wearable devices able to monitor breathing activity continuously, under natural physiological conditions in different environments. Therefore, wearable sensors that have been used recently as well as the main signal processing methods for breathing analysis are discussed. The following sensor technologies are presented: acoustic, resistive, inductive, humidity, acceleration, pressure, electromyography, impedance, and infrared. 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It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"24",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82676",title:"Electrospinning of Fiber Matrices from Polyhydroxybutyrate for the Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"electrospinning-of-fiber-matrices-from-polyhydroxybutyrate-for-the-controlled-release-drug-delivery-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105786",abstract:"The submission provides an overview of current state of the problem and authors’ experimental data on manufacturing nonwoven fibrous matrices for the controlled release drug delivery systems (CRDDS). The choice of ultrathin fibers as effective carriers is determined by their characteristics and functional behavior, for example, such as a high specific surface area, anisotropy of some physicochemical characteristics, spatial limitations of segmental mobility that are inherent in nanosized objects, controlled biodegradation, and controlled diffusion transport. The structural-dynamic approach to the study of the morphology and diffusion properties of biopolymer fibers based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is considered from several angles. In the submission, the electrospinning (ES) application to reach specific characteristics of materials for controlled release drug delivery is discussed.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Anatoly A. Olkhov, Svetlana G. Karpova, Anna V. Bychkova, Alexandre A. Vetcher and Alexey L. Iordanskii"},{id:"82600",title:"Impact of the Spreading of Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants on the Transfer and Bio-Availability of Trace Metal Elements in the Soil-Plant System",slug:"impact-of-the-spreading-of-sludge-from-wastewater-treatment-plants-on-the-transfer-and-bio-availabil",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103745",abstract:"The spreading of sludge from sewage treatment plants increased the production of durum wheat and rapeseed. Their richness in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium gives them a beneficial effect on crops. However, the application of the sludge can induce increases in the concentration of metals in plant tissues. This increase can generate disturbances at the level of the cell and organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, which can be altered. Repeated applications of the sludge on the same site tend to increase the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, so that an cause toxicities for soil microorganisms, animals, and humans, via the food chain. However, it is important to specify that these nuisances mainly concerned industrial sludge, but the use of this sludge is strictly prohibited. In addition, the high doses used in our field experiments are significantly higher than those authorized in agricultural practice. Finally, the risk assessment by calculating both the level of consumer exposure and the number of years for soil saturation shows that the use of urban sludge is safe, especially in the short and medium-term. Nevertheless, the quality of the sludge to be spread must be constantly monitored.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Najla Lassoued and Bilal Essaid"},{id:"81249",title:"Electrospun Polymeric Substrates for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Fabrication, Application, and Challenges",slug:"electrospun-polymeric-substrates-for-tissue-engineering-viewpoints-on-fabrication-application-and-ch",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102596",abstract:"Electrospinning is the technique for producing nonwoven fibrous structures, to mimic the fabrication and function of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissue. Prepared fibrous with this method can act as potential polymeric substrates for proliferation and differentiation of stem cells (with the cellular growth pattern similar to damaged tissue cells) and facilitation of artificial tissue remodeling. Moreover, such substrates can improve biological functions, and lead to a decrease in organ transplantation. In this chapter, we focus on the fundamental parameters and principles of the electrospinning technique to generate natural ECM-like substrates, in terms of structural and functional complexity. In the following, the application of these substrates in regenerating various tissues and the role of polymers (synthetic/natural) in the formation of such substrates is evaluated. Finally, challenges of this technique (such as cellular infiltration and inadequate mechanical strength) and solutions to overcome these limitations are studied.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Azadeh Izadyari Aghmiuni, Arezoo Ghadi, Elmira Azmoun, Niloufar Kalantari, Iman Mohammadi and Hossein Hemati Kordmahaleh"},{id:"82145",title:"Slope Casting Process: A Review",slug:"slope-casting-process-a-review",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102742",abstract:"Semi solid processing is a near net shape casting process and one of the promising techniques to obtain dendritic free structure of metals. Semi solid casting gives numerous advantages than solid processing and liquid processing. Semi solid casting process gives, Laminar flow filling of die without turbulence, Lower metal temperature, Less shrinkage, Less porosity, Higher mechanical properties. Semi solid casting process is industrially successful, producing a variety of products with good quality. Slope Casting process is a simple technique to produce semi solid feed-stoke with globular microstructure and dendrite free structure castings. Slope casting process depends on different process parameters like slope length, slope angle, pouring temperature etc. The present study mainly focuses on review of various explorations made by researchers with different process parameters of the Slope casting process and explain the mechanisms that lead to microstructural changes which leads to good mechanical properties.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Mukkollu Sambasiva Rao and Amitesh Kumar"},{id:"81861",title:"Emerging Human Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) in the Environment Associated with Outbreaks Viral Pandemics",slug:"emerging-human-coronaviruses-sars-cov-2-in-the-environment-associated-with-outbreaks-viral-pandemics",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103886",abstract:"In December 2019, there was a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city of about 11 million people in Hubei Province. The World Health Organization (WHO), qualified CoVid-19 as an emerging infectious disease on March 11, 2020, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which spreads around the world. Coronaviruses are also included in the list of viruses likely to be found in raw sewage, as are other viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. SRAS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater worldwide such as the USA, France, Netherlands, Australia, and Italy according to the National Research Institute for Public Health and the Environment. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 could infect many animals since it has been noticed in pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats, tigers, cattle. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 molecular characterization in the environment, particularly in wastewater and animals, appeared to be a novel approach to monitor the outbreaks of viral pandemics. This review will be focused on the description of some virological characteristics of these emerging viruses, the different human and zoonotic coronaviruses, the sources of contamination of wastewater by coronaviruses and their potential procedures of disinfection from wastewater.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Eya Ghanmi and Abdennaceur Hassen"},{id:"81797",title:"Study of Change Surface Aerator to Submerged Nonporous Aerator in Biological Pond in an Industrial Wastewater Treatment in Daura Refinery",slug:"study-of-change-surface-aerator-to-submerged-nonporous-aerator-in-biological-pond-in-an-industrial-w",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104860",abstract:"Daura refinery, with a capacity of 140,000 barrel per stream day as a refining capacity, wastewater discharged from refining and treatment processing units, polluted water as foul water, drainages, oil spills, blowdown of boilers and cooling towers, and many other polluted water sources, aims to remove pollutants and reject clean water to the river; wastewater treatment system takes place in this treatment process. Wastewater treatment system suffers from many problems and specifically biological stage; at this stage, activated sludge with bacteria, should be supplied with oxygen, aeration system done by surface aerators with four surface fans; these fans suffer from high vibration, loss support, and in consequence, lack in oxygen supply to aerobic bacteria less than 4 ppm. The nonporous aerator is suggested as an oxygen source for the biological pool. The pilot plant builds the aim to study the ability to apply the new aeration system at the biological pool, pilot plant build with 1 cubic meter capacity tank and continuous overflow of wastewater of 10 liters.min−1, air injected with the pressure of (0.5–0.75) bar(g), and airflow of (7.6–9.7) liter.min−1 respectively. Oxygen concentration was recorded as (3.4–6.0) ppm; in terms of consumption power, changing the aeration system reduces it to less than 20%.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Omar M. Waheeb, Mohanad Mahmood Salman and Rand Qusay Kadhim"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:27},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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