Summary of the boundary conditions employed for the numerical simulation
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",keywords:"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive Cardiomyopathy, Transesophageal Echocardiography, Intracardiac Echocardiography, 3-Dimensional Echocardiography, Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Vessels, Coronary Artery Disease, Risk Stratification, Revascularization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 21st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 18th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 5th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Cismaru Gabriel is an Assistant Professor at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, certified in Cardiology. After completing his certification in cardiology, Dr. Cismaru began his electrophysiology fellowship at the Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu. He has authored or co-authored peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the field of cardiac pacing, defibrillation, electrophysiological study, and catheter ablation.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Raluca Tomoaia is an MD, Ph.D. in novel techniques in Echocardiography at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, Romania., assistant professor, and a researcher in echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191888/images/system/191888.png",biography:"Dr. Cismaru Gabriel is an assistant professor at the Cluj-Napoca University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania, where he has been qualified in cardiology since 2011. He obtained his Ph.D. in medicine with a research thesis on electrophysiology and pro-arrhythmic drugs in 2016. Dr. Cismaru began his electrophysiology fellowship at the Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, France, after finishing his cardiology certification with stages in Clermont-Ferrand and Dinan, France. He began working at the Rehabilitation Hospital\\'s Electrophysiology Laboratory in Cluj-Napoca in 2011. He is an experienced operator who can implant pacemakers, CRTs, and ICDs, as well as perform catheter ablation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. He has been qualified in pediatric cardiology since 2022, and he regularly performs device implantation and catheter ablation in children. 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Thick condensate areas have higher liquid surface temperatures than thin areas; therefore, the surface tension flow is induced toward the peak of the condensate from thinner areas as a result of the vapor−liquid equilibrium and the variation in the surface tension in the binary vapor condensation of a positive system. This phenomenon differs essentially from so-called dropwise condensation on a hydrophobic surface, because there is a continuous thin liquid film between condensate drops and condensation occurs on a hydrophilic surface. This phenomenon was first reported by Mirkovich and Missen [1] in 1961 for a binary mixture of organic vapors. Ford and Missen [2] demonstrated that the criterion for instability of a condensate liquid film is d
In recent years, Utaka and co-workers conducted research [5−9] on the dominant factors (surface subcooling, vapor mass fraction, and vapor velocity) in determining the condensation modes and heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. The major results on the heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation were summarized in reference 9. Heat transfer was significantly enhanced for a low mass fraction of ethanol in a water−ethanol mixture. Murase et al. [10] studied Marangoni condensation of steam−ethanol mixtures using a horizontal condenser tube, and the results exhibited similar trends to those obtained by Utaka and Wang [7] for vertical surfaces.
The mechanisms of Marangoni condensation have also been studied. Hijikata et al. [11] presented a theoretical drop growth mechanism for Marangoni dropwise condensation. That is, the Marangoni effect occurs due to the surface tension difference which plays a more important role than the surface tension. Akiyama et al. [12] performed a 2-dimensional numerical simulation of the condensation of water-ethanol vapor on a horizontal heat transfer surface and found a 2 K temperature difference between the condensate film area and the crest of the condensate drop. Marangoni flow occurs in a condensate liquid and is driven by the surface tension gradient induced by the temperature difference. Utaka et al. [13] investigated the effect of the initial drop distance, which is the average distance between initially formed drops grown from a thin flat condensate film that forms immediately after a drop departs. They clarified that the initial drop distance is closely related to the heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. Furthermore, Utaka and Nishikawa [14] measured the thickness of condensate films on the tracks of departing drops and between drops using the laser extinction method, in which the proportion of laser light absorbed by the condensate liquid is dependent on the liquid thickness. The condensate film was approximately 1 μm thick and was strongly dependent on the initial drop distance and the heat transfer characteristics.
Marangoni condensation occurs due to the instability of Marangoni force acting on the condensate film. Condensate drops move spontaneously without any external forces when a bulk temperature gradient is applied to a horizontal heat transfer surface, only due to the imbalance of the surface tension distribution around the drops. This kind of phenomena could also occur in a low-gravity environment. This implies that condensate drops can be moved by applying a bulk surface temperature to a heat transfer surface. It is thus possible to remove a thick liquid film and large condensate drops by exploiting this spontaneous movement of condensate drops. A highly efficient heat exchanger could then be realized. Moreover, since non-uniform temperature distributions are often generated in heat exchangers, it is essential to clarify the heat transfer and condensate movement characteristics in Marangoni condensation when there is a temperature distribution on the heat transfer surface. It is also considered that the circulation of condensate driven by surface tension flow could be utilized in some heat transfer devices (e.g., a wickless heat pipe). Utaka and Kamiyama [15] examined the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on condensate drop movement when a steady bulk temperature gradient was applied to horizontal and inclined heat transfer surfaces in the condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. The condensate drops moved from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. The drop velocity increased with the surface tension gradient on the condensing surface and was independent of the drop size. Chen and Utaka [16] investigated the mechanisms and characteristics of drop movement on a horizontal condensing surface with a bulk temperature gradient for Marangoni dropwise condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. In particular, experimental observations and measurements on the dominant factors affecting condensate drop movement were conducted, such as 1) bulk surface tension gradient, and 2) initial drop distance (adopted as a parameter for the Marangoni force and the condensate drop shape). The velocity of condensate drop movement was determined to correlate well with both the surface tension gradient and the initial drop distance.
In this chapter, the characteristics and mechanisms of condensate drop movement driven by a surface tension gradient in Marangoni dropwise condensation are summarized on the basis of the presented researches.
In the condensation of a binary vapor mixture, such as water−ethanol vapor, the Marangoni force (indicated by the arrows in Fig. 1) pulls the condensate liquid from the periphery toward the peak along the surface of a condensate drop, whereby dropwise condensation occurs. The Marangoni force here is the driving force for condensate flow, which is considered to be caused by a surface tension difference on the condensate surface, based on the vapor−liquid equilibrium and the variation in the surface tension for a water−ethanol liquid mixture (see Fig. 2). This kind of phenomenon is referred to as ‘Marangoni dropwise condensation’.
Utaka and Terachi [6] and Utaka and Wang [7] reported that significantly enhanced heat transfer could be realized by decreasing the thermal resistance of the condensate liquid in the Marangoni dropwise condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. Utaka and Terachi [6] measured the condensation characteristics and clarified that surface subcooling is one of the dominant factors that determines the condensate and heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. More accurate measurements of a wider range of ethanol mass fraction and surface subcooling were conducted by Utaka and Wang [7], some of the results of which are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Figure 3 shows the heat transfer coefficient of Marangoni condensation for water−ethanol vapor mixtures with various ethanol mass fractions. Figure 4 shows the variation in the ratio of the peak heat transfer coefficient of the mixture vapor to that of pure steam. These two figures indicate that the condensation heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the addition of an extremely small amount of ethanol and the heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixture is approximately 8 times higher than that of pure steam.
Mechanism for Marangoni dropwise condensation
Vapor−liquid equilibrium and variation of surface tension coefficient for water−ethanol mixture
Condensation characteristics of water−ethanol vapor mixtures with various ethanol mass fractions
Variation in the ratio of the peak heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixture to that of pure steam
In Marangoni dropwise condensation, small condensate drops initially form from a smooth and thin liquid film adjacent to the periphery of a large condensate drop after its departure. Figure 5 shows time-series microscopic images of the formation of small condensate drops. These initially formed drops are called initial drops and the average distance between the centers of the initial drops is defined as the initial drop distance.
Initial drop formation process with initial drop distance (
Condensate drops form in Marangoni dropwise condensation due to the Marangoni force acting on the surface of the condensate liquid. Therefore, the Marangoni force is considered to be closely related to the heat transfer mechanisms of Marangoni dropwise condensation. It is also reasonable that the formation of initial drops and the initial drop distance is determined by the strength of the Marangoni force. Thus, a close correlation exists between the initial drop distance and Marangoni force. Consequently, the initial drop distance is adopted as an important parameter of the heat transfer characteristics and mechanisms of Marangoni condensation in the studies of Utaka et al. [13] and Utaka and Nishikawa [14]. Figures 6(a) and (b) show respective plots of the heat transfer coefficient and the initial drop distance as a function of surface subcooling based on data measured by Utaka et al. [13]. The initial drop distances have U-shaped curves with minima that correspond to distances in the range 30−150 μm, depending on the surface subcooling and the mass fraction of ethanol. Surface subcooling at the minimum initial drop distances coincides with that at the maximum heat transfer coefficient. Utaka and Nishikawa [14] investigated the relationship between the liquid film thickness and the initial drop distance (Fig. 7) for a water−ethanol mixture using the laser extinction method. A condensate liquid film of approximately 1 μm thickness remained after sweeping by departing drops and between condensate drops. The minimum condensate film thickness decreased with initial drop distance for surface subcooling lower than the maximum heat transfer point, even when the condensation rate increased.
These two studies demonstrated that there is a close relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and characteristic parameters such as the initial drop distance and the minimum condensate thickness. In the surface subcooling region near the maximum heat transfer coefficient, the initial drop distance and minimum film thickness tend to assume minimum values as a result of the driving force being a maximum, due to the surface tension gradient on the condensate surface. Thus, when the initial drop distance decreases, heat transfer is enhanced by thinning of the condensate film that could result in a reduction in the thermal resistance of the condensate. In addition, the condensate drop shape changes with increasing Marangoni force and the condensate film becomes thinner, even when condensation rate increases. This implies that the drop height increases as the drops approach hemispherical shapes due to an increase in the Marangoni force. The correlation among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and shape (angle) of condensate drops, as
Variation of heat transfer coefficient and initial drop distance as a function of surface subcooling
Variation of minimum condensate film thickness as a function of initial drop distance
shown in Fig. 8, could be inferred on the basis of these experimental results. For certain mass fractions of ethanol, the experimental condition of surface subcooling determines the strength of the Marangoni force, and thus the initial drop distance and shape of the condensate drop are also determined. Therefore, if any one of the three factors is known, the two other factors can be determined based on the corresponding correlations. The qualitative correlations are inferred from the experimental results. The quantitative correlations were experimentally studied and are introduced in the following section.
Correlation between Marangoni force, initial drop distance and condensate drop shape
When a bulk temperature gradient is applied to a horizontal heat transfer surface or in a low-gravity environment under a Marangoni condensation field, condensate drops move spontaneously without external forces. The reason for condensate drop movement is considered to be as follows. A Marangoni force (
Schematic diagram of the driving force for condensate drop movement
It is considered that the imbalance of the reactive force is determined by the bulk surface tension gradient of the condensate liquid. Consequently, the velocity of condensate drop movement is considered to be affected by the bulk surface tension gradient. The bulk surface tension gradient is calculated from the surface tension difference, which corresponds to the time-averaged surface temperature distribution of the extremely thin liquid film covering the heat transfer surface. The horizontal component of the Marangoni force depends on the overall magnitude of the Marangoni force and the shape (angle) of the condensate drop. Therefore, it is conceivable that the movement of the condensate drop is also determined by these two factors. Based on the correlation between the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and the angle of the condensate drop shown in Fig. 8, it follows that condensate drop movement is also affected by these three factors. Utaka and co-workers [15, 16] have focused on these factors and carried out several experimental and numerical studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of condensate drop movement in Marangoni dropwise condensation.
Figure 10 shows a schematic of a typical experimental system. A vapor mixture is generated by electrically heating a water−ethanol mixture with a certain mass fraction in a vapor generator. The vapor is partially condensed on a heat transfer block, and is almost completely condensed in an auxiliary condenser after passing through the condensing chamber. The vapor pressure is maintained close to atmospheric pressure by a small opening to the atmosphere between the auxiliary condenser and condensate receiver. The condensate is fed back into the vapor generator after deaeration to remove non-condensable gases dissolved in the condensate. In addition, the vapor is made to flow in the opposite direction to the condensate drop movement to distinguish the driving force of drop movement from the shear force of the vapor flow. Figure 11 shows a schematic of the condensing chamber, where the condensate drop behavior is observed through front and side windows.
Figure 12 shows a schematic of the heat transfer block, which was made of brass with a surface area of 20×20 mm2 that was positioned horizontally for the experiments. A triangular cross-section of constantan, which has low thermal conductivity, was soldered onto the cooling surface of the heat transfer block. This allowed a bulk temperature gradient to be applied to the heat transfer surface by uniformly cooling the constantan surface with multiple water jet spray. Temperature was measured using thermocouples located inside the heat transfer block, and the surface temperature distribution was determined by two-dimensional extrapolation. The heat transfer surface was coated with titanium dioxide to make it hydrophilic to distinguish it from dropwise condensation on a hydrophobic surface. Experiments were conducted continuously using quasi-steady-state measurements, in which the temperature of the cooling water was changed very slowly.
Schematic of a typical experimental apparatus setup
Schematic of the condensing chamber
Schematic of the heat transfer block
To confirm the correlations among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and shape of condensate inferred in section 2.2, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the quantitative relations. The angle of the condensate drop, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient were experimentally measured and the relations are discussed. A profile image of a condensate drop taken through the side view window is shown in Fig. 13. Vapor flows from the right side to the left side, which is the high-temperature side of the heat transfer surface, as does the condensate drop. The angle between the surface of the condensate drop and the heat transfer surface near the drop base as shown in the profile image is defined as the angle of the condensate drop. The angle in the direction of forward movement is the advancing angle
Several tendencies are evident in Fig. 14. For each mass fraction of ethanol, as with the previous results, the heat transfer coefficient increases and the initial drop distance decreases with increasing surface subcooling. In addition, the average condensate drop angle increases with increasing surface subcooling. This indicates that the decrease in the initial drop distance corresponds to an increase in the angle of the condensate drop. The maximum average angle of a condensate drop was approximately 35-45°, which is slightly smaller than the typical contact angle of a condensate drop on a hydrophobic surface. Moreover, for the same surface subcooling, a higher heat transfer coefficient and smaller initial drop distance were realized for a smaller mass fraction of ethanol.
The experimental results indicate that greater surface subcooling or lower mass fraction of ethanol gives a smaller initial drop distance, and the average angle of the condensate drop is larger due to the stronger Marangoni force. Therefore, it was confirmed that the three main factors have quantitative correlations. In addition, there was a large amount of scatter in the data for the condensate drop angle, which is caused by frequent coalescence when the drops are moving or by variation of the temperature distribution on the heat transfer surface. This scatter is considered to be an essential characteristic of Marangoni dropwise condensation. Therefore, in the three important factors, the Marangoni force cannot be measured and the condensate drop angle has large amount of scatter. In contrast with the other two factors, initial drops grow from a thin flat condensate film that appears immediately after a drop departs, the state before the initial drops form is relatively stable, and thus, the measurement of the initial drop distance has good repeatability. Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt the initial drop distance as the dominant parameter of Marangoni dropwise condensation that represents the Marangoni force and the shape of a condensate drop.
Profile image of condensate drop shape
Variation of condensate drop angle, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient as a function of surface subcooling for various mass fractions of ethanol
Utaka and Kamiyama [15] examined the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on condensate drop movement when a steady bulk temperature gradient was applied to horizontal and inclined heat transfer surfaces during the condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. Figure 15 shows images of condensate drop movement on the horizontal heat transfer surface. The upper part of the image is the high-temperature side and the lower part is the low-temperature side. The condensate drops move from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. The variations of condensate drop velocity are shown for various ethanol mass fractions as a function of the bulk surface tension gradient in Fig. 16. The drop velocity increased with increasing surface tension gradient on the condensing surface and was independent of the drop size. Moreover, although there is a large scatter in the drop velocities due to frequent coalescence of the condensate drops, qualitatively similar tendencies of drop velocity were shown.
Appearance of condensate drop movement
Chen and Utaka [16] investigated the affects of the Marangoni force and the condensate drop angle on the velocity of condensate drop movement. As discussed in section 3.2, the initial drop distance was adopted as the dominant parameter representing the Marangoni force and angle of condensate drop. The variations of velocity of drop movement as functions of the initial drop distance and bulk surface tension gradient are shown in Figs. 17 and 18, respectively. The drop velocities vary significantly, so that an average velocity of all condensate drops was adopted for each set of conditions.
Variation of condensate drop velocity against bulk surface tension gradient
Figures 17 show plots of the average drop velocity as a function of the initial drop distance for ethanol mass fractions
Figure 18 shows the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on the drop velocity for four initial drop distances and for ethanol mass fractions
Variation of average drop velocity as a function of initial drop distance for various ethanol mass fractions and bulk surface tension gradients
Variation of average drop velocity as a function of bulk surface tension gradient for various ethanol mass fractions and initial drop distances
Experimental studies on the characteristics (effects of several parameters) of drop movement under a bulk temperature gradient on a heat transfer surface have been conducted for Marangoni dropwise condensation of water-ethanol vapor. However, the essential factor relating to Marangoni dropwise condensation and the condensate drop movement, the Marangoni force, cannot be experimentally measured. Therefore, to better understand the relationship between the Marangoni force and condensate drop movement, numerical simulation of the spontaneous movement of condensate drops was conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. In this section, the 3-dimensional phenomenon of condensate drop movement was simulated using a 2-dimensional calculation in the domain presented in Fig. 19; therefore, only qualitative discussion is presented in this section.
Calculation domain used for the numerical simulation
3.5.1.1. Liquid phase
In the calculation, the liquid phase was treated as incompressible. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations were solved.
3.5.1.2. Vapor phase
In the vapor phase, the vapor velocity in the y-direction was determined by the condensation rate at the vapor-liquid interface, and the vapor velocity in the x-direction was ignored. The diffusion equation was solved based on the assigned vapor velocity. After the results of diffusion equation were obtained, the temperature of the vapor mixture was calculated from the mass fraction based on the vapor line in the relation of vapor-liquid equilibrium.
3.5.1.3. Vapor-liquid interface
The velocity distribution at the vapor-liquid interface is calculated by taking account of the effect of the surface tension gradient (stress balance at the vapor-liquid interface). This was used as the velocity boundary condition of the liquid phase. The temperature and mass fraction of ethanol at the interface were calculated based on the vapor-liquid equilibrium, energy balance and mass balance.
Condensation rate:
Energy balance:
Mass balance:
Mass fraction of liquid in the cell at the interface:
Vapor-liquid equilibrium:
Relationship between the surface tension coefficient and concentration of the liquid:
Increase of
Stress balance at the vapor-liquid interface:
Considering the real phenomenon and the computation time, the calculation is conducted in a relatively small region of 600×200 μm2 (Fig. 19). The boundary conditions are summarized in Table 1. The boundary at
Furthermore, the basic equations were discretized using a staggered grid. The convective term was approximated by a 1st−order upwind difference and the diffusion term by 2nd−order central difference. Pressure was calculated implicitly. Other variables such as velocity, temperature and mass fraction were calculated explicitly. The velocity field in the calculation region was calculated using the SOLA method. In addition, the variations of
Summary of the boundary conditions employed for the numerical simulation
3.5.3.1. Variation of liquid film and shape of condensate drop
The calculation results for an ethanol mass fraction of
3.5.3.2. Angle of the condensate drop
Figure 21 shows a comparison of condensate drops forming on condensing surfaces with different surface subcooling (Δ
3.5.3.3. Driving force of drop movement
To investigate the driving force of condensate drop movement, the momentum of condensate liquid pulled into a condensate drop by the Marangoni force around the periphery was calculated. In the two-dimensional simulation, the momenta on the high and low-temperature sides of a condensate drop were calculated. The qualitative relation between the drop movement and the imbalance of momentum in the horizontal direction is discussed. In addition, the momentum was calculated at the position where the condensate film around the periphery of a condensate drop is the thinnest (in the valley around the base of a condensate drop).
The experimental results obtained so far indicate that there is a large amount of scatter in the velocities and angles of condensate drops, due to the coalescence of drops or unstable temperature distributions near the periphery of drops. Similar to the experimental results, it is considered that the calculation results also vary significantly around the average values in the numerical simulation. Thus, to avoid the influence of adjacent condensate drops, the condensate drop formed in the vicinity of the center of a condensing surface (Fig. 20) was selected. Because it was considered that the characteristics of a relatively isolated condensate drop in the numerical simulation is nearly equal to that of condensate drops in the experiments.
The aspects of growth and movement of a condensate drop after the temperature gradient was applied are shown in Fig. 22 for
Variation of condensate liquid film thickness over time
Comparison of condensate drop shape for different subcooling temperatures
These results correspond to those given in Fig. 22, where the growing condensate drop moves towards the high-temperature side. In conclusion, the condensate drop movement is in the direction of the side with the larger momentum of condensate liquid being pulled into the condensate drop by the Marangoni force. Thus, it could be inferred that an imbalance of the horizontal component of the Marangoni force is the driving force for condensate drop movement.
Growth and movement of a condensate drop over time
a) Horizontal momentum of a condensate liquid driven into a condensate drop, and (b) surface temperature difference between the low- and high-temperature side of a condensate drop
Condensate drops move spontaneously on a heat transfer surface with a bulk temperature gradient in Marangoni dropwise condensation. It is conceivable that the velocity of a condensate drop is determined by the bulk surface tension gradient, Marangoni force, and the shape of the condensate drop. With a focus on these three factors, experimental and numerical studies were conducted on the spontaneous movement of condensate drops in the Marangoni condensation of a water−ethanol mixture. The results are summarized as follows:
Condensate drops move from the low-temperature to high-temperature side of a heat transfer surface. The velocity of condensate drop movement increases with the bulk surface tension gradient.
There are correlations among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and angle of the condensate drop. It is appropriate to adopt the initial drop distance as a dominant parameter to express the characteristics of drop velocity.
When the initial drop distance decreases, the average drop velocity initially increases and then decreases after reaching a maximum at almost the same surface tension gradient. The average drop velocity increases linearly with bulk surface tension gradient for each initial drop distance range. The rate of increase in the drop velocity increases with the increasing initial drop distance.
Condensate drop movement is directed toward the side with a larger momentum of condensate liquid being pulled into the condensate drop by Marangoni force. It could be inferred that an imbalance of the horizontal component of Marangoni force is the driving force for condensate drop movement.
CMass fraction of ethanol vapor
CP[J/kg K]Specific heat at constant pressure
D[m2/s]Diffusion coefficient
d[mm]Diameter of condensate drop
di[μm]Initial drop distance
FVOF function, Force
g[m/s2]Gravity acceleration
Δh[kJ/kg]Latent heat
Μ[N s]Momentum
P[kPa]Pressure
T[K]Temperature
ΔT[K]Surface subcooling
t[s]Time
U[m/s]Velocity of vapor mixture
u[m/s]Horizontal velocity
v[mm/s], [m/s]Velocity of drop movement, Vertical velocity
x[m]Cartesian axis direction
y[m]Cartesian axis direction
Greek characters
α[kW/m2k]Heat transfer coefficient
θ[°]Angle of condensate drop
σ[mN/m]Surface tension coefficient
δ[μm]Minimum condensate thickness
λ[W/m K ]Thermal conductivity
υ[m2/s]Kinematic viscosity
ρ[kg/m3]Density
τ[Pa]Shear stress
Subscripts
aAdvancing angle
rReceding angle
surfVapor-liquid interface
EEthanol
LLiquid phase, low-temperature side
VVapor phase
HHigh-temperature side
xHorizontal
In a never-ending pursuit to understand individual criminality and how various social factors encourage or inhibit criminal activity, criminologists developed the concept of criminal careers [1, 2]. This concept emerged from the work of Alfred Blumstein [3], who aimed to quantify offending and improve the way criminology and other behavioural and social sciences make prediction and test empirical data. Using data from previous research, Blumstein et al. developed a concept of “criminal career” in order to develop a framework through which effective crime control policies could be developed [4]. Their understanding of the concept developed from indicating individual offending frequency (λ) calculated by determining the average number of crimes committed per year by active offenders (true frequency) measuring the individual arrest frequency (the average number of arrests per year of active offenders; measured frequency – the μ). They determined that λ and μ were linked by q, a probability of arrest following a crime (μ = λ ∗q) (μ = λ ∗q) [4].
At the same time, in the 1980s, the US showed an intense social and political focus on high crime rates and crime control. Due to the rise in violent crime, the US Government started a task force on violent crime which proposed increasing the federal role in the prosecution of violent crime, and other far-reaching changes in federal law including abolishing parole, expanding prisons, and restrictions on sentencing discretion [5]. To oppose these retributive measures, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences organised a Panel in 1986, chaired by Alfred Blumstein, that focused on sharing knowledge and finding alternatives to this “tough on crime” policy [6].
The main focus of the Panel was to develop research on criminal careers, defined as “longitudinal sequence of offences committed by an individual” [3] and to distinguish “criminal careers” from a ‘career criminal’, i.e. “an extreme group of offenders who commit serious crimes at high rates over an extended period”. A criminal career is often considered a total number of crimes with regard to the duration of offending while career criminals term refers to persistent offenders. In other words, anyone can have a criminal career while only those with the highest frequency of offending can be described as career criminals [7]. The Panel was particularly interested in whether information about an individual’s criminal career (e.g. instant offence type, a record of prior offences, including any juvenile record, drug use) could help in determining criminal sanctions. Researchers on the Panel discussed the methodological, operational, and ethical challenges involved in using predictions about criminal careers in criminal justice decision making [5].
Central to the criminal career paradigm is that it recognises that individuals begin their criminal activity at some age, constitute a number of criminal offences, commit different types of criminal offences, and then desist or terminate offending. As a result, the approach to studying criminality through the concept of criminal careers emphasises the need to obtain data on why and when perpetrators start committing crimes, why they continue to offend, what is their frequency of offending, do they escalate and specialise in offending, and why and when they cease to offend [7].
Criminal career research has a somewhat complex organisation. It can be presented in several organising concepts that could be compared to a puzzle or branches on a tree [8]. At the beginning of the criminal career research, most researchers agreed that every criminal career has a beginning (“onset” or “initiation”), duration and end (“dropout”, “desistance” or “termination”) [9]. Additionally, criminal career concept is researched through four key dimensions - participation in offending, the individual offending frequency, the seriousness of the offences, and career length. These dimensions let to a set of related constructs and questions for researchers to explore [10]. The division into these features helps to understand, describe, and contextualise the offender’s criminal activity at a certain point in time [2].
Despite limitations and challenges, criminal career research shifted the focus from general to selective incapacitation strategies, trying to achieve the maximum possible crime reduction for the lowest possible cost [6]. Since its introduction to the criminological theoretical world, a significant amount of empirical, theoretical and policy-oriented research has been published [6] introducing new ways of looking at the crime phenomena such as age-crime curves [8], offending patterns, researching within-individual differences and differences between individuals [2, 6, 8]. Most importantly, investment in longitudinal research since the 1980s has contributed to creation of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology (DLC) in the 1990s [4]. Essentially, DLC is concerned with the development of offending, risk and protective factors and the effects of life events on the development of an individual by documenting and explaining within individual changes in offending throughout life [4, 8]. Although DLC theories resulted from research on criminal careers, criminal career was never established as a theory, rather as one of the paradigms of DLC.
Most of the criminal career research is focused on in-depth research of the criminological problems closely connected to onset, duration, and desistance from offending. In other words, criminal career research gravitated towards answering some important questions about general offending. However, little scholarly attention was given to sexual offences. Therefore, the field of sexual violence represent an important gateway to new insights and has much to offer to area of criminal career and life-course perspective.
In the past, sex offender literature has largely focused on biological and psychological roots of offending making individual pathologies and early trauma the most common explanations for sexual offending. Traditional theoretical views on sexual offending describe sexual offending through trait-like features such as cognitive distortions, low victim empathy, deviant sexual preferences, poor attachment style, sexual regulation. We will here briefly present some of the most used theoretical explanations regarding sex offending.
One of the major concept used in explanations of sexual offending is paraphilias who are defined as sexual disorders characterised by intense, sexually arousing fantasies involving either nonhuman objects, suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner, children or other nonconsenting persons [11]. Most common paraphilias are paedophilia, voyeurism, transvestic disorder and exhibitionism [12]. However, it was found that unlike problems such as depression or anxiety, most cases of sexual offending (rape, child molestation, etc.) are not associated with any particular cluster of covarying signs and symptoms [13]. Moreover, even though some individuals who commit sexual offences against children are diagnosed with paedophilia, a mental disorder characterised by deviant sexual interests in children and some may have a paraphilia of some type, typically, this is not the case for all child sex offenders. [13]. Attachment theory, however, points out that sexual deviance is a consequence of the loss or emotional distress and intimacy deficits [14].
The psychodynamic theory explains sexual deviance as an expression of the unresolved problems experienced during the stages of development, and sexual deviancy occurs when the
Sex offending can also be studied through feminist theories focusing on the structure of the relationship between the sexes and the disparity of power between a man and a woman [16]. In general, feminist theories on child sexual abuse are divided into radical feminist perspective and post-modern perspective. Radical perspective centres on the patriarchal nature of (Western) society. Patriarchy has been defined by radical feminists as the world view that seeks to create and maintain male control over females. This perspective emphasises that sexual abuse is a representation of the patriarchy and the power that men have over women and that all men are socialised to hold attitude and exhibit behaviours that are associated with sexual offending. However, this perspective was criticised because of the lack of empirical scope [17]. The post-modern perspective rejected the radical perspective and established that men who sexually abuse are neither outside the society nor reducible to it and that they may know exactly what they are doing, but some offenders may not. This perspective was as well criticised because it is vague on what their theoretical position on sexual violence is [17].
Evolutionary theories, however, explain the diversity of human behaviours, including the aggression of sexual offenders as a way of adapting to changes in the environment. The evolutionary settings explain sexual aggression on sexual selection and reproductive strategies, whereby as one of the sexual strategies they cite the compulsion of sexual coercive is also present in the animal world as one of the reproductive strategies. The criminal offence of rape within these theories is a result of the inability of men to win a partner by more appropriate methods [16].
More influential theories in social sciences described sexual offending through cognition and behaviour. Behavioural theories suggest that deviant sexual behaviour is the result of learned behaviour. They assume that sexual excitement plays a crucial role in sexual offences. Sexual satisfaction and lack of negative consequences of sexually deviant behaviour increase the likelihood that such behaviour will continue. If the negative effects are strong enough, the behaviour will decrease [16]. However, many male sex offenders lack deviant sexual arousal patterns [18] and other traits such as the lack of empathy for the victim or remorse which in some individuals may also play a role in the development of deviant sexual behaviour patterns [16].
Cognitive theories suggest that cognitive distortions are the main cause of deviant sexual behaviour and that “concealed” opinion leads to “distorted” behaviour [16]. Cognitive distortions are often referred to as offence-supportive attitudes, or cognitive processing during an offence sequence, as well as post-hoc neutralisations or excuses for offending [19]. The cognitive-behavioural theory addresses how offenders’ thoughts affect their behaviour: focus on how sexual offenders diminish their feelings of guilt and shame by rationalising them through excuses and justification [14]. Although many offender rehabilitation programmes focus on eliminating cognitive distortions, the relationship between cognitive distortions and future crime is not clear and it seems cognitive distortions may not be what causes fallacious thinking at all because, outside the criminal context, “making excuses” for one’s behaviour is widely viewed as a normal thing [19].
Social learning theories explain how children who are victims of sexual abuse become perpetrators of sexual offences as adults. Also, this theory states that sexually explicit materials can contribute to committing sexual offences. Furthermore, victim’s age at the beginning of abuse, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim, the type of sexual act, the amount of coercing used, and the duration and number of victimising events all have a crucial role in the connection of acts of sexual offences and subsequent acts of sexual delinquents [16]. This theory is most often criticised because there is little evidence to suggest that children who are victimised will become abusers themselves [20]. Furthermore, direct link between the use of pornography and sexual violence was never confirmed; however, some studies suggest there might be some connection between pornography and attitudes that support sexual aggression [16].
One of the limitations of these trait-like approaches is that it comes at a cost of a broader view of sexual offending. Moreover, individual pathologies-based explanations are not well suited for a developmental and longitudinal perspective of causes for this kind of behaviour. They have also contributed to sex offender researchers emphasising the differences, rather than searching for the similarities between sexual and nonsexual offending [6]. Criminal career approach provides a more developmental point of view explaining how sexual offending starts, develops, and stops as well as whether such distinctions are theoretically, clinically, and/or policy relevant [2]. In other words, maturation and dynamic theories assume that the same mechanisms underlie the behaviour of all offenders while life-course criminology emphasises the need to use a more broader view on the causes of sex offending as well as to find similarities between the perpetrators of these crimes rather than differences.
The most important theoretical question that needs to be answered when studying sex offenders through criminal careers is whether sex offenders should be regarded as similar or different from non-sexual offenders in terms of the aetiology of their offending behaviour. Consequently, there are two possible ways to consider sexual offending- that it is different from non-sexual offending and that it is an integral part of the general offending repertoire.
If studied separately, one possibility is to distinguish adolescence-limited from persistent sex offenders. This way of studying offenders gained its popularity in the 1990s with Moffit’s Dual Taxonomy theory [7]. This theory states that adolescence-limited antisocial behaviour individuals have brief criminal careers, lack consistency in their antisocial behaviour across situations and may also have irregular, crime-free periods. Adolescence-limited delinquents are likely to engage in antisocial behaviour in situations where they estimate they could gain profit, but they also abandon antisocial behaviour when prosocial behaviour is more rewarding.
Adolescence-limited offenders usually start offending by the ways of three distinctive conditions: motivation, social mimicry and reinforcement. Social mimicry is a term taken from the ethology and is loosely connected to the social mirroring theory. Adolescents often mimic the behaviour of their life-course-persistent peers in order to gain the same benefits (i.e., status in the peer groups; friends, etc.). In other words, adolescence-limited offenders commit criminal offences if they can gain from them, and if such behaviour is reinforced by their peers. With a change in their circumstances, for example, starting college or starting a job, they will usually stop offending [7].
Individuals that fall under the category of life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour exhibit antisocial behaviour at an early age. For example, biting and hitting at age 4, shoplifting and truancy at age 10, selling drugs and stealing cars at age 16, robbery and rape at age 22, and fraud and child abuse at age 30; the underlying disposition remains the same, but its expression changes form as new social opportunities arise at different points in development. The Dual taxonomy theory, however, does not suggest that all specific behaviours in childhood will be predictive of criminal behaviour in adulthood, but that it might be associated with behaviours that are conceptually consistent with the earlier behaviour [7].
Beyond young adulthood, the antisocial disposition of life-course-persistent may be expressed in a form that is not yet well-measured (e.g. neglect and abuse of family members). According to this theory, it is necessary to investigate the roots of antisocial behaviour in the early life of life-course-persistent offenders. Moreover, some of the causes for life-course-persistent offending are neuropsychological (disruption in the ontogenesis of the fetal brain, minor physical anomalies, maternal drug abuse, poor prenatal nutrition, exposure to toxic agents, brain injury because of complication during delivery), variability in infant temperament, developmental milestones and cognitive abilities, exposure to criminogenic environment or inconsistent discipline. Thus, over the years, an antisocial personality is slowly constructed. Likewise, deficits in language and reasoning are incrementally elaborated into academic failure and insufficient job skills. Over time, all the problems accumulate, and an individual has fewer options for change. This theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour emphasises the constant process of reciprocal interaction between personality traits and environmental reactions to them [7].
However, if sex offending is studied combined, the question is to what extent sexual offending (or which type of sexual offending) is characteristic of a particular overall offending trajectory. Furthermore, it might be necessary to study sexual offenders by dividing them into different offence types as they may be stemming from different causal processes and thus it would be best to consider their different developmental pathways [6].
Current research suggests that there are some significant differences between sex offenders and non-sexual offenders. For example, the prevalence of general delinquency peaks in adolescence while sex offenders have two peaks in offending, one in adolescence and on in the mid to late 30s [6, 21, 22]. Also, sex offenders show continuity in general offending and antisocial behaviour, but low continuity in sexual offending [22]. This finding resonates with the finding that delinquency is usually just a part of a larger behavioural repertoire consisting of potentially harmful behaviours such as substance misuse [21]. Similarly, non-sexual offences usually precede sexual offences and specialisation in sex offending does not increase in adulthood [6, 22]. Therefore, criminal career offers an interesting way of studying offending patterns by looking into the four key dimensions (participation, frequency, seriousness, and length [3, 4, 9, 10, 23] and related constructs such as escalation, specialisation, co-offending, intermittency, and others [2, 9, 24, 25].
The dimension of participation refers to the proportion of a population who are active offenders at any given time, while frequency refers to the average annual rate at which this subgroup of active offenders commits crimes. In other words, participation refers to the prevalence of offending, while frequency refers to the incidence of crime [26]. Both dimensions are particularly difficult to research and estimate because of the underreporting of sexual offences and the so called “dark figures” of crime. Nevertheless, frequency has been of particular interest to the policymakers as it implicated that it is possible to identify high-frequency offenders and incapacitate them to maximise the incapacitation effect. However, it appears that the frequency of offending is very complex and that its value might fluctuate throughout a criminal career [27]. Another difficulty with the dimension of frequency is that it is challenging to estimate. For instance, one sex offender can offend against one victim over a, for example, 5-year period, multiple times, but official reports will note his offences as one offence.
The Cambridge study [28] found that the prevalence and frequency of sex offending in community samples is low and that that there is little evidence of recidivism or continuity. With respect to the prevalence and frequency of sex offending, conviction data indicated that whereas 41% of the males in the sample had been convicted by age 50, only 2.5% of the males had a conviction for a sex offence.
However, self-report and victimisation studies show a much higher number of individuals participating in sexual offending. For instance, The Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) in the US conducts a National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS) [29] every year using a nationally representative sample of 240,000 interviews on criminal victimisation. Results for 2018 showed that the rate of rape or sexual assault victimisation increased 1.6 to 2.7 victimizations per 1000 individuals aged 12 or older in comparison to previous years. Even more concerning data emerged from two meta-analyses [30, 31] of 282 studies around the world on child sexual abuse. The analyses used self-report data and found that the prevalence of child sexual abuse ranges from 12.7–19.7% for girls and 7.6–7.9% for boys. Both analyses showed that the highest prevalence of sexual abuse of children is in Africa and the lowest prevalence rate in Europe.
It is important to point out that sexual offences are often generalised as heterosexual offence [32] and therefore, there is very little known about male victims [33]. Recent figures indicate that around 12,000 males are victims of sexual assault or rape in the UK every year [34] and that nearly 1 in 4 men in the U.S. experienced some form of contact sexual violence in their lifetime. Among male victims of complete or attempted rape, about 71% experienced such victimisation before the age of 25 [35].
The frequency of offending varies significantly depending on the used method and between types of sex offenders. Sex offenders against women have, on average, 1.8 victims, whereas extra-familial child abusers have 3.4 victims on average [36]. Another study [37] suggests that sexual offenders with adult women victims had, on average, 2 official victims, but self-reported close to 12 victims. Similarly, sex offenders who offended against children had, on average, officially offended against 2 victims, but self-reported 7 victims.
Finally, investigations into the frequency of prolific, persistent sex offenders using several sources of information (i.e., self-reports, police investigations, victim statements) came up with three key conclusions on sex offending [38]. Firstly, about 11% of the sample committed over 300 sex crime events as opposed to about 40% who committed only one sex crime event. Secondly, some offenders take advantage of low-risk short-term opportunities with different victims, while others exploit a single offending opportunity by repeatedly offending against the same victim over a certain period of time. Thirdly, the findings revealed that the most prolific sex offenders were older, had a more conventional background characterised by a stable relationship with an adult partner, a job at the time of the offence (s), no drug issues, and no prior record for a sex crime.
The third dimension of the criminal career, seriousness, is in some ways, fundamental for criminal career research. Seriousness refers to the level of seriousness of the offences being committed by a given individual [3] and takes the modern approach to crime by focusing on determining a level of risk. Risk relates to the probability of criminal behaviour and is usually measured as low, moderate, or high [39, 40]. Offender risk is usually determined based on the possibility of reoffending or recidivism. It is important to define two categories here: chronic and recidivists [41]. The chronic type offenders are more at risk of persistent life-span criminal careers, which are costlier to society; over time they may have more victims (and financial loss for the victims) in addition to the costs associated with their arrest and incarceration. Recidivists are less persistent, as they have a lower incidence of reoffending. However, the categories do not differentiate on the severity of offences, only on offending timespan.
Offenders that maintain lengthier periods of offending tend to be generalists in their criminal behaviour [42, 43], their offences may be less severe than those that commit more severe types such as rape, sexual homicide, or child abuse. While there may be differences between types of reoffences (i.e. fraud and sex offences), society is risk-averse to more salient offences such as rape and child molestation [44, 45]. However, meta-analyses reports show that public fear of sexual offenders is often misplaced, and that offender’s recidivism rates for sexual offences vary between 11,5% and 13,7% while general recidivism rate varies between 33,2% and 36,2% [46, 47].
Some authors argue that these four key dimensions of criminal career, and especially seriousness, made it possible for a variety of important theoretical opportunities to emerge along with research on criminal careers [48]. This segment of criminal careers has several parameters that are observed through the dimension of seriousness: the severity of the criminal offence, escalation, specialisation, and crime-type switching [49].
The severity of the offence refers to the tendency towards committing severe criminal offences during a criminal career while escalation refers to the tendency towards making initial minor offences towards the increasingly more severe offences [27]. Escalation reflects the concern that as the career develops, the offender engages in more serious offences. There are different causes for escalation, for example, experience, increasing boldness or a stressful experience [6, 27].
Escalation research emerged interesting findings such as that most sex offenders who perform masturbation in front of their victim do not switch to a different sexual act (for example intercourse) when they abuse their second victim [50]. This finding points out that sex offenders tend to specialise in a particular sexual act and that they are not likely to escalate their sexual offending from non-contact to contact offending, for instance.
Another interesting finding [51] suggested that victim resistance plays a significant role in whether or not offenders will de-escalate in the amount of physical force used between victims. If the first victim resisted the offender, he was more likely to de-escalate in the level of physical force used. However, if the second victim resisted, the offender was less likely to de-escalate, indicating that he is adopting more force to secure subsequent victims if there is resistance. Furthermore, sex offenders who consume drugs in the hours before the first crime are more likely to de-escalate in the level of physical force used than be stable.
Crucial to determining behaviour consistency is the way an offender sources his victims. The “hunting” process is an essential stage of the sexual assault and offenders who find their victims through their relationships, or their occupation will often repeat their behaviour in their future crime. In contrast, offenders who find their victims more spontaneously are less likely to repeat this “hunting” method [52].
Specialisation is an aspect of criminal careers and is defined as likely repetitions of the same type of criminal offence [23] while versatility reflects a tendency to commit a broad array of offences without concentrating on a specific behaviour. Researchers use a “crime-switch” matrix, a matrix of crime types reflecting the probability that an offender who has previously committed one crime type will next commit a different type [27]. Research showed that there is a relationship between higher frequency of offending and versatility, but also that offenders who start offending at an early age tend to be involved in a diverse array of offences [6]. Most criminal careers are diverse, but there is some evidence of specialisation [21].
Sex offenders in specific show little empirical evidence of specialisation, but they are characterised by persistent criminal activity and tend to show criminal diversity in non-sexual crime types [53]. It was also found [54, 55, 56] that there are substantial differences between sex offenders regarding victim type. Sexual offenders against adults have more versatile criminal records [54, 55, 56], are more violent and have a higher frequency in offending [56] than abusers of children. The other group tends to be more specialised, have a higher frequency of sexual crimes, but also tend to be criminally versatile [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56]. Extrafamilial child molesters are consistently found to specialise more in sexual offences [54, 55]. Overall, neither child abusers nor sex offenders against adult women have a specific type of victim and that the majority of both types typically commit more non-sexual offences than sexual [56].
The last dimension of criminal career research is the length; that is the time that an individual is actively offending. Research on the dimension of length attracted the attention of the scholarly community from the very beginning of criminal career research. It incorporates three head characteristics of criminal careers: beginning (“onset” or “initiation”), duration and end (“desistance” or “termination”) [2, 10].
The relationship between age and crime is of an asymmetrical bell shape (most commonly known as the “age-crime curve”), showing that the prevalence of offending tends to increase from late childhood, peaks in the teenage years (around ages 15–19), and then declines from the early 20s, often with a long tail [22]. Most offenders desist during late adolescence and early adulthood, irrespective of the age of onset [22], but an early age of onset appears to be connected to a relatively long criminal career [6, 50]. Research on recidivism shows that sexual offending decreases with age, as well as general offending, and the recidivism of sexual offenders that offend against adult decreases from early adulthood [57, 58]. However, unlike the general offender, sexual offenders usually start committing offences either in adolescence or in mid to late 30 [2, 59].
Some of the possible explanations of why sex offenders appear to be older when they start offending include that there is a high rate of unreported sex offences because the victims are less likely to report sexual offences than non-sexual offences and because there is a disbalance between official statistics and self-report. A gap between the age of onset in the official statistics and self-report is seven years [2]. Moreover, nearly 20% of sexual offenders are at the end of their criminal career, or their career has already desisted when they are convicted of their first sexual offence [2].
Alternatively, some authors [60] suggest that the discrepancy that goes against the logic of the life-course explanation of desistance could be explained by increased average ages of marriage and parenthood. In specific, the peak in sexual offending seems to occur at a time when adolescents already transitioned into adulthood which could mean that sex offenders do not transition into adulthood at the same pace as non-sexual offenders, or that these transitions do not affect recidivism in the same way as they do non-sexual offenders. Besides the transition into adulthood, several other reasons could influence individuals to start with sexual offending. For example, loneliness is commonly reported among sex offenders, that the transitions that influence common crime do not affect sexual offending (or affect it to a lesser extent), a cost-benefit analysis that makes sex offenders less likely to accept the cost of being labelled as a sex offender, conflicting interpersonal relationships, and maturation factors [60].
The above-described factors could affect the length of a criminal career, but the most significant variable affecting the length of a criminal career is the age of the first conviction. The likelihood of termination of offending is noticeably different as the age of the first conviction rises, and more severe offenders cease to offend after the first conviction only in fewer cases [61].
The dynamic concept of criminal careers empowered researchers to develop a whole new way of looking at crime. Traditional criminological theories offered a rather static explanation of one’s criminal conduct, while criminal career concept offered a view on criminal conduct that can be used to explain crime on an individual and group level. Furthermore, based on that, a new set of criminological theories emerged based on that concept, a Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, which emphasise a more dynamic approach to the aetiology and phenomenology of criminal conduct.
The main advantage of the criminal career concept regarding criminal conduct is that it offers a different perspective on criminality which can be used as a “bridge” between theoretical criminology and policy-relevant research. As we have shown on the example of perpetrators of sexual offences, there are differences in the development and peculiarities of the criminal career of these perpetrators. What the theories based on the concept of criminal career can offer are different explanations of the aetiology and phenomenology of these perpetrators about the particularities of their individual criminal careers. In this way, perpetrators can be viewed in terms of similarities and differences in the dimensions of a criminal career which can have multiple benefits. Specifically, although it is the same group of criminal offences, it is possible to have different theoretical explanations for the emergence and development of particular subgroups of perpetrators of certain criminal offences. In this way, specific prevention policies can be created that can be more effective because they identify not only the factors that influence the occurrence and development of certain types of crimes, but also the dynamics of the relationship between risk and protective factors that contribute to it. In this way, interventions at any level in terms of prevention and rehabilitation of offenders can be more successful.
Another great advantage of the concept of criminal career is that it allows the creation of new explanations of the origin and development of certain crimes, which contributes to the development and emergence of new criminological theories and concepts that, taking into account traditional explanations of crime and achievements of criminological research, could contribute to a new theory by erasing the understanding of committing crimes within the concepts of “traditional” and “newer” theories, but finding new ones that can merge all previous concepts into one that best suits the specifics of a particular crime or perpetrator.
It appears that only fractions of the concept and DLC theories are seldomly studied, causing the lack of comprehensive theory and resulting in some aspects of criminal careers not being researched enough while other areas are receiving more focus. This is true if we look at the types of crimes that are the focus of research under the concept of criminal career. The commission of sexual offences is now relatively unexplored and research to date has covered a small number of countries, mostly in the developed countries of the west. Therefore, the findings mentioned in the chapter need to be considered from the context of these countries. We hope that there is going to be more international collaboration and more scholarly focus on this topic in the years to come.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
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The first part compares the diagnostic efficacy of traditional OCT and cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT); CP OCT and fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for detecting flat lesions in the bladder at the early stages of cancer. The second part contains a report on achievements in application of CP OCT for detection of recurrent carcinoma in the scar area that is a hardly distinguishable form of bladder cancer using an optimized CP OCT image analysis. The third part of the chapter reviews the results on CP OCT usage for in vivo diagnosis of the bladder cancer after radiation therapy of cervical cancer.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Elena Kiseleva, Gladkova Natalia, Streltzova Olga, Kirillin Mikhail,\nMaslennikova Anna, Dudenkova Varvara, Yunusova Katerina and\nSergeeva Ekaterina",authors:[{id:"68196",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Gladkova",slug:"natalia-gladkova",fullName:"Natalia Gladkova"},{id:"191970",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kiseleva",slug:"elena-kiseleva",fullName:"Elena Kiseleva"},{id:"191990",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Streltzova",slug:"olga-streltzova",fullName:"Olga Streltzova"},{id:"191992",title:"Mrs.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Dudenkova",slug:"varvara-dudenkova",fullName:"Varvara Dudenkova"},{id:"191993",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Maslennikova",slug:"anna-maslennikova",fullName:"Anna Maslennikova"},{id:"191994",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Yunusova",slug:"katerina-yunusova",fullName:"Katerina Yunusova"},{id:"191995",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Kirillin",slug:"mikhail-kirillin",fullName:"Mikhail Kirillin"},{id:"193422",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeeva",slug:"ekaterina-sergeeva",fullName:"Ekaterina Sergeeva"}]},{id:"54019",doi:"10.5772/67309",title:"Bladder Cancer Markers and Recent Innovations",slug:"bladder-cancer-markers-and-recent-innovations",totalDownloads:1702,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract. It occurs more frequently among men about 65 years old on average. Two forms of the tumor are known: a non–muscle-invasive one and a muscle-invasive one. The latter turns out to be very aggressive with a survival of 5 years average. The non–muscle-invasive form frequently recurs (60–70%) and in 15% of cases, it progresses into the invasive form. The diagnosis is made mainly by cystoscopy and urine cytology. A high number of researches were dedicated in order to find a simple test using voided urine to frequently monitor possible tumor recurrence. During the last 10 years, many tests were proposed concerning either special proteins of which the most common are the bladder tumor antigen (BTA) and the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) or the presence of genetic mutations [most frequently, fibroblasts growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and TP53], alteration of DNA methylation, chromatin structure and, more recently, the presence of specific micro-RNA. Recently the analysis of lipids present in voided urine showed a difference in fatty acids between healthy individuals and those affected by non-invasive forms. These markers appear to have a high specificity and sensitivity: a deepening of these results could lead to the development of a test that avoids invasive treatment and the cost of cystoscopy.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Mariapia Viola-Magni, Samuela Cataldi and Daniela Marocco",authors:[{id:"192375",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariapia",middleName:null,surname:"Viola-Magni",slug:"mariapia-viola-magni",fullName:"Mariapia Viola-Magni"},{id:"197851",title:"BSc.",name:"Samuela",middleName:null,surname:"Cataldi",slug:"samuela-cataldi",fullName:"Samuela Cataldi"},{id:"197852",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Marocco",slug:"daniela-marocco",fullName:"Daniela Marocco"}]},{id:"54063",doi:"10.5772/67280",title:"Intravesical Chemohyperthermia for NMIBC: Rationale and Results of This Developing Treatment",slug:"intravesical-chemohyperthermia-for-nmibc-rationale-and-results-of-this-developing-treatment",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and the lifetime risk of getting bladder cancer is 2.4%. Approximately 75% of newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and half of them will show recurrence and/or progression after transurethral resection. Therefore, after transurethral resection, in high-risk patients, intravesical therapy is mandatory. However, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with important side effects such as systemic tuberculosis and bladder retraction. Chemohyperthermia (CHT) has shown a 60% lower recurrence rate than standard mitomycin C (MMC). However, its effectiveness in high-risk patients, especially CIS and BCG refractory patients, is even more important. CHT will probably be an option for patients unsuitable for radical cystectomy or those on whom BCG can’t be used. Two main technologies are currently available for intravesical CHT: microwaves and recirculating heated fluids. Both of them have pros and cons that should be known and evaluated by a urologist. In this chapter, we will speak about rationale, technical options, clinical results, ongoing studies, and future perspective for this interesting treatment option for intermediate and high-risk patients with NMIBC.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Sousa-Escandón Manuel Alejandro, Flores Carbajal Javier, Sousa-\nGonzález Daniel and Rodriguez Gómez Silvia",authors:[{id:"191356",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa-Escandón",slug:"alejandro-sousa-escandon",fullName:"Alejandro Sousa-Escandón"}]},{id:"54147",doi:"10.5772/67443",title:"Lymphadenectomy in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer",slug:"lymphadenectomy-in-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy with urothelial cancer comprising nearly 90% of primary bladder tumors. Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the fifth most common malignancy in the United States, with an estimated 76,960 new cases and 163,900 deaths in 2016. Radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection remains the standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and also for nonmuscle-invasive disease, refractory to intravesical therapy. The current approaches to pelvic lymph node dissections are based on the removal of lymph nodes most commonly harboring metastatic disease, notably the external iliac, obturator, and hypogastric lymph nodes. The boundaries for a standard pelvic lymph node dissection generally include the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels superiorly and the genitofemoral nerve laterally. Extended pelvic lymph node includes the removal of lymph nodes between the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels and the level of the aortic bifurcation, sometimes including distal aortic and caval nodes up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery, as well as presacral nodes. Extended and superextended dissection has been reported to be associated with superior survival outcome.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali and Kutan Ozer",authors:[{id:"59702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Ozan",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanali",slug:"mustafa-ozan-horsanali",fullName:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali"},{id:"192699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kutan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozer",slug:"kutan-ozer",fullName:"Kutan Ozer"}]},{id:"59222",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73515",title:"Development of Oncolytic Adenoviruses for the Management of Prostate Cancer",slug:"development-of-oncolytic-adenoviruses-for-the-management-of-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men globally. Androgen receptor (AR) signalling plays a vital role in initiation and progression and antiandrogens are standard of care first-line therapeutics. However, resistance frequently develops resulting in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Management of CRPC is currently chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy but is mostly palliative due to rapid development of resistance. The need for novel approaches to eliminate mCRPC is compelling; a promising option is replication-selective (oncolytic) adenoviruses with demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of multidrug-resistant PCa. The safety of various viral mutants has been confirmed in numerous clinical trials with minimal toxicity in patients. Importantly, oncolytic adenoviruses synergise with the current standard of care for mCRPC even in treatment-resistant cells. In early phase I–II clinical trials, promising efficacy in patients with localised PCa was reported after intratumoural administration, and phase III trials are underway. To enable systemic delivery, for targeting of mCRPC, further developments are necessary because of the short half-life of the adenoviral mutants in human blood. Current progress in preventing the high-affinity binding of adenovirus to erythrocytes, hepatocyte uptake, and elimination by hepatic Kupffer cells will be described.",book:{id:"6423",slug:"prostate-cancer",title:"Prostate Cancer",fullTitle:"Prostate Cancer"},signatures:"Ahmed A. Ali and Gunnel Halldén",authors:[{id:"80427",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunnel",middleName:null,surname:"Hallden",slug:"gunnel-hallden",fullName:"Gunnel Hallden"},{id:"232386",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"ahmed-ali",fullName:"Ahmed Ali"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70881",title:"Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Evolving Techniques",slug:"robot-assisted-partial-nephrectomy-evolving-techniques",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is now embraced in urology as a recommended treatment option for small localised renal tumours. There is an increasing trend towards setting up robotic-assisted services in urological centres across the world. Our aim is to review the available published common robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy techniques. We present our institutions’ established step-by-step technique for performing robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy, in order to guide aspiring urologists interested in performing robotic-assisted partial nephrectomies. The importance of pre-operative review of imaging in a multi-disciplinary approach is critical. We emphasise certain tips inperforming a safer procedure.",book:{id:"6424",slug:"evolving-trends-in-kidney-cancer",title:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer",fullTitle:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer"},signatures:"Mohammed Kamil Quraishi, Edward Ramez Latif, Milan Thomas, Ben Eddy, Elio Mazzone and Alexandre Mottrie",authors:[{id:"277566",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Kamil",middleName:null,surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mohammed-kamil-quraishi",fullName:"Mohammed Kamil Quraishi"},{id:"277570",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"milan-thomas",fullName:"Milan Thomas"},{id:"277571",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Eddy",slug:"ben-eddy",fullName:"Ben Eddy"}]},{id:"54132",title:"Cross-Polarization OCT for In Vivo Diagnostics and Prediction of Bladder Cancer",slug:"cross-polarization-oct-for-in-vivo-diagnostics-and-prediction-of-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter contains three parts covering recent efforts to increase the accuracy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) differential diagnostics of bladder pathologies. The first part compares the diagnostic efficacy of traditional OCT and cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT); CP OCT and fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for detecting flat lesions in the bladder at the early stages of cancer. The second part contains a report on achievements in application of CP OCT for detection of recurrent carcinoma in the scar area that is a hardly distinguishable form of bladder cancer using an optimized CP OCT image analysis. The third part of the chapter reviews the results on CP OCT usage for in vivo diagnosis of the bladder cancer after radiation therapy of cervical cancer.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Elena Kiseleva, Gladkova Natalia, Streltzova Olga, Kirillin Mikhail,\nMaslennikova Anna, Dudenkova Varvara, Yunusova Katerina and\nSergeeva Ekaterina",authors:[{id:"68196",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Gladkova",slug:"natalia-gladkova",fullName:"Natalia Gladkova"},{id:"191970",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kiseleva",slug:"elena-kiseleva",fullName:"Elena Kiseleva"},{id:"191990",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Streltzova",slug:"olga-streltzova",fullName:"Olga Streltzova"},{id:"191992",title:"Mrs.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Dudenkova",slug:"varvara-dudenkova",fullName:"Varvara Dudenkova"},{id:"191993",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Maslennikova",slug:"anna-maslennikova",fullName:"Anna Maslennikova"},{id:"191994",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Yunusova",slug:"katerina-yunusova",fullName:"Katerina Yunusova"},{id:"191995",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Kirillin",slug:"mikhail-kirillin",fullName:"Mikhail Kirillin"},{id:"193422",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeeva",slug:"ekaterina-sergeeva",fullName:"Ekaterina Sergeeva"}]},{id:"61307",title:"Genetics in the Prostate Cancer",slug:"genetics-in-the-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1138,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Any disruption in the intracellular functions ranging from DNA transcription to protein ligand binding as well as intercellular communication may cause cellular transformation to malignant cell in the proper microenvironment when it could escape from the immune system. In this chapter, specifically, genetic alterations playing role in the prostate cancer are intended to be reviewed briefly under the subheadings of genomic instability and the hallmarks of cancer which are sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling the replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and progression to metastatic disease, reprogramming of the energy metabolism and evading immune destruction.",book:{id:"6423",slug:"prostate-cancer",title:"Prostate Cancer",fullTitle:"Prostate Cancer"},signatures:"Hikmet Köseoğlu",authors:[{id:"111496",title:"Dr.",name:"Hikmet",middleName:null,surname:"Köseoǧlu",slug:"hikmet-koseolu",fullName:"Hikmet Köseoǧlu"}]},{id:"54587",title:"Genital Organs‐Sparing Radical Cystectomy in Female Patients with Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder",slug:"genital-organs-sparing-radical-cystectomy-in-female-patients-with-muscle-invasive-urothelial-carcino",totalDownloads:1296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"There has been considerable interest in urethral‐sparing cystectomy and preservation of the gynecological tract to maintain continence mechanism, sexual function, and reproductive function in young patients who undergo radical cystectomy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and this new technique gained acceptance in many centers. The issue of oncological safety of a urethra and anterior vaginal wall‐sparing cystectomy in selected patients has been addressed by several authors. The chapter will discuss the following items: (I) Technique of genital‐sparing radical cystectomy in female patients with muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. (II) Definition and rationale of genital‐sparing radical cystectomy in female patients. (III) Rational and value of urethral preservation in genital‐sparing cystectomy in female patients with urothelial carcinoma. (IV) Previous reports about genital‐sparing cystectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma. (V) Value of preservation of the internal genital organs in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Hosni Khairy Salem",authors:[{id:"96052",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosni",middleName:"Khairy",surname:"Salem",slug:"hosni-salem",fullName:"Hosni Salem"}]},{id:"67209",title:"Robotic Surgery and Successful Set-Up: A Stepwise Approach",slug:"robotic-surgery-and-successful-set-up-a-stepwise-approach",totalDownloads:690,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Robot purchase, implementation, and sustainability require a number of key challenges to overcome. We provide our experience of managing a potentially daunting task, summarizing the key steps to help deliver such an exciting project. We will take you through team approach options for purchase and safe implementation in the current financial climate.",book:{id:"6424",slug:"evolving-trends-in-kidney-cancer",title:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer",fullTitle:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer"},signatures:"Christopher J. Anderson and Hiten R.H. Patel",authors:[{id:"288771",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilten",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"hilten-patel",fullName:"Hilten Patel"},{id:"290986",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"chris-anderson",fullName:"Chris Anderson"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1165",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"