Vasculoprotective and neuroprotective effects of pomegranate and their substances/metabolites in in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6233",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",title:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Nano- and micro-sized natural fibers of vegetable origin are fully biodegradable in nature. However, the nano- and micro-sized synthetic fibers are fully man-made. Fiber-reinforced composites composed of stiffened fiber and matrix are well-known engineering materials. Fiber-reinforced materials have been used in industrial production. Natural fibers can be obtained from many sources in nature such as wool, sisal, ramie, kenaf, jute, hemp, grass, flax, cotton, coir, bamboo and abaca, banana, and sugarcane bagasse. Artificial fibers have been produced from more stiff materials such as glass, single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon, aramid, boron and polyethylene (PE). The cyclic reusability of materials is an important qualification in protecting the environment from waste pollution. Three important factors can be mentioned in terms of material properties in the recycling process. The first factor is "the rate of cyclic usage," the second one is "less material loss in each recycle," and the last one is "the role of waste products in the self-renewal of ecosystem." In engineering area, the usage of waste materials has taken into account in production of composite materials. The use of waste materials as particulate-type composite production is also possible in the industry. Fiber-reinforced materials can be grouped into two categories: "the natural fiber-reinforced materials" and "the artificially produced fiber-reinforced materials." Finally, we conclude that this book consists of mainly summarized three subject headings within the two specific book subsections : The first group contains the main subjects related to the natural and artificial fibers obtained by literature review; second, experimental and numerical studies are made in order to perform the necessary arrangements in the production stages and to establish a decision mechanism on the specification of the technical properties of the fiber-reinforced composites. The third group of studies focused on the use of sustainable bio-composites and recycled textile wastes as reinforcements in construction.',isbn:"978-1-78923-061-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-060-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-352-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68740",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"natural-and-artificial-fiber-reinforced-composites-as-renewable-sources",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3bdc5c86f24513451093c4484320aa8a",bookSignature:"Ezgi Günay",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6233.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10425,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:83,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 26th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 7th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 7th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",middleName:null,surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186402/images/system/186402.jpeg",biography:"Ezgi Günay graduated from the Engineering Sciences Department at the Middle East Technical University (METU, Ankara, Turkey) in 1985. She completed her Master of Science degree in 1989 at the same department. The title of her thesis was “Development of a Preprocessor and Modification of a Finite Element Procedure for the Analysis of Metal Forming Processes” (December 1989, METU). She received her PhD from the Mechanical Engineering Department at Gazi University in 1996. The title of the thesis was “A Nonlocking Finite Element Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Thin and Thick Composite Plates.” She worked as an assistant professor between 1999 and 2009 and studied academically by giving basic courses as an associate professor between 2010 and 2020 at the same department. During these years, she gave courses on the following subjects: technical drawing, FORTRAN-computer programming languages, applied mathematics for mechanical engineers, differential equations, statics, dynamics, strength of materials, introduction to numerical analysis, introduction to composite materials, introduction to finite element analysis, finite element method, plate and shell theories, and elasticity. She has authored about 40 papers published both in national and international proceedings and journals. She has written two books and has had three chapters published in international books.",institutionString:"Gazi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"206",title:"Composite Materials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-composite-materials"}],chapters:[{id:"57305",title:"Introductory Chapter: Natural Fiber Plastic Composites - A Brief Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71477",slug:"introductory-chapter-natural-fiber-plastic-composites-a-brief-review",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ezgi Günay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57305",authors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay"}],corrections:null},{id:"56785",title:"Interfacial Modification of Hemp Fiber–Reinforced Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70519",slug:"interfacial-modification-of-hemp-fiber-reinforced-composites",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Natural fiber–reinforced biocomposites are increasingly used in various industries such as automotive, construction, biomedical, and recreation, thanks to their distinctive advantages over traditional glass fiber–reinforced plastics. Natural fiber composites are sustainable, environmentally friendly, low cost, low density, and easy to process as well as have high mechanical properties. The quality of fiber-matrix interface is of critical importance since it determines the load distribution capability of the material. The interface between natural fibers and polymer resins has always been problematic because of the low compatibility between cellulose-based hydrophilic natural fibers and hydrophobic polymer resins, which leads to poor fiber-matrix adhesion and therefore inefficient load distribution between fibers and matrix. To date, several interfacial modification methods have been implemented to address this issue and improve the properties of the resulting composites. This chapter focuses on the interfacial modification of hemp fiber–based composites. First, hemp fiber structure and the nature of fiber-matrix interface were explained. Mechanisms of fiber/matrix adhesion as well as qualitative and quantitative methods for the determination of interface strength were outlined. Finally, the interface modification methods for hemp fiber–reinforced biocomposites were presented in the light of scientific literature.",signatures:"Yekta Karaduman, Huseyin Ozdemir, Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman\nand Gokce Ozdemir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56785",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56785",authors:[{id:"175839",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nesrin",surname:"Sahbaz Karaduman",slug:"nesrin-sahbaz-karaduman",fullName:"Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman"},{id:"201620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yekta",surname:"Karaduman",slug:"yekta-karaduman",fullName:"Yekta Karaduman"},{id:"201621",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"huseyin-ozdemir",fullName:"Hüseyin Özdemir"},{id:"201622",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökce",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"gokce-ozdemir",fullName:"Gökce Özdemir"}],corrections:null},{id:"57169",title:"Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70976",slug:"development-of-hemp-fibers-the-key-components-of-hemp-plastic-composites",totalDownloads:1858,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Plant fibers in general and hemp fibers in particular have great prospects for their use in various innovative applications such as ecological, biodegradable, and renewable resources with unique properties. Such properties together with the increased strength due to high-cellulose content and specific morphological parameters are widely used to produce plant fiber–based plastic composites. The properties of plant fibers that may influence the properties of composites depend on crop processing, but the basis for them is provided during fiber development in planta. It is known that two types of bast fibers are developed in the hemp stem: primary fibers formed from procambium cells and secondary fibers that originate as a result of cambium activity. Both types of fibers may significantly vary in their yield and quality depending on the variety and growth conditions. Differences in the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the two types of hemp fibers, together with peculiarities in the composition and architecture of cell wall, influence the technical parameters of the raw material quality. Based on our study of both primary and secondary fiber development in hemp stem that was focused on the two key stages, intrusive elongation and deposition of thick cell wall layers, we suggest the set of parameters that can influence the quality of the mature fibers and trace their biological origin.",signatures:"Chernova Tatyana, Mikshina Polina, Salnikov Vadim, Ageeva\nMarina, Ibragimova Nadezda, Sautkina Olga and Gorshkova\nTatyana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57169",authors:[{id:"158372",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Chernova",slug:"tatyana-chernova",fullName:"Tatyana Chernova"},{id:"209953",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Gorshkova",slug:"tatyana-gorshkova",fullName:"Tatyana Gorshkova"},{id:"209955",title:"Dr.",name:"Polina",surname:"Mikshina",slug:"polina-mikshina",fullName:"Polina Mikshina"},{id:"209956",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Ageeva",slug:"marina-ageeva",fullName:"Marina Ageeva"},{id:"209957",title:"MSc.",name:"Olga",surname:"Sautkina",slug:"olga-sautkina",fullName:"Olga Sautkina"}],corrections:null},{id:"57216",title:"Effect of Fiber Waviness on Tensile Properties of Sliver-Based Natural Fiber Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70905",slug:"effect-of-fiber-waviness-on-tensile-properties-of-sliver-based-natural-fiber-composites",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glass and carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials have been applied for the high demand in industrial use to date, because their advantages are light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. However, the disposal problem after the use of these materials has also surfaced as a serious environmental problem. As a measure to solve this problem, many researchers have tried to investigate the potential of plant-based natural fibers instead of artificial fibers. When we use natural fibers as a long fiber-reinforcement, the negative point is irregular fiber waviness inherent in a sliver form. This is because such fiber waviness often decreases the mechanical properties. The purpose of this study is thus to clarify the relation between irregular fiber waviness and the composite’s tensile strength. The clarification was performed from two points of view: One is quantification of irregular fiber waviness, based on spatial analysis such as Local Moran’s I and Geary’s c. Result shows that quantified parameters were correlated well with tensile strengths of sliver-based natural fiber composites. Another is a 3-D finite element analysis in which the fiber waviness was treated as an orthotropic body. Finally, the relation of the tensile strengths with maximum stress and Tsai-Hill criterions was discussed.",signatures:"Taweesak Piyatuchsananon, Baosheng Ren and Koichi Goda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57216",authors:[{id:"210410",title:"Prof.",name:"Koichi",surname:"Goda",slug:"koichi-goda",fullName:"Koichi Goda"}],corrections:null},{id:"60133",title:"Mechanical and Fracture Surface Analysis of Higher Viscous Epoxy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Subjected to Flexural Loading",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75992",slug:"mechanical-and-fracture-surface-analysis-of-higher-viscous-epoxy-multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-nanocom",totalDownloads:858,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study experimentally characterizes the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) reinforced to higher viscous aircraft thermoset polymer epoxy. The effects of MWNTs weight percentage (wt%) to flexural and fracture toughness properties were investigated via Mode I fracture behaviour. This experiment found that the average increment in fracture toughness of 0.1 and 0.3 wt% MWNTs reinforced to epoxy is 62.7 and 31.8%, respectively. However, shifting to a higher viscosity epoxy lead to some difficulties like to remove void formed in matrix and harder to achieve appropriate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersion due to limited pot life and working time. Morphological study analysis on fracture surface using field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) shows that the mechanical properties enhancement was attributed to crack pinning, crack path deflection and localized inelastic matrix deformation due to agglomerated CNTs. The study concluded that the key important to the extent the strength and fracture toughness is by finding the appropriate processing method to achieve adequate state of CNTs dispersion within the matrix.",signatures:"Aidy Ali, Risby M. Sohaimi and Ahmad H. Muhammad Ismail",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60133",authors:[{id:"13626",title:"Prof.",name:"Aidy",surname:"Ali",slug:"aidy-ali",fullName:"Aidy Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"56947",title:"Waste and Recycled Textiles as Reinforcements of Building Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70620",slug:"waste-and-recycled-textiles-as-reinforcements-of-building-materials",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, the use of composite materials in the construction areas has had a great impact on the society; mainly, those related with sustainability and environment aspects. Daily proposals aimed at overcoming the properties of traditional materials that arise, which include emergent materials either from waste or recycled products. One of them is related to the textile materials, which include fibers such as wool, hemp, linen, and cotton. In the past decade, special attention has been focused on the used clothes, which represent a source of raw materials environmentally responsible and economically profitable. Textile materials are discarded daily around the world, representing approximately 1.5% of the generated waste. Blue jeans are the most used clothing in the world, and they are elaborated by one of the most commonly used natural textile fibers—cotton. Textile materials have been reused in different applications, for example, in the production of poor-quality wires, crushed to manufacture noise and temperature insulation materials, and as fillers or reinforcements of concrete. In this chapter, different topics are described that include: (a) environmental impact of textile waste—a result of massive consumption of clothing, (b) recycling and reuse of textile waste, and (c) waste and recycled textile materials used as building materials.",signatures:"Patricia Peña Pichardo, Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera, Miguel Martínez-\nLópez, Fernando Ureña-Núñez and Liliana I. Ávila-Córdoba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56947",authors:[{id:"102080",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",surname:"Martínez-Barrera",slug:"gonzalo-martinez-barrera",fullName:"Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera"},{id:"110214",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Ureña-Nuñez",slug:"fernando-urena-nunez",fullName:"Fernando Ureña-Nuñez"},{id:"177864",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana Ivette",surname:"Ávila-Córdoba",slug:"liliana-ivette-avila-cordoba",fullName:"Liliana Ivette Ávila-Córdoba"},{id:"177865",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Martínez-López",slug:"miguel-martinez-lopez",fullName:"Miguel Martínez-López"},{id:"217120",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Peña-Pichardo",slug:"patricia-pena-pichardo",fullName:"Patricia Peña-Pichardo"}],corrections:null},{id:"57267",title:"Natural Fibers for Sustainable Bio-Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71012",slug:"natural-fibers-for-sustainable-bio-composites",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over the past decade, the concept of utilizing green materials has become more mainstream. With considerable awareness of preserving the environment, sincere efforts across the globe can be cited in looking for bio-degradable and bio-based sources. Applications of bio-based materials from renewable and bio-degradable sources for preparation of higher valued green chemicals and bio-based products have forced many scientists to investigate the potential use of natural fibers as reinforcement materials for green bio-composites. Cellulosic fibers are becoming very interesting for bio-based material development as they possess advantages with their mechanical properties, low density, environmental benefits, renewability, and economic feasibility. Recently, natural-fiber polymer composites have received much attention for different industrial applications because of their low density and renewability. The bio-composites with natural fiber components are derivatives of depleting resources and can be considered to have substantial environmental and economic benefits. This chapter addresses the potential utilization of natural fiber for the development of green polymer composite materials, with the objective to elucidate the possibility of using these bio-based materials for various industrial applications.",signatures:"Tri-Dung Ngo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57267",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57267",authors:[{id:"208798",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tri-Dung",surname:"Ngo",slug:"tri-dung-ngo",fullName:"Tri-Dung Ngo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6597",title:"Elasticity of Materials",subtitle:"Basic Principles and Design of Structures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fa760a58144d1a77a16afba49a3685d",slug:"elasticity-of-materials-basic-principles-and-design-of-structures",bookSignature:"Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6854",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"Recent Evolutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fed595e75f84d3ab7e0817721acca1bd",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Most of these injuries are due to motor vehicle accidents, particularly motorbikes [1, 5], but a few of them can occur due to iatrogenia [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16], particularly during lymph node biopsy [17, 18] or treatment of some malignancies [19].
\nThe
The
The
The
The
The
Although 50–82.7% of brachial plexus injuries suffer from chronic pain [2, 3, 5, 6, 17, 35, 49, 50, 51], it is severe in 41% of them [32]. The incidence and severity are higher in nerve root avulsions [2, 3, 4, 7, 21, 30, 33], especially when all the roots are avulsed [2, 17, 21]. Overtime there is a spontaneous progressive improvement, so just after the injury 90% of patients suffer from pain but affects only 30% of them 3 years later [35, 36, 49].
\nBrachial plexus injuries may also be accompanied by partial or complete traumatic upper limb amputation. About
The neuropathic pain is induced by an injury to the somatosensory pathways [56, 57] like a brachial plexus injury, an upper limb amputation or both of them simultaneously [2, 7, 58].
\nThe peripheral nerve injury induces deafferentation [2] and damage to the C nerve fibres [59]. The dorsal horn neurons devoid of their peripheral sensorial input start to fire spontaneously and erratically [60, 61, 62, 63, 64], stimulating pain sensation in the higher central nervous system levels [65, 66]. In experimental studies it has been found that the spinal cord microglia and astrocytes are activated at the injury site [67] and help to maintain the neuropathic pain [68, 69, 70, 71, 72]. Higher levels like the thalamus and the motor cortex also undergo the same process by which deafferented neurons create new synapses and reorganize and start firing in abnormal patterns [7, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77]. Descending pathways modulate the neuropathic pain [78] creating new circuits that induce and maintain it [79, 80, 81]. The brain and spinal cord neuronal reorganization leads to an increased sensitivity to otherwise normal stimuli, lowering the threshold required to feel the sensation as pain and inducing secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia [4, 82]. It also explains why the pain often extends beyond the denervated area [26, 33] and why it manifests at the border areas between the partially denervated and normal dermatomes [17, 27].
\nAs mentioned above the pain seen after brachial plexus injury has two distinct patterns: paroxysmal and continuous. The first one is thought to originate from the deafferented posterior spinal horn neurons [60, 83], while the second one comes from the thalamus [74, 84]. In the phantom limb pain, the brain cortex undergoes a functional reorganization in response to the chronic pain [40, 85, 86].
\nSome have suggested that the neuropathic pain after brachial plexus avulsion is generated not by the avulsed nerve roots but by the remaining ones [67] that are also injured, although not so severely [34]. Although this might be true in some cases, it does not explain why the neuropathic pain severity is maximal when all nerve roots are avulsed [2, 17, 21, 55].
\nThis kind of pain, particularly in case of nerve root avulsions, is difficult to treat due to partial responses and frequent relapses [5, 6, 17]. The response to pharmacological treatments decreases when the pain intensity increases [6].
\nThe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are of little help in the chronic phase [17, 30].
\nThe first step is
The second step is the combination of the above-mentioned drugs with anti-epileptic agents [89], like
Other drugs have been tried experimentally in rats, like rapamycin [94], intrathecal Trichostatin A (TSA) [94] or intravenous immunoglobulin [95], but there are no reports of their use in humans.
\nThe common clinical features shared by neuropathic pain and CRPS hinder a pure clinical diagnosis [6]. Distinguishing between both of them is essential as the latter causes greater disabilities [99]. To differentiate them, an ultrasound examination can be performed, as the muscular architecture is preserved in neuropathic pain but not in CRPS [99].
\nMedical treatments can also classify the pain:
Brachial plexus injury repair by direct suture, by grafts or by nerve transfers, particularly sensory nerve transfers, minimizes the incidence and severity of neuropathic pain [4, 26, 34, 67, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109], and the sooner the repair is done the better [25, 67]. CRPS is the exception as further surgery outside trapped nerve decompression seems to have a negative impact on the outcome [101]. In these cases either an interscalene [102] or stellate ganglion block [110] or a cervical spinal cord stimulator [111, 112, 113] is recommended instead. The phantom limb pain only improves with central nervous system procedures [114, 115].
\nThere are two main roads of action: neuromodulation and ablative procedures. The first group relies on applying electric impulses to different areas of the central or peripheral nervous system, aiming to block the transmission of the nerve impulses that are finally interpreted as pain in the sensory motor cortex. They are particularly effective for continuous pain but less so for paroxysmal painful discharges [84]. The ablative procedures aim to destroy the posterior horn spinal cord neurons that start to fire in an abnormal way after being disconnected from their peripheral sensory input [25, 64, 65, 66], controlling paroxysmal pain better than continuous pain [84].
\nIn small clinical series of patients,
In neuropathic pain induced by brachial plexus injury,
The medial thalamotomy, the spinothalamic tractotomy, and the anterolateral tractotomy have been abandoned due to the limited pain control they provide and the side effects they carry [119].
\nThe DREZ is an anatomical area of the spinal cord composed by the dorsal rootlets, Lissauer’s tract and the dorsal horn [25].
Lack of DREZ region damage confirmed in preoperative MRI seems to be an indicator of successful pain control with the DREZ procedure to the point that no patient with spinal cord dorsal horn abnormalities had a completely pain-free outcome [22]. It is suggested that if the posterior horn is abnormal, the thalamus will most likely develop deafferented neurons that will start firing in an abnormal pattern and thus the treatment should be directed there and not to the spinal cord [22]. This observation contradicts the fact that surgically amputated patients due to different medical conditions in whom a normal spinal cord anatomy is preserved fare worse with the DREZ operation than those that had a traumatic amputation [115]. In these DREZ-otomy failed cases, a cervical spinal cord stimulator is recommended [113]. Post-operative MRI examinations in radiofrequency DREZ lesions have shown that the surgically lesioned area extends beyond the posterior horn [149]. This is in concordance with the clinical fact that some patients develop post-operative leg weakness, ataxia and sensory abnormalities below the operated area [22, 23, 24, 28, 48, 133, 140, 141].
\nDREZ-otomy provides 83% pain control rate in phantom pain [115, 150, 151], 67% in burning pain and 29% for stump pain [115, 152]. Both amputation and nerve root avulsion phantom pain seem to benefit from DREZ-otomies [115, 150, 151]. The results in pain improvement are better in traumatic amputations than in those due to medical conditions [28, 115]. Some researchers recommend to start with neurostimulation in phantom limb pain and to recourse to the DREZ-otomy as a last resort [152].
\nThe DREZ-otomy can be created microsurgicaly (Sindou’s technique) [25], with radiofrequency (Nashold’s technique) [29, 48], with laser [153, 154, 155, 156] or even with an ultrasonic microprobe [131], but there are no major differences in pain control or patients’ quality of life between them [142, 156]. The microsurgical technique is performed with the regular bipolar forceps, which is less expensive than the other options (radiofrequency, laser, ultrasonic probe), making it ideal for countries with limited resources [144, 157]. Some scientists have attempted intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring to improve the clinical results [65, 158, 159]. Freeing the spinal cord completely helps to stop pain induction with neck movements [25]. A concern that has not yet been studied in detail is the possible long-term effects of extensive cervical laminectomies required for the procedure, as it might accelerate cervical kyphotic deformity with cervical spinal cord myelopathy [147]. In any case the original full bilateral cervical C5-T1 laminectomies [25, 140] have been replaced in many surgical units by hemi-laminectomies.
\nBrachial plexus injuries can be the source of chronic pain. This pain can be neuropathic, CRPS and/or phantom limb, particularly if there is extensive nerve root avulsion or an upper limb amputation. The pain is oftentimes excruciating and leads to a bad quality of life even interfering with the physiotherapy needed to achieve a good recovery. The response to treatment of this pain is not always as successful as expected. Some patients respond to medication, but many need neuromodulation or ablative procedures. The most effective surgical technique is the DREZ-otomy, but 10% of patients develop side effects. If the ablative procedures fail, cervical spinal cord stimulation can be attempted.
\nFree radical reactions occur naturally in the human body. An over-production of these reactive species due to oxidative stress can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules and the development of chronic diseases such as aging, coronary heart disease and cancer [1]. The harmful action of free radicals can be inhibited by antioxidant substances which scavenge them and detoxify the organism. Current research has confirmed that dietary antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation [2]. Pomegranate (
Even a small number of clinical trials in humans have been reported until now, the results showed positive effects of pomegranate extracts on various vascular diseases.
\nEllagitannins (ETs) are esters of hexahydroxydiphenic acid (HHDP) and a polyol, usually glucose or quinic acid that when they are hydrolyzed transform through lactonization to the component ellagic acid [14] (Figure 1).
\nBasic structures of ellagitannins: (A) HHDP acid (R radical); (B) galloyl unit (G radical); (C) ellagic acid.
The variability in the chemical structures among ETs is associated with different physico-chemical properties, hydrolytic reactions, and biological activity in vivo [15]. The important structural diversity of ET structure is due to the different possible extent of galloylation and formation of aromatic C-glycosides, the number of intramolecular C-C coupling of galloyl groups and hydrolytic cleavage of galloyl-derived aromatic rings, the level of dehydrogenation, and oligomerization [16].
\nEllagitannins and ellagic acid with anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective effects are transformed by the gut microbiota to produce urolithins, bioavailable metabolites [17, 18] (Figure 2). There is, however, a large variability in health effects and can be associated with the different polyphenol glucuronide metabolic profiles. Differences in urolithin production, both quantity and chemical type, could explain, at least partly, the large variability in the health effects observed in vivo.
\nGut microbiota metabolism of ellagitannins and ellagic acid.
The effects of components of the pomegranate e.g. ellagic acid (EA) are also focusing on its potential protective action towards several neurodegenerative disorders. EA has been investigated as multi-target pharmacological drug on CNS in a review analysis [19]. Pomegranate metabolites such as urolithins prevented β-amyloid fibrillation in vitro and especially methyl-urolithin B (3-methoxy-6H-dibenzo [b, d] pyran-6-one), had a protective effect in
Urolithin A (UA) allayed hypoxia/reoxygenation abuse in myocardial cells, decreased myocardial cell death in mice after ischemia/reperfusion. UA enhanced antioxidant quantity in cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation reducing myocardial apoptosis [21]. The flavonoids naringin and narirutin have a significant beneficial effect in reducing diastolic blood pressure, in patients with hypertension [22]. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with ellagic acid and then incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The results indicated inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses, and attenuating oxLDL-induced Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) up-regulation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation. Lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as OLR-1, is a class E scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells. LOX-1 seems to represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human atherosclerotic diseases [23]. Adipocyte cells were pretreated with punicalagin and ellagic acid and that caused inhibition of lipolysis reducing MAO activity [24].
\nUrolithin C, a combination of urolithins A and B metabolites of pomegranate and ellagic acid also reduced cholesterol accumulation in the human monocytic cell line THF-1-derived macrophages, but were unable to promote cholesterol outflow. Atherosclerotic processes can be attenuated by urolithins, but future human intervention tests are needed to see if it translates in vivo [23]. The ability of punicic acid (PUA) to modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR activity was determined in 3 T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. PUA activates PPAR, increases PPAR -responsive gene expression and ameliorates diabetes and inflammation [25].
\nPJ concentrate reduced the activation of redox-sensitive genes (ELK-1 and p-JUN) and increased eNOS expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC) exposed to high shear stress in vitro [26]. In vitro study showed that pomegranate leaf, seed and juice repressed cholinesterase activity in a dose dependent manner. Pomegranate juice had also protective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in the
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages of the CNS. The immortalized murine microglial cell line BV-2 has been used frequently as a substitute for primary microglia. Urolithin B inhibited the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibited NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of a nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, IκBα. In addition, urolithin B suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and Protein kinase B Akt, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, which is associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes [28, 29]. In another study, lipopolysaccharide LPS-treated cultured astrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells were investigated for anti-neuroinflammatory effects of punicalagin (PUN). It was found that PUN inhibits LPS-induced memory impairment via anti-inflammatory and anti-amylogenic mechanisms through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NF-κB activation [30]. The above results may be a solution to Alzheimer Disease [31].
\nClinical studies in hypertensive and/or obese patients receiving pomegranate juice have shown a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure [32, 33, 34, 35, 36] and a concomitant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Juice intake also led to a significant reduction in the by-products of fat peroxidation and protein and inflammatory biomarkers. Patients taking pomegranate-containing nutrient supplements had lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels but the cardiovascular risk did not recover [37].
\nA number of clinical trials in humans proved the positive effects of pomegranate juice in the protection of central nervous system (CNS). Maternal pomegranate juice absorption in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) showed differences in the infant brain and structure [38].
\nWhen PJ was given in diabetic rats it was observed decreased blood glucose, lipid levels, and inflammatory biomarkers [39]. In another study using obese Zucker rats, intake of pomegranate juice (PJ) or fruit extract PFE caused a decrease of inflammation factors and increase of plasma nitrate and nitrite (NOx) [40] In a study involving diabetic rats, they were given pomegranate seed powder (PS). Increased blood cholesterol, LDL and HDL lipoprotein were found [39, 41] while systolic blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme coronary activity decreased [42]. Pomegranate peel (PPE), flower (PFE) and seed (PSO) given in obese mice decreased fasting blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 [43] and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) [25]. PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a role in various cellular functions as well as glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and avoidance of oxidative stress. Pigs with hypercholesterolemia were given a pomegranate extract which caused reduction of systemic oxidative stress [33]. Pomegranate supplementation also exhibits cardiovascular protection improving cardiac hypertrophy in cigarette smoke in sight animals [11].
\nPreclinical trials in animal models added research results to the positive effects of pomegranate in CNS. In a rat model of Parkinsonism induced by rotenone, pomegranate juice treatment resulted in protection against oxidative destruction and improvement of neuronal durability [44]. Besides, in a rat model of maternal inflammation, pomegranate juice caused inhibition of fetal brain apoptosis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB activation [45] (Table 1).
\nPomegranate part/substance | \nVasculoprotective effect (in vitro/in vivo) | \nRef. | \nNeuroprotective effect (in vitro/in vivo) | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Pomegranate juice/peel extract/seed | \nReduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (clinical studies/in vivo) Significant reduction in the by-products of fat peroxidation and protein and inflammatory biomarkers (clinical studies/in vivo) Decreased blood glucose, lipid levels, and inflammatory biomarkers (preclinical studies/in vivo) Improved insulin sensitivity, increased levels of interleukin-10 and activated PPARγ (preclinical studies/in vivo) Reduction of systemic oxidative stress (preclinical studies/in vivo) Reduced the activation of redox-sensitive genes (ELK-1 and p-JUN) and increased eNOS expression (in vitro) | \nAsgary et al. [32], Lynn et al. [35], Haghighian et al. [34], Asgary et al. [33], Moazzen and Alizadeh [36] Wu et al. [37] Taheri et al. [39], De Nigris et al. [40], Dos Santos et al. [42] Harzallah et al. [43], Hontecillas et al. [25] Asgary et al. [33] Nigris et al. [26] | \nProtection against oxidative destruction and improvement of neuronal durability (preclinical studies/in vivo) Inhibition of fetal brain apoptosis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB activation (preclinical studies/in vivo) Repressed cholinesterase activity, Inhibition COX-2 and MAO-A enzymes (in vitro) | \nKujawska et al. [44] Ginsberg et al. [45] Amri et al. [46], Les et al. [27] | \n
Ellagic acid, punicalagin, urolithin | \nInhibition of NADPH oxidase, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses, attenuating oxLDL-induced LOX-1 up-regulation and eNOS down-regulation (in vitro) inhibition of lipolysis reducing MAO activity (in vitro) Increased PPAR -responsive gene expression and amelioration of diabetes and inflammation (in vitro) | \nLee et al. [23] Les et al. [24] Hontecillas et al. [25] Yuan et al. [20] | \nProtective effect in neurotoxicity and paralysis (in vitro) Inhibition of the production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB activity, IκBα and Protein kinase B Akt (in vitro) | \nYuan et al. [20] Lee et al. [29], DaSilva et al. [28], Kim et al. [30], AlMatar et al. [31] | \n
Vasculoprotective and neuroprotective effects of pomegranate and their substances/metabolites in in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies.
Methods used are extensively described in literature (e.g. [21, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]).
\nThe in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the whole parts of pomegranate as well as its main components such as hydrolysable tannins, ellagic acid and urolithins had a positive influence on blood glucose, lipid levels, oxidation stress and neuro/inflammatory biomarkers.
\nThe reviewed studies emphasize the potential benefits and suggest of a wider use of pomegranate and its components as dietary supplements or as adjuncts in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease and Alzheimer disease.
\nThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this chapter.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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