\r\n\tDespite enormous efforts, crop production is compromised due to a number of biotic and abiotic factors hence, the crop demands more attention of breeders, geneticists, biotechnologies, and farmers to improve its sustainable production. Modern approaches like next-generation sequencing, proteogenomics, and genetic engineering provide a wider scope for breeders, geneticists, physiologists, biotechnologists, genomicists, and agronomists for genetic improvement, production, weed, pests, and disease management.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will provide a broader platform to discuss issues, advancement in the technologies, and solutions to the problems of the sugarcane industry. Hence, the key features of the book that will broadly be, but not be limited to:
\r\n\t * Production Technology and Advancements
\r\n\t * Breeding and Molecular Breeding
\r\n\t * Tissue Culture and propagation
\r\n\t * Pests and Diseases and their Management
\r\n\t * Genomics, Genetics, and Biotechnology
\r\n\t * Whole-Genome Sequencing and QTL mapping
\r\n\t * Genetic transformation and trait development, etc
",isbn:"978-1-83968-936-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-935-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-937-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7016e06fe42b55cf41818b7947bf9e5",bookSignature:"Prof. Muhammad Sarwar Khan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10364.jpg",keywords:"Sugarcane, Biotechnology, Production, Breeding, Genotyping, DNA-Based Molecular Markers, Salinity, Drought, Insects, Disease, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management, DNA Markers",numberOfDownloads:30,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 29th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 16th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 15th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A leading plant biotechnologist who innovated expression of oxygen-loving green fluorescent protein (GFP) in plant chloroplasts and pioneered plastid transformation in rice and sugarcane. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge, UK and he has published over 100 articles in high impact journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212511/images/system/212511.jpg",biography:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan is currently serving as Professor and Director at the Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. He has earned his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Horticulture with a major thesis on Citrus Tissue Culture. Mr. Khan earned his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge, UK. Afterward, the Rockefeller foundation fellowship under a Biotechnology Program for Developing Countries to research at the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, USA was awarded to him. His first-of-its-kind research was published in Nature Biotechnology. Dr. Khan has served as the founding group leader of Chloroplast Transformation and Biopharming, and as the head of the Biotech Interdisciplinary Division at NIBGE. Dr. Khan has supervised more than 100 Ph.D., M-Phil students, and researchers. He has published more than 100 articles in high impact journals, including Nature, and is the author of several book chapters and books. Dr. Khan also pioneered plastid transformation in rice and sugarcane, recalcitrant plant species. He has also knocked out several genes from the chloroplast genome of higher plants. His current research interests include the development of edible-marker-carrying transgenics, cost-effective therapeutics, and edible vaccines for animals. Further, his research group is carrying out research projects, in collaboration or alone, on genetic improvement of field and horticultural crops. Furthermore, his research group is working on various projects like whole-genome sequencing, proteogenomics, etc. Dr. Khan Dr. Khan has received prestigious national and international awards and is on the Editorial Boards of several international scientific journals.",institutionString:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"75041",title:"Sugarcane Breeding for Enhanced Fiber and Its Impacts on Industrial Processes",slug:"sugarcane-breeding-for-enhanced-fiber-and-its-impacts-on-industrial-processes",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6976",title:"Transgenic Crops",subtitle:"Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aeeada103a0669c03443a17648263066",slug:"transgenic-crops-emerging-trends-and-future-perspectives",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6976.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31468",title:"Magnetohydrodynamic Rotating Flow of a Fourth Grade Fluid Between Two Parallel Infinite Plates",doi:"10.5772/37410",slug:"magnetohydrodynamic-rotating-flow-of-a-fourth-grade-fluid-between-two-parallel-infinite-plates",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31468.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31468",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31468",totalDownloads:2874,totalViews:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 2nd 2011",dateReviewed:"November 15th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 9th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31468",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31468",book:{slug:"topics-in-magnetohydrodynamics"},signatures:"M.A. Rana, Akhlaq Ahmed and Rashid Qamar",authors:[{id:"112626",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Afzal",middleName:null,surname:"Rana",fullName:"Muhammad Afzal Rana",slug:"muhammad-afzal-rana",email:"mafzalrana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Riphah International University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"113995",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhlaq",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Akhlaq Ahmed",slug:"akhlaq-ahmed",email:"akhlaqqau@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Quaid-i-Azam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"113996",title:"Prof.",name:"Rashid",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",fullName:"Rashid Qamar",slug:"rashid-qamar",email:"rashidq786@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1618",title:"Topics in Magnetohydrodynamics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Topics in Magnetohydrodynamics",slug:"topics-in-magnetohydrodynamics",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",bookSignature:"Linjin Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1618.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103870",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjin",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"linjin-zheng",fullName:"Linjin Zheng"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31461",title:"Overview of Magnetohydrodynamics Theory in Toroidal Plasma Confinement",slug:"overview-of-magnetohydrodynamics-theory-in-toroidal-plasma-confinement",totalDownloads:2617,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Linjin Zheng",authors:[{id:"103870",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjin",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Linjin Zheng",slug:"linjin-zheng"}]},{id:"31462",title:"Sub-Fluid Models in Dissipative Magneto-Hydrodynamics",slug:"sub-fluid-models-in-dissipative-magneto-hydrodynamics",totalDownloads:1611,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Massimo Materassi, Giuseppe Consolini and Emanuele Tassi",authors:[{id:"110570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Consolini",fullName:"Giuseppe Consolini",slug:"giuseppe-consolini"},{id:"110571",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Tassi",fullName:"Emanuele Tassi",slug:"emanuele-tassi"},{id:"173629",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:"Fosco Dino",surname:"Materassi",fullName:"Massimo Materassi",slug:"massimo-materassi"}]},{id:"31463",title:"Implicit Numerical Methods for Magnetohydrodynamics",slug:"a-review-of-modern-implicit-numerical-methods-for-mhd",totalDownloads:2561,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ravi Samtaney",authors:[{id:"102649",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravi",middleName:null,surname:"Samtaney",fullName:"Ravi Samtaney",slug:"ravi-samtaney"}]},{id:"31464",title:"Dynamics of Magnetic Relaxation in Spheromaks",slug:"dynamics-of-magnetic-relaxation-in-spheromaks",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pablo L. Garcia-Martinez",authors:[{id:"104855",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"García-Martínez",fullName:"Pablo García-Martínez",slug:"pablo-garcia-martinez"}]},{id:"31465",title:"MHD Activity in an Extremely High-Beta Compact Toroid",slug:"mhd-activity-in-an-extremely-high-beta-compact-toroid",totalDownloads:2576,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomohiko Asai and Tsutomu Takahashi",authors:[{id:"112456",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomohiko",middleName:null,surname:"Asai",fullName:"Tomohiko Asai",slug:"tomohiko-asai"},{id:"113922",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsutomu",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Tsutomu Takahashi",slug:"tsutomu-takahashi"}]},{id:"31466",title:"Review of the Magnetohydrodynamic Waves and Their Stability in Solar Spicules and X-Ray Jets",slug:"are-solar-spicules-and-x-ray-jets-unstable-against-the-kelvin-helmholtz-instability",totalDownloads:1789,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ivan Zhelyazkov",authors:[{id:"105645",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhelyazkov",fullName:"Ivan Zhelyazkov",slug:"ivan-zhelyazkov"}]},{id:"31467",title:"Hamiltonian Representation of Magnetohydrodynamics for Boundary Energy Controls",slug:"hamiltonian-representation-of-magnetohydrodynamics-for-boundary-energy-controls",totalDownloads:1842,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gou Nishida and Noboru Sakamoto",authors:[{id:"104203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gou",middleName:null,surname:"Nishida",fullName:"Gou Nishida",slug:"gou-nishida"},{id:"111487",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Sakamoto",fullName:"Noboru Sakamoto",slug:"noboru-sakamoto"}]},{id:"31468",title:"Magnetohydrodynamic Rotating Flow of a Fourth Grade Fluid Between Two Parallel Infinite Plates",slug:"magnetohydrodynamic-rotating-flow-of-a-fourth-grade-fluid-between-two-parallel-infinite-plates",totalDownloads:2874,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M.A. Rana, Akhlaq Ahmed and Rashid Qamar",authors:[{id:"112626",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Afzal",middleName:null,surname:"Rana",fullName:"Muhammad Afzal Rana",slug:"muhammad-afzal-rana"},{id:"113995",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhlaq",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Akhlaq Ahmed",slug:"akhlaq-ahmed"},{id:"113996",title:"Prof.",name:"Rashid",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",fullName:"Rashid Qamar",slug:"rashid-qamar"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73295",title:"The Social Isolation Triggered by COVID-19: Effects on Mental Health and Education in Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93886",slug:"the-social-isolation-triggered-by-covid-19-effects-on-mental-health-and-education-in-mexico",body:'\n\n
1. Introduction
\n
Humanity has always coexisted with several microorganisms, groups of bacteria and viruses that surround us at all times, with some of these, mainly bacteria, even symbiotic relationships have been established, for example, the various bacterial species that make up the intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, the relationship with viruses has been more conflictive, from adenoviruses that cause respiratory infections, conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis, to the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, pathologies caused by viruses have always been present. In this sense, the occurrence of a new virus that affects humans causes uncertainty. Currently, the COVID-19 disease (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a virus of the coronavirus family, originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 [1]. It is a disease of the respiratory tract that presents with symptoms such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, rhinorrhea, chest pain, and some patients may have diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting [2], it is transmitted from person to person through small particles of contaminated fluids [3] or by contact with contaminated surfaces [4].
\n
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern due to COVID-19 [5] and on March 12, 2020, due to the speed of transmission of the disease was declared a pandemic, by this date, 125,000 cases had been reported from 118 countries and territories [6] including Mexico, which was in phase 1 (importation) and reported its first case on February 28, 2020. Due to the spread of the pandemic in Mexico, phase 2 (community dispersal) of the disease began on March 24, 2020, and on March 30, the government declared a national health emergency [7]. The national day of healthy distance was implemented, a national strategic program of actions to mitigate the spread and transmission of the virus that included the suspension of non-essential activities, cancelation of events or meetings of more than 50 people, hygiene measures such as the washing of hands frequently, sneezing or coughing applying the respiratory tag (using the fold of the arm at the elbow level), not shaking hands or kissing and home protection of the entire population [8], however, despite the actions implemented, April 21, 2020, was released phase 3 (epidemic) of the disease [9].
\n
As part of the Mexican government’s strategy to reduce the spread of the virus, since March 14, 2020, the Ministry of Public Education suspended face-to-face education in the classroom [10], and to continue with academic activities, they were implemented new teaching strategies through the use of virtual media and work from home, to conclude the school year, which at the time of suspension had an advance of 73% [11]. However, in Mexico online education has several limitations such as the absence of a computer or lack of access to the internet, which affects the academic achievement of the students. Additionally, the main measures against the pandemic is social distancing and isolation [12], but social isolation added to the uncertainty of progress, the lack of an effective treatment and vaccine, and the prolongation of quarantine have generated negative psychological manifestations such as anger, irritability, aggressiveness, excessive vigilance in the face of possible symptoms of the disease, predisposing the population to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder [13, 14, 15]. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to describe the effects that social isolation has caused mental health and scholar challenges in the Mexican student population.
\n
\n\n
2. Influence of COVID-19 on the mental health of Mexicans
\n
Mass confinement at home, lack of social interaction, adaptation to new work and study routines at home and lack of physical activity are stressful changes that affect emotional regulation [16]. Social isolation generates maladaptive behaviors that affect work, family, social and educational relationships (Table 1).
\n
\n\n\n\n\nBehavioral disturbance | \n
\n\n\n\nSadness feelings | \nDifficult to focus | \n
\n\nApathy | \nWishes to die | \n
\n\nIndifference | \nMental exhaustion | \n
\n\nIra | \nLoss of interest in daily activities | \n
\n\nCry frequently | \nImpact on decision making | \n
\n\nLack of appetite | \nSocial dysfunction | \n
\n\nDifficulty to sleep | \n | \n
\n\n
Table 1.
Maladaptive behaviors associated with social isolation [17].
\n
In addition to the negative effects associated with social isolation, in people who have been in contact with COVID-19 positive patients, there is an increase in negative feelings such as fear, nervousness, guilt, and sadness compared to people who have not had these contacts [18], possibly due to fear of contagion.
\n
In the Mexican population, it is estimated that up to 50.3% of the population may present psychological distress, 15.7% symptoms of depression, and 22.6% symptoms of anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak [19], and these manifestations are even greater in the female population, they reveal elevated levels of psychological stress, anxiety and depression [19, 20]. In general, it is estimated that the indicators that generate more stress in the Mexican population are that the health system collapses and there are insufficient resources to care for the sick, which also generates episodes of anxiety and uncertainty [20].
\n
Additionally, other studies have revealed that the greatest concerns of the Mexican population center on the possibility of contracting COVID-19, the loss of employment, and the reduction of economic income [21]. According to the international project COVIDSTRESS, the Mexican population has a moderate level of stress, and only 11% of the surveyed population shows high levels, and the data is consistent in stating that the female population is the one with the highest levels, this associated factors such as economic concerns, the risk of contagion of COVID-19, fear of being hospitalized, concern for friends and family who live far away [22], additionally this study also showed that the population showing the highest levels of stress, they are those who have followed the indications of maintaining social isolation, compared to the population that did not make changes in their social life to face the pandemic [22]. Consistently, the Universidad Iberoamericana, AC, through the Research Institute for Development with Equity (EQUIDE) conducted the Monitoring Survey of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Well-being of Mexican Households (ENCOVID-19) to learn how the crisis due to the pandemic has affected the well-being of Mexican households and reported that as of May 2020, 8.4 million people had lost their jobs, were suspended without pay, or could not go out to look for work and of these, 31.4% presented severe anxiety symptoms, mostly women [23], consistent with the studies mentioned above.
\n
On the other hand, there are social groups that are more vulnerable to stress and mental health problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 2), which have even higher levels of anxiety than the general population.
\n
\n\n\n\n\nVulnerable social groups in Mexico | \n
\n\n\n\nPopulation that must be exposed to contagion due to the need for employment | \nPeople with pre-existing mental disorders | \n
\n\nHealth personnel | \nPeople who lost loved ones to COVID-19 | \n
\n\nOlder adults | \nPrisoners | \n
\n\nPatients with chronic diseases | \nHomeless | \n
\n\nChildren and adolescents subjected to stressful conditions at home | \nPeople with low income | \n
\n\n
Table 2.
Social groups vulnerable in Mexico to the negative impacts of COVID-19 on mental health [24].
\n
Mexican university students report that, during the confinement stage, they have suffered headaches, a feeling of lack of control and little satisfaction with carrying out their activities, others suffer from overwhelming, nervousness, bad mood, less activity and feelings of futility and sleep problems [25]. Interestingly, in this population it is men who present higher levels of anxiety; however, women present higher levels of psychosomatic symptoms, insomnia, social dysfunction, depression, and stress [25]. Frustration, high levels of stress and physical and emotional exhaustion are some of the characteristics of the population that changed their daily routine and began to work from home.
\n
It should also be noted that the uncertainty generated by the pandemic is perceived differently, depending on the social strata. Although the fear and stress caused by the pandemic affects the entire population, definitely people in marginalized situations, with low income, in situations of poverty and extreme poverty, see stress situations intensified due to the presence of other factors such as unemployment, violence, lack of access to digital, and medical services among others [26] situations, that make this population especially vulnerable to the effects of mental health generated by the fear of suffering from COVID-19.
\n
On the other hand, people with better economic income and in more favorable social situation can fall into a state of susceptibility and false interpretations of the symptoms, which leads them to carry out irrational behaviors such as frequently attending the health system, excessive hand washing, social withdrawal, and compulsive purchases, for example, antibacterial gel, masks, gloves, and disinfectant soap [27] generating shortages and consequently an increase in the price of these items [28], adding even more stress to the classes less favored social groups who will be unable to access disease prevention supplies.
\n
Added to this, the misinformation generated in social networks, the media, and the false news found on the internet create alarm and concern, and this misinformation is associated with panic purchases of unnecessary medical supplies and drugs [29], which also causes states of stress, and negative emotions and thoughts that put the mental health of the population at risk [30].
\n
In this regard, the Citizen Council for Security and Justice of Mexico City has declared that calls to the psychological support line increased by 40% compared to the records before the pandemic. Most communicating patients express fear and anxiety about contagion and agree that this situation is associated with prolonged periods of social isolation [31]. Some recommendations issued by the Council and other authors, to mitigate the effects on mental health by the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized in Table 3.
\n
\n\n\n\n\nRecommendations | \n
\n\n\n\nRecognize the feelings and emotions that alter mental health | \nMaintain frequent contact with friends and family | \n
\n\nSeek professional help | \nHave quality sleep | \n
\n\nConsult reliable information | \nSleep at the same time and approximately 8 hours | \n
\n\nAvoid excess information | \nBe physically active for at least 30 minutes a day | \n
\n\nEstablish schedules to carry out activities | \nMaintain established mealtimes | \n
\n\nMaintain an active routine like the one performed before isolation | \nEat and drink healthy | \n
\n\nLimit the use of sources of false information about the pandemic | \nAvoid substances like alcohol or drugs | \n
\n\nKeep busy | \nDo recreational activities at home | \n
\n\nPerform activities according to their priority | \n | \n
\n\n
Table 3.
Recommendations to mitigate mental health effects from the COVID-19 pandemic [18, 21, 32, 33].
\n
\n\n
3. Effects on education and new teaching strategies derived from social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
\n
As a strategy of the Mexican government to reduce the spread of the virus, face-to-face classes were suspended, and measures were implemented to continue academic activities applying new teaching strategies through the use of virtual media and work from home [11].
\n
The Ministry of Public Education implemented the project “Learn at Home on TV and Online” during the period of suspension of school activities, it was pointed out that this isolation measure would serve to prevent the spread of the virus and that students would have a learning opportunity in collaboration with the family. Contents ranging from preschool to upper secondary education were transmitted, with information based on the contents of the Free Textbooks provided by the government, and the activities planned by the teachers [34, 35].
\n
The education program “Learn at Home” was broadcast through various open signal television channels and pay television service. The Radio Strategy for Indigenous Communities and Peoples was also implemented, which integrated auditory content for speakers of 15 different languages [36]; and in isolated communities, the National Council for Educational Development (CONAFE) delivered more than 300,000 packages of school supplies to students [37] to promote access to education.
\n
In basic education, which is that which contemplates the minimum knowledge that a person between 6 and 14 years of age must have, booklets were delivered with activities obtained from the textbooks provided by the government, while for secondary education, that which contemplates the knowledge expected in people aged 15 to 18, the strategy consisted of increasing extracurricular tasks concerning the content provided by teachers via virtual or the broadcasts that the government carried out on television, radio frequencies or via the Internet [38].
\n
The universities implemented actions to continue virtually or remotely, therefore the most outstanding actions were the transformation from classroom to virtual teaching, the provision of video graphic resources and videoconferences through digital technologies [39], as well as the implementation of 4 main work modalities [40], whose characteristics are summarized in Table 4.
\n
\n\n\n\n\nUniversity work modalities | \n
\n\nModality | \nCharacteristics | \n
\n\n\n\nTeaching-learning | \nGenerate self-study activities Monitoring and evaluation of activities Generate evidence of learning | \n
\n\nInvestigation | \nActivities for the care of animals, plants, crops, and laboratory supplies Maintenance of equipment and facilities Adequate activities to continue ongoing investigations | \n
\n\nBonding | \nEstablish adequate agreements with third parties to continue or pause field practices, stays in companies and industries, social service, and professional practices | \n
\n\nOrganization and planning | \nRethink or conclude regulations, study plans, inventories and propose strategies for the resumption of activities | \n
\n\n
Table 4.
Work modalities implemented in university education during the COVID-19 pandemic [40].
\n
Derived from social isolation associated with the pandemic, the traditional school has changed, the attendance of students in classrooms at a specific time has been replaced by new distance education strategies, which implies that students and teachers make use of technological tools to effectively comply with learning, using digital folders through applications such as Google Drive®, Dropbox®, OneDrive®; establishing communication through social networks such as WhatsApp® or Facebook®; and by giving lectures and virtual seminars through platforms such as ZOOM®, Google Meet®, Microsoft Teams®, Skype®, among others [41, 42]. However, for both teachers and students, social isolation and online and distance education have been a challenge.
\n
Teachers are in a process of self-learning of new technologies to create creative and innovative content, putting their imagination to prepare a lecture, develop exercises to reinforce learning, promote student participation through forums and chats, enrich contributions of students, create debates and appropriate conclusions of the topics covered, and to verify the learning obtained, they should propose evaluations based on essays, summaries, projects, oral or written exams, as well as self-evaluations [39, 43, 44]. In this sense, evaluations cause that teachers get concern due to the fear that students consult sources of information to respond correctly and in this way the learning process is not ensured, however, open-book exams are useful and present advantages as to promote creativity, critical thinking and develop the ability to find information and interpret it correctly. Therefore, teachers can view online exams as a useful way for students to substantiate various topics based on bibliographic material and as a part of transforming their teaching-learning processes. [45].
\n
On the other hand, online education presents greatest challenges for students that involve greater responsibility, discipline, perseverance, organization, time planning, autonomy, and self-learning, causing online education to be more demanding than face-to-face education. Although virtual classes could produce a reduction in knowledge caused by lack of effective communication, and exchanging ideas, lack of feedback from teachers, or disinterest by students, as well as physical fatigue [46], students should establish a work plan with daily objectives, prioritize activities, work and rest schedules and interact efficiently with teachers when there are doubts [47].
\n
The success of online and distance education depends on various factors, among which are the profile of the disciplines taught, the educational and academic model of the institution, the socio-economic profile of the students, the profile of the teachers (age, teacher training, digital skills and willingness to change) and financial resources [39] some recommendations for successful distance education are: continue with the usual class schedules, establish 10-minute breaks with students because long sessions are boring or tedious and promote the participation of all students [45].
\n
\n\n
4. Social isolation and its influence on academic performance
\n
Currently, students are less physically active, spending more time in front of screens, which deteriorates their sleeping and eating habits, and these negatives effects are exacerbated by social isolation [48]. Social isolation was implemented as a preventive measure to avoid physical contact and reduce the number of infections due to the COVID-19 disease without the intention of affecting social communication, establishing new forms of social interactions, e.g., communication through virtual platforms and social networks, unfortunately the results have been different and isolation it has been presented as a stressful situation that has generated conflicts and an unfavorable environment for young people to function effectively in the new modality of distance study [41].
\n
Unfortunately, during the stage of isolation, distance education has generated that students go through situations for which they were not adequately prepared, for example, the difficulty in organizing their time and the lack of the necessary resources to carry out their school activities, added to factors such as family dysfunctions, lack of communication and violence, subjecting them to high levels of stress, frustration, physical and emotional exhaustion [49, 50], which can lead students to develop episodes of anxiety or depression [51].
\n
In this sense, positive emotions such as happiness or joy, hope, inspiration, interest, motivation, enthusiasm, among others, stimulate good brain function, improve concentration capacity, reasoning, memory, and decision-making [52], which influences in good academic performance, while social isolation, anxiety, and depression generate attention and memory problems and affect decision-making [53]. It has been reported that in adolescents with depressive characteristics such as low self-esteem, there is poor academic performance, difficulties in understanding content, antisocial behaviors, and a predisposition to drug abuse [51]. A student who perceives himself as a good student ensures high academic performance, on the contrary, students who make a negative evaluation of themselves avoid academic tasks for fear of failure [54], which generates low academic performance [55], similarly students with symptoms of anxiety and depression are perceived as incompetent affecting academic performance [54, 56].
\n
Anxiety, depression, fear, and uncertainty influence the learning process, so it is recommended that teaching be flexible and adapted to the needs of each student [57]. The resilience, motivation and, skills to learn independently of everyone are important factors to obtain the knowledge imparted through the new distance education systems.
\n
The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in Mexico established some recommendations so that children and adolescents can maintain healthy mental health (Table 5).
\n
\n\n\n\n\nRecommendations | \n
\n\n\n\nLearning activities should not exceed 20 min for children and 45 min for adolescents | \nFind ways to keep learning | \n
\n\nEstablish schedules to carry out activities | \nBe kind to people and yourself | \n
\n\nRecognize and not repress emotions | \nTake care of your health by taking preventive measures | \n
\n\nEstablish communication with friends through virtual means | \nAttend medical attention if necessary | \n
\n\n
Table 5.
UNICEF recommendations for the maintenance of mental health in children and adolescents [58, 59].
\n
\n\n
5. Limitations of online education
\n
In Mexico, there is great economic, social, and educational inequality, mainly in rural areas [60]. According to the National Survey on the Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households 2019, only 43% of the population has a computer and 56.4% of households have internet access, however, access to such technologies are not equitably distributed between urban and rural areas. 49% of the Mexican population living in urban areas has access to a computer while only 22.1% of the rural population has that access, in urban homes 65.5% have access to the internet while in only 23.4% of rural areas have such access [61]. Social inequality also makes a big difference in access to information technologies, since in people with low economic incomes (<$ 30,016 MXN per quarter) only 20.1% of the population has access to a computer and 19% have access to the internet, in contrast, among people with higher income (> $ 55,495 MXN per quarter), 76.6% have access to a computer and 89.7% of them have internet access [61, 62].
\n
Adapting to “online” educational life has been complex, mainly due to the lack of access to computers, tablets, or smartphones, but also because the speed of Internet connection in the country is inefficient [63]. This digital gap in Mexico will lead to great challenges, especially in students who lack self-regulation and self-discipline [64].
\n
In the new educational program implemented in response to the contingency, not all educational institutions nor all teachers have responded in the same way to the demands of online education, for example, private education institutions have greater access to digital environments [65], on the contrary, public schools have to implement other strategies such as teaching classes through open television or radio, private school teachers also have more experience and access to information technologies, the real challenge is that the online education is delivered with the highest possible quality [66] with scarce resources.
\n
On the other hand, some institutions have not shown interest in the face of the pandemic, virtual classes are supported by tasks that are sometimes not reviewed or given feedback, and teachers have lost communication with their students [67]. On the contrary, there are teachers overwhelmed and concerned about sending educational activities, establishing effective communication with their students and trying to ensure that they acquire the best possible knowledge and skills, also there is concern for those students with limited resources who eat in school canteens and who are currently not receiving adequate food [26].
\n
Another limitation of online education is that public institutions are not equipped or have the experience to teach online classes, or teachers are not prepared to do so [68], because there was not adequate training for teachers to integrate the information technologies to the pedagogical experience [69]. However, institutions continue to require teachers to provide evidence of evaluations and work plans to justify compliance with the educational program [67].
\n
There are many shortcomings and inequalities, both in the availability of resources and in the preparation of teachers, at the higher level, there are few universities that have adapted efficiently to the transition to online education, implementing appropriate learning systems and with experienced academic staff [64]. A survey carried out among professors of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the main public institution of university education in the country, indicated that 60% of them have received support from the university to transform their distance activities, 43.3% have problems with the availability of time and class schedules or lack adequate spaces to work remotely, 39.7% indicate they have problems with access to the Internet, computer equipment or have no experience in handling of educational platforms, and 14.9% indicated having affective affections such as sadness, frustration, anxiety or fatigue [70]. In this survey, teachers comment that the biggest problems their students present are that they do not have access to the internet, they lack computer equipment or they do not know educational platforms, lack of time and adequate spaces to work remotely [70].
\n
On the other hand, it has also been reported that students report having a computer at home, but that it is used by more than one member of the family, which makes it difficult to access to the equipment and generates feelings of frustration, anxiety, fear and insecurity [71, 72] given the uncertainty of their professional preparation.
\n
Online education also affects children who have some type of learning disorder, the education given by parents with the help of manuals and instructions by teachers, do not ensure that they are learning and that this remote process is as effective as the learning obtained in person by specialized teachers, causing deterioration in the academic levels of children, with implications for the future [73]. Sometimes parents are not able to guide their children in school tasks because they do not know pedagogical strategies that make it easier for them to explain various topics, or they lack the necessary knowledge simply, on the contrary, if the parents have a high educational level, these difficulties are overcome and doubts are resolved and activities are created to promote learning [50].
\n
Parents with a higher degree of education have the advantage of being able to support their children in complex procedures, such as mathematical activities, while parents who have no academic training are at a total disadvantage, in addition, the time that parents invest in the education of their children at home is also a factor that influences learning, some parents continue to work from home and others, even with mobility restrictions, must go out to work [65].
\n
\n\n
6. Final comments
\n
The social isolation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has generated behavioral changes such as sadness, apathy, anguish, loss of sleep, anger, fear, among others, these maladaptive behaviors have an impact on the mental health of Mexicans, making them vulnerable to developing various disorders such as anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder, added to this, the population has had to adapt to various activities to continue with social dynamics, such as the case of education, which went from being face-to-face to being taught remotely, this has represented a challenge in a country that seeks to implement measures to provide quality education, considering that Mexico ranks 53 out of 75 countries in terms of quality of the education system, according to the Program for International Student Assessment’s (PISA) with scores below the international average [74].
\n
The new teaching strategies implied migrating to the use of information technologies, this has meant that teachers and students make use of technological tools such as applications and virtual platforms to teach or receive classes.
\n
Online education involves great challenges of responsibility, self-learning, discipline and organization, challenges that impact positively or negatively on student performance, for example, the need to study online forces students to become disciplined and self-taught. However, unlimited access to the internet during virtual classes has several disadvantages because they can deviate from the educational purpose by entering leisure platforms, which causes lack of attention and concentration. Because population inequality in Mexico places at a disadvantage the student population that presents a low socioeconomic level and cannot have access to a computer or the internet, coupled with this demographic conditions, the lack of parental attention or the violent environments at home are factors that do not favor learning.
\n
For these reasons, online education is a strategy that has little chance of being effective in the vulnerable population, so far the impact caused by the limitations that students face is unknown, however, the authorities must consider and plan the strategies to mitigate the effects caused.
\n
\n\n
7. Conclusion
\n
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused the population to implement prevention measures such as social isolation; however, this causes mental health effects, placing the population in a state of susceptibility to develop various mental disorders such as anxiety or depression. Additionally, social isolation also damage academic performance of students who are currently receiving an education different from the one they are used to, online education, however, there are also other limitations such as lack of a computer and inaccessibility to internet servers, which cause that academic performance to not be satisfactorily developed, strategies must be implemented so that students receive equitably the education that they are entitled to.
\n
\nAcknowledgments
\n
This chapter was partially supported by Cátedras CONACYT Grant #1840 (National Council for Science and Technology) to Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz. Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez received fellowships from CONACYT (Reg: 752407).
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"social isolation, COVID-19, stress, online education, academic achievement",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73295.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73295.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73295",totalDownloads:205,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"June 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"September 22nd 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Public health in Mexico was on alert since the World Health Organization declared a pandemic of COVID-19. This disease represents a challenge not only for the health system but also for the education system, which implement emerging measures such as online education. In Mexico online education has several limitations associated with computer and internet access, which affect the academic achievement of the students. Additionally, the main measures against the pandemic are social isolation, but this measure can generate stress and affect the academic achievement and mental health of the population. The present review was based on Mexican scientific and journalistic sources, and a thesaurus system such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to find original articles to social isolation, mental health, and academic achievement. The contribution of this chapter is to describe the effects that social isolation has caused on mental health and scholar challenges in the Mexican student population.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73295",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73295",signatures:"Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez, Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz and Emma Virginia Herrera-Huerta",book:{id:"10191",title:"Health and Academic Achievement - New Findings",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Health and Academic Achievement - New Findings",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Blandina Bernal-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10191.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174721",title:"Dr.",name:"Blandina",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Morales",slug:"blandina-bernal-morales",fullName:"Blandina Bernal-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Influence of COVID-19 on the mental health of Mexicans",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Effects on education and new teaching strategies derived from social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Social isolation and its influence on academic performance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Limitations of online education",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Final comments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[\nWang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 470-473. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9\n]'},{id:"B2",body:'[\nChen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 507-513. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7\n]'},{id:"B3",body:'[\nHuang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J., Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5\n]'},{id:"B4",body:'[\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. How COVID-19 Spreads. [Internet]. 2020. Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html?CDC [Accessed:2020-07-14]\n]'},{id:"B5",body:'[\nMahase E. China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200. British Medical Journal. 2020; 368: m408. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m408\n]'},{id:"B6",body:'[\nAdhanom T. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the mission briefing on COVID-19 -12 March 2020. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020 [Accessed: 2020-07-13]\n]'},{id:"B7",body:'[\nSecretaría de Gobernación. Diario Oficial de la Federación: ACUERDO por el que se declara como emergencia sanitaria por causa de fuerza mayor, a la epidemia de enfermedad generada por el virus SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5590745&fecha=30/03/2020 [Accessed: 2020-07-08]\n]'},{id:"B8",body:'[\nSecretaría de Gobernación. Diario Oficial de la Federación: ACUERDO por el que se establecen acciones extraordinarias para atender la emergencia sanitaria generada por el virus SARS-CoV2. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5590914&fecha=31/03/2020 [Accessed: 2020-07-08]\n]'},{id:"B9",body:'[\nGobierno de México. Inicia la fase 3 por COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://coronavirus.gob.mx/2020/04/21/inicia-la-fase-3-por-covid-19-2/ [Accessed: 2020-07-14]\n]'},{id:"B10",body:'[\nSecretaría de Salud. Presentan Salud y SEP medidas de prevención para el sector educativo nacional por COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/presentan-salud-y-sep-medidas-de-prevencion-para-el-sector-educativo-nacional-por-covid-19 [Accessed: 2020-08-04]\n]'},{id:"B11",body:'[\nSecretaría de Educación Pública. Boletín No. 118 No se paralizó el sistema educativo ante la pandemia de COVID-19; regresará a clases fortalecido: Esteban Moctezuma Barragán. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/sep/es/articulos/boletin-no-118-no-se-paralizo-el-sistema-educativo-ante-la-pandemia-de-covid-19-regresara-a-clases-fortalecido-esteban-moctezuma-barragan?idiom=es [Accessed: 2020-08-05]\n]'},{id:"B12",body:'[\nWorld Health Organization. 2019 Novel Corornavirus ( 2019-nCoV): strategic preparedness and response plan. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/strategic-preparedness-and-response-plan-for-the-new-coronavirus [Accessed: 2020-07-28]\n]'},{id:"B13",body:'[\nHo CS, Chee C Y, Ho RC. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2020; 49(1): 1-3.\n]'},{id:"B14",body:'[\nBrooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-920. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8\n]'},{id:"B15",body:'[\nGobierno de México. Secretaría de Salud: Lineamientos de respuesta y de acción en salud mental y adicciones para el apoyo psicosocial durante la pandemia por covid-19 en México. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://coronavirus.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Lineamientos_Salud_Mental_COVID-19.pdf [Accesed:2020-07-13]\n]'},{id:"B16",body:'[\nSmith BJ, Lim MH. How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation. Public Health Research & Practice. 2020; 30(2): e3022008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3022008\n\n]'},{id:"B17",body:'[\nMuñoz-Fernández SI, Molina-Valdespino D, Ochoa-Palacios R, Sánchez-Guerrero O, Esquivel-Acevedo JA. Estrés, respuestas emocionales, factores de riesgo, psicopatología y manejo del personal de salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Acta Pediátrica de México. 2020; 41(1): 127-136. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18233/APM41No4S1ppS127-S1362104\n\n]'},{id:"B18",body:'[\nTrujillo Y. Consecuencias en la salud mental durante el aislamiento por la pandemia de covid-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.psicoedu.org/consecuencias-en-la-salud-mental-durante-el-aislamiento-por-la-pandemia-de-covid-19/?v=55f82ff37b55 [Accessed: 2020-07-31]\n]'},{id:"B19",body:'[\nCortés-Álvarez NY, Piñeiro-Lamas R, Vuelvas-Olmos CR. Psychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 in a mexican sample. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020; 1-12. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.215\n]'},{id:"B20",body:'[\nBarraza A. El estrés de pandemia (COVID 19) en población mexicana. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://www.upd.edu.mx/PDF/Libros/Coronavirus.pdf [Accessed: 2020-07-31]\n]'},{id:"B21",body:'[\nNavarrete. Nuestra salud emocional: otra víctima de la emergencia por el COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2020/04/13/nuestra-salud-emocional-otra-victima-emergencia-por-covid-19 [Accessed: 2020-07-31]\n]'},{id:"B22",body:'[\nCortés P. Mexicanos presentan nivel moderado de estrés: encuesta COVIDiSTRESS. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.uv.mx/prensa/general/mexicanos-presentan-nivel-moderado-de-estres-encuesta-covidistress/ [Accessed: 2020-07-31]\n]'},{id:"B23",body:'[\nInstituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo con Equidad. Resultados actualizados de la “encuesta de seguimiento de los efectos del covid-19 en el bienestar de los hogares mexicanos” #encovid19 mayo 2020. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://equide.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Comunicado-ENCOVID19-Mayo-2020_NO-SPNA.pdf [Accessed: 2020:08-08]\n]'},{id:"B24",body:'[\nHolmes EA, O\'Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(6):547-560. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1\n]'},{id:"B25",body:'[\nGonzález-Jaimes NL, Tejeda-Alcántara AA, Espinosa-Méndez CM, Ontiveros-Hernández ZO. Impacto psicológico en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos por confinamiento durante la pandemia por Covid-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.756 [Accessed: 2020-07-13]\n]'},{id:"B26",body:'[\nTarabini A. ¿Para qué sirve la escuela? Reflexiones sociológicas en tiempos de pandemia global. Revista de Sociología de la Educación-RASE. 2020; 13(2): 145-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.13.2.17135\n\n]'},{id:"B27",body:'[\nAsmundson GJ, Taylor S. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2020; 71: 102211. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211\n]'},{id:"B28",body:'[\nForbes México. Coronavirus en México|Suben precios de cubrebocas y gel por compras de pánico. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.forbes.com.mx/coronavirus-en-mexico-suben-precios-de-cubrebocas-y-gel-por-compras-de-panico/?fbclid=IwAR1945T5hhuuGAUC2GElam--KoTgZruCSituwf9NRjrQnQMr0Kinwt132Rs [Accessed: 2020-07-08]\n]'},{id:"B29",body:'[\nCuan-Baltazar JY, Muñoz-Pérez MJ, Robledo-Vega C, Pérez-Zepeda MF, Soto-Vega E. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the internet: infodemiology study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2020; 6(2): e18444. DOI: 10.2196/18444\n]'},{id:"B30",body:'[\nHuarcaya-Victoria J. Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública. 2020; 37(2): 327-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419\n\n]'},{id:"B31",body:'[\nBarragán A, Rodríguez D. “Vivo con ansiedad y estoy en confinamiento”, la amenaza invisible durante la cuarentena. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2020/05/08/mexico/1588895035_027100.html [Accessed: 2020-08-02]\n]'},{id:"B32",body:'[\nSistac DA. Covid-19, una pandemia para la salud mental. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://losintangibles.org/2020/04/08/covid-19-pandemia-para-salud-mental/ [Accessed: 2020-08-02]\n]'},{id:"B33",body:'[\nRamírez-Ortiz J, Castro-Quintero D, Lerma-Córdoba C, Yela-Ceballos F, Escobar-Córdoba F. Consecuencias de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental asociadas al aislamiento social. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341116487_CONSECUENCIAS_DE_LA_PANDEMIA_COVID_19_EN_LA_SALUD_MENTAL_ASOCIADAS_AL_AISLAMIENTO_SOCIAL [Accessed: 2020-07-16]\n]'},{id:"B34",body:'[\nSecretaría de Educación Pública. Boletín No. 75 Transmitirán sistemas públicos de comunicación contenidos educativos durante el receso escolar preventivo por COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/sep/es/articulos/boletin-no-75-transmitiran-sistemas-publicos-de-comunicacion-contenidos-educativos-durante-el-receso-escolar-preventivo-por-covid-19?idiom=es [Accessed: 2020-08-05]\n]'},{id:"B35",body:'[\nSecretaría de Educación Pública. Boletín No. 98 Se sustenta el programa aprende en casa en los libros de texto gratuitos. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/sep/es/articulos/boletin-no-98-se-sustenta-el-programa-aprende-en-casa-en-los-libros-de-texto-gratuitos-sep?idiom=es [Accessed: 2020-08-05]\n]'},{id:"B36",body:'[\nSecretaría de Educación Pública. Boletín No. 102 Inicia SEP estrategia radiofónica para comunidades indígenas del programa aprende en casa. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/sep/es/articulos/boletin-no-102-inicia-sep-estrategia-radiofonica-para-comunidades-indigenas-del-programa-aprende-en-casa?idiom=es [Accessed: 2020-08-05]\n]'},{id:"B37",body:'[\nSecretaría de Educación Pública. Boletín no. 114 Avanza aprende en casa de SEP con el estudio de todos los niños en sus libros de texto gratuitos. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/sep/es/articulos/boletin-no-114-avanza-aprende-en-casa-de-sep-con-el-estudio-de-todos-los-ninos-en-sus-libros-de-texto-gratuitos?idiom=es [Accessed: 2020-08-05]\n]'},{id:"B38",body:'[\nCervantes E, Gutiérrez PR. Resistir la Covid-19. Intersecciones en la Educación de Ciudad Juárez, México. Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social. 2020; 9(3e); 7-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15366/riejs2020.9.3.001\n\n]'},{id:"B39",body:'[\nBuendía A. Desafíos de la educación superior en tiempos de pandemia: la contingencia inesperada. Reporte CESOP, Edición especial, COVID-19: La humanidad a Prueba. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://www5.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/esl/Centros-de-Estudio/CESOP/Novedades/Reporte-CESOP.-Edicion-Especial.-Covid-19-La-Humanidad-a-Prueba [Accessed: 2020-07-17]\n]'},{id:"B40",body:'[\nMalo S, Maldonado-Maldonado A, Gacel-Ávila J, Marmolejo F. Impacto del COVID-19 en la educación superior en México. Revista de Educación Superior en América Latina. 2020; 8: 9-14.\n]'},{id:"B41",body:'[\nArce-Peralta FJ. La transición del paradigma educativo hacia nuevos escenarios: COVID-19. CienciAmérica. 2020; 9(2): 115-119. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i2.285\n\n]'},{id:"B42",body:'[\nGarcía-Perdomo HA, Beas-Sandoval LR. La enseñanza en los programas académicos y quirúrgicos en tiempos de COVID-19. Revista Mexicana de Urología. 2020; 80(2): 1-3\n]'},{id:"B43",body:'[\nDíaz E. Covid-19 y la educación a distancia. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/opinion/Covid-19-y-la-educacion-a-distancia-20200411-0003.html [Accessed: 2020-08-08]\n]'},{id:"B44",body:'[\nRendón P. COVID-19: Educación en línea va más allá de dar clases por videoconferencia. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://ibero.mx/prensa/covid-19-educacion-en-linea-va-mas-alla-de-dar-clases-por-videoconferencia [Accessed: 2020-07-13]\n]'},{id:"B45",body:'[\nValdez-García JE, López VM, Jiménez MA, Díaz JA, Dávila AG, Olivares S. Me preparo para ayudar: respuesta de escuelas de medicina y ciencias de la salud ante COVID-19. Investigación en Educación Médica. 2020; 9(35): 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/facmed.20075057e.2020.35.20230\n\n]'},{id:"B46",body:'[\nGuerrero LE, Dajer R, Pérez M, Villalobos M, Barrales A. La Facultad de Pedagogía y sus estrategias ante la emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19. Emerging Trends in Education. 2020; 3(5): 93-117. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.19136/etie.a3n5.3834\n\n]'},{id:"B47",body:'[\nBosada M. Consejos para estudiar online en tiempos de COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.educaweb.com/noticia/2020/04/08/consejos-estudiar-online-tiempos-covid-19-19137/ [Accessed: 2020-08-08]\n]'},{id:"B48",body:'[\nWang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10228): 945-947. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X\n]'},{id:"B49",body:'[\nNavarro. Iguales en la pandemia, desiguales en la respuesta educativa. Revista Asociación de Orientadores y Orientadoras de la provincia de Málaga. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://aosma.es/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/00_AOSMA_ESPECIAL.pdf [Accessed: 2020-08-03]\n]'},{id:"B50",body:'[\nDe la Cruz G. El hogar y la escuela: lógicas en tensión ante la COVID-19. In Casanova H, [coord]. Educación y pandemia: una visión académica. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación; 2020. P. 39.46\n]'},{id:"B51",body:'[\nPérez MV, Urquijo S. Depresión en adolescentes. Relaciones con el desempeño académico. Psicología escolar e educacional. 2001; 5(1): 49-58\n]'},{id:"B52",body:'[\nCampos AL. Neuroeducación: uniendo las neurociencias y la educación en la búsqueda del desarrollo humano. La Educación. Revista Digital. 2010; 143: 1-14\n]'},{id:"B53",body:'[\nBarriga A, Doran J, Newell S, Morrison E, Barbetti V, Dean B. Relationships between problem behaviors and academic achievement in adolescents: The unique role of attention problems. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 2002; 10(4): 233-240. DOI: 10.1177/10634266020100040501\n]'},{id:"B54",body:'[\nCastellanos V, Latorre DC, Mateus SM, Navarro CP. Modelo explicativo del desempeño académico desde la autoeficacia y los problemas de conducta. Revista Colombiana de Psicología. 2017; 26(1): 149-161. DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v26n1.56221\n]'},{id:"B55",body:'[\nContreras F, Espinosa JC, Esguerra G, Haikal A, Polanía A, Rodríguez A. Autoeficacia, ansiedad y rendimiento académico en adolescentes. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología. 2005; 1(2): 183-194.\n]'},{id:"B56",body:'[\nVerboom CE, Sijtsema JJ, Verhulst FC, Penninx BW, Ormel J. Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls. Developmental Psychology. 2014; 50(1): 247-257. DOI: 10.1037/ a0032547\n]'},{id:"B57",body:'[\nDelgado P. Lecciones del COVID-19 en el sector educativo. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://observatorio.tec.mx/edu-news/lecciones-covid-19-educacion [Accessed: 2020-08-08]\n]'},{id:"B58",body:'[\nUnited Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Salud mental de las y los adolescentes ante el COVID-19 Recomendaciones para una nueva normalidad. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/mexico/salud-mental-de-las-y-los-adolescentes-ante-el-covid-19 [Accessed: 2020-08-08]\n]'},{id:"B59",body:'[\nUnited Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Educación en tiempos de COVID-19. Juega y aprende con tus hijos e hijas en tiempos de COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/mexico/educaci%C3%B3n-en-tiempos-de-covid-19 [Accessed: 2020-08-03]\n]'},{id:"B60",body:'[\nBautista A. Aprende en casa con# SanaDistancia en tiempos de# COVID-19. In Casanova H, [coord]. Educación y pandemia: una visión académica. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación; 2020. P. 138-144\n]'},{id:"B61",body:'[\nInstituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta nacional sobre disponibilidad y uso de tecnologías de la información en los hogares (ENDUTIH) 2019. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/dutih/2019/default.html#Tabulados [Accessed: 2020-08-08]\n]'},{id:"B62",body:'[\nInstituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta nacional de ingresos y gastos de los hogares (ENIGH) 2018. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enigh/nc/2018/ [Accessed: 2020-08-14]\n]'},{id:"B63",body:'[\nZabalgoitia M. Géneros, equidad y violencias en tiempos de COVID-19: ¿dónde quedan la educación y la universidad? In Casanova H, [coord]. Educación y pandemia: una visión académica. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación; 2020. P. 174-182\n]'},{id:"B64",body:'[\nAlcántara A. Educación superior y COVID-19: una perspectiva comparada. In Casanova H, [coord]. Educación y pandemia: una visión académica. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación; 2020. P. 75-82\n]'},{id:"B65",body:'[\nVivanco-Saraguro A. Teleducación en tiempos de COVID-19: brechas de desigualdad. CienciAmérica. 2020; 9(2): 166-175. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i2.307\n\n]'},{id:"B66",body:'[\nLloyd M. Desigualdades educativas y la brecha digital en tiempos de COVID-19. In Casanova H, [coord]. Educación y pandemia: una visión académica. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación; 2020. P. 115-121\n]'},{id:"B67",body:'[\nSalas-Razo G. Una reflexión sobre los retos en educación en el nuevo comienzo en México. In Memorias del Quinto Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Socioformación y Sociedad del Conocimiento (CISFOR-2020); abril 2020; Cuernavaca, México\n]'},{id:"B68",body:'[\nReimers F, Schleicher A. Un marco para guiar una respuesta educativa a la pandemia del 2020 del COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://globaled.gse.harvard.edu/files/geii/files/un_marco_para_guiar_una_respuesta_educativa_a_la_pandemia_del_2020_del_covid-19_.pdf [Accessed: 2020-08-06]\n]'},{id:"B69",body:'[\nFernández MA, Herrera LN, Hernández D, Nolasco R, de la Rosa R. Lecciones del Covid-19 para el sistema educativo mexicano. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://educacion.nexos.com.mx/?p=2228 [Accessed: 2020-08-03]\n]'},{id:"B70",body:'[\nSánchez M, Martínez MP, Torres R, de Agüero M, Hernández AK, Benavides MA et al. Retos educativos durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una encuesta a profesores de la UNAM. Revista Digital Universitaria. 2020; 21(3): 1-23\n]'},{id:"B71",body:'[\nGazzo MF. La educación en tiempos del COVID-19: Nuevas prácticas docentes, ¿nuevos estudiantes? Red Sociales, Revista del Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. 2020; 7(2): 58-63.\n]'},{id:"B72",body:'[\nde León-Vázquez II, Tapia-Castillo DI, Vélez-Díaz D. Estudio sobre los retos de la educación presencial a nivel superior ante la contingencia sanitaria del COVID-19. XIKUA Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Tlahuelilpan. 2020; 8(16): 5-8\n]'},{id:"B73",body:'[\nCeballos NA, Sevilla S. El efecto del aislamiento social por el Covid-19 en la conciencia emocional y en la comprensión lectora. Estudio sobre la incidencia en alumnos con trastornos de aprendizaje y menor acceso a las nuevas tecnologías. Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social. 2020; 9(3e): 1-13\n]'},{id:"B74",body:'[\nOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Snapshot of student’s performance in reading, mathematics and science. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA-results_ENGLISH.png [Accessed: 2020-09-03]\n]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez",address:null,affiliation:'- Postgraduate in Neuroethology, Institute of Neuroethology, Universidad Veracruzana, México
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz",address:"gguillen@uv.mx",affiliation:'- Laboratory of Neurofarmacology, Cátedras CONACYT – Institute of Neuroethology, Universidad Veracruzana, México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Emma Virginia Herrera-Huerta",address:null,affiliation:'- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Veracruzana, México
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10191",title:"Health and Academic Achievement - New Findings",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Health and Academic Achievement - New Findings",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Blandina Bernal-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10191.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174721",title:"Dr.",name:"Blandina",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Morales",slug:"blandina-bernal-morales",fullName:"Blandina Bernal-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"113669",title:"Mr.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Denis",email:"Leon.Denis@etro.vub.ac.be",fullName:"Leon Denis",slug:"leon-denis",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Vrije Universiteit Brussel",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Optimized Scalable Wavelet-Based Codec Designs for Semi-Regular 3D Meshes",slug:"optimized-scalable-wavelet-based-codec-designs-for-semi-regular-meshes-",abstract:null,signatures:"Shahid M. Satti, Leon Denis, Ruxandra Florea, Jan Cornelis, Peter Schelkens and Adrian Munteanu",authors:[{id:"19077",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Munteanu",fullName:"Adrian Munteanu",slug:"adrian-munteanu",email:"acmuntea@etro.vub.ac.be"},{id:"111052",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahid",surname:"Satti",fullName:"Shahid Satti",slug:"shahid-satti",email:"smsatti@etro.vub.ac.be"},{id:"113669",title:"Mr.",name:"Leon",surname:"Denis",fullName:"Leon Denis",slug:"leon-denis",email:"Leon.Denis@etro.vub.ac.be"},{id:"113673",title:"Ms.",name:"Ruxandra",surname:"Florea",fullName:"Ruxandra Florea",slug:"ruxandra-florea",email:"Florea.RuxandraMarina@etro.vub.ac.be"},{id:"113676",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Schelkens",fullName:"Peter Schelkens",slug:"peter-schelkens",email:"pschelke@etro.vub.ac.be"},{id:"113677",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Cornelis",fullName:"Jan Cornelis",slug:"jan-cornelis",email:"jpcornel@etro.vub.ac.be"}],book:{title:"Advances in Wavelet Theory and Their Applications in Engineering, Physics and Technology",slug:"advances-in-wavelet-theory-and-their-applications-in-engineering-physics-and-technology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"104470",title:"Ms.",name:"Zoe",surname:"Jeffrey",slug:"zoe-jeffrey",fullName:"Zoe Jeffrey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hertfordshire",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"104709",title:"Prof.",name:"Begona",surname:"Garcia Zapirain",slug:"begona-garcia-zapirain",fullName:"Begona Garcia Zapirain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Deusto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"106700",title:"Dr.",name:"Najib",surname:"Ben Aoun",slug:"najib-ben-aoun",fullName:"Najib Ben Aoun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/106700/images/262_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Najib BEN AOUN is an Assistant Professor in the College of Computer Science and Information Technology of Al-Baha University, KSA since 2015. He was teaching as Assistant Professor National School of Electronics and Telecommunications of the University of Sfax, Tunisia during 2014-2015. He received the B.S degree in computer sciences from the Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technologies of Sousse (ISSATS) in 2006. He obtained his M.S degree and the Ph.D degree in Computer Systems Engineering from the National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Tunisia, in 2008 and 2014, respectively. He is now pursuing his post-doctoral researches within the REsearch Groups in Intelligent Machines (REGIM-Lab), Tunisia. His main research interests are focused on issues related to Computer Vision, Data Science and Biometrics. He published a list of papers in international conferences and journals. Dr. Najib served as a TC member and reviewer for several high reputed conferences (ICASSP’2012-2017, VCIP’2016, EUSIPCO’2015-2016, ICME’2015, MMSP’2013-2015, SoCPaR’2014, MELECON’2012, ISCI’2012, ICCAIE’2011) and journals (IEEE Transaction on MultiMedia, the Journal of Pattern Recognition, the Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, the Journal of Machine Vision and Applications and the Journal of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering). Dr. Najib is currently an ACM, IAPR, MIRLabs, IAES, IEEE and IEEE Signal Processing Society member. He was the treasurer of the SPS Tunisia Chapter in 2015-2016 (Vice Chair in 2013-2014). He obtained an IEEE appreciation award for his contribution as Vice-chair of the SPS Tunisia Chapter in 2013-2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"106701",title:"Dr.",name:"Maher",surname:"El'Arbi",slug:"maher-el'arbi",fullName:"Maher El'Arbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"106702",title:"Dr.",name:"Chokri",surname:"Ben Amar",slug:"chokri-ben-amar",fullName:"Chokri Ben Amar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"112347",title:"Prof.",name:"Sattar",surname:"Sadkhan",slug:"sattar-sadkhan",fullName:"Sattar Sadkhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112347/images/3266_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eng. Sattar B. Sadkhan AL MALIKY\nDigital Wireless Communication and Information Security Expert. \n\nDr. Eng. PhD \nTechnology Expert Since 2003\nJOB TITLE: * Scientific Deputy of Computer Technology College,\n•\tChairman of IEEE IRAQ SECTION\n•\tChairman of IRAQ – URSI Committee.\n•\tChairman of IEEE IRAQ Communication Society Chapter.\n•\tEditor in Chief of IJACT – International Journal – From Korea\n•\tEditor – in – Chief of International Journal on Communication System and Information Security (IJCSIS) - New\n\nEmploy Name: UNIVERSITY of BABYLON – Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research – IRAQ\n\nEducation:\nI. Degrees:\n- Diploma in Radar and Wireless Communication Systems (1970-1974) - from Wireless and Radar Training Center.\n- B.Sc. (1974-1978) in Military Engineering College –IRAQ – \n \\Electrical and Electronic Engineering\\.\n- M. Sc. (1979-1981) in VAAZ Academy- BRNO – Czech Republic – \n \\Military Wireless Communication Engineering\\.\n- Ph.D. (1981-1984) in VAAZ Academy- BRNO- CZECH Republic- \n \\Detection of Digital Modulated Signals\\.\n- Diploma in Cryptography in 1988 –Crypto Company – Switzerland.\n \\ Cryptography\\",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Babylon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}},{id:"112693",title:"Dr.",name:"Guomin",surname:"Luo",slug:"guomin-luo",fullName:"Guomin Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanyang Technological University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}},{id:"113404",title:"Prof.",name:"Daming",surname:"Zhang",slug:"daming-zhang",fullName:"Daming Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanyang Technological University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}},{id:"114432",title:"Dr.",name:"Soodamani",surname:"Ramalingam",slug:"soodamani-ramalingam",fullName:"Soodamani Ramalingam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Soodamani Ramalingam has research interests in the area of Image Processing, Biometrics and in particular 3D Face Recognition, Fuzzy Systems, and related areas. She has over 55 international conference publications and 30 international journal publications. Her recent application areas include ANPR and Biometrics for counter measures and border security. She ia a participant of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge in 2006.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hertfordshire",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"115245",title:"Mr.",name:"Nico",surname:"Bekooy",slug:"nico-bekooy",fullName:"Nico Bekooy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaDescription:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/OA-publishing-fees",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\nOAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n\\n\\t- 1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t- 10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t- 4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nServices included are:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t- Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t- Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t- English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t- XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t- Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t- Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\nSee our full list of services here.
\\n\\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\nIf your manuscript:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t- If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\nOpen Access Funding
\\n\\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t- Long-term archiving
\\n\\t- Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t- Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t- Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t- +4,800 OA books published
\\n\\t- Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t- Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t- Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t- Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t- +146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t- Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\nOAPF Publishing Options
\n\n\n\t- 1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t- 10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t- 4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\n\n\t- An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t- Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t- Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t- English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t- XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t- Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t- Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\nSee our full list of services here.
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\n\n\t- Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t- If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n\n\t- Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t- Long-term archiving
\n\t- Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t- Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t- Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n\n\t- Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t- +4,800 OA books published
\n\t- Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t- Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t- Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t- Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t- +146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t- Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10762",title:"Cosmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f28a2213571fb878839bcbacb9827a1d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Angelo Paone and Prof. Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10950",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8fcc0f63c22c087239f07a8e06ec2549",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3dbedd2099c57a24eaab114be4ba2b48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10954",title:"Dark Matter - Recent Observations and Theoretical Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0fbd6ee0096e4c16e9513bf01273ab3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael L. Smith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10954.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59479",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",surname:"Smith",slug:"michael-l.-smith",fullName:"Michael L. Smith"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:120,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3001,numberOfWosCitations:1131,numberOfCrossrefCitations:629,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1591,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10124",title:"Sudden Cardiac Death",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca46358f48d8781fa3df4e80e393fc8f",slug:"sudden-cardiac-death",bookSignature:"Peter Magnusson and Jo Ann LeQuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188088",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Magnusson",slug:"peter-magnusson",fullName:"Peter Magnusson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8300",title:"Vascular Biology",subtitle:"Selection of Mechanisms and Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"478078d1af7d5e3c606698a33dc2550b",slug:"vascular-biology-selection-of-mechanisms-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Marcelo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202594",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"marcelo-gonzalez",fullName:"Marcelo González"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8217",title:"Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cffb188ad7ddd3f31691c098dc8b9c73",slug:"aortic-aneurysm-and-aortic-dissection",bookSignature:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8217.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22152",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Shuhaiber",slug:"jeffrey-shuhaiber",fullName:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9060",title:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cedc3547eae8f66f9440cc35216d7963",slug:"the-current-perspectives-on-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting",bookSignature:"Takashi Murashita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192448",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Murashita",slug:"takashi-murashita",fullName:"Takashi Murashita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7842",title:"Basic and Clinical Understanding of Microcirculation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a57d5a701b51d9c8e17b1c80bc0d52e5",slug:"basic-and-clinical-understanding-of-microcirculation",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad, Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi and Nazar Luqman Bilgrami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8499",title:"Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac6ad2f79af3af94cb5be97fef057173",slug:"differential-diagnosis-of-chest-pain",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9063",title:"Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis and Arteriolosclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa7c93849de8353bce73668c7ff65591",slug:"atherosclerosis-arteriosclerosis-and-arteriolosclerosis",bookSignature:"Luigi Gianturco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208539",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Gianturco",slug:"luigi-gianturco",fullName:"Luigi Gianturco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8091",title:"Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring",subtitle:"Heart Rate Variability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98067dd53efd76b17cf31d1664f88982",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-monitoring-heart-rate-variability",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8819",title:"Cardiac Surgery Procedures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d84cc6e6750d835e4b86578dfdbbdd9",slug:"cardiac-surgery-procedures",bookSignature:"Andrea Montalto, Antonio Loforte and Cristiano Amarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8819.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222866",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Montalto",slug:"andrea-montalto",fullName:"Andrea Montalto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9064",title:"Epidemiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cd6bf2b3181eb82446347fbe478a2bc",slug:"epidemiology-and-treatment-of-atrial-fibrillation",bookSignature:"Gabriel Cismaru and Keith Andrew Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8204",title:"Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6a8a26a78af3ac73731663a494fbad",slug:"vascular-malformations-of-the-central-nervous-system",bookSignature:"Bora Gürer and Pinar Kuru Bektaşoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Dr.",name:"Bora",middleName:null,surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7907",title:"Practical Applications of Electrocardiogram",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6ccea0e539a40209a7d3c8507108832",slug:"practical-applications-of-electrocardiogram",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7907.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:120,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45069",doi:"10.5772/54354",title:"The Immune Response in In Situ Tissue Engineering of Aortic Heart Valves",slug:"the-immune-response-in-in-situ-tissue-engineering-of-aortic-heart-valves",totalDownloads:4770,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,book:{slug:"calcific-aortic-valve-disease",title:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease",fullTitle:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease"},signatures:"S. L. M. van Loon, A. I. P. M. Smits, A. Driessen-Mol, F. P. T. Baaijens\nand C. V. C. Bouten",authors:[{id:"159635",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlijn",middleName:"V",surname:"Bouten",slug:"carlijn-bouten",fullName:"Carlijn Bouten"},{id:"161227",title:"MSc.",name:"Saskia",middleName:null,surname:"Van Loon",slug:"saskia-van-loon",fullName:"Saskia Van Loon"},{id:"161228",title:"MSc.",name:"Anthal",middleName:null,surname:"Smits",slug:"anthal-smits",fullName:"Anthal Smits"},{id:"161229",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Driessen-Mol",slug:"anita-driessen-mol",fullName:"Anita Driessen-Mol"},{id:"161230",title:"Prof.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Baaijens",slug:"frank-baaijens",fullName:"Frank Baaijens"}]},{id:"13779",doi:"10.5772/13329",title:"Remote Monitoring in Patients with Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators: New Perspectives for Complex Therapeutic Management",slug:"remote-monitoring-in-patients-with-pacemakers-and-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators-new-perspe",totalDownloads:6069,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"modern-pacemakers-present-and-future",title:"Modern Pacemakers",fullTitle:"Modern Pacemakers - Present and Future"},signatures:"Axel Müller, Thomas M. Helms, Hans-Jürgen Wildau, Jörg Otto Schwab and Christian Zugck",authors:[{id:"14408",title:"Prof.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",slug:"axel-muller",fullName:"Axel Müller"},{id:"15385",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas M.",middleName:null,surname:"Helms",slug:"thomas-m.-helms",fullName:"Thomas M. Helms"},{id:"15386",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Wildau",slug:"hans-jurgen-wildau",fullName:"Hans-Jürgen Wildau"},{id:"15387",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Schwab",slug:"jorg-otto-schwab",fullName:"Jörg Otto Schwab"},{id:"15388",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zugck",slug:"christian-zugck",fullName:"Christian Zugck"}]},{id:"27007",doi:"10.5772/22937",title:"Non Contact Heart Monitoring",slug:"non-contact-heart-monitoring",totalDownloads:15352,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-methods-and-analysis",title:"Advances in Electrocardiograms",fullTitle:"Advances in Electrocardiograms - Methods and Analysis"},signatures:"Lorenzo Scalise",authors:[{id:"49866",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Scalise",slug:"lorenzo-scalise",fullName:"Lorenzo Scalise"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63771",title:"The Role of Catheter Reshaping at the Angiographic Success",slug:"the-role-of-catheter-reshaping-at-the-angiographic-success",totalDownloads:521,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"angiography",title:"Angiography",fullTitle:"Angiography"},signatures:"Yakup Balaban",authors:[{id:"252647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yakup",middleName:null,surname:"Balaban",slug:"yakup-balaban",fullName:"Yakup Balaban"}]},{id:"52208",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-stroke",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"ischemic-stroke-updates",title:"Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Ischemic Stroke - Updates"},signatures:"Ramon Rama and Julio César García",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"59778",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"myocardial-infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction"},signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua Chadwick",middleName:null,surname:"Jayaraj",slug:"joshua-chadwick-jayaraj",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",middleName:null,surname:"Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",middleName:null,surname:"Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian"}]},{id:"53791",title:"Basics of Angiography for Peripheral Artery Disease",slug:"basics-of-angiography-for-peripheral-artery-disease",totalDownloads:3036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-peripheral-artery-disease",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease"},signatures:"Yoshiaki Yokoi",authors:[{id:"66538",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoi",slug:"yoshiaki-yokoi",fullName:"Yoshiaki Yokoi"}]},{id:"66725",title:"Dyslipidemia and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Evaluation and Targets for Treatment of Dyslipidemia Based on Recent Guidelines",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-its-role-in-the-pathogenesis-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-implications",totalDownloads:1250,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyslipidemia",title:"Dyslipidemia",fullTitle:"Dyslipidemia"},signatures:"Perry Wengrofsky, Justin Lee and Amgad N. Makaryus",authors:[{id:"106536",title:"Dr.",name:"Amgad N.",middleName:null,surname:"Makaryus",slug:"amgad-n.-makaryus",fullName:"Amgad N. Makaryus"},{id:"292156",title:"Dr.",name:"Perry",middleName:null,surname:"Wengrofsky",slug:"perry-wengrofsky",fullName:"Perry Wengrofsky"},{id:"292157",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"justin-lee",fullName:"Justin Lee"}]},{id:"61346",title:"Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Management",slug:"non-st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"myocardial-infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction"},signatures:"Yaser Al Ahmad and Mohammed T. Ali",authors:[{id:"218369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"mohammed-ali",fullName:"Mohammed Ali"},{id:"248884",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaser",middleName:null,surname:"Alahamd",slug:"yaser-alahamd",fullName:"Yaser Alahamd"}]},{id:"47808",title:"Role of Oxidized LDL in Atherosclerosis",slug:"role-of-oxidized-ldl-in-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:4183,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"hypercholesterolemia",title:"Hypercholesterolemia",fullTitle:"Hypercholesterolemia"},signatures:"E. Leiva, S. Wehinger, L. Guzmán and R. Orrego",authors:[{id:"153453",title:"MSc.",name:"Elba",middleName:null,surname:"Leiva",slug:"elba-leiva",fullName:"Elba Leiva"}]},{id:"53810",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Below-the-Knee Artery Disease",slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-below-the-knee-artery-disease",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-peripheral-artery-disease",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease"},signatures:"Akihiro Higashimori",authors:[{id:"195500",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Higashimori",slug:"akihiro-higashimori",fullName:"Akihiro Higashimori"}]},{id:"60875",title:"The Markers of Endothelial Activation",slug:"the-markers-of-endothelial-activation",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-old-concepts-and-new-challenges",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Endothelial Dysfunction - Old Concepts and New Challenges"},signatures:"Ines Drenjancevic, Ivana Jukic, Ana Stupin, Anita Cosic, Marko\nStupin and Kristina Selthofer-Relatic",authors:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević"},{id:"186049",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Stupin",slug:"ana-stupin",fullName:"Ana Stupin"},{id:"216257",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Jukić",slug:"ivana-jukic",fullName:"Ivana Jukić"},{id:"216259",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Ćosić",slug:"anita-cosic",fullName:"Anita Ćosić"},{id:"216262",title:"Prof.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Mihalj",slug:"martina-mihalj",fullName:"Martina Mihalj"},{id:"216263",title:"Mr.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Stupin",slug:"marko-stupin",fullName:"Marko Stupin"},{id:"216264",title:"Prof.",name:"Kristina",middleName:null,surname:"Selthofer-Relatic",slug:"kristina-selthofer-relatic",fullName:"Kristina Selthofer-Relatic"}]},{id:"63754",title:"Cardiac Catheterization in Congenital Heart Disease",slug:"cardiac-catheterization-in-congenital-heart-disease",totalDownloads:1388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"congenital-heart-disease",title:"Congenital Heart Disease",fullTitle:"Congenital Heart Disease"},signatures:"Neil Tailor, Ranjit Philip and Shyam Sathanandam",authors:[{id:"245322",title:"M.D.",name:"Shyam",middleName:null,surname:"Sathanandam",slug:"shyam-sathanandam",fullName:"Shyam Sathanandam"},{id:"263449",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Tailor",slug:"neil-tailor",fullName:"Neil Tailor"},{id:"263450",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjit",middleName:null,surname:"Philip",slug:"ranjit-philip",fullName:"Ranjit Philip"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/113669/leon-denis",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"113669",slug:"leon-denis"},fullPath:"/profiles/113669/leon-denis",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()