Classification of periodontal health, gingival disease, and condition [3].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10165",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Legume Crops - Prospects, Production and Uses",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Prospects, Production and Uses",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In a sustainable agricultural system, legume crops are one of the essential components. However, improving the productivity of legume crops and improving their tolerance to adverse environments are essential tasks for plant biologists. This book includes nine comprehensive chapters addressing various aspects of legume crop biology, production and importance. There are several chapters on the adaptation of legumes to an adverse environment. Particular focus is provided on the sustainable production of legume crops under changing environments. This book will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, and researchers, particularly from the field of Crop Science, Soil Science, Plant Breeding and Agronomy.",isbn:"978-1-83968-274-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-273-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-275-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90304",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"legume-crops-prospects-production-and-uses",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5ce648cbd64755df57dd7c67c9b17f18",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",publishedDate:"October 21st 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10165.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5623,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 7th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"341",title:"Olericulture",slug:"olericulture"}],chapters:[{id:"71500",title:"Legume Genetic Resources: Status and Opportunities for Sustainability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91777",slug:"legume-genetic-resources-status-and-opportunities-for-sustainability",totalDownloads:635,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Legumes are one of the most valuable gifts of nature to man, animal, and environment. These are sustainable, affordable, water-efficient, and low-carbon footprint crop. Globally, the share of grain legume accessions is 15% of 7.4 million accessions conserved in genebanks, of which more than half of germplasm in genebanks are without characterization and evaluation data which ultimately limit the utilization of germplasm in legume improvement programs. Characterization of all genebank accessions should be of utmost priority for enhancing the utilization. The development of core, mini-core, reference sets, and trait-specific germplasm has provided route to crop breeders for mining genebanks. Identification of new sources of variation became easy with these subsets, but the entire collection also needs to be evaluated for unique and rare traits. In crop species with narrow genetic base, utilization of crop wild relatives as well as new resources aids to widen the genetic base of legume cultigens.",signatures:"Kuldeep Tripathi, Padmavathi G. Gore, Mamta Singh, Ravi K. Pamarthi, Reena Mehra and Gayacharan C",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71500",authors:[{id:"258986",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuldeep",surname:"Tripathi",slug:"kuldeep-tripathi",fullName:"Kuldeep Tripathi"},{id:"318507",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmavati",surname:"Gore",slug:"padmavati-gore",fullName:"Padmavati Gore"},{id:"318508",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Singh",slug:"mamta-singh",fullName:"Mamta Singh"},{id:"318510",title:"Dr.",name:"Reena",surname:"Mehra",slug:"reena-mehra",fullName:"Reena Mehra"},{id:"318517",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayacharan",surname:"C.",slug:"gayacharan-c.",fullName:"Gayacharan C."},{id:"318518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi Kishore",surname:"Pamarthi",slug:"ravi-kishore-pamarthi",fullName:"Ravi Kishore Pamarthi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72818",title:"Role of Legumes in Improving Soil Fertility Status",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93247",slug:"role-of-legumes-in-improving-soil-fertility-status",totalDownloads:795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Legume plants have a probably important role to play in growing indigenous nitrogen production besides meeting human demands for protein and energy. Some legumes have the capability to solubilize in any other case unavailable phosphate by excreting organic acids from their roots, in addition to improving soil fertility. Legumes also assist to restoration of soil natural matter and limit pest and disease issues when used in rotation with nonleguminous crops. Research has shown that the organic nitrogen fixation procedure is the most environment friendly way to grant the giant amounts of nitrogen wished through legumes to produce high-yielding crops with an excessive protein content. For the fixation technique to occur, legume vegetation must enter into a “symbiotic” or collectively beneficial partnership with sure microorganism known as rhizobia. Soon after legume seeds germinate, rhizobia current in the soil or delivered as seed inoculum invade the root hairs and go through an infection thread toward the root. The bacteria multiply rapidly in the root, causing the swelling of root cells to structure nodules.",signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj, Muthaiyan Pandiyan and Pandurangan Gayathri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72818",authors:[{id:"280193",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthuraman",surname:"Yuvaraj",slug:"muthuraman-yuvaraj",fullName:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj"},{id:"308712",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gayathri",surname:"Pandurangan",slug:"gayathri-pandurangan",fullName:"Gayathri Pandurangan"},{id:"311261",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Pandiyan",surname:"Muthaiyan",slug:"m.pandiyan-muthaiyan",fullName:"M.Pandiyan Muthaiyan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71498",title:"Soybean Production, Versatility, and Improvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91778",slug:"soybean-production-versatility-and-improvement",totalDownloads:873,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Soybean is one of the most widely planted and used legumes in the world due to its valuable seed composition. The many significant agronomic practices that are utilized in soybean production are highlighted with an emphasis on those used during the pregrowing season and growing season. The various pests of soybeans and the pest management strategies used to control them are described with special attention to insects, weeds, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. The multitude of soybean uses for livestock and human consumption, and its industrial uses are discussed in this chapter. Additionally, the conventional breeding and genetic engineering attempts to improve soybean protein, oil, and sucrose content as well as eliminate the antinutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitors, raffinose, stachyose, and phytate, are examined. In this chapter, the various management practices, uses, and breeding efforts of soybean will be discussed.",signatures:"Zachary Shea, William M. Singer and Bo Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71498",authors:[{id:"308970",title:"Mr.",name:"William",surname:"Singer",slug:"william-singer",fullName:"William Singer"},{id:"309005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",surname:"Zhang",slug:"bo-zhang",fullName:"Bo Zhang"},{id:"315884",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Zachary",surname:"Shea",slug:"zachary-shea",fullName:"Zachary Shea"}],corrections:null},{id:"71760",title:"Food Grade Soybean Breeding, Current Status and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92069",slug:"food-grade-soybean-breeding-current-status-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:638,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Soybeans possess average 20% oil and 40% protein content and are a major source of protein and fatty acids in human and animal nutrition. Soybean cultivars are classified as commodity type, which are used for edible or industrial oil and animal feed, and food-type, which are used for human consumption in fermented foods and non-fermented foods. Major breeding targets for food grade soybeans are high protein and sucrose content. Developing cultivars with desired seed size and appearance depends on the type of soyfood for which the soybeans are destined. Seed with high protein content (>45%), low oil content, high sucrose, and low oligosaccharide content are suitable for making soymilk and tofu. For soyfood such as natto, soybean seed with a high content of carbohydrates are preferred. Since, molecular markers linked to the target food traits have been developed, transfer of the food grade traits among soybean varieties is possible through marker-assisted selection (MAS) to track the target gene/QTLs. Introgression of wild soybean alleles through genomics assisted breeding (e.g., GWAS, haplotype blocks, NIL, etc.), high-throughput phenotyping, mutagenesis and genome engineering/editing would improve protein without yield drag, pleiotropic effects, and background/allelic effects in breeding food grade soybean.",signatures:"Souframanien Jegadeesan and Kangfu Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71760",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71760",authors:[{id:"178621",title:"Dr.",name:"kangfu",surname:"Yu",slug:"kangfu-yu",fullName:"kangfu Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"73004",title:"Organic Grain Legumes in India: Potential Production Strategies, Perspective, and Relevance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93077",slug:"organic-grain-legumes-in-india-potential-production-strategies-perspective-and-relevance",totalDownloads:440,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic agriculture comes from the conscious efforts of people who are inspired to create the best possible relationship between the earth and humans. Since its inception, the sphere surrounding organic farming has become much more complex. The introduction of legumes into crop rotation is not a new concept, legumes such as peas and chickpeas were introduced into cereal-related crop rotation during the Harappan period of the chalcolithic period at the end of 3000 BC. The grain yield after legumes in the grain system is 30 to 35% higher than the grain in the crop chain. Legumes play a unique role in organic farming systems because of their deep root system, ability to fix nitrogen, and the ability to rotate and rotate systems.",signatures:"Amanpreet Singh and Harmandeep Singh Chahal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73004",authors:[{id:"321310",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amanpreet",surname:"Singh",slug:"amanpreet-singh",fullName:"Amanpreet Singh"},{id:"323216",title:"MSc.",name:"Harmandeep Singh",surname:"Chahal",slug:"harmandeep-singh-chahal",fullName:"Harmandeep Singh Chahal"}],corrections:null},{id:"71834",title:"Sustainable Production of Pulses under Saline Lands in India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91870",slug:"sustainable-production-of-pulses-under-saline-lands-in-india",totalDownloads:718,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The decreasing agricultural lands along with waste lands and poor water resources are the main constraints for sustainable agricultural production. The need of time is to produce maximum with minimum inputs. Depleting levels of major and micro-nutrients in Indian soils have been on the rise, and situation may be more harmful if corrective measures are not followed in time. The soil nutrient deficiencies significantly reduce the crop yields in addition to the soil fertility. In preview of this, the need of the hour is to conserve agricultural sustainability, soil health enhancement, and water management. Farmers are forced to use saline water for irrigation in areas with poor quality water or less available water for irrigation, specifically in arid or semi-arid regions. Every crop plants have threshold limit of tolerance beyond which salinity decreases the crop yield. Legumes are very sensitive crops towards soil salinity, and secondary salinization mainly through irrigation water is the hardest challenge for survival of legume crops in arid regions. In view of this, the sustainability of legumes in salt affected areas is a big challenge for crop productivity being sessile to salinity. Hence, the possible strategies for sustainability of salt sensitive legumes have been briefly reviewed in this chapter.",signatures:"Anita Mann, Ashwani Kumar, Satish Kumar Sanwal and Parbodh Chander Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71834",authors:[{id:"274999",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",surname:"Mann",slug:"anita-mann",fullName:"Anita Mann"},{id:"287059",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish Kumar",surname:"Sanwal",slug:"satish-kumar-sanwal",fullName:"Satish Kumar Sanwal"},{id:"318834",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashwani",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashwani-kumar",fullName:"Ashwani Kumar"},{id:"318835",title:"Prof.",name:"Parbodh Chander",surname:"Sharma",slug:"parbodh-chander-sharma",fullName:"Parbodh Chander Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"71626",title:"Helping Legumes under Stress Situations: Inoculation with Beneficial Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91857",slug:"helping-legumes-under-stress-situations-inoculation-with-beneficial-microorganisms",totalDownloads:539,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the upcoming years, legume crops will be subjected to multiple, diverse, and overlapping environmental stressors (raise in global temperatures and CO2, drought, salinity, and soil pollution). These factors will menace legume productivity and food quality and security. In this context, tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are useful biotechnological tools to assist legume establishment and growth. In this chapter, tolerant PGPR able to promote legume growth will be revised. Besides, in the era of -omics, the mechanisms underlying this interaction are being deciphered, particularly transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic changes modulated by PGPR, as well as the molecular dialog legume-rhizobacteria.",signatures:"Salvadora Navarro-Torre, Khouloud Bessadok, Noris J. Flores-Duarte, Ignacio D. Rodríguez-Llorente, Miguel A. Caviedes and Eloísa Pajuelo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71626",authors:[{id:"315110",title:"Prof.",name:"Eloisa",surname:"Pajuelo",slug:"eloisa-pajuelo",fullName:"Eloisa Pajuelo"},{id:"315111",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvadora",surname:"Navarro-Torre",slug:"salvadora-navarro-torre",fullName:"Salvadora Navarro-Torre"},{id:"318723",title:"MSc.",name:"Khouloud",surname:"Bessadok",slug:"khouloud-bessadok",fullName:"Khouloud Bessadok"},{id:"318725",title:"MSc.",name:"Noris J.",surname:"Flores-Duarte",slug:"noris-j.-flores-duarte",fullName:"Noris J. Flores-Duarte"},{id:"318726",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio D.",surname:"Rodríguez-Llorente",slug:"ignacio-d.-rodriguez-llorente",fullName:"Ignacio D. Rodríguez-Llorente"},{id:"318727",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel A.",surname:"Caviedes",slug:"miguel-a.-caviedes",fullName:"Miguel A. Caviedes"}],corrections:null},{id:"72106",title:"Bioactive Components of Magical Velvet Beans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92124",slug:"bioactive-components-of-magical-velvet-beans",totalDownloads:711,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The plant Mucuna is an annual climbing shrub with long vines that can reach over fifteen meters in length. About 100–150 Mucuna species are found in the tropic and subtropic regions of both hemispheres of the earth. The genus Mucuna belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is commonly known as Kewanch, velvet bean, cowhage and kappikachhu and is found widely in India as a hardy, herbaceous, vigorous, twining annual plant. The size and dimension of the Mucuna seeds, pods, platelets and leaves change from species to species. The hair present on pods is anthelmintic, which causes itching. People are seeking great attention towards Mucuna due to its several medicinal properties, including L-DOPA (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) along with supplementary antioxidants that are used for treating Parkinson’s disease and many neurodegenerative diseases. Thus it is being used in about 200 medicinal formulations. The current chapter outlines the work that determines the influence of different nutritional, anti-nutritional and medicinal values and bioactive agents from different parts of the Mucuna species present in India and its importance in medicine.",signatures:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi, Prajakta P. Kamble, Vishwas A. Bapat and Jyoti P. Jadhav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72106",authors:[{id:"307840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajakta P.",surname:"Kamble",slug:"prajakta-p.-kamble",fullName:"Prajakta P. Kamble"},{id:"308178",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh S.",surname:"Suryawanshi",slug:"suresh-s.-suryawanshi",fullName:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi"},{id:"317797",title:"Prof.",name:"Viawas A.",surname:"Bapat",slug:"viawas-a.-bapat",fullName:"Viawas A. Bapat"},{id:"317798",title:"Prof.",name:"Jyoti P.",surname:"Jadhav",slug:"jyoti-p.-jadhav",fullName:"Jyoti P. Jadhav"}],corrections:null},{id:"73367",title:"Hedysarum Species from Caucasus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91741",slug:"-em-hedysarum-em-species-from-caucasus",totalDownloads:276,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the complex pharmacognostic studies of three species of the genus Hedysarum L., we have developed a method for quantitative determination by UV spectrophotometry, HPLC, and capillary electrophoresis of the sum of xanthones in terms of mangiferin. The technique takes into account the basic physicochemical properties of xanthones; is characterized by reproducibility, high accuracy, and simplicity; and allows conducting both a screening assessment of various raw materials containing mangiferin derivatives and standardization of the prepared vegetable raw materials. The developed methods are tested on the aboveground organs of Hedysarum species, which are collected and dried by taking into account the rules and requirements for the preparation of medicinal raw materials. As a result, it was found that the greatest quantitative content of the sum of xanthones in terms of mangiferin is distinguished by the grass H. caucasicum M. Bieb. (0.62 ± 0.021%). For the first time, morphological-anatomical diagnostic signs of the species Hedysarum caucasicum M. Bieb., Hedysarum daghestanicum Rupr. ex Boiss., Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. are necessary for standardization of medicinal vegetal raw materials. The results show the prospect of further investigation of Hedysarum as an additional source of mangiferin.",signatures:"Serebryanaya Fatima and Imachueva Djavgarat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73367",authors:[{id:"299264",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatima",surname:"Serebryanaya",slug:"fatima-serebryanaya",fullName:"Fatima Serebryanaya"},{id:"317788",title:"Mrs.",name:"Djavgarat",surname:"Imachueva",slug:"djavgarat-imachueva",fullName:"Djavgarat Imachueva"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5135c48a58f18229b288f2c690257bcb",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3226",title:"Abiotic Stress",subtitle:"Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8063f7215a8655b897424c418ed0f4bc",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Kourosh Vahdati and Charles Leslie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3226.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59106",title:"Dr.",name:"Kourosh",surname:"Vahdati",slug:"kourosh-vahdati",fullName:"Kourosh Vahdati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6492",title:"Vegetables",subtitle:"Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9b3988b64bc40ab0eb650fe8a2b2493",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",bookSignature:"Md. 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\r\n\tNext-generation textiles represent an exciting and interesting topic within the textiles sector. They are an intersection set between life science (for example medicine, microbiology, and comfort or strain) and technical applications (textile chemistry, engineering, and testing and certification). Developments in one of these areas affect the other one; for example, the invention of superabsorbent and gel-forming materials affected the production of a new type of baby diapers. Next-generation textiles can also be considered an important part of technical textiles, being used for different purposes such as chemical and biohazard protection. They present an important aspect from an economic point of view and the necessity for their production has been increasing; for example, a huge necessity for smart medical textiles comes from the increase of the elderly population in developed countries. In the last few decades, the rapid development of command cotton fabrics also occurred. This affects all textile sectors, for example, biodegradable fibers for implantations, three-dimension spacer fabrics, and reduction of bacterial growth by using silver ion-based textiles finishing. In this and other ways, the fields concerning the next-generation textiles have been growing rapidly and are becoming a more complex area to understand.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-883-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-882-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-884-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",keywords:"Next-Generation Textile, Intelligent Textile, Smart Textile, Technical Textile, Next-Generation Material, Medical Textile, Sustainable Textile, Nanofiber, Fabric, Smart Material, Biodegradable Fiber, Technological Innovation",numberOfDownloads:60,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 5th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim was the Egyptian National Representative of the Chemistry and Human Health Division Committee (VII) at the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 2018-2019 and is currently a member of several national committees of pure and applied chemistry. He has been awarded the best Ph.D. thesis in 2010 from the national research center, Cairo, Egypt.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90645/images/system/90645.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim is an associate professor of Textile Chemistry and Technology at National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. He received his Ph.D in Organic Chemistry in 2011 from Ain Shams University. He published 24 technical papers, one review article, and one book chapter with international publishers. He supervised 8 PhD and M.Sc. thesis, and participated in 14 national and international projects dealing with organic and environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, medical textiles, nanotechnology, and electrospun nanofibers formation. He has expertise in applied chemistry and technology of organic chemistry, especially in carbohydrates, polymers, pollution prevention, preparation, and applications of nanoparticles (polymer chemistry, chemistry of chitosan, chitosan modification, nanoparticles preparation, and electrospinning technique). He built this model after years of research and teaching at university and research centers. He was the Egyptian National Representative of the Chemistry and Human Health Division Committee (VII) at the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 2018-2019, and is currently a member of several national committees of pure and applied chemistry. 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Gingival diseases by namesake denote to the diseases affecting the gingival tissues. These diseases have burdened the human race since the early civilization, and this is proof enough to gauge the importance of diagnosing gingival diseases and treating them. Gingival disease if left untreated can progress to periodontal tissues and result in periodontal disease which is easier to diagnose probably due to its chronic and severe nature as compared to gingival disease. No wonder periodontal disease has been mentioned in the literature of ancient Egypt and a step toward preventing it by means of oral hygiene practices deserves its mention in the ancient scriptures [1].
\nThe diagnosis of any disease is based on a proper documentation of case history which requires precise identification of signs and symptoms of disease and also any underlying medical disease/condition which may influence the same. The next step is to correlate clinical, pathological, laboratory and radiological findings. This sequence of steps also holds true for gingival diseases. This chapter attempts to focus on the minute differences in the diagnosis of gingival diseases which becomes cumbersome due to a simple fact that any infection or inflammation usually results in swelling up of the gingiva, bleeding, or formation of ulcers or vesicles. Such symptoms could be due to a single to multiple etiologic agents corresponding to varied diagnoses and treatment regimens [
The gingival disease terminology and classification has undergone many changes, and the current classification given at the World Workshop in 2017 classifies gingival condition in health and disease under three broad categories of health, dental biofilm-induced gingivitis, and non-dental biofilm-induced gingival disease [3] (Table 1).
\nGingivitis per se refers to the inflammation of the gingival tissues and is labeled with different diagnostic terms based on the etiology and clinical presentation to aid in formulation of the best-suited treatment. As mentioned above, the broad etiologic factors which result in gingival disease is the dental biofilm, which contain microbes, causing a microbial attack on the gingiva resulting in a dysbiosis amounting to a host response manifested in the form of the inflammatory disease called plaque-induced gingivitis. The plaque microbes have an influence on the gingiva depending upon its quantity and quality of pathogens present. Although the increased plaque burden is almost always associated with gingivitis, there are instances where paucity of plaque can again result in gingivitis due to the effect of modifying factors which make the host response more accentuated and exaggerated as they tend to have a more systemic affect than a local one [2, 4]. These modifying factors include few systemic conditions, factors which increase plaque accumulation and influence of drugs on gingiva. How these factors can affect gingivitis is summarized in Table 2.
\nPeriodontal health and gingival health | \nDental biofilm-induced gingivitis | \nNon-dental biofilm-induced gingival disease | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium | \nClinical gingival health on a reduced periodontium | \nAssociated only with dental biofilm | \nMediated by systemic or local risk factors | \nDrug-influenced gingival enlargement | \nGenetic/development disorders | \n|
\n | Stable periodontitis | \nNon-periodontitis | \n\n | Specific infections and inflammatory and immune conditions | \n||
\n | Reactive processes | \n|||||
Neoplasms | \n||||||
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | \n||||||
Traumatic lesions | \n||||||
Gingival pigmentation | \n
Classification of periodontal health, gingival disease, and condition [3].
Factor | \nEffect on gingiva | \nSigns and symptoms for diagnosis | \nDiagnosis | \nTreatment [5] | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial dental biofilm only | \nMicrobial attack mounts a host response in the form of inflammation | \nMild redness with or without broken line of bleeding | \nIncipient gingivitis | \nOHI | \n
Mild changes in color and texture of the gingiva | \nMild gingivitis | \nOHI +/OP | \n||
Glazing redness, edema, enlargement, bleeding on probing | \nModerate gingivitis | \nOHI + OP | \n||
\n | Overt redness and edema and bleeding on palpation rather on probing | \nSevere gingivitis | \n||
Potential modifying factors of plaque-induced gingivitis | \n||||
Systemic conditions | \n||||
Sex steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) (1) Puberty | \nExaggerate the host inflammatory response in the presence of minimal plaque | \nBleeding on probing or bleeding with toothbrushing, mild to moderate redness | \nDiagnostic term not given as not seen frequently in population and if present can be diagnosed as gingivitis associated with puberty | \nOHI + OP | \n
(2) Menstrual cycle | \nExaggerates the host inflammatory response in the presence of minimal plaque | \nMild redness, edema based on severity of inflammation seen during the menstrual cycle | \nDiagnostic term not given as not seen frequently in population and if present can be diagnosed as gingivitis associated with menstrual cycle | \n|
(3) Pregnancy | \nThe hormones exaggerate the host inflammatory response in the presence of minimal plaque | \nDeep gingival probing depths, bleeding on probing or bleeding with toothbrushing, and elevated gingival crevicular fluid flow in pregnancy | \nPregnancy-associated gingivitis | \n\n |
(4) Oral contraceptives | \nThe high-dose hormones in the pills exaggerate the host inflammatory response in the presence of minimal plaque; low dose does not have much effect | \nMild redness, edema based on severity of inflammation seen after 1 to 3 months of use | \nCurrently the dose of oral contraceptives is low; hence diagnostic terms have been removed | \nOHI + OP + reduction of high-dose oral contraceptive Low-dose contraceptive does not require any change | \n
Hyperglycemia | \nHigh blood glucose levels increase the pathogenic bacteria and also form more AGE which affect collagen turnover and healing | \nSigns of inflammation of gingivitis + high blood glucose levels | \nGingivitis associated with diabetes mellitus | \nOHI + OP + maintenance of blood glucose levels by diet restriction/exercise/medication | \n
Leukemia | \nIncreases number of WBCs which accumulate in the gingival tissues and decreases number of platelets which causes bleeding | \nCervical lymphadenopathy, petechiae, ulcers seen in the mucosa, bleeding on slight provocation, swollen, glazed, spongy gingiva, red to deep purple color of gingival lesions | \nGingivitis associated with acute/chronic leukemia | \nTreat leukemia + symptomatic treatment for gingivitis with careful OHI and OP to prevent excessive bleeding | \n
Smoking | \nDirect smoking can cause vasoconstriction of gingival vasculature | \nNo redness, edema, or swelling present. Color may change to blue and pale pink. No gingival changes and pocket depths increase when lesions progress to periodontitis | \nNo gingivitis | \nSmoking cessation | \n
Malnutrition | \nDeficiency of vitamin C affects crosslinking of collagen | \nBleeding on probing, mobility, and swollen gums in severe cases with minimal plaque | \nScurvy | \nVitamin C supplementation + OHI + OP | \n
Oral factors enhancing plaque accumulation | \n||||
Prominent subgingival restoration margins | \nRoughness and closeness of these restorations to gingival tissue cause accumulation of plaque bacteria and irritation | \nLocalized mild redness, bleeding on probing, slight edema in area of restoration | \nGingivitis due to faulty restoration | \nCorrection of restoration + OHI + SRP | \n
Hyposalivation | \nDecreased saliva causes sticking of bacteria on tooth surfaces | \nDental caries, taste changes, halitosis, mucosal and gingival dryness, and gingival inflammation | \nGingivitis associated with hyposalivation | \nOHI + OP+ salivary substitutes | \n
Drug-influenced gingival enlargements | \n||||
Phenytoin, sodium valproate | \nDrugs and plaque cause fibroblasts to increase production of collagen and extracellular connective tissue | \nOnset after 3 months of drug intake, common in anterior gingiva, gingival size increases which starts from interdental papilla and may extend to the margin and attached gingiva in severe cases. The enlarged areas are firm to soft depending upon the presence of gingival inflammation | \nDrug-influenced mild gingival enlargement (if only papilla is involved) Drug-influenced mild gingival enlargement (if papilla and margin is involved) Drug-influenced mild gingival enlargement (if papilla, margin, and attached gingiva is involved) | \nOHI + OP+ drug substitution if required, followed by gingivectomy to correct enlarged gingival tissues | \n
Nifedipine, amlodipine, verapamil, diltiazem, felodipine | \n\n | \n | ||
Cyclosporine | \n\n | \n |
The crude tools used are a questionnaire/interview to collect important aspects of the patient demographics, medical history, current medications, and habits. The next step involves patient examination starting from extraoral structures to any abnormal intraoral findings to specific examination of the gingiva. The gingival disease is visually examined for clinical signs and symptoms using a mouth mirror under ambient lighting of the dental chair, cotton/gauze to dry the tissues, and sometimes the use of three-way air water syringe to wash way the debris for better inspection. Changes in color, contour, consistency, texture, size, position, etc. are noted. This is followed by palpation of the gingiva for any spontaneous bleeding, pain, discharge, blanching, consistency (by checking the resiliency of tissues on applying pressure), and pitting edema. The UNC-15 or the Michigan O periodontal probe with William’s marking is used to check for bleeding on probing, subgingival faulty restorative margins, and the presence of deeper than 5-mm pockets which is the critical probing depth to differentiate between gingivitis and periodontitis. Apart from these traditional tools used, advanced diagnostic aids have been introduced to further confirm the presence of gingival disease (Table 3) [5, 6].
\nAdvanced diagnostic aid for gingival disease | \nMechanism/working | \nInference | \n
---|---|---|
Periotemp probe | \nDetects the difference in subgingival temperature which is reflected by red or green light | \nRed light indicates future periodontal breakdown and increase in periopathogens | \n
New generation of periodontal probes | \nFirst-generation | \nDetects pocket depth using traditional probes | \n
\n | Second-generation | \nPressure-sensitive probe with uniform pressure | \n
\n | Third-generation | \nPressure-sensitive and captures data on computer | \n
\n | Fourth-generation | \nUses 3D technology to detect pocket | \n
\n | Fifth-generation | \nUses 3D technology and ultrasound to detect pocket | \n
Advances in radiography | \nUse of charged-coupled device, complementary metal oxide semiconductor, and cone beam-computed tomography allow digital recording | \nThese are used to detect bone loss and bone defects in 2D and 3D for periodontal defects rather than gingival diseases | \n
Advances in microbial culturing | \nHigh-performance liquid chromatography | \nCan detect bacterial cell wall components | \n
Flow cytometry | \nCan detect various bacteria | \n|
Latex agglutination test | \nCan detect pathogenic antigen, proteins, and antibody by agglutination reaction | \n|
Direct and indirect immunofluorescence | \nCan detect pathogenic antigen, proteins, and antibody by agglutination and adding fluorescent dyes | \n|
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | \nEvalusite can detect | \n|
Nucleic acid and DNA checkerboard hybridization techniques | \nDetects microbes based on matching of unknown sample with known hybridization technique of nuclei acid/DNA | \n|
DNA probe | \nOmnigene can detect | \n|
Perioscan uses BANA (N-benzoyl-DL arginine naphthylamide) hydrolysis carried out by trypsin-like protease | \nDetects trypsin-like protease releasing bacteria, such as | \n|
\n | IAI Pado Test 4.5 RNA probe test kit uses oligonucleotide probes complementary to conserve fragments of the 16S rRNA gene that encodes the rRNA | \nDetects | \n
\n | MyPerioPath is a DNA test and uses saliva samples | \nTo identify the type and concentration of periodontal bacteria | \n
Advances in biochemical test kits | \nPerio-Check | \nDetects neutral proteases like collagenases in GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) | \n
\n | Prognos-Stik: detects serine proteinase elastase in GCF | \nShows active disease sites | \n
\n | PocketWatch: detects aspartate aminotransferase in GCF | \nDifferentiates active and non-active sites of disease | \n
\n | PerioGard: detects aspartate aminotransferase in GCF | \nDifferentiates active and non-active sites of disease | \n
\n | Perio 2000: detects volatile sulfur compounds | \nTo detect halitosis | \n
\n | Toxicity prescreening assay (TOPAS) | \nDetects bacterial toxins and proteins | \n
\n | Dipstick | \nDetects (matrix metalloproteinase) MMP-8 in GCF | \n
\n | Integrated microfluidic platform for oral diagnostics (IMPOD) | \nSaliva-based detection of MMP-8 | \n
\n | Oral fluid nanosensor test (OFNASET): saliva-based detection of (interleukin) IL-1, IL-8 | \nUsed for detection of salivary biomarkers for oral cancer | \n
\n | Electronic taste chip (ETC) | \nDetects C-reactive protein which is an important biomarker for inflammation | \n
Genetic tests | \nGenetic periodontitis susceptibility trait (PST) test | \nDetects IL-1 polymorphism | \n
\n | MyPerioID | \nSaliva-based detection of genetic susceptibility | \n
Apart from plaque-induced gingivitis, it is imperative to diagnose and differentiate the non-plaque-induced gingival diseases and conditions to provide appropriate treatment and to avoid overtreatment. The etiology of non-plaque-associated gingival disease is usually related to some genetic defect or systemic disorder. In many instances the oral lesions precede the extraoral findings and can help in diagnosing a disease which could affect the full body. Therefore, while diagnosing these conditions, we need to look for other associated conditions to arrive at a correct diagnosis. Table 4 attempts to highlight the clinical features to help arrive at a diagnosis [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
\nC | \nCr | \nCs | \nT | \nS | \nP | \nL | \nLab & H/P | \nAdd Sym | \nD | \nRx | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | \nFlat or rounded | \nFirm and resilient | \nLoss of stippling | \n++ | \nCoronal to CEJ | \nGingival enlargement | \nExcisional biopsy shows fibrous connective tissue | \n\n | Hereditary gingival fibromatosis | \nGingivectomy to contour the topography + OHI | \n
P-R/B-Br | \nBlunted | \nSoft and friable | \nUlcerative | \n−− | \nVaries from papillary destruction to beyond mucogingival junction | \nGingival ulceration | \nBacterial culture for various bacteria types such as H/P Loss of the epithelium in ulcerated areas | \nLoss of taste, woody sensation in teeth and feeling of extruded teeth accompanied with underlying risk factors such as poor oral hygiene and systemic conditions | \nNecrotizing periodontal disease | \nDebridement of local factors + CHX+ amoxicillin and metronidazole | \n
FR/W | \nNo change | \nSoft and edematous | \nUlcerative/white pseudomembranous | \n+ | \nNo change | \nErythematous | \nBacterial culture for | \nPharyngitis and lymphadenopathy. Other sites: urethra, anus, cervix, oral mucosa | \nGonorrhea | \nSystemic antibiotic therapy | \n
FR | \nNo change | \nEdematous | \nLoss of stippling and ulceration with whitish membrane | \n+ | \nNo change | \nChancre (rare) | \nBacterial culture for | \nGenital and skin lesions | \nSyphilis | \nSystemic antibiotic therapy | \n
R-Gy patches | \nNo change | \nFirm | \nNodular/papillary proliferation | \n+ | \nNo change | \nNodular/papillary proliferation | \nPositive delayed hypersensitivity (tuberculin) skin reaction to purified protein derivative (ppd), isolation of mycobacterial antigen from bacterial cultures, and demonstration of acid-fast mycobacteria in clinical specimens. H/P: characteristic multinucleated giant cells and granulomas are diagnostic features | \nCommonly associated with lung infections. Involves floor of the mouth, extraction sites, and lymph nodes | \nTuberculosis | \nRegimens of multiple antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, or ethambutol | \n
RP | \nRounded | \nSoft | \nErythematous patch | \n\n | \n | \n | Culture for streptococcal strains. Biopsy | \nUpper respiratory infections | \nStreptococcal gingivitis | \nOHI+ antibiotics | \n
RP | \nNo change | \nSoft and ulcerative | \nSmall vesicles/fibrinous coated ulcer | \n– | \nBlunted papilla sometimes | \nPainful ulcers after vesicle rupture | \n\n | Skin lesions, low-grade fever | \nHand, foot and mouth disease | \nSupportive treatment to correct fever and pain | \n
RP | \nFlat and rounded | \nSoft and edematous | \nUlcerated, loss of stippling | \n+ | \nCoronal or apical to CEJ | \n\n | \n | Lymphadenitis, fever, malaise | \nPrimary herpetic gingivostomatitis | \nAcyclovir and spirin/paracetamol, fluids. Dyclonine hydrochloride 0.5% for anesthesia | \n
RP | \nFlat and rounded | \nSoft and edematous | \nUlcerated | \n+ | \nAttached gingival and hard palate | \n\n | Rarely required. If needed fluorescent staining is more sensitive. HSV isolation of a virus in tissue. Culture is the most positive method of identification. Scraping made from the base of the lesion and stained with giemsa. H/P: Wright’s or Papanicolaou stain and shows syncytium and ballooning. Degeneration of the nucleus | \nFever | \nRecurrent intraoral herpes simplex | \nAcyclovir and aspirin/paracetamol, fluids. Dyclonine hydrochloride 0.5% for anesthesia | \n
BR | \nNo change | \nSoft | \nVesicular | \n+/− | \nDiffuse erythema and isolated small vesicles that rupture quickly leaving ulcerations | \nLesions on skin and mucosa | \nFluorescent-antibody staining of smears using fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies is more reliable than routine cytology | \nFever, malaise, and skin rash | \nChicken pox (Varicella) | \nAcyclovir/valacyclovir for healing and reducing acute pain. Systemic corticosteroids to prevent postherpetic neuralgia, combination of intralesional steroids and local anesthetics to decrease healing time and prevent postherpetic neuralgia and application of capsaicin | \n
R patches +W halo | \nBlunt or rounded | \nSoft and friable | \nUlcerated | \n— | \nUnilateral vesicles which rupture | \nNecrosis of periodontium and alveolar bone | \nCulture | \nSkin lesion | \nShingles (herpes zoster) | \nOral acyclovir 800 mg five times a day, famciclovir 500 mg three times a day, or valacyclovir 500 mg three times a day | \n
Pi | \nNo change | \nSoft | \nPapules | \n++ | \nRaised nodular or popular lesions | \nMucosal lesions are rare | \n\n | Discrete papules on skin of face and trunk and in genital areas | \n\n | \nCryotherapy/laser | \n
G | \nNo change | \nFirm | \nExophytic and verrucous | \n++ | \n\n | Exophytic papillomatous, verrucous or flat lesions | \n\n | \n | Squamous cell papilloma, condyloma acuminatum, verruca vulgaris, focal epithelial hyperplasia | \nSurgical removal, laser ablation, cryotherapy, and topical application of keratinolytic agents. For smaller lesions, topical application of 25% podophyllum resin to reduce the size. Intralesional injection of interferon-α 1,000,000 iu/cm2 once weekly and subcutaneous injections 3,000,000 iu/cm2 twice weekly | \n
W-R | \nNo change | \nSoft and resilient | \nScrapable lesion | \n+/− | \n\n | Pseudomembrane/erythematous/plaque-like/ nodular | \nH/P: culture of infected tissues or exudates on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar or other appropriate media | \nOral involvement is secondary to serious systemic infection | \nCandidiasis | \nTopical antifungal medications, nystatin, and amphotericin b | \n
BR | \nRounded | \nSoft and friable | \nChronic vegetating painful ulcer | \n++ | \n\n | Nodular, papillary, or granulomatous lesions | \nBiopsy of infected tissue shows small oval yeasts within macrophages and reticuloendothelial cells as well as chronic granulomas, epithelioid cells, giant cells, and occasionally caseation necrosis | \nCavitation of the lung and dissemination of the organism to the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and meninges | \nHistoplasmosis | \nKetoconazole or itraconazole for 6–12 months | \n
RP | \nViolaceous marginal gingiva in early stage | \nSoft and friable | \nNecrosis and covered with pseudomembrane in advanced cases | \n−− | \n\n | Lesions are necrotic and covered by pseudomembrane | \n\n | Systemic involvement is present. Late stage involves destruction of alveolar bone and facial muscles | \nAspergillosis | \nSystemic antifungals | \n
R+ W streaks | \nNormal | \nSoft | \nLichenoid reaction | \nNo change | \n\n | Lichenoid-like reaction | \nPatch test by placing aluminum disks with known allergens for 48 hours on hairless skin and wait for any inflammation as a positive test. H/P: chronic inflammatory reaction with lichenoid infiltration of lymphocytes | \n\n | Contact allergy | \nTopical corticosteroids | \n
R | \n\n | \n | Velvety texture | \n+ | \nSeen in anterior maxillary gingiva | \n\n | Plasma cells in lamina propria | \n\n | Plasma cell gingivitis | \nTopical corticosteroids | \n
R-W | \n\n | Soft and friable | \nSmooth or disrupted | \n— | \n\n | Round lesion with central red area or pale pink surrounded by red periphery | \nBiopsy an epidermal pattern characterized by lichenoid vasculitis and intraepidermal vesicles and a dermal pattern characterized by lymphocytic vasculitis and subepidermal vesiculation | \nSkin lesions symmetrically present on distal extremities and moving proximally Hand, face, elbow and knees | \nErythema multiforme | \nAnesthetic mouthwash, corticosteroids in severe cases, and acyclovir if associated with HSV | \n
RP-W | \nNormal | \nSoft and friable | \nSmooth and loss of stippling | \nNo change | \nLesions on free and attached gingiva | \nDesquamative gingivitis with vesiculobullous lesions which rupture | \nELISA to detect circulating antibody to desmoglein 1 and 3. Histopathology: suprabasilar acantholysis may be observed | \nBullous lesions on skin | \nPemphigus vulgaris | \nPrednisolone usually given in dosages of 1–2 mg/kg/d and later −− | \n
R area | \nNormal | \nSoft | \nSmooth and loss of stippling | \n— | \nPositive Nikolsky sign: rubbing the gingiva forms bulla | \nDesquamative lesions with bulla formation | \nHistopathology: circulating antibodies not always found by indirect immunofluorescence | \nScarring in ocular lesions | \nPemphigoid | \nSystemic corticosteroids | \n
R-W streaks | \nNormal | \nSoft and resilient | \nSmooth and ulcerative | \nNo change | \n\n | Papular, reticular, plaque type or bullous lesions | \nHyperkeratosis and saw tooth-shaped rete pegs | \nSkin lesions | \nLichen planus | \nTopical corticosteroids or intralesional steroids like 0.05% fluocinonide (Lidex) and 0.05% clobetasol (temovate) | \n
R and W striae | \n\n | \n | Smooth and ulcerative | \n−/+ | \n\n | Central atrophic area with small white dots surrounded by white striae | \nHyperorthokeratosis with keratotic plugs, atrophy of the rete ridges, and liquefactive degeneration of the basal celllayer | \nRed butterfly-shaped photosensitive, scaly, macules on the nose bridge and cheeks | \nLupus erythematosus | \nSystemic immunosuppressant and protection from sunlight | \n
Pl | \nNormal | \nSoft | \n\n | ++ | \n\n | Cobblestone appearance of mucosa and linear ulceration | \nHistopathology | \nIntestinal pain, anal fissures, diarrhea, and labial enlargement | \nCrohn’s disease | \nSteroids and immunosuppressants to decrease progression | \n
RP | \n\n | Soft and friable | \nLoss of stippling | \n++ | \nGingival recession | \nNodules and ulceration. Loosening of teeth | \nHyperglobulinemia, an elevated level of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme, evidence of depressed cellular immunity. H/P: noncaseating epithelioid granulomas in more than one organ system | \nSwelling of salivary glands | \nSarcoidosis | \nSystemic steroids and anti-inflammatory agents | \n
Pi | \nNormal | \nFibrous | \nSmooth | \n+ | \n\n | Exophytic smooth masses | \nH/P: bundles of collagen covered with the epithelium | \n\n | Fibrous epulis | \nExcision and curettage | \n
RP | \nNormal | \nFibrous | \nSmooth | \n++ | \nStart from interdental papilla | \nPedunculated to sessile masses | \nH/P: cellular fibroblastic tissue containing rounded or lobulated masses of calcified cementum-like tissue | \n\n | Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma | \nExcision of lesion | \n
RP | \n\n | \n | \n | + | \n\n | Ulcerated, smooth, and pedunculated mass | \nH/P: discontinuous hyperplastic parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and endothelial cells in the connective tissue | \n\n | Pyogenic granuloma | \nExcision of lesion | \n
Pr-Bl-Br | \n\n | Soft | \n\n | ++ | \n\n | Sessile or pedunculated tumor-like process | \nH/P: multinucleated giant cell forming granuloma | \n\n | Peripheral giant cell granuloma | \nSurgical excision | \n
W | \n\n | Corrugated or verrucous surface | \n\n | + | \n\n | Non-removable white spot | \nTissue biopsy. Vital staining with toluidine blue and cytobrush techniques. H/P: dysplastic cells with ++ hyperchromatic nuclei, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, an ++ nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, and generalized loss of cellular polarity and orientation | \nHistory of tobacco/alcohol intake | \nLeukoplakia | \nSurgical excision/cryosurgery and laser ablation | \n
R | \n\n | Velvety | \n\n | + | \n\n | Sharply demarcated from surrounding mucosa | \nSame as above | \nMay be associated with oral lichen planus | \nErythroplakia | \nSame as above | \n
R- W patches | \nNo change | \nSoft | \nSmooth | \n++ | \nInvolve keratinized gingiva | \nPainless exophytic mass with nonhealing ulceration | \nDysplastic changes seen in the epithelium and extending into connective tissue and the presence of keratin pearls | \nHistory of tobacco/alcohol intake | \nSquamous cell carcinoma | \nSurgical removal, chemotherapy | \n
RP | \nNo change | \nSoft and edematous | \nSmooth | \n++ | \n\n | Pallor of oral mucosa, pain, petechiae, ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, deep punched out ulcers | \nBlood investigation. Bone marrow biopsy. Tooth mobility | \nDysphagia, facial paralysis, paraesthesia of the face, lips, tongue, and chin, trismus sometimes | \nLeukemia | \nMonitoring of the patient for infection during neutropenic periods and early management of infection. Corticosteroids, adrenocorticotropin, or testosterone modulates the sharp reduction in marrow function. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) | \n
P | \nRounded | \nSoft | \nSmooth | \n++ | \n\n | \n | Histopathology will show Reed-Sternberg cells | \nSwollen lymph nodes | \nLymphoma | \nRadiation and chemotherapy plus doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and dacarbazine for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone for non-Hodgkin’s | \n
W plaques | \nNo change | \nSoft | \nLoss of stippling | \n+ | \nSeen on facial attached gingiva | \nLeukoplakia-like asymptomatic plaque | \nH/P: dense fibrous connective tissue | \n\n | Frictional keratosis | \nPrevention of deleterious habits | \n
RP | \nNo change | \nSoft and friable | \n\n | — | \nGingival recession | \nSuperficial and horizontal gingival laceration | \nNot much significant | \n\n | Toothbrushing-induced gingival ulceration | \nChanging the brushing technique | \n
R-W | \n\n | \n | \n | — | \n\n | Surface slough or ulceration | \nNot much significant | \n\n | Chemical insult due to etching, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, acetylsalicylic acid, dentifrice, detergent, calcium hydroxide, etc. | \nRemoval of offending irritant | \n
R | \n\n | \n | \n | — | \n\n | Erythematous lesion that slough a coagulated surface, vesicles and ulceration may be present | \nNot of much significance | \n\n | Burns of mucosa | \nSupportive care and hydration | \n
Br-Bl | \nNo change | \nNo change | \nNo change | \n= | \n\n | \n | Pigmented deposits in the epithelium and connective tissue | \nAddison’s disease, Albright syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | \nGingival pigmentation | \nNot required | \n
Br | \nNo change | \nFirm | \nNo change | \n= | \nMandibular facial gingiva | \n\n | H/P: pigmented macules seen in section | \n\n | Smoker’s melanosis | \nSmoking cessation for 2 weeks | \n
Bl-Gy–Br-Bl | \nNo change | \nNo change | \nNo change | \n= | \n\n | Diffuse pigmentation | \n\n | \n | Drug-induced pigmentation (antimalarial, minocycline) | \nCessation of drug if required | \n
Bl-Gy–Br-Bl | \nNo change | \nNo change | \nNo change | \n= | \n\n | \n | H/P: discrete granules in connective tissue | \n\n | Amalgam tattoo | \nRemoval of amalgam debris and replacement of amalgam if required | \n
Clinical features for diagnosis and treatment of non-plaque-induced gingival diseases.
C, color; Cr, contour; Cs, consistency; T, texture; S, size; P, position; L, lesion; lab and H/P, laboratory procedures and histopathology; add sym, additional symptoms; D, diagnosis; Rx, treatment; FR, fiery red; G, same as surrounding gingiva; W, white; PR, pink to reddish; B-Br, black to brown; R-Gy, red to gray; RP, reddish pink; BR, bright red; Pi, pink; Pl, pale pink; Pr, purple; Bl, blue; OHI, oral hygiene instruction; CHX, chlorhexidine; +, slightly increased; ++, increased; −, slightly decreased; −−, decreased; −/+, may increase or decrease; =, remains the same.
The treatment of gingival disease is based on resolving the etiologic factors and maintaining the systemic status of the individual. In the case of plaque-induced gingivitis, the main treatment plan involves removal of plaque and calculus by scaling and root planning, followed by oral hygiene instruction which includes modified bass method of brushing and the use of chemical plaque control agents like 0.2% or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate or essential oil mouthwash. In cases of gingival enlargement, initial therapy is focused on removing plaque and calculus, followed by a review on the gingival condition; only if the condition does not improve the drug substitution may be considered, followed by gingivectomy to remove the enlarged gingival tissue. Plaque-induced gingival disease influenced by modifying factors is controlled by reducing the exposure of the modifying factor in addition to removal of plaque and calculus to maintain oral hygiene. The details of the treatment have been mentioned in Table 2. Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases are treated depending on the etiology of the gingival disease. For example, viral lesions are treated by providing antiviral medications in addition to oral hygiene instruction. The details of treatment in brief are mentioned in Table 4. Diagnosis is essential for providing the proper treatment plan and updating recent research which might help prevent undue treatment [8].
\nGingival diseases are an initial starting point of the advanced periodontal disease and in some cases depict the manifestation of an underlying undiagnosed systemic condition. Therefore, the early diagnosis of gingival disease and its treatment are warranted.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
Malnutrition is commonly referred to as under-nutrition [1]. Stunting, wasting, and being underweight in children under the age of five are all signs of malnutrition [2]. Malnutrition refers to any shortage, surplus, or volatility in energy and/or nutritional demands, and includes both under and over-nutrition [3, 4]. 165 million children under the age of five suffer from malnutrition across the world. India (46.6 million), Nigeria (13.9 million), and Pakistan (10.7 million) have the world’s least stunted children, according to the 2018 Global Nutrition Report [5]. Malnutrition is responsible for at least half of all child deaths globally [6, 7]. Children’s malnutrition is mostly a problem in developing and disadvantaged countries [8]. The leading cause of sickness and death among children is malnutrition [9]. Malnutrition is among the world’s most serious health problems, affecting around 2 billion people. Malnutrition in all forms (appetite, undernourishment, vitamin deficiencies, overweight, and obesity) appears to be a severe concern for both emerging and industrialized countries, according to the World Committee on Food Security. Hunger may be characterized in many different ways, including individual experiences and behavioral reactions in the home, food shortages, and national food balance sheets [10]. Approximately 151 million children under the age of five are stunted, over 50 million are wasted, and nearly 17 million are seriously wasted, according to UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group estimates [11, 12]. Although the total rate of stunting in Asia has decreased from 38 percent to 23 percent between 2000 and 2017, it is still the highest [13].
Pakistan is now experiencing a complicated malnutrition problem that affects people of all ages, especially newborns, children, adolescents, and pregnant and nursing mothers. As per UN Worldometer statistics, Pakistan’s population is now predicted to be about 219.1 million, with a potential increase to >260 million by 2030 [14]. Malnutrition is predicted to cost emerging nations between 2 and 3% of their GDP (GDP). Malnutrition is estimated to cost a person one-tenth of their lifetime wages [15]. Pakistan has a high rate of malnutrition. As a result, nearly a quarter of the population of a low-middle-income, fifth nation is unable to meet an adult’s dietary needs (2350 calories per day) [16, 17, 18]. According to a recent global report on child malnutrition, The majority of households in low and middle-income countries are facing dual-faced malnutrition as a result of a dietary shift, which is defined as a home with an obese mother and an undernourished child. On the other hand, stunting is declining relatively slow, whereas excess weight continues to rise globally [19]. As a result, while establishing policies, programs, and interventions to prevent undernutrition, food insecurity and dietary variety should be considered [20].
Stunting develops in children as a result of a regular caloric intake and nutrients that are insufficient to meet their needs. A lack of linear development, or a modest stature or height in one’s age, is referred to as stunting. This is evaluated by dividing a child’s height for his or her age to either a comparison group of well-fed and healthy children (Z score of 2 or less). Stunting refers to excess or inequality in a person’s energy or calorie consumption that is linked to stunted physical and psychological development [21]. Stunting is associated with the phrase “small for gestational age” (SGA) globally [22]. If pregnant women’s nutritional demands are not addressed sufficiently, they might not be able to provide the fetus with the nourishment it needs during pregnancy. Malnourishment in pregnancy is a big issue in Pakistan since it can inhibit a baby’s development and raise the risk of certain diseases later in life [23]. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund, almost 10 million Pakistani children are stunted (UNICEF). For the first 6 months of their lives, just 38% of newborns are exclusively breastfed. As a result, more than half of children under the age of five are deficient in vitamin A, 40% are zinc and vitamin D deficient, and 62% are anemic. In Pakistan, 4 out of every 10 children under the age of five are stunted, with 40.2 percent wasting and 17.7% stunting. According to the 2018 national nutritional survey, more than one-third of children (28.9%) are underweight, with a high prevalence of overweight (9.5%) in the same age range shown in Figure 1.
National nutrition survey malnutrition report.
The nutritional challenges of their children are linked to the moms’ diet and wellness during adolescence, gestation, and breastfeeding periods. As a result, expectant moms must receive appropriate and balanced nourishment. Maternal micronutrient supplementation (MMS) during pregnancy improved gestation, birth weight, and fetal development in Tanzanian infants, as evidenced by their 6-week mortality rate, which was only quantifiable in females but not males newborns [24]. Due to compromised immune systems, malnutrition and infection combined to raise the risk of childhood morbidity and death. More than half of all children under the age of five are expected to die from malnutrition. Immunological changes have been associated with decreased intestinal activities, the inadequate release of protective material from exocrine glands, and decreased participation of the signaling pathway in serum proteins, albeit the underlying processes are unknown [25]. Children’s intrinsic and innate immune responses are also influenced by protein and micronutrient deficits [26]. In children, changes in the gut microbiota can limit growth, disrupt inflammatory immunological processes, reduce functional brain connections, and also delay psychomotor and intellectual abilities [27, 28].
Other geriatric syndromes have been associated with depressive symptoms and malnutrition, both of which are modifiable risk factors for 30-day readmission in hospitalized older people [29]. The prevalence of malnutrition, as measured by the CONUT score, was high in older people undergoing elective surgery for colon cancer patients. Malnutrition has been related to a prolonged stay in the hospital as well as a higher chance of negative outcomes. Both death and readmissions to the intensive care unit are on the rise. CONUT is a quick and easy nutritional screening test that has previously been used to assess nutritional status in people who have had CRC surgery. A longer hospital stay is linked to a lower nutritional state. It’s more likely that difficulties may occur. as well as a higher mortality risk [30]. Sarcopenia, cachexia, diminished sensory function, and alterations in the gastrointestinal system are some of the factors linked to old age [31].
In South Asian nations, the primary factors of malnutrition and stunting are remarkably similar. The key categories include food insecurity and insufficient nutritional intake, social status and inequality, maternity and environmental factors, poverty, and water sanitation hygiene.
Poverty and food insecurity are the two most persistent and major variables that cause stunting. Food insecurity affects children’s nutrition, growth, and cognition and is a serious problem in developing nations. Food insecurity and diet variation should be considered while establishing strategies, plans, and interventions to address the problem of undernutrition [20]. The potential for economic growth of a country can impact food insecurity and, subsequently, the frequency of child stunting [32]. In Pakistani children, food insecurity is a major contributor to their low nutritional condition. In Pakistan, about two-thirds of families with nearly 80% of children lack adequate access to good and nutritional foods [33]. Insufficient diet, anemia, and nutrient deficits in pregnant mothers have been linked with lower childbirth weights in Pakistan. Even though Pakistan is a significant producer of rice and wheat becoming a food supply state, the nation’s economic insecurity has exacerbated the nutritional inequality among children and babies. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–2019, Pakistan’s overall food output and accessibility to basic food items are sufficient to meet the population’s nutritional needs [34].
According to the Journal of the American Dietetic Association 3, in 2025, the supply of calories from key food groups per person would climb to 2530 calories. As per the Pakistan Cost of Diet Analysis, 67% of Pakistani families cannot afford a scientifically appropriate meal, while around 5% cannot afford a diet that fulfills even the necessities of energy needs [35]. Despite rising per capita wealth, increased food production and accessibility, and better intakes of gross energy (calories from food), Pakistan’s current child stunting incidence is 40.2%. Nevertheless, over 60% of the people themselves are affected by food insecurity, with the lowest and perhaps most susceptible individuals in particular unable to buy sufficient healthy food [36]. Despite this, little is known about the non-nutritional repercussions of food insecurity, such as its implications on brain development and cognitive impairments, especially in developing countries [37]. The likelihood of baby undernourishment has also been connected to poor maternal mental health. Women with prenatal indicators of distress who lived in rural parts of Pakistan, and they had smaller amounts, larger family debts, and were food insecure, exhibited severe depression than women in high-income nations [38]. Young children are going through a phase of rapid growth and development, which necessitates more energy consumption. Humans and caretakers, on the other hand, meet their nutritional and dietary requirements. As a result, they are more likely to become malnourished [39]. Long-term exposure to natural disasters like landslides causes a decrease in the food supply, a lack of access to safe and nutritious food, a decrease in the quantity and quality of food consumed, and a lack of access to health, safe water, and sanitation facilities, all of which contribute to child malnutrition [40]. Long-term exposure to natural disasters, such as landslides, causes a decrease in the food supply, a lack of access to safe and nutritious food, a decrease in the quantity and quality of food consumed, and a lack of access to health, safe water, and sanitation facilities, all of which contribute to child malnutrition [41].
There is a strong relationship between several indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and child stunting in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Children’s stunting is said to be impacted by socioeconomic inequity. Children in rural regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were found to have a greater frequency of stunting than those in city environments. Boy stunting was much higher than girl stunting, especially among boys from low-income families. Breastfeeding, along with other nutrition treatments, must be given prompt attention to prevent stunting, they said [42]. Parents’ educational levels, particularly mothers’, mothers’ health and nutritional status during pregnancy and lactation, children’s vaccinations, family income level, and the current system were all socioeconomic factors affecting the nutritional health of children under the age of five in Nigeria [43, 44].
Stunting and thinness in Pakistani primary school kids (5–12 years) in Lahore, Pakistan, were studied for frequency and socioeconomic determinants. Researchers discovered that 8% of children were stunted and 10% were underweight, with no gender differences. Both boys and girls showed signs of stunting as they grew older, but only males were skinny. Stunting and thinness were found to be influenced by age, socioeconomic status, parental education, the number of siblings, overcrowding, and living in a smoky environment. Children from poorer, less qualified families who lived in low-income neighborhoods and in cramped residences with a smoking culture were considerably more likely to be stunted and skinny. Programs aiming at the disadvantaged and socially marginalized should be prioritized [45]. Stunting, underweight, and waste were identified in 44.4%, 29.4%, and 10.7% of Pakistani children (0–59 months), respectively. Mothers of children were under the age of 18 at the time of marriage, resided in rural regions, and attended a maternity clinic at least 3 times during pregnancy had a low risk of being stunted. Underweight in children was strongly linked to the mother’s level of education, height, BMI, and birth weight. Investigators concluded that the majority of the variables that cause malnutrition in Pakistani children may be avoided [46]. A higher amount of income or wealth, on the other hand, has been linked to a lower incidence of malnutrition in children. As a consequence, Pakistani women’s empowerment can help improve people’s health, which is key for the country’s future progress [47]. Parents with a lower degree of education have a lower household income and are more likely to live in poverty. They spend less money on appropriate nutrition because of a shortage of food, basic health care services, and exposure to terrible living conditions and diseases, and their children are more prone to growth failure [48].
Many of us associate poverty with pictures of starvation or children dying from avoidable diseases on television from the poor world [49, 50]. Poverty is a multifaceted issue in Pakistan. It is firmly embedded in the social, economic, and political systems of the country. The lack of good economic and political governance is the greatest obstacle to poverty reduction. Poverty was once associated with the severe types of malnutrition, particularly in children, that were common during times of famine and starvation. As indicated in Figure 2, the World Bank utilized the lower-middle-income poverty rate ($3.2 per day) to predict that Pakistan’s poverty rate stood at 39.3% in 2020–2021, is expected to continue at 39.2% in 2021–2022, and may drop to 37.9% by 2022–2023. Impoverished individuals are more susceptible to natural dangers (lack of sanitation, inadequate food, crime, and natural disasters), are far less aware of the benefits of good health, and get less access to quality health care. As a result, individuals seem to be more prone to disease and disability [51]. When girls reach reproductive age, they are more likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies, who have a worse chance of survival than typical babies. Undernutrition is one of the most frequent diseases, the major cause of inadequate healthy development, and by far the most important component inhibiting a country’s progress [52].
Poverty rate from 2020 to 2023.
Malnutrition and stunting in children are generally induced by several factors, namely maternal health, ecological and home circumstances, poverty, socioeconomic disparities, low birth weight, dirty water, sanitation, proper hygiene, infections, and diarrhea [53, 54]. Gastrointestinal tract damage, immune suppression, including liver illness across both mothers and infants, as well as stunting in children, are all linked to aflatoxin and mycotoxin exposure from contaminated food [55]. Children who grow up in agricultural areas tend to have development problems throughout pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence [56]. The use of polluted water and the early introduction of supplemental feeding raises the risk of infections and water-borne illnesses including diarrhea and cholera, which impairs children’s food intake and nutrient utilization, causing stunting and wasting [57].
Poverty, poor sanitary conditions, and dirty water are the causative factors of child retardation in Pakistan, by a World Bank study. In Pakistan, open latrines are widely used, and the country is ranked third in the world for open defecation. Many nutritional and health issues are linked to open latrines, including intestinal infection and disease transmission. In Sindh, water and soil polluted with
Consequences of undernutrition.
Inadequate toilet facilities, inadequately treated water supplies, underprivileged healthcare access in remote regions, diarrhea and diseases, and food insecurity are among the most powerful factors of malnutrition and stunting in children in the developing world, according to the above-mentioned data.
The eradication of child malnutrition is crucial for people’s and society’s development. To achieve zero stunting, thorough nutritional therapy regimens must be implemented, particularly during the first 2 years of life. Multi-targeted intervention strategies with a focus on growth and anthropometric parameters are advised. Reduced child stunting is a crucial aim in reaching zero hunger, according to the Global Nutrition Targets for 2025 [62]. Scaling Up (SUN) The need to include stunting prevention in all future sustainable development efforts undertaken by member nations is highlighted by nutrition. Poor nursing habits and dietary deficiencies are thought to be the primary health issues of child stunting and bad health. Pakistan should promote supplementary feeding services for kids above the age of 6 months in addition to exclusive breastfeeding. To boost the nutritional impact of supplementary feeding habits and enhance children’s nutritional status, recommendations on their entry timing and frequency must be created and executed. It is necessary to develop and deliver suitable, low-cost fortified supplemental nutritious meals that are compatible with unique cultural foods, especially to homes at risk of potential poverty. According to the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, the leading causes of stunting in children are premature marriages and breastfeeding females more than boys. Boys are often given more food than girls, resulting in stunting and malnutrition in the female population. Not only are they unable to compete in many sectors with males, but malnourished moms are also unable to give birth to healthy kids [63].
Cooperative efforts to improve maternal nutrition and to eliminate child stunting, focusing on a variety of actions in areas such as agriculture, the environment, water, sanitation and hygiene, schooling, poverty alleviation, and social welfare, including the implementation of specific laws and policies. In Pakistan, malnutrition must be seen through an ideological lens, with implications for overall growth [64]. Cross strategies including all dietary and micronutrient techniques, to eliminate hunger and childhood stunting in Pakistan, strong political will must be formed and enforced. Deprivation, food shortages, bad sanitation, and hygienic practices, disease infection and vulnerability, maternity care, inequalities gender issues, poor diet patterns, and poor diets, as well as a high population growth rate, increasing urbanization, sensitivity to protection and wellbeing situations, or an absence of adequate ideological would all add to the quality of Pakistan’s dietary difficulties. According to the findings of a recent study, the majority of these variables are avoidable. On the other hand, integrated solutions for addressing these concerns should be developed in the framework of society’s academic and nutritional efforts [46]. Nutritional therapies can reduce stunting in general. Stunting is a significant danger for children living in urban slums. When creating dietary approaches to reduce low birth weight and child retardation in these kinds of circumstances, the diversity of such conditions in terms of physiological, social, and economic elements should be acknowledged [65]. It’s vital to create well-designed coordinated multistakeholder intervention strategies which use rational ways to fulfill the requirements of the most desperate individuals that are more prone to stunting as poverty [66]. As a result, appropriate recommendations initiatives should not only aim to reduce poverty, undernourishment, and climate difficulties but also improve and maintain a lengthy economic growth goal within the native culture. Because nutritional deficiencies, like iron and iodine, can harm children’s brain growth early in life, nutritional supplementation throughout pregnancy and childbirth is crucial for preventing cognitive deficits in infants and children [67]. Stunting and malnutrition can be reduced by food adjustments such as food supplements and micronutrient replacement, in combination with diet therapies [68, 69]. Niazi concluded that governmental and non-governmental institutions’ nutritious prevention efforts in Pakistan failed to deliver their aimed nutrition outcomes because they did not take an incorporated way of tackling the important principles of malnutrition such as lack of education, economic hardship, and sociocultural deprivation [70]. Every year, stunting among children causes Pakistan to lose 3% of its GDP. It is projected that every rupee spent to combat malnutrition will provide a return of 16 rupees. Well-fed children have a 33 percent higher chance of escaping poverty as adults [71, 72]. If adequate intervention programs and policies are adopted, Pakistan may likewise address the problem of malnutrition and stunting.
The link between economic advancement and improved nutrition can be either positive or negative. As per Wang and Taniguchi, good nutrition is beneficial to protracted income progress, although the benefits could be hidden by a current rapid population surge [73]. Headey investigated the effects of economic growth on dietary stunting in middle- and low-income nations across three continents. Increased food availability, poverty alleviation, and enhanced maternal and child health care, he claims, are all positives [74]. Nonetheless, even within areas, the nutritional impacts of economic expansion vary greatly. Thus according to conventional anthropometric measures, the incidence of malnutrition declined little in Sub-Saharan Africa despite decades of Economic growth faster than the overall. She also noted substantial differences in the distribution of child nutrition increases among demographic categories (such as urban vs. rural) [75].
Despite having multiple primary goals, nutrition-sensitive programs could have a similar impact on the underlying cause of child malnutrition as ‘micronutrient’ initiatives, not only as they are more diverse and larger in scale. Nursing and parental leave laws, free iron and folic acid for pregnant women, and vitamin A for early children are all examples of national programs [76]. Farming, healthcare, social welfare, early education, schooling, irrigation, and cleanliness are among the numerous sectors participating in nutrition-sensitive initiatives [77]. Conditional cash transfers are currently one of the most researched & examined types of planned action [76]. A sort of dietary approach provides financial assistance to individuals and households in need, often in exchange for a reciprocal activity like school attendance or completing a vaccination regimen. Although its main objective is to eliminate misery, such as in an emergency, there is increasing support that they have huge development influence [78].
Figure 4 depicts interventions that would reduce child malnutrition. Various organizations are collaborating with the UN to combat hunger, malnutrition, food insecurity, and other problems. WHO (World Food Organization), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), SUN (Scaling up Nutrition), UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees), and others are among these bodies. Each group devised its strategy to address the issue of malnutrition, which we will examine below. More Money for Nutrition and more nutrition for money (according to SUN Movement Strategy 2021–2025).
Bringing together the efforts of several groups
Providing food helps developing and underprivileged nations
Developed policies for displaced and refugee populations who are particularly prone to hunger
Checking and balancing the consequences for governance operations (according to SUN Movement Strategy 2021–2025)
Make wheat, which is Pakistan’s key food item, available to all of the country’s citizens.
Tracking Tools to assist nations in determining and monitoring their national objectives (FAO strategy)
Breastfeeding should be encouraged to avoid nutritional deficits in newborns.
Strategies for child malnutrition.
Malnutrition is one of the world’s most serious health problems, affecting about 2 billion people. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group estimates that 151 million children under the age of five are stunted, 50 million are wasted, and 17 million are severely wasted, according to UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group estimates. Malnutrition is prevalent in Pakistan. Food insecurity, poverty, sanitation, hygiene, maternal and environmental variables, education, stunting, and other factors all contribute to malnutrition. This might be due to inadequate or ineffective intervention policies and programs, which have tended to focus on a single issue at a time rather than employing multi-sectoral methods to address the various factors that contribute to stunting. Cost-effective multitier interventions must be administered during the preconception, prenatal, and especially early postoperative periods to prevent malnutrition, stunting, and wasting in children. It is suggested that a comprehensive plan be devised and implemented to address the problem of malnutrition and stunting, which includes nutrition and WASH treatments, as well as activities to improve socioeconomic status. To guarantee that particular projects are created, performed, and sustained promptly, legislators, government and non-government agencies, other parties, and, most importantly, individual contributions and support are required.
We are grateful to the GCUF Digital Library for making the publication available to us.
There is no conflict of interest.
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This chapter presents a general panorama of the mathematical modelling of distillation columns, having as a specific case of study the comparison of a space-state non-linear model and a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model for a batch distillation column using a binary mixture (Ethanol-Water).",book:{id:"5452",slug:"distillation-innovative-applications-and-modeling",title:"Distillation",fullTitle:"Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling"},signatures:"Adriana del Carmen Téllez-Anguiano, Mario Heras-Cervantes, Juan\nAnzurez-Marín, Gerardo Marx Chávez-Campos and José Antonio\nGutiérrez Gnecchi",authors:[{id:"12387",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Gnecchi",slug:"jose-antonio-gutierrez-gnecchi",fullName:"Jose Antonio Gutierrez Gnecchi"},{id:"189166",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez-Anguiano",slug:"adriana-tellez-anguiano",fullName:"Adriana Téllez-Anguiano"},{id:"194844",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Heras-Cervantes",slug:"mario-heras-cervantes",fullName:"Mario Heras-Cervantes"},{id:"194845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Anzurez-Marín",slug:"juan-anzurez-marin",fullName:"Juan Anzurez-Marín"},{id:"194846",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:"Marx",surname:"Chávez-Campos",slug:"gerardo-chavez-campos",fullName:"Gerardo Chávez-Campos"}]},{id:"54078",title:"Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production",slug:"distillation-techniques-in-the-fruit-spirits-production",totalDownloads:4985,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"During the distillation of the fermented fruit mash or juice, ethanol and water are the carriers of a huge number of the other volatile aroma compounds. Unique and distinctive flavour of the final spirits depends on their quantity and quality. Fruit spirits have higher concentration of almost all types of volatile compounds with comparing to other types of distilled spirits. The art of distillation run is to obtain the best balance between congeners present. Two different types of distillation equipment are used for the production of fruit spirits: copper Charentais alembic and batch distillation columns. Although both distillation methods are based on the same theoretical principles, a different quantity of the flavour compounds of the final spirits is produced by using different distillation equipment. The main difference was shown in different distributions of the methanol, n-propanol, higher alcohols and fatty acid esters. Distillation methods need to be adjusted for each fruit spirits regardless to distillation equipment employed because fermented mash of different fruit varieties has a different requirement for distilling. Alembic stills yield better aroma and more characteristic fruit distillates but are slow and require more labour. Column still cleans the distillate giving a decent aroma and higher concentration of alcohol.",book:{id:"5452",slug:"distillation-innovative-applications-and-modeling",title:"Distillation",fullTitle:"Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling"},signatures:"Nermina Spaho",authors:[{id:"189124",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nermina",middleName:null,surname:"Spaho",slug:"nermina-spaho",fullName:"Nermina Spaho"}]},{id:"54676",title:"Fractional Distillation of Organic Liquid Compounds Produced by Catalytic Cracking of Fats, Oils, and Grease",slug:"fractional-distillation-of-organic-liquid-compounds-produced-by-catalytic-cracking-of-fats-oils-and-",totalDownloads:1749,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This work aims to investigate the fractional distillation of organic liquid products (OLP) obtained by catalytic cracking of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) at 450°C, 1.0 atm, with 5, 10, and 15% (wt) Na2CO3, using a stirred tank reactor of 143 L. The fractional distillations of OLP were carried out in laboratory scale with and without reflux using columns of different heights, and a pilot‐packed distillation column with internal reflux. OLP and distillation fractions (gasoline, kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel) were physicochemically characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, flash point, and copper strip corrosion. The OLP and light diesel fractions were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). For the experiments in laboratory scale, the yields of distillates decrease along with column height, with and without reflux, while those of bottoms products increase. The yields of distillates and gas increase with increasing Na2CO3 content, while those of bottoms products decrease. The densities of gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel produced in laboratory scale with reflux superpose exactly those of kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel produced in laboratory scale without reflux. The kinematic viscosity decreases with increasing column height for the experiments in laboratory scale. The acid values of distillation fractions decrease along with the column height for the experiments with and without reflux. The FT‐IR of distillation fractions in pilot and laboratory scales identified the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The GC‐MS analysis identified OLP composition of 92.84% (area) hydrocarbons and 7.16% (area) oxygenates. The light diesel fraction contains 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 0.34 mg KOH/g, proving the technical feasibility of OLP de‐acidification by the fractional distillation process.",book:{id:"5452",slug:"distillation-innovative-applications-and-modeling",title:"Distillation",fullTitle:"Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling"},signatures:"C. C. Fereira, E. C. Costa, D. A. R. de Castro, M. S. Pereira, A. A.\nMâncio, M. C. Santos, D. E. L. Lhamas, S. A. P. da Mota, M. E. Araújo,\nLuiz E. P. Borges and N. T. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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