\r\n\tThis book chapter’s main theme will be focused on transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, mechanisms of host interaction and response, epigenetics and markers, molecular diagnosis, RNA interacting proteins, RNA binding proteins, advanced development of tools for diagnosis, possible development of concepts for vaccines and anti drugs for RNA viruses, immunological mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control. \r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-667-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-666-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-668-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",keywords:"HIV, Dengue, Zika, West Nile Virus, Chikungunya, Rabies, SARS-CoV2, MERS-CoV, Hanta Virus, Influenza, Whole Genome Sequencing, DNA Sequencing",numberOfDownloads:217,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 1st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 31st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shah obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Medicine from Hokkaido University, Japan. He was awarded the Young Science and Technology Award from the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2019. His research interests include infectious diseases, zoonotic infectious diseases, and vector-borne diseases.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278914/images/system/278914.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yogendra Shah is a consultant microbiologist/virologist, senior research microbiologist, and lecturer at Seti Provincial Hospital, COVID-19 PCR laboratory, National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, and Kathmandu College of Science and Technology, Nepal. He obtained a Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine (Bacteriology) from the Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan, in 2017. His research focuses on better understanding the molecular epidemiological features/transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and zoonotic infectious diseases in Nepal by employing molecular techniques like ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and DNA sequencing. He was awarded the Young Science and Technology Award from the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2019. His research interests include infectious diseases, zoonotic infectious diseases, and vector-borne diseases. He has published more than thirty-five research articles in peer-reviewed journals and twelve books.",institutionString:"National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nepal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"80540",title:"Neurotropic Virus-Induced Meningoencephalomyelitis",slug:"neurotropic-virus-induced-meningoencephalomyelitis",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81675",title:"Influenza Viruses: Targetting Conserved Viral Ha-Stem, Matrix and Nucleo-Proteins to Disarm a Resilient and Recurring Pandemic",slug:"influenza-viruses-targetting-conserved-viral-ha-stem-matrix-and-nucleo-proteins-to-disarm-a-resilien",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81283",title:"COVID-19 Prevention through Vitamin C, D, and Zinc Supplementation: A Small Clinical Study in Two Parts",slug:"covid-19-prevention-through-vitamin-c-d-and-zinc-supplementation-a-small-clinical-study-in-two-parts",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"232234",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanda",surname:"Siddoo-Atwal",slug:"chanda-siddoo-atwal",fullName:"Chanda Siddoo-Atwal"}]},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82086",title:"The Role of IL-6 in RNA Virus Infection",slug:"the-role-of-il-6-in-rna-virus-infection",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81733",title:"Impairment of the Cardiovascular System during SARS-CoV-2 Infection",slug:"impairment-of-the-cardiovascular-system-during-sars-cov-2-infection",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80052",title:"Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Demyelination of the Central Nervous System: A Report on Two Cases",slug:"chronic-inflammatory-bowel-disease-and-demyelination-of-the-central-nervous-system-a-report-on-two-c",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80935",title:"Ageing and HIV-Risk in Non-Gravid Female Humans",slug:"ageing-and-hiv-risk-in-non-gravid-female-humans",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429343",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Ivancic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429343/images/19998_n.jpg",email:"martina@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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1. Introduction
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In the 1960s, major milestones were achieved in in vitro maturation (IVM) of human oocytes, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of IVM oocytes was also established. Therefore, modern assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are based on IVM. Currently, the clinical application of IVM may be extended to treat patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian hyperresponsiveness, and hyporesponsiveness, as well as to preserve the fertility of cancer patients [1]. In 2013, the practice committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) stated that the clinical pregnancy rate of IVM was still lower than that of conventional IVF, and hence IVM could not yet be considered the first treatment choice for all cases of female infertility [2].
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The current standard protocol for ovulation induction in clinical practice involves intense stimulation with nonphysiological doses of gonadotropins to obtain an average of 10–15 or even dozens of mature oocytes per woman. Although the regimen of high-dose gonadotropin treatment may enable the retrieval of a larger number of oocytes, this approach can exert several short- and long-term adverse effects, including the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). At present, with the improvement in the IVF efficiency and culture systems, a natural cycle or mild stimulation may be more suitable for women receiving IVF treatments. A previous study showed that natural cycle or mild stimulation IVF is more effective than conventional stimulation protocols in patients with a low functional ovarian reserve [3]. In contrast to the standard stimulation protocol, the mild stimulation protocol is a safer and more rational regimen that helps reduce the hormone dosage, lower treatment risks, and retrieve a small number of high-quality oocytes. Despite these theoretical advantages, the mild stimulation protocol has yet to become a mainstream treatment modality in the United States. With the development of IVM technology, a modified protocol able to increase the success rates of natural cycle or mild stimulation IVF has been established. In this protocol, in addition to the retrieval of mature oocytes in naturally or mildly stimulated cycles, immature oocytes from small follicles are also retrieved for IVM, thereby increasing the total number of retrieved oocytes in a single treatment cycle and the clinical pregnancy rate. Data from previous clinical studies has shown that the combined use of natural cycle or mild stimulation IVF with IVM can expand the applicable scope of IVM technology to the treatment of various types of female infertility and has resulted in satisfactory clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates [4, 5].
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2. Mechanism of oocyte maturation
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in regulating the maturation of oocytes. The mural granulosa cells (MGC) located on the follicular wall contain natriuretic peptide precursor C (NPPC), while the cumulus cells around oocytes express natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2). Oocyte-derived paracrine factors can promote the activation of NPR2 in cumulus cells, while the NPPC in mural granulosa cells can bind to NPR2 receptors in cumulus cells to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which then enters into oocytes through gap junctions to inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE3A), thereby maintaining a high level of cAMP in oocytes and the arrest of oocytes in the meiosis cycle. The activation of PDE3A by luteinizing hormone (LH) downregulates the level of cAMP in oocytes and induces the maturation of oocytes, thereby relieving the immature oocytes in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage or first meiotic metaphase (MII) from cell cycle arrest, so that they can complete the first meiosis and enter the second MII to develop into mature oocytes [6]. Zhang et al. [7] reported that estradiol can promote and maintain the expression of NPR2 in cumulus cells and participate in NPPC-mediated meiotic arrest of oocytes in vitro. These studies have opened up a new field of molecular mechanistic research on resuming the meiosis of oocytes, providing a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the maturation of oocytes.
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Studies have found that small molecule ribonucleotides (microRNAs) are also important for oocyte maturation. A certain number of dynamic and stable microRNAs were found in both mature oocytes and early-stage embryos, presumably contributing to the maturation of oocytes. Kim et al. [8, 9] reported that microRNAs may affect oocyte maturation by altering the gene expression and function of cumulus cells through cumulus cell interaction and paracrine secretion. Let-7 is one of the most abundant microRNAs in the ovary. Upregulation of Let-7c can increase the rate of oocyte maturation, suggesting that Let-7c may be involved in the information exchange between oocytes and surrounding mural granulosa cells. In addition, maturation-promoting factor (MPF), cytostatic factor (CSF), oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are involved in oocyte maturation and division [7]. The mechanisms underlying oocyte maturation awaits further studies.
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3. Definition of oocyte IVM
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The biological definition of oocyte IVM is to remove immature oocytes in the GV stage from antral follicles and culture them in a suitable culture system, so that these immature oocytes can mature to MII stage in vitro. However, the clinical definition of IVM technology for immature human oocytes is completely different from its biological definition. The differences include the different sources of immature oocytes, the different protocols used to induce ovulation, and the different time of oocyte retrieval. These factors may lead to the situation where the immature oocytes retrieved clinically are not in the GV stage. The use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation prior to clinical retrieval of oocytes may lead to the initiation of endogenous oocyte maturation, and hence some of the retrieved immature oocytes may have undergone germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) or entered the MI stage. Although immature oocytes in the MI stage have initiated the process of in vivo maturation, they still need to participate in the procedure of in vitro culture and maturation. Therefore, the definition of clinical IVM treatment should include the in vitro culture of immature oocytes in the GV and MI stages.
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A recent point of view proposed to give the clinical definition of IVM of immature oocytes based on the diameter of follicles when the oocytes are retrieved [10]. However, this definition is not completely scientific, since the meiotic state of oocytes cannot be completely determined according to the size of follicles during the stimulation cycle [11, 12]. In addition, for immature oocytes collected from different clinical sources, their maturation rate and the rates to potentially develop into embryos and achieve live birth are different. Therefore, for clinical definition and research of IVM, attention should be paid to the effect of different sources of immature oocytes on the efficiency of IVM.
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4. Factors affecting the in vitro maturation of oocytes
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4.1 Effect of culture time on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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Maturation of oocytes includes the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. Nuclear maturation refers to the rupture of the germinal vesicle, separation of homologous chromosomes, appearance of the perivitelline space, and discharge of the first polar body. Cytoplasmic maturation refers to the completion of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation as well as the rearrangement of organelles in oocytes. Only the oocytes whose nucleus and cytoplasm are matured simultaneously can have adequate fertility and the potential for embryo development. Studies have found that most oocytes cultured in vitro can reach maturity within 24–48 h. The length of in vitro culture can affect the developmental potential of the embryo. The rate of nuclear maturation in oocytes cultured for 48 h in vitro is significantly higher than that for 24 h, but the rate of cytoplasmic maturation in oocytes cultured for 48 h is not significantly different from that for 24 h. Excessive culture time leads to the aging of oocytes and an increased level of associated genetic risks. When the culture time is too short, the maturation of cytoplasm and nucleus is not synchronized and will affect the subsequent development potential of the embryo. Wrenzycki et al. [13] found that oocytes only possess the ability to mature in the final stage of development. Therefore, adequate extension of IVM time can promote the necessary process of oocyte maturation, increase the rate of nuclear maturation in immature oocytes, and significantly improve in vitro developmental potential of oocytes and the rate of high-quality embryos.
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4.2 Effects of hormones on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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Gonadotropin can promote the expansion of cumulus cells and stimulate the maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm of oocytes, thus facilitating the formation of embryos and blastocysts in the cleavage stage and playing an important role in follicular development [14]. The addition of follicle-stimulating hormone to the culture medium for oocyte maturation can promote the cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. Some scholars believe that the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone is related to its concentration. When the concentration is 5 g/mL, a relatively high cleavage rate (79.1%) and blastocyst rate (16.1%) can be obtained [15]. The addition of LH or human chorionic gonadotropin to the IVM culture medium may promote protein synthesis, enhance oocyte metabolism, and facilitate oocyte maturation. The concentration of estradiol (E2) in the human body increases with an increasing volume of follicles. In addition, estradiol is involved in maintaining the meiotic arrest of oocytes and can promote the cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. During in vitro culture of oocytes, nuclear maturation is faster than cytoplasmic maturation. Therefore, the addition of E2 to the culture medium helps synchronize the development of the nucleus and cytoplasm in oocytes.
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4.3 Effect of antioxidant addition on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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As a hydrophobic activator, forskolin (FSK) can increase the activity of adenylate cyclase in mammalian cells and the level of intracellular cAMP. By adding FSK to an IVM culture medium, Ezoe et al. [16] significantly improved the developmental capacity of oocytes in the GV stage. By adding FSK to the culture medium, Zeng et al. [17] promoted the synchronization of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation and increased the rates of maturation, cleavage, and high-quality embryos. During IVM, the presence of oxidative stress may block oocyte maturation, lead to abnormal gene expression, and impair the cytoplasmic and nuclear development of oocytes, thereby resulting in the failure to obtain high-quality oocytes and decreasing the fertility and developmental capacity. The addition of antioxidants to the culture medium can reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. By adding a-lipoic acid to the culture medium, Zavareh et al. [18] reduced the content of active oxygen, increased the total antioxidation capacity, and promoted the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes in vitro. The results of Mokhber et al. [19, 20] showed that an appropriate concentration of a natural antioxidant, crocin (100 g/mL), and aqueous extract of saffron (40 g/mL) can increase the concentration of glutathione (GSH), protect oocytes, and significantly increase IVM rate and fertility rate.
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4.4 Effect of co-culture with mural granulosa cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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Together with cumulus cells and follicular fluid, MGC form an in vivo environment for oocyte maturation. Co-culture with MGC can increase the rate of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of immature oocytes. Studies have shown that co-culture with parietal MGC can improve the nuclear maturation of naked oocytes, slow down the nuclear maturation of naked oocytes, increase the content of glutathione in naked oocytes, reduce the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in naked oocytes, increase the rate of cytoplasmic maturation, and facilitate the simultaneous development of the nucleus and cytoplasm of oocytes [21]. Although immature oocytes detached of MGC can still mature, they cannot undergo normal fertilization and development because the cytoplasm is not synchronously matured [22]. The addition of a certain amount of MGC to the culture medium can delay the nuclear maturation of oocytes, so that the maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm becomes more synchronized. However, there is currently no uniform standard for the amount of MGC addition. Choi et al. [23] significantly increased the development potential of embryos by co-culturing the oocyte-corona-cumulus complex with naked oocytes at a 1:5 ratio.
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4.5 Effect of co-culture with oviductal epithelial cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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Some scholars have pointed out that the maturation of oocytes is completed in the fallopian tube, and hence some components of the fallopian tube may affect the maturation process of oocytes. Human tubal fluid (HTF) has been used to culture oocytes. Shirazi et al. [24] co-cultured ovine oocytes with oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) and conducted IVF, resulting in higher cleavage and blastocyst rates.
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4.6 Effect of co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes
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In addition to the potential of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can also secrete a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and some biologically active factors can enhance the in vitro maturation of oocytes and subsequent developmental potential of embryos. By adding MSCs to a culture medium, Ling et al. [25] significantly increased the maturation rate and rate of blastocyst formation of immature murine oocytes. It can be seen that the co-culture system with MSCs can promote the simultaneous development of the nucleus and cytoplasm of murine oocytes.
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5. Sources of immature oocytes
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5.1 Oocyte retrieval from cesarean section or gynecological surgery
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Immature oocytes retrieved from the ovarian cortex during cesarean section can be cultured in vitro to achieve maturation, fertilization, and healthy progeny. The mature oocytes cultured in this way are expected to be used as the source of oocytes to preserve female fertility [26]. At present, few studies have investigated the approach to obtain immature oocytes during cesarean section for in vitro culture, and hence more studies are needed to prove the safety and effectiveness of immature oocytes obtained from cesarean section.
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In addition to cesarean section, immature oocytes can also be obtained via gynecological surgery in the follicular phase or luteal phase. The number of retrieved oocytes is mainly related to the age, pathological status, and stage of the menstrual cycle of the patient. Clinical studies have confirmed that oocyte retrieval carried out at different stages of the menstrual cycle does not affect the rate of in vitro maturation and the rate of fertilization of oocytes, suggesting that IVM technique can be used to preserve fertility in cancer patients during the follicular phase or luteal phase [27]. Therefore, for cancer patients who lack sufficient time for treatment and are unable to use hormone to induce ovulation, immature oocytes can be retrieved before chemotherapy to carry out IVM and vitrification to maximize the preservation of fertility.
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5.2 PCOS patients
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A large number of antral follicles are present in the ovary of infertile women with anovulatory PCOS. These antral follicles are more sensitive to gonadotropins, and hence the risk of OHSS is increased when hormones are used to induce ovulation. Therefore, for PCOS patients, immature oocytes can be retrieved from antral follicle for in vitro maturation [28]. The use of hCG at 36 h before oocyte retrieval in PCOS patients can promote the resumption of meiosis of immature oocytes and their in vitro maturation, improving the rate of pregnancy and clinical outcomes [29]. The use of small doses of gonadotropin before the retrieval of immature oocytes from PCOS patients is also beneficial to improve the maturation potential of oocytes, increasing the rate of embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy. In addition, IVM techniques can also be considered for some PCOS patients with no or low response to hormones [30].
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5.3 Women with normal ovaries and menstrual cycles
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Based on the advantages of low hormone dosage, low cost, and simple treatment process, IVM has been gradually applied to the treatment of infertile women with normal ovaries and regular menstrual cycles. However, it remains controversial as whether the use of hCG is required in the IVM treatment of this type of patient prior to oocyte retrieval. It should be noted that the hCG trigger exerts different effects on normal ovaries and PCOS patients. In the IVM treatment cycle of PCOS patients, dominant follicles are barely visible in the ovary, but MI-stage oocytes can be retrieved from small follicles after hCG-induced ovulation. However, after the hCG trigger is used in the normal ovary during the follicular phase, most oocytes retrieved from small follicles are oocytes in the GV stage. There is currently no evidence suggesting that the hCG trigger exerts a significant effect on the pregnancy rate, live birth rate, or abortion rate in the IVM of immature oocytes obtained from normal ovaries [31]. However, the accuracy of these findings is limited by the small number of samples. Therefore, a well-designed, randomized, and controlled clinical trial is needed to further confirm the optimal dosage and timing of hCG administration.
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6. IVM culture system
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6.1 Improvement of IVM media
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The in vitro maturation of oocytes is mainly affected by culture conditions. At present, the common media used for the IVM of immature human oocytes include TCM-199 medium, Ham’s F10 medium, and Chang’s medium. In addition, serum, gonadotropin [follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone], growth factors, and steroids can be added in a basal medium to produce a complex medium. At present, commercial IVM media have been widely used. However, no breakthrough has been made in the research on improving the quality of oocytes by improving the IVM medium. In recent years, research and application of antioxidants and growth-promoting factors have promoted the advancement of this technology to some extent. In addition, using cell cycle regulators or inhibitors of mitotic spindle formation, the synchronization of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of immature oocytes can be achieved by inhibiting GVBD, thereby increasing the blastocyst rate and live birth rate in animal models [32]. However, the safety and efficacy of this method in human oocytes should be further verified.
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6.2 Optimization of IVM culture environment and process
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The culture environment, equipment, and related operations in the IVM system may affect the in vitro maturation and embryo development of immature oocytes. Therefore, the optimization of the embryo culture environment and process of in vitro operation will help to maintain the potential of embryonic development [33, 34]. The three-dimensional culture system can support the development of follicles by using biological materials to maintain cell-to-cell information exchange. In addition, mature oocytes can be obtained by using a three-dimensional culture system in the in vitro culture of anterior follicles of nonhuman primates [35], although no reports are available regarding the use of a three-dimensional culture system in the in vitro culture of immature human oocytes. A past study has used microreactors to form three-dimensional bioreactors to support the growth of different types of cells [36]. Consisting of a drop of liquid encapsulated by hydrophobic powder particles, this system can provide a suitable microenvironment for in vitro maturation of oocytes. In addition, the development of microfluidic technology will exert an important impact in the field of human gametes and preimplantation embryo development and will have potential applications in the field of ART. This technology enables the creation of microfluidic models mimicking the “menstrual cycle of women” [37]. These models include interconnected 3D models of different tissues, such as 3D models of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina, in the female reproductive system and the endocrine cycle between various organ modules. The mechanical and biochemical properties of microfluidic systems still require intensive research before these systems can be applied to clinical applications in areas such as IVM of immature human oocytes.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Clinical application and safety of IVM
\n
At present, the in vitro maturation rate of immature human oocytes can reach 70%, but the developmental potential of mature oocytes obtained in vitro is still lower than that of mature oocytes obtained in vivo. In addition, the rate of blastocyst development and the rate of implantation are relatively low after the fertilization of IVM oocytes. The main reason of such discrepancy may be related to non-synchronized nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation during IVM. With the further development in the basic and clinical research of IVM, the in-depth study on the mechanisms of oocyte maturation and mastery of key factors involved in oocyte maturation will contribute to the improvement and optimization of clinical IVM technology.
\n
The results of current research showed that human oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro display no significant differences in terms of their spindle morphology, organelle distribution, cortical particle distribution, and mitochondrial morphology [38, 39]. By observing embryos dynamically using time-lapse videos, it was confirmed that oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro showed no significant differences in terms of the morphological dynamics observed during the early development of embryos derived from these oocytes [40]. Another study has also shown that the oocytes matured in vitro and in vivo are different in terms of their organelle function, distribution, and gene expression [41]. The different experimental conclusions mentioned above may be caused by different sources and quality of oocytes used in these studies. Therefore, attention should be paid to clarify the IVM efficiency of oocytes retrieved from different sources, so as to reasonably evaluate the safety of IVM. In terms of epigenetics, a study has reported that IVM exerts no significant effect on the methylation level of maternal imprinted genes, such as LIT1, SNRPN, PEG3, and GTL2, in human oocytes [42]. After an imprinted gene examination was carried out for infant chorionic cells and cord blood obtained from IVM and a standard stimulation protocol, no significant difference was observed between the two methods [43, 44]. Currently, the follow-up of IVM-aided pregnancies shows that the IVM technique does not increase the risk of pregnancy, the rate of maternal complications, and the rate of neonatal abnormalities [45, 46]. However, due to a small sample size and the lack of in-depth study on epigenetics, the clinical application and safety of IVM still require investigations of large sample sizes to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the safety of IVM in terms of epigenetics.
\n
At present, more than 5000 IVM babies have been born worldwide, and the rate of clinical pregnancy among PCOS patients undergoing IVM treatment can reach about 35–40% [47]. IVM has been extended from the basic research to the treatment of patients with PCOS, ovarian hyperresponsiveness and hyporesponsiveness, as well as cancer patients to preserve the fertility. Therefore, IVM has a prospect of broad applications.
\n
\n
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8. Conclusion
\n
At present, the application scope of IVM technology can be extended to patients with various causes of infertility. In addition, the IVM technology is associated with acceptable pregnancy and live birth rates. Although IVM has been used as an effective treatment and achieved significant outcomes with thousands of healthy IVM babies having been delivered, IVM is still considered as an experimental technique by the society. With the development of IVM technology, the combination of natural cycle IVF with the IVM of immature oocytes can be used as an attractive regimen to promote IVM treatment. More infertile women can benefit from such approaches if the treatment process is simplified by mild stimulation, especially when the difficulty to obtain immature oocytes is reduced. Therefore, the combination of mild stimulation IVF and IVM treatment can become a viable alternative to current standard treatments. With the accumulation of more experience and results, it will be further demonstrated that the combination of mild stimulation IVF and IVM is not only a viable alternative to current standard treatments but may also become a potential option of first-line treatment.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"in vitro maturation (IVM), assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), cytoplasmic maturation, antral follicles, granulosa cells",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67832.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/67832.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67832",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67832",totalDownloads:1309,totalViews:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:62,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"June 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"June 28th 2019",datePublished:"August 28th 2019",dateFinished:"June 25th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In vitro maturation (IVM) is a technique used to induce immature oocytes collected in different periods of embryonic growth. The rates vary for immature oocytes collected from different clinical sources to potentially develop into embryos and achieve live birth. As an effective treatment method, IVM can be used to treat patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian hyperresponsiveness, and hyporesponsiveness, as well as to preserve the fertility of cancer patients. This technology has been used worldwide for the birth of thousands of healthy babies. The improvement in clinical IVM technology mainly focuses on the IVM medium and the optimization of the culture environment and operation process. At present, with the improvement in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) efficiency and culture systems, a natural cycle or mild stimulation may be more suitable for women receiving IVF treatments. A new treatment option was proposed to combine natural cycle/mild stimulation IVF with IVM. In particular, the combination of mild stimulation IVF and IVM is not only expected to become a viable alternative to current standard treatments but may also become a potential option of first-line treatment.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67832",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67832",book:{id:"6977",slug:"embryology-theory-and-practice"},signatures:"Xiaolin La, Jing Zhao and Zhihui Wang",authors:[{id:"291066",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolin",middleName:null,surname:"La",fullName:"Xiaolin La",slug:"xiaolin-la",email:"909232905@qq.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"291067",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Jing Zhao",slug:"jing-zhao",email:"littlemili@126.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"308602",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhihui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhihui Wang",slug:"zhihui-wang",email:"309145859@qq.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Mechanism of oocyte maturation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Definition of oocyte IVM",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Factors affecting the in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Effect of culture time on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Effects of hormones on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Effect of antioxidant addition on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.4 Effect of co-culture with mural granulosa cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.5 Effect of co-culture with oviductal epithelial cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.6 Effect of co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells on in vitro maturation of oocytes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Sources of immature oocytes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1 Oocyte retrieval from cesarean section or gynecological surgery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2 PCOS patients",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.3 Women with normal ovaries and menstrual cycles",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. IVM culture system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.1 Improvement of IVM media",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.2 Optimization of IVM culture environment and process",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. Clinical application and safety of IVM",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sauerbrun-Cutler MT, Vega M, Keltz M. et al., In vitro maturation and its role in clinical assisted reproductive technology. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2015;70(1):45-57\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. In vitro maturation: A committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility. 2013;99(3):663-666\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Xu Y, Li J, Zhou G, et al. Clinical outcomes for various causes of infertility with natural-cycle in vitro fertilization combined with in vitro maturation of immature oocytes. Fertility and Sterility. 2010;94(2):777-780\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Chian RC, Cao YX. In vitro maturation of immature human oocytes for clinical application. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2014;1154:271-288\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Yang SH, Patrizio P, Yoon SH, et al. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in natural cycle IVF/M treatment with or without mature oocytes retrieved at time of egg collection. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 2012;58(3):154-159\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Zhang M, Su Y, Sugiura K, et al. Granulosa cell ligand NPPC and its receptor NPR 2 maintain meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes. Science. 2010;330(62):366-369\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhang M, Su Y, Sugiura K, et al. Estradiol promotes and maintains cumulus cell expression of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR 2) and meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes in vitro. Endocrinology. 2011;152(11):4377-4385\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Gilchrist GC, Tscherner A, Nalpathamkalam T, et al. MicroRNA expression during bovine oocyte maturation and fertilization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016;17(3):396\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Kim YJ, Ku SY, Kim YY, et al. MicroRNAs transfected into granulosa cells may regulate oocyte meiotic competence during in vitro maturation of mouse follicles. Human Reproduction. 2013;28(11):3050-3061\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Dahan MH, Tan SL, Chung J, et al. Clinical definition paper on in vitro maturation of human oocytes. Human Reproduction. 2016;31(7):1383-1386\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Coticchio G. IVM in need of clear definitions. Human Reproduction. 2016;31(7):1387-1389\n'},{id:"B12",body:'De Vos M, Smitz J, Thompson JG, et al. The definition of IVM is clear-variations need defining. 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Developmental competence of vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes at the germinal-vesicle stage is improved by cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulators during in vitro maturation. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126801\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Zeng H, Ren Z, Guzman L, et al. Heparin and cAMP modulators interact during pre-in vitro maturation to affect mouse and human oocyte meiosis and developmental competence. Human Reproduction. 2013;28(6):1536-1545\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Zavareh S, Karimi I, Salehnia M, et al. Effect of in vitro maturation technique and alpha lipoic acid supplementation on oocyte maturation rate: Focus on oxidative status of oocytes. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility. 2016;9(4):442-451\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Mokhber Maleki E, Eimani H, Bigdeli MR, et al. Effects of crocin supplementation during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes on glutathione synthesis and cytoplasmic maturation. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility. 2016;10(1):53-61\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Mokhber Maleki E, Eimani H, Bigdeli MR, et al. A comparative study of saffron aqueous extract and its active ingredient, crocin on the in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, and in vitro culture of mouse oocytes. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014;53(1):21-25\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Casillas F, Ducolomb Y, Lemus AE, et al. Porcine embryo production following in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection from vitrified immature oocytes matured with a granulosa cell co-culture system. Cryobiology. 2015;71(2):299-305\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Abdel-Ghani MA, Shimizu T, Asano T, et al. In vitro maturation of canine oocytes co-cultured with bovine and canine granulosa cell monolayers. Theriogenology. 2012;77(2):347-355\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Choi BH, Bang JI, Jin JI, et al. Coculturing cumulus oocyte complexes with denuded oocytes alters zona pellucida ultrastructure in in vitro matured bovine oocytes. Theriogenology. 2013;80(9):1117-1123\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Shirazi A, Motaghi E. The in vitro fertilization of ovine oocytes in the presence of oviductal cells and its effect on the expression of zygote arrest 1 (Zar 1) and subsequent embryonic development. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility. 2013;14(1):8-16\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Ling B, Feng D-q, Zhou Y, et al. Effect of conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells on the in vitro maturation and subsequent development of mouse oocyte. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2008;41(11):978-985\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Duarte Alcoba D, Gonsales Valrio E, Conzatti M, et al. Selection of developmentally competent human oocytes aspirated during cesarean section. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;31(6):735-739\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Maman E, Meirow D, Brengauz M, et al. Luteal phase oocyte retrieval and in vitro maturation is an optional procedure for urgent fertility preservation. Fertility and Sterility. 2011;95(1):64-67\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Siristatidis C, Sergentanis TN, Vogiatzi P, et al. In vitro maturation in women with vs. without polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134696\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Reavey J, Vincent K, Child T, et al. Human chorionic gonadotrophin priming for fertility treatment with in vitro maturation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;11:CD008720\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Choavaratana R, Thanaboonyawat I, Laokirkkiat P, et al. Outcomes of follicle-stimulating hormone priming and nonpriming in in vitro maturation of oocytes in infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A single-blinded randomized study. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2015;79(3):153-159\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Fadini R, Dal Canto MB, Mignini Renzini M, et al. Effect of different gonadotrophin priming on IVM of oocytes from women with normal ovaries: A prospective randomized study. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;19(3):343-351\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Gilchrist RB. Recent insights into oocyte-follicle cell interactions provide opportunities for the development of new approaches to in vitro maturation. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 2011;23(1):23-31\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Swain JE. Optimal human embryo culture. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2015;33(2):103-117\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Swain JE, Carrell D, Cobo A, et al. Optimizing the culture environment and embryo manipulation to help maintain embryo developmental potential. Fertility and Sterility. 2016;105(3):571-587\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Smith GD, Takayama S. Application of microfluidic technologies to human assisted reproduction. Molecular Human Reproduction. 2017;23(4):257-268\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Xiao S, Coppeta JR, Rogers HB, et al. A microfluidic culture model of the human reproductive tract and 28-day menstrual cycle. Nature Communications. 2017;8:14584\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Ledda S, Idda A, Kelly J, et al. A novel technique for in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes in a liquid marble microbioreactor. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2016;33(4):513-518\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Omidi M, Khalili MA, Ashourzadeh S, et al. Zona pellucida birefringence and meiotic spindle visualisation of human oocytes are not influenced by IVM technology. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 2014;26(3):407-413\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Coticchio G, Dal Canto M, Fadini R, et al. Ultrastructure of human oocytes after in vitro maturation. Molecular Human Reproduction. 2016;22(2):110-118\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Dal Canto M, Novara PV, Coticchio G, et al. Morphokinetics of embryos developed from oocytes matured in vitro. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2016;33(2):247-253\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Walls ML, Hart R, Keelan JA, et al. Structural and morphologic differences in human oocytes after in vitro maturation compared with standard in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 2016;106(6):1392-1398\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Kuhtz J, Romero S, De Vos M, et al. Human in vitro oocyte maturation is not associated with increased imprinting error rates at LIT1, SNRPN, PEG3 and GTL2. Human Reproduction. 2014;29(9):1995-2005\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Yoshida H, Abe H, Arima T. Quality evaluation of IVM embryo and imprinting genes of IVM babies. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2013;30(2):221-225\n'},{id:"B44",body:'Pliushch G, Schneider E, Schneider T, et al. In vitro maturation of oocytes is not associated with altered deoxyribonucleic acid methylation patterns in children from in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertility and Sterility. 2015;103(3):720.e1-727.e1\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Chian RC, Xu CL, Huang JY, et al. Obstetric outcomes and congenital abnormalities in infants conceived with oocytes matured in vitro. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn. 2014;6(1):15-18\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Fadini R, Mignini Renzini M, Guarnieri T, et al. Comparison of the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of children conceived from in vitro or in vivo matured oocytes in in vitro maturation treatments with births from conventional ICSI cycles. Human Reproduction. 2012;27(12):3601-3608\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Chian RC, Uzelac PS, Nargund G. In vitro maturation of human immature oocytes for fertility preservation. Fertility and Sterility. 2013;99(5):1173-1181\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Xiaolin La",address:"909232905@qq.com",affiliation:'
First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
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Fertility",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-ros-and-male-fertility",signatures:"Simona Tafuri, Francesca Ciani, Eugenio Luigi Iorio, Luigi Esposito\nand Natascia Cocchia",authors:[{id:"32033",title:"Dr.",name:"Natascia",middleName:null,surname:"Cocchia",fullName:"Natascia Cocchia",slug:"natascia-cocchia"},{id:"117666",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Ciani",fullName:"Francesca Ciani",slug:"francesca-ciani"},{id:"173334",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Tafuri",fullName:"Simona Tafuri",slug:"simona-tafuri"},{id:"173338",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Esposito",fullName:"Luigi Esposito",slug:"luigi-esposito"},{id:"173431",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenio Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Iorio",fullName:"Eugenio Luigi Iorio",slug:"eugenio-luigi-iorio"}]},{id:"48988",title:"Influence of ROS on Ovarian Functions",slug:"influence-of-ros-on-ovarian-functions",signatures:"Francesca Ciani, Natascia Cocchia, Danila d’Angelo and Simona\nTafuri",authors:[{id:"32033",title:"Dr.",name:"Natascia",middleName:null,surname:"Cocchia",fullName:"Natascia Cocchia",slug:"natascia-cocchia"},{id:"117666",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Ciani",fullName:"Francesca Ciani",slug:"francesca-ciani"},{id:"173334",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Tafuri",fullName:"Simona Tafuri",slug:"simona-tafuri"},{id:"173336",title:"Prof.",name:"Danila",middleName:null,surname:"D'Angelo",fullName:"Danila D'Angelo",slug:"danila-d'angelo"}]},{id:"48397",title:"A Novel Concept of Fundus-Ovary-Salpinx-Para-Aorta Implantation Promoting Unit during Human Embryo Implantation",slug:"a-novel-concept-of-fundus-ovary-salpinx-para-aorta-implantation-promoting-unit-during-human-embryo-i",signatures:"Hiroshi Fujiwara, Yoshihiko Araki, Shigeru Saito, Kazuhiko Imakawa,\nSatoru Kyo, Minoru Shigeta, Masahide Shiotani, Akihito Horie and\nTakahide 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Merlo",authors:[{id:"173285",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio R.",middleName:null,surname:"Merlo",fullName:"Giorgio R. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Bacterial infections are major problems in medicine due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics that eventually select resistant microorganisms, which in turn proliferate [1]. Among the bacteria that cause infections stand out Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonadaceae), Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriaceae) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcaceae) [2].
\n
The bacterium, P. aeruginosa, is a gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for causing hospital infections, especially in patients who have compromised immune systems, and in rarer cases, it can lead to pneumonia, resulting in the death of 60% of infected [3, 4]. Although strains of E. coli colonize the human digestive tract, in large quantities they are capable of causing intestinal problems such as diarrhea. While S. aureus causes several acute infections such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and meningitis [1].
\n
It has been reported that the mechanisms of bacterial resistance include the efflux pumps, which expel the antibiotic, in addition, the bacteria are capable of altering the target of the antibiotic for mutation or enzymatic inactivation and alteration of the permeability of the bacterium to the drug [5]. Thus, antibiotics alone cannot inhibit bacterial growth so that substances that modulate their effect are necessary in order to potentiate the action of the drug [6, 7].
\n
These substances capable of modulating standard drugs can be found in plants, since these have constituents with antibacterial actions derived from their secondary metabolism, mainly the aromatic herbs, because their essential oils have diverse biological and pharmacological activities [8, 9]. Among the botanical families most rich in aromatic plants is Lamiaceae, which is well known for its representatives as sources of essential oils used in cooking, aromatherapy and medicine [10, 11]. Among the species of this family, the species Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze (Figure 1), known in Brazil as “bamburral” and “alfazema-brava,” is popularly used in the treatment of diseases related to gastrointestinal and respiratory tract [12], so that we hypothesize that the species is abundant in phytochemical constituents, which present biological activity against strains of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria. This hypothesis is supported by the pharmacological and biological activities of these species already evidenced in the literature, such as antioxidant activity [13], neuroprotective [14], gastro-protective [15], antitumor [16], antinociceptive [17], anti-inflammatory [18], antifungal [19], anti-bacterial [20], insecticide [21], larvicide [8], and allelopathic action [22].
\n
Figure 1.
\nMesosphaerum suaveolens. (a) Leaves and stem. (b) Population of M. suaveolens in Quixelô—CE, Brazil. (c) Highlight of flowers. (d) Leaves in senescence.
\n
Thus, due to increasing bacterial resistance to drugs and the search for new bioactive sources, this research aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and modulatory activity of M. suaveolens essential oil as well as to characterize its chemical compounds.
\n
\n
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2. Results
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\n
2.1 Chemical composition of essential oil
\n
The essential oil of M. suaveolens presented a total of 44 phyto-constituents, with β-caryophyllene (20.37%) being the major constituent (Figure 2). Following this, the oil presented as secondary compounds were sabinene (15.94%) and espatulenol (11.09%). As constituents traces (<1%), 26 constituents were found (Table 1).
\n
Figure 2.
Chemical structure of sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene.
Main constituents (>1%) of Mesosphaerum suaveolens essential oil.
Retention indices experimental (based on homologous series of n-alkane C7-C30).
Retention indices from literature.
Relative proportions of the essential oil constituents were expressed as percentages.
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\n
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2.2 Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
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According to Table 2, the essential oil of M. suaveolens showed no activity against gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli), both standard strains and multiresistant strains, since they have MIC ≥1024 μg/mL. However, the oil presented antibacterial action against S. aureus with MIC of 64 μg/mL for the standard strain (ATCC) and 256 μg/mL for the multiresistant strain.
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\n
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Strains
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\nPseudomonas aeruginosa\n
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\nEscherichia coli\n
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\nStaphylococcus aureus\n
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\n\n\n
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Strains standards (ATCC)
\n
≥1024
\n
≥1024
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64
\n
\n
\n
Multi-resistant Strains
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≥1024
\n
≥1024
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256
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Minimal inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) of essential oil of Mesosphaerum suaveolens against conventional bacterial (ATCC) and multiresistant strains.
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\n
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2.3 Modulation of drugs
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According to Figure 3, it was demonstrated that the essential oil of M. suaveolens does not have the capacity to modulate the antibiotics, gentamicin, imipinem, and norfloxacin, since there was no significant difference between the control group and the treatments.
\n
Figure 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic modulation in combination with essential oil of Mesosphaerum suaveolens. PA 24, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24; EC 06, Escherichia coli 06; SA 10, Staphylococcus aureus 10; EOMS, essential oil of Mesosphaerum suaveolens.
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\n
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3. Discussion
\n
Although the leaves of M. suaveolens are used in folk medicine for the treatment of diseases related to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract [12], it has been demonstrated that the volatile terpenes of the species are not related to this action, since in the in the present study, this product did not present antibacterial action at concentrations of clinical relevance for two of the three strains used [23].
\n
However, it is possible to observe that there is antibacterial action against the standard strains of S. aureus multiresistants. This can be explained by the mechanisms of action that some natural products have, such as the ability to disintegrate their cytoplasmic membranes, as well as destabilization of the proton motive force, electron flow, active transport and cellular content coagulation [24]. In addition, activity against S. aureus can be linked to the major compound of the study oil, β-caryophyllene, since this sesquiterpene exhibits antibacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria [25].
\n
Thus, the oil has a source of β-caryophyllene, such sesquiterpene is found to be the majority compound; however, the oil of this species shows heterogeneity according to internal (genetic) and external factors (origin, mode of collection, collection period, etc.) [26]. To avoid large variations in the chemical composition of the oil, the collections should be standardized, such as collection times, period of the year, as well as to identify if the individual is under herbivorous attack [8].
\n
This variation in the essential oil explains why some works show the antibacterial action of the essential oil, as Tesch et al. [27], where the oil showed activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 (MIC 350 μL/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (MIC 300 μL/mL), Salmonella Typhi CDC57 (MIC 400 μL/mL). In this study, the natural product presented eucalyptol (C10H18O) and fenchone (C10H16O) as the main compounds.
\n
In addition to antimicrobial activities, the products of plant origin can have a drug modulating action, and although M. suaveolens does not present such action, it is seen that in members of the Lamiaceae family, some species present such action. Among the species is Origanum vulgare L., where its essential oil has a modulating action of the tetracycline drug against bacterial strains of S. aureus IS-58, which had the TetK tetracycline efflux protein [28].
\n
\n
\n
4. Materials and methods
\n
\n
4.1 Collection of botanical material
\n
Fresh leaves of M. suaveolens were collected in the municipality of Quixelô located in the state of Ceará (Brazil) under coordinates −6°14′22.40″S, −39°16′14.29″W in March 2015 (Figure 4). The collection area is characterized as being part of the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest. The leaves were dried in an oven at 30°C. The plant material was identified and a voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium Caririense Dárdano of Andrade-Lima – HCDAL under #12.104.
\n
Figure 4.
Map of the collection of the species Mesosphaerum suaveolens in the municipality of Quixelô—CE, Brazil.
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\n
\n
4.2 Extraction of essential oil
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After drying, the leaves were packed in a volumetric flask containing 4 L of distilled water and subjected to constant boiling for 2 hours. Then the essential oil was collected and stored in an amber bottle under constant refrigeration until the conduction of the chemical analyzes and microbiological tests [8].
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\n
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4.3 Phytochemical analysis of essential oil by gas chromatography (GC-FID)
\n
For gas chromatography (GC), the Agilent Technologies 6890 N GC-FID system, equipped with DB-5 capillary column with the following specifications: 30 m of length, 0.32 mm and 0.50 μm of film thickness was used, which was connected to an FID detector. The temperature ramp consisted of: Initial temperature of 60°C for 1 min and was raised to 3° C/min until reaching 180°C [8].
\n
\n
\n
4.4 Identification of the components
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As for the identification, the terpenes were identified as to the of retention index (RI). In addition, they were compared with two spectral libraries, Nist and Wiley, and data in the literature [23].
\n
\n
\n
4.5 Antibacterial activity
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\n
4.5.1 Bacterial strains, culture media and drugs
\n
For the antibacterial tests, standard strains were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), being Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. While for the modulation and also MIC tests, strains resistant cells (Table 3), being Escherichia coli 06, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 03 and Staphylococcus aureus 10.
Isolated clinical bacterial strains used for MIC and modulation tests with their antibiotic resistance and origin profile.
Source: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology—LMBM—regional University of Cariri—URCA.
\n
As for the culture medium for the antibacterial assays, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) was prepared according to the measures recommended by the manufacturer. While for in vitro modulation assays, the drugs used were Gentamicin from class aminoglycoside, Norfloxacin, belonging to the classes of fluoroquinolones and Imipenem of the carbapenem class.
\n
\n
\n
4.5.2 Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
\n
It was followed the methodology employed in the work Bezerra et al. [3] for the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). In this study, concentrations ranging from 1 to 1024 μg/mL of the essential oil of M. suaveolens against pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. For that, the inoculants of the strains were mixed with BHI (10%), being distributed in microdilution plates with the natural product. After 24 hours of microbial growth at a temperature of 37°C, the MIC was evaluated with the addition of resazurin.
\n
\n
\n
4.5.3 Effect modulator of antibiotics
\n
To assess the modulating effect of essential oil, sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/8) of the product against multidrug-resistant bacteria were used. For that, concentrations of standard antibiotics (1–1024 μg/mL) were added to microdilution plates containing BHI (10%) and bacteria inoculum, as well as volatile M. suaveolens terpenes in sub-inhibitory concentrations. After 24 hours in a bacteriological oven (37°C), a resazurin solution was added to determine the MIC [7].
\n
\n
\n
\n
4.6 Statistical analysis
\n
The results were analyzed in the GraphPad Prism program, version 6, in which the data were analyzed by Anova One-way and followed by post hoc Tukey test and were considered significant when p < 0.05.
\n
\n
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\n
5. Conclusion
\n
The essential oil of Mesosphaerum suaveolens exhibits antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus so that its phytochemicals can be used in the formulation of new drugs. Further studies on toxicity should be performed in order to ascertain the tolerable concentrations that can be used of this oil.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The authors thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and the Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FUNCAP).
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n
Funding
\n
This research received no external funding.
\n
\n',keywords:"bacteria, Hyptis suaveolens, bamburral, β-caryophyllene, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72345.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72345.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72345",totalDownloads:502,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 28th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 1st 2020",datePrePublished:"May 29th 2020",datePublished:"September 9th 2020",dateFinished:"May 29th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Mesosphaerum suaveolens (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in Brazil for the treatment of diseases related to the digestive tract and respiratory diseases, so we hypothesized that the essential oil of this species may have antibacterial activity. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and modulatory activity of the essential oil of M. suaveolens as well as to characterize its chemical composition. The identification of the constituents was performed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the antibacterial and modulating activity by the plate microdilution method. We found the oil had sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene as the major component. This compound may account for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains, since the essential oil had a MIC of 64 μg/mL for the standard strain and 256 μg/mL for the multiresistant strain, demonstrated that the oil does not exhibit drug modulating activity. 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Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 Collection of botanical material",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2 Extraction of essential oil",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.3 Phytochemical analysis of essential oil by gas chromatography (GC-FID)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.4 Identification of the components",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.5 Antibacterial activity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"4.5.2 Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.5.3 Effect modulator of antibiotics",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.6 Statistical analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Funding",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nRodrigues FC, Santos ATL, Machado AJT, Bezerra CF, Freitas TS, Coutinho HDM, et al. Chemical composition and anti-Candida potencial of the extracts of Tarenaya spinosa (Jacq.) Raf.(Cleomaceae). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2019;64:14-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.005\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nSantos FSM, Bezerra JWA, Kamdem JP, Boligon AA, Anraku MM, Silva ARP, et al. Polyphenolic composition, antibacterial, modulator and neuroprotective activity of Tarenaya spinosa (Jacq.) Raf.(Cleomaceae). Asian. Pac. Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2019;9:12-17. DOI: 10.4103/22211691.250264\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nBezerra JWA, Costa AR, Freitas MA, Rodrigues FC, Souza MA, Silva ARP, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, modulator and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2019;65:58-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.010\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nFerreira H, RPL E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An alert to the professionals of health. 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DOI: 10.3109/13880200902991540\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nBezerra JWA, Costa AR, Silva MAP, Rocha MI, Boligon AA, Rocha JBT, et al. Chemical composition and toxicological evaluation of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poiteau (LAMIACEAE) in Drosophila melanogaster and Artemia salina. South African Journal of Botany. 2017;113:437-442. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.10.003\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nDuarte AE, Menezes IRA, Morais-Braga MFB, Leite NF, Barros LM, Waczuk EP, et al. Antimicrobial activity and modulatory effect of essential oil from the leaf of Rhaphiodon echinus (Nees & Mart) Schauer on some antimicrobial drugs. Molecules. 2016;21:743-756. DOI: 10.3390/moléculas21060743\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nRaja RR. Medicinally potential plants of Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family: An overview. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant. 2012;6:203-213. DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2012.203.213\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nUritu CM, Mihai CT, Stanciu GD, Dodi G, Alexa-Stratulat T, Luca A, et al. 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DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0016-7\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nJesus NZT, Falcão HS, Lima GRM, Caldas Filho MRD, Sales IRP, Gomes IF, et al. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant protects the stomach against several gastric ulcer models. J. Ethnopharmacology. 2013;150:982-988. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.010\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nBrindha P, Sridharan G, Pradeep V, Sasikumar S. Antitumor activity and in vivo antioxidant status of Hyptis suaveolens against Ehrich ascites carcinoma in swiss albino mice. Indian Drugs. 2008;45:801-808\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nSantos TC, Marques MS, Menezes IRA, Dias KS, Silva AB, Mello IC, et al. Antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of the Hyptis suaveolens leaves aqueous extract on mice. Fitoterapia. 2007;78:333-336. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.01.006\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nGrassi P, Reyes TSU, Sosa S, Tubaro A, Hofer O, Zitterl-Eglseer K. Anti-inflammatory activity of two diterpenes of Hyptis suaveolens from El Salvador. Journal of Biosciences. 2006;61:165-170. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2006-3-402\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nMbatchou VC, Abdullatif S, Glover R. Phytochemical screening of solvent extracts from Hyptis suaveolens LAM for fungal growth inhibition. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010;9:358-361. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.358.361\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nHossan MS, Jindal H, Maisha S, Samudi-Raju C, Devi-Sekaran S, Nissapatorn V, et al. Antibacterial effects of 18 medicinal plants used by the Khyang tribe in Bangladesh. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2018;56:201-208. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1446030\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nBenelli G, Flamini G, Canale A, Cioni PL, Conti B. Toxicity of some essential oil formulations against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera Tephritidae). Crop Protection. 2012;42:223-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.024\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nBezerra JWA, Santos MAF, Meiado MV, Linhares KV, Boligon AA, Leandro CS, et al. Allelopathy of aromatic species on the germination of Cereus jamacaru DC. Subsp. jamacaru (Cactaceae). The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2018;10:337-348. DOI: 10.5539/jas.v9n11p99\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nHoughton PJ, Howes MJ, Lee CC, Steventon G. Uses and abuses of in vitro tests in ethnopharmacology: Visualizing an elephant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;110:391-400\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nSikkema J, Bont JA, Poolman B. Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994;269:8022-8028\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nDahham S, Tabana Y, Iqbal M, Ahamed M, Ezzat M, Majid A, et al. The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules. 2015;20:11808-11829. DOI: 10.3390/moléculas200711808\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nMartins FT, Santos MH, Polo M, Barbosa LC. Variação química do óleo essencial de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., sob condições de cultivo. Química Nova. 2006;29:1203-1209. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422006000600011\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nTesch NR, Márquez-Yánez R, Mendoza-Rojas X, Rojas-Fermín L, Velasco Carrillo J, Díaz T, et al. Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) de los Llanos venezolanos. Revista Peruana de Biología. 2015;22:103-107. DOI: 10.15381/rpb.v22i1.11127\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nCirino ICS, Menezes-Silva SMP, Silva HTD, Souza EL, Siqueira-Júnior JP. The essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. and its individual constituents carvacrol and thymol enhance the effect of tetracycline against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotherapy. 2014;60:290-293. DOI: 10.1159/000381175\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"José Weverton Almeida Bezerra",address:"weverton.almeida@urca.br;, rodriguescaroline26@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Wellcome Trust
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National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
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Furthermore, miRNAs have been associated with patients response to therapy, therefore suggesting their potential to be used as biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response.",book:{id:"5728",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",fullTitle:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology"},signatures:"Ovidiu Balacescu, Loredana Balacescu, Oana Baldasici, Oana\nTudoran and Patriciu Achimas‐Cadariu",authors:[{id:"195763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ovidiu",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"ovidiu-balacescu",fullName:"Ovidiu Balacescu"},{id:"196758",title:"Dr.",name:"Loreadana",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"loreadana-balacescu",fullName:"Loreadana Balacescu"},{id:"196761",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Tudoran",slug:"oana-tudoran",fullName:"Oana Tudoran"},{id:"196770",title:"Prof.",name:"Patriciu",middleName:null,surname:"Achimas",slug:"patriciu-achimas",fullName:"Patriciu Achimas"},{id:"203875",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Baldasici",slug:"oana-baldasici",fullName:"Oana Baldasici"}]},{id:"36753",doi:"10.5772/29909",title:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Perineal Endometriosis",slug:"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-perineal-endometriosis",totalDownloads:4770,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"684",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",title:"Endometriosis",fullTitle:"Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends"},signatures:"Lan Zhu, Na Chen and Jinghe Lang",authors:[{id:"79859",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"lan-zhu",fullName:"Lan Zhu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48951",title:"Peripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"peripartum-hysterectomy-",totalDownloads:2008,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Peripartum hysterectomy is uncommon in modern obstetrics. It is mostly performed as an emergency procedure to control life-threatening haemorrhage. Despite recent technical advances in medicine, it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Peripartum hysterectomy constitutes a life-saving procedure.",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin",authors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair Odeh",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-odeh-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Odeh Amarin"}]},{id:"60935",title:"Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"pathophysiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Pelvic organ support is provided by interaction between the pelvic floor muscle, ligaments and its connective tissues. Failure of anatomical support may result in pelvic organ prolapse. Therefore in managing anterior, posterior, or apical compartments prolapse, conceptual understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is essential for the surgeons. To appropriately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is of paramount importance. DeLancey has described vaginal connective tissue support of the pelvis at three levels that has helped us to understand various clinical manifestations of pelvic organ support dysfunction. Pelvic floor disorder is frequently associated with etiological risk factors which include aging, parity, obesity, connective tissue disorder, increased intra-abdominal pressure and hysterectomy. A better understanding of pathophysiology of muscular, collagen, and neuronal components of the pelvic organs and their support would provide an insight of site specific defects and its prevention.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Lubna Razzak",authors:[{id:"212077",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubna",middleName:null,surname:"Razzak",slug:"lubna-razzak",fullName:"Lubna Razzak"}]},{id:"49153",title:"B-Lynch Compression Suture as an Alternative to Paripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"b-lynch-compression-suture-as-an-alternative-to-paripartum-hysterectomy",totalDownloads:2748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Obstetrics haemorrhage is a major killer of women of all categories of class, religion, social and economic status. Women of third world countries suffer the most adversity because of poor resources and infrastructure. In major substandard care, haemorrhage emerges as the major cause of severe maternal morbidity in almost all ‘near miss’ audits in both developed and developing countries [1, 2, 24].",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch and Tahira Aziz Javaid",authors:[{id:"176667",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Balogun-Lynch",slug:"christopher-balogun-lynch",fullName:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch"},{id:"176773",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Javaid",slug:"tahira-aziz-javaid",fullName:"Tahira Aziz Javaid"}]},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1810,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The treatment of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse is challenging. The pelvic floor symptom needs to be treated, a high quality of life has to be ensured and complications have to be minimized. There is a wide range of surgical options that may be used. The surgeon should be able to discuss and offer native tissue procedures for prolapse. In addition, for the clinically challenging situations of recurrent prolapse, mesh augmented procedures may need to be discussed with the patient. A thorough knowledge of mesh and graft options, as well as knowledge of prolapse recurrence and adverse events rate, can help guide clinicians in counseling their patients effectively. Ultimately, this will allow surgeons to choose a personalized treatment option that best align with a woman’s lifestyle and treatment goals. In this chapter the anatomical concepts of supports of vagina are elaborated. The pelvic diaphragm, lateral attachment of vagina to arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, intrinsic and extrinsic sphincter control mechanisms are elaborated. The surgical techniques of suspending the vaginal vault with autologous tissue and synthetic mesh are discussed. Finally, the role of minimally invasive surgery of pelvic floor is discussed as an integral part of management of recurrent vaginal prolapse.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"61308",title:"Effects of Posture and Gravity on Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"effects-of-posture-and-gravity-on-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Female pelvic floor dysfunction occurs when the integrity of the pelvic floor muscles is compromised and impacts the position and function of the pelvic organs. Physicians use international guidelines to evaluate and treat women for POP taking into account that posture and gravity impact pelvic organ position, and degree of prolapse. Our clinical focuses on the description of surface anatomy. This examination alone is insufficient. Although imaging is recommended, the modalities currently available are recognized to have flaws. MRI is performed in the supine position regardless the effect of posture and gravity on POP. A literature search was performed using databases, searching MEDLINE and PubMed using the key terms ultrasound, MRI, and CT. We describe use of a new protocol and advanced technique to evaluate the changes of POP in different positions using open MRI (MRO). POP patients underwent MRO imaging of the pelvic floor using a 0.5 T MRO scanner. The extent of displacement of prolapsed organs was determined using validated reference lines drawn on the mid-sagittal images. Manual segmentation and surface modeling were used to construct the 3D models. MRO offers new levels of anatomic detail; 3D sequences based on 2D images are an additional refinement.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Marwa Abdulaziz, Lynn Stothers and Andrew Macnab",authors:[{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab"},{id:"183155",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:null,surname:"Stothers",slug:"lynn-stothers",fullName:"Lynn Stothers"},{id:"209987",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marwa",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Abdulaziz",slug:"marwa-abdulaziz",fullName:"Marwa Abdulaziz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1071",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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