Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6770",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering",title:"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book covers a wide variety of topics related to the application of experimental methods, in addition to the pedagogy of chemical engineering laboratory unit operations. The purpose of this book is to create a platform for the exchange of different experimental techniques, approaches and lessons, in addition to new ideas and strategies in teaching laboratory unit operations to undergraduate chemical engineering students. It is recommended for instructors and students of chemical engineering and natural sciences who are interested in reading about different experimental setups and techniques, covering a wide range of scales, which can be widely applied to many areas of chemical engineering interest.",isbn:"978-1-78984-056-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-055-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-700-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72537",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"laboratory-unit-operations-and-experimental-methods-in-chemical-engineering",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a139364b1ca4b347f2321a0430079830",bookSignature:"Omar M. Basha and Badie I. Morsi",publishedDate:"October 10th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6770.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9284,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 12th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 2nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174770",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar M.",middleName:null,surname:"Basha",slug:"omar-m.-basha",fullName:"Omar M. Basha",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174770/images/system/174770.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Omar M. Basha is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University. He was previously a Fellow at the National Energy Technology Laboratory in Pittsburgh. He obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, and his BS and MS degrees in Chemical Engineering from Texas A&M University at Qatar. His research work focuses on multi-phase reactor design and scaleup, computational fluid dynamic modelling and carbon capture and sequestration.",institutionString:"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"174420",title:"Prof.",name:"Badie",middleName:"I.",surname:"Morsi",slug:"badie-morsi",fullName:"Badie Morsi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174420/images/system/174420.jpg",biography:"Professor Badie I. Morsi joined the Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh in 1982 and currently is Director of the Petroleum Engineering Program. Professor Morsi's research involves different aspects of Chemical, Environmental, and Petroleum Engineering. His recent research work focuses on: design and scaleup of multiphase reactors, and modeling and optimization of industrial processes with focus on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis; CO2 sequestration in deep coal seams; CO2 capture from syngas and natural gas using chemical and physical solvents; and EOR using CO2 and alcohols. Professor Morsi is serving as the Executive Director for the Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference and has been serving as a consultant to major corporations and organizations in the US and worldwide, in addition to being a reviewer for numerous scientific journals, conferences and agencies.",institutionString:"University of Pittsburgh",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pittsburgh",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"699",title:"Analytical Chemistry",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-analytical-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"60172",title:"Utilizing a Differentiation Framework, Piagetian Theories and Bloom’s Taxonomy to Foster Experiential Learning Activities in Chemical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75646",slug:"utilizing-a-differentiation-framework-piagetian-theories-and-bloom-s-taxonomy-to-foster-experiential",totalDownloads:1095,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will explore the development of laboratory experiments and analysis for undergraduate chemical engineering students, by utilizing a differentiation framework specifically adapted for university-level education. The differentiation framework explores the relationship between Piagetian and post-Piagetian thinking skills with differentiated learning skills, demonstrating links with Bloom’s taxonomy and experiential learning theories. Experimental activities developed within such a framework will allow all students to participate fully in the learning experience intended, as they will be given opportunities to reflect on the learning, and put this new learning into action, within their current thinking operational level. This chapter provides an in-depth look into the educational framework proposed, and then shows examples of how it is used in the development of experimental activities. Educators following this advice will greatly enhance the educational outcomes of the experimental activities conducted.",signatures:"Brenda Hutton-Prager",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60172",authors:[{id:"236773",title:"Dr.",name:"Brenda",surname:"Prager",slug:"brenda-prager",fullName:"Brenda Prager"}],corrections:null},{id:"61728",title:"Experiential Learning via Open-Ended Laboratory Initiatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77015",slug:"experiential-learning-via-open-ended-laboratory-initiatives",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Conceptual mapping of existing knowledge on previous subject learned with the new knowledge can be accentuated using experiential learning methodologies. Open-ended laboratory (OEL) initiative exemplifies the intended outcome of experiential learning cycle where the learners encounter new experiences via laboratory experiments, reflecting the observation made interconnecting the inconsistencies between experience and understanding. This provides a solid basis for the learners to create or modify existing abstract concept of the experiments undertaken. These experiences will be put into context where the learners actively and adaptively experimenting and integrating previous knowledge with the new knowledge and put into practice by developing appropriate experimental procedures in order to achieve the set objectives given for a particular problem statement. This chapter illustrates the concept of open-ended laboratory (problem based), describing the transition of traditional laboratory (TL) to problem-based learning experience via experiential learning methodologies. The methodologies in developing the OEL in a chemical engineering laboratory course and their implementation in a process control laboratory setup were also outlined. The transition of traditional to problem-based findings and course outcomes attainments were investigated and measured using appropriate tools. The challenges and difficulties in implementing OEL were described and analyzed with data obtained from the experiences of conducting OEL in the School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.",signatures:"Nor Irwin Basir, Zainal Ahmad and Syamsul Rizal Abd Shukor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61728",authors:[{id:"238365",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Syamsul Rizal",surname:"Abd Shukor",slug:"syamsul-rizal-abd-shukor",fullName:"Syamsul Rizal Abd Shukor"},{id:"239320",title:"Mr.",name:"Nor Irwin",surname:"Basir",slug:"nor-irwin-basir",fullName:"Nor Irwin Basir"},{id:"239321",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainal",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zainal-ahmad",fullName:"Zainal Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"60493",title:"Kinetics of Growth of Iron Boride Layers on a Low-Carbon Steel Surface",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73592",slug:"kinetics-of-growth-of-iron-boride-layers-on-a-low-carbon-steel-surface",totalDownloads:1030,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the boriding process and the parameters that govern it. It also describes the features of the obtained layers and the main applications of materials treated with this hardening process. The kinetics of growth of the Fe2B face is described using a mathematical model, in which the evolution of the growth of the boride layers is assumed to be controlled by the boron diffusion by means of a dimensional analysis of Fick’s second law. The evolution of the growth of the Fe2B face on a low-carbon steel surface is illustrated by contour diagrams that involve the main variables of the process (time and exposure temperature). This type of diagrams allows the optimization of the process as a function of the treatment parameters.",signatures:"Enrique Hernández-Sánchez and Julio Cesar Velázquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60493",authors:[{id:"220378",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Hernández-Sánchez",slug:"enrique-hernandez-sanchez",fullName:"Enrique Hernández-Sánchez"},{id:"221255",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio César",surname:"Velázquez",slug:"julio-cesar-velazquez",fullName:"Julio César Velázquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"61324",title:"Hydrodynamic Characterization of Physicochemical Process in Stirred Tanks and Agglomeration Reactors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77014",slug:"hydrodynamic-characterization-of-physicochemical-process-in-stirred-tanks-and-agglomeration-reactors",totalDownloads:1344,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A short review of the state of the art in experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) characterization of micro-hydrodynamics and physicochemical processes in stirred tanks and agglomeration reactors is presented. Results of experimental and computational studies focusing on classical mixing tanks as well as other innovative reactors with various industrial applications are briefly reviewed. The hydrodynamic characterization techniques as well as the influence of the fluid dynamics on the efficiency of the physicochemical processes have been highlighted including some of the limitations of the reported modeling approach and solution strategy. Finally, the need for specialized CFD codes tailored to the specific needs of fluid-particle reactor design and optimization is advocated to advance research in this field.",signatures:"Benjamin Oyegbile and Guven Akdogan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61324",authors:[{id:"236404",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Oyegbile",slug:"benjamin-oyegbile",fullName:"Benjamin Oyegbile"},{id:"245434",title:"Prof.",name:"Guven",surname:"Akdogan",slug:"guven-akdogan",fullName:"Guven Akdogan"}],corrections:null},{id:"61847",title:"New Opportunities to Improve the Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Separations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78220",slug:"new-opportunities-to-improve-the-enantiomeric-and-diastereomeric-separations",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The preparation of single enantiomers (ee ~100%) is one of the most important demands both for industrial practice and research. Actually, the resolution of the racemic compounds still remains the most common method for producing pure enantiomers on a large scale. To obtain the pure enantiomers, it is necessary to find the appropriate conditions and resolving agents. During the separation of diastereomeric mixtures, similar trends can be observed as in course of the distribution of enantiomeric mixtures between phases, because just the presence of one-third chiral compound (namely the resolving agent) is the difference. This chapter presents new observations and establishments about the new opportunities to optimize the separation of chiral mixtures, especially the diastereomeric mixtures.",signatures:"Emese Pálovics, Szeleczky Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós and\nFogassy Elemér",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61847",authors:[{id:"239488",title:"Dr.",name:"Emese",surname:"Pálovics",slug:"emese-palovics",fullName:"Emese Pálovics"}],corrections:null},{id:"61339",title:"Separation of Chiral Compounds: Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Mixtures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76478",slug:"separation-of-chiral-compounds-enantiomeric-and-diastereomeric-mixtures",totalDownloads:2006,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite the dramatic development of enantioselective synthesis and chromatographic separation methods, optical resolution still remains the cheapest and operationally simplest method for producing pure enantiomers on a larger scale. No extreme conditions or expensive reagents are required, and the eventually expensive resolving agents can be recovered. This chapter is based mainly on the authors’ long experience in the resolution of industrially important molecules, and it presents new observations and establishments as well. Several methods for separation of chiral mixtures, enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures, are shown, and possibilities for predicting the efficiency of resolution based on the analysis of physico-chemical properties of the reactants are also described.",signatures:"Emese Pálovics, Szeleczky Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós and\nFogassy Elemér",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61339",authors:[{id:"239488",title:"Dr.",name:"Emese",surname:"Pálovics",slug:"emese-palovics",fullName:"Emese Pálovics"},{id:"96278",title:"Prof.",name:"Elemér",surname:"Fogassy",slug:"elemer-fogassy",fullName:"Elemér Fogassy"},{id:"246451",title:"Dr.",name:"Beáta",surname:"Szolnoki",slug:"beata-szolnoki",fullName:"Beáta Szolnoki"},{id:"246452",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",surname:"Szeleczky",slug:"zsolt-szeleczky",fullName:"Zsolt Szeleczky"},{id:"246453",title:"Mr.",name:"Miklós",surname:"Bosits",slug:"miklos-bosits",fullName:"Miklós Bosits"}],corrections:null},{id:"61416",title:"Evaluation of Solution Thermodynamic Properties of Mixed Ionic Liquids at Different Temperatures (293.15–343.15) K",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77016",slug:"evaluation-of-solution-thermodynamic-properties-of-mixed-ionic-liquids-at-different-temperatures-293",totalDownloads:698,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The solution thermodynamic properties of mixed ionic liquids such as density, excess molar volume, partial molar volume and apparent molar volume are highly influential on the design of an effective separation unit and in the optimization of operating parameters like pressure, temperature and concentration for the separation processes. Therefore, it could be better to do a prior experimental study on of the solution thermodynamic properties of mixed ionic liquids at different temperatures for the whole mole fractions rather than doing separation characterization studies like selectivity, efficiency, distribution coefficient and performance index. In addition, the recovery and regeneration of ionic liquids also challenge researchers and separation scientists in several fields of applications. Therefore, in this chapter, density of pure 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide {[BIMIM][NtF2]}, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate {[EMIM][ESO4]}, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate {[EMIM][HSO4]} and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate {[BMIM][OAc]} and its binary mixtures have been measured at T (293.15–343.15) K. From the measured densities, isobaric expansivity, excess molar volume, partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, and apparent molar volume have been calculated. Results were discussed in terms of physical interaction, chemical interaction and structural orientation at molecular level and their temperature and composition dependency.",signatures:"Achsah Rajendran Startha Christabel, Danish John Paul Mark Reji\nand Anantharaj Ramalingam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61416",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61416",authors:[{id:"187605",title:"Dr.",name:"R",surname:"Anantharaj",slug:"r-anantharaj",fullName:"R Anantharaj"},{id:"248857",title:"Ms.",name:"R",surname:"Achsah",slug:"r-achsah",fullName:"R Achsah"},{id:"248858",title:"Mr.",name:"M",surname:"Danish John Paul",slug:"m-danish-john-paul",fullName:"M Danish John Paul"}],corrections:null},{id:"60924",title:"Azeotropy: A Limiting Factor in Separation Operations in Chemical Engineering - Analysis, Experimental Techniques, Modeling and Simulation on Binary Solutions of Ester-Alkane",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75786",slug:"azeotropy-a-limiting-factor-in-separation-operations-in-chemical-engineering-analysis-experimental-t",totalDownloads:840,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The presence of azeotropic points in the vapor-liquid equilibria of some solutions is a limiting factor in separation operations by distillation. Knowledge of azeotropy is based on understanding its origins and behavior in relation to the different variables that modulate phase equilibria, and can be used to control the appearance of these singular points. This work studies the phenomenon of azeotropy and presents a practical view based on the study of ester-alkane binary solutions. After considering the principles of vapor-liquid thermodynamics and the special cases of azeotropic points, a detailed description is given of the experimental techniques used to determine these points and also for their thermodynamic verification. Two different but complementary modeling approaches are proposed: the correlation of experimental data and the prediction of azeotropic variables. The first is required to achieve a rigorous design of apparatus and installations, while the second is useful in preliminary design stages. Finally, alternatives to the separation process are studied by simulation. For a practical perspective on these aspects, each section is accompanied by data for ester-alkane solutions, and references are made to applications in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.",signatures:"Raúl Rios, Adriel Sosa, Luis Fernández and Juan Ortega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60924",authors:[{id:"240005",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Juan",surname:"Ortega Saavedra",slug:"juan-ortega-saavedra",fullName:"Juan Ortega Saavedra"},{id:"246170",title:"MSc.",name:"Raul",surname:"Rios",slug:"raul-rios",fullName:"Raul Rios"},{id:"246171",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriel",surname:"Sosa",slug:"adriel-sosa",fullName:"Adriel Sosa"},{id:"246172",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"luis-fernandez",fullName:"Luis Fernandez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"51",title:"Desalination",subtitle:"Trends and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"desalination-trends-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Michael Schorr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/51.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2519",title:"Applications of Calorimetry in a Wide Context",subtitle:"Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Microcalorimetry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f344832659ae99060d03528c11b0eb0",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry-in-a-wide-context-differential-scanning-calorimetry-isothermal-titration-calorimetry-and-microcalorimetry",bookSignature:"Amal Ali Elkordy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136133",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal Ali",surname:"Elkordy",slug:"amal-ali-elkordy",fullName:"Amal Ali Elkordy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1981",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Advances from Modeling to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4aa04e09e4d644e7e47345f69eb6a7b",slug:"distillation-advances-from-modeling-to-applications",bookSignature:"Sina Zereshki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112622",title:"Dr.",name:"Sina",surname:"Zereshki",slug:"sina-zereshki",fullName:"Sina Zereshki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"854",title:"Micromachining Techniques for Fabrication of Micro and Nano Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8087b869b2e754a00b9f69835b14f51e",slug:"micromachining-techniques-for-fabrication-of-micro-and-nano-structures",bookSignature:"Mojtaba Kahrizi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3487",title:"Column Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b521796f3859c30413e7fe048c47c996",slug:"column-chromatography",bookSignature:"Dean F. 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1. Introduction
Coronavirus Disease 19 (Covid-19) marked the years 2020 and 2021 with its very fast diffusion rates and severity. With the quick development of vaccines against the disease, the pandemic right now seems to come to an end. Yet, living the last 2 years with a contagious disease has left some serious questions: What is the role of socio–economic determinants in the transmission of an airborne contagious disease like Covid–19? What factors are most influential and make countries more vulnerable to such diseases? What is the role of spatiality in the spread? In this study, we aim to investigate the answers to these questions for Turkey. More specifically, we try to point out the most influential socio–economic factors in the spread of Covid-19 in Turkey in a spatial setting.
The first Covid-19 case is confirmed in Turkey on 11th March 2020 in İstanbul. It spread quickly all over the country. To limit its transmission among the Turkish provinces, similar strategies to other countries, such as travel restrictions and partial curfews, were applied in the initial days. Yet, in time, it has become clear that every country has its own dynamics that limit the effectiveness of precautions against the Covid-19. For example, [1] find that the extreme poverty level is an important determinant in the national performance of low– and middle–income countries, since it determines the ability of social distancing. They also note that the disadvantaged share of the population in terms of socio–economic status is more vulnerable to contagious diseases. Therefore, each country must be assessed individually to understand its needs and to be prepared for future diseases. Analyzing the spread of the Covid-19 and the socio–economic determinants behind is important to be ready for any country as well as Turkey.
The ties between the socio–economic status in the spread of Covid-19 were discussed previously in the literature. These studies mainly focus on mainland China [2, 3] and the USA [4, 5]. Some of them compare the national performances of many countries based on the socio–economic variables, (e.g., [6, 7, 8]). Yet, as [4] clearly state, “In a quickly changing pandemic landscape…county-level data and analysis is crucial to understanding needs and supporting planning efforts.” We, therefore, turn our attention to Turkey, which is one of the most affected countries in the world. [9] indicate that 60% of the cases in Asia clustered in Turkey alongside mainland China and Iran. Yet, the number of studies examining the impacts of these variables on the spread of Covid-19 is still limited (among these studies, one can note the study by [10]. Our paper aims to fill this gap while considering the effects of being close to the places where the Covid-19 cases are dense.
Ref. [11] emphasize the role of spatiality in the analysis of contagious diseases by stating that “when people move, they take contagious diseases with them.”. Much before the Covid-19 pandemic, [12] indicates that infectious diseases are the main concerns of medical geography which defines the “place” as a vital dimension of the transmission process besides the other risk factors. In the SARS epidemic example, [13] notes the importance of detecting spatial linkages which shows the potential spreading ways and spatial clusters. Similarly, [14] argues that the diffusion of infectious diseases is directly related to the location. As a result, to understand the diffusion process of such diseases, spatial analysis is a requirement.
Although the importance of location in the transmission process of such diseases besides the other risk factors is mentioned heavily in the literature, studies considering geography in the Covid-19 incidence rates are scarce and they mostly make a choice between the spatial autoregressive model (SAR) and spatial error model (SEM). [15], for example, attempts to determine the socio-economic and region-specific in the Covid-19 transmission in German counties with a choice between SAR and SEM specifications. [16] examine the local transmission of Covid-19 cases in the USA. Again, they made a selection between SAR and SEM based on the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests. [17] employ SAR, SEM, and SAC models to detect the Covid-19 period prevalence in the US counties. [4] consider several demographic factors and income as well as air pollution and health-related variables in order to explain the spread of Covid-19 in the US states. They also employ a SAR model. [18] use the number of confirmed new cases in mainland China as the dependent variable where the recovered cases and the rate of deaths are the explanatory variables in a spatial panel setting. He compares SEM and SAR models, but cannot show spatiality in the explanation of the rate of new cases. He concludes that the spatial lag of X (SLX) model fits the nature of local spillovers in this association for China.
The situation for the scarce studies that consider the spread of Covid-19 in Turkey from a spatial perspective is parallel to the world literature. [8] provides an exploratory spatial analysis with different weight matrices for Turkish Covid-19 cases and deaths in which high spatial autocorrelation is detected particularly for major Turkish provinces. Similarly, [19] use Moran I and Local Indicator Spatial Association (LISA) statistics to determine the hot and cold spots among Turkish provinces. [20] examine the effects of a group of socio–economic determinants as well as climate–based variables on the number of Covid-19 cases with SEM and SAR specifications. [21] looks at the relationship between centrality in terms of trade, transportation, and health and the number of cases in a Turkish province while considering other socioeconomic factors as control variables. For this aim, he employs SAR and SAC models. [22] use the impact of population density, elderly dependency ratio, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, literacy rate, and health capacity variables to explain the diffusion of Covid-19 in Turkey with a SAR model. They find global spillovers and significant coefficients for population density and elderly dependency ratio while explaining the increase in the Covid-19 cases.
With this study, we also contribute to the scarce literature on Covid-19 studies in Turkey with a spatial perspective. One of the novelties of this paper comes from the spatial model it adopts. Unlike the previous spatial studies on Covid-19 diffusion, we argue that a spatial Durbin model (SDM) must be the first model to adopt for the analysis. The SDM approach is well known for containing both the global and local spillovers at the same time, which is a feature of the Covid-19 pandemic. In fact, when the best describing model is unknown, [23] suggests using SDM as a starting point as well. As a result, we start our analysis with an SDM setting to detect the local and global spillovers in the diffusion of Covid-19 cases across 81 Turkish provinces. Different from the existing studies, we use the vaccination rates and sub–indicators of Life Index in Provinces by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) as the explanatory variables. Life Index in Provinces report includes 41 sub–indicators about income, work life, safety, housing, environment, social life, access to infrastructure services, education, life satisfaction, and civic engagement. By using these sub–indicators, we believe that every aspect of socioeconomic status in Turkish provinces, from per km2 green area to health capacity, can be taken into account. Hence, an exhaustive list of variables that have the potential to impact the spread of Covid-19 is considered. Controlling the vaccination rates also allows us to detect its role among other variables and its impact on the spread of the disease. By doing so, we are able to contribute to the very limited literature on Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy.
To the extent of our knowledge, a similar study to our setting that examines the spread of Covid-19 in Turkey belongs to [24]. He employs 11 leading indicators of the Life Index in Provinces report, not the sub–indicators as well as other socioeconomic and environmental variables such as GDP, household size, age, air quality, humidity, and average temperature. Although this study also mentions the spatial distribution of Covid-19 cases in Turkey and benefits from some spatial maps, the main analysis method is Ordinary Least–Squares (OLS), not spatial models. By using spatial analysis methods with an exhaustive set of socioeconomic indicators, we believe that our study closes an important gap in the literature.
Our results indicate no significant global impacts in the spread of Covid-19 cases across Turkey, but significant local interactions. We show that vaccination in a given province decreases the total number of cases per hundred thousand people in the same province, but increases the Covid-19 cases in the neighboring province. This seemingly puzzling finding is a result of vaccine hesitancy toward Covid-19 vaccines. The “neighbor–reliant immunity” argument by [1] explains that people with vaccine hesitancy feel safer when more people around are vaccinated, so they can act more freely. This situation significantly and negatively affects the total number of cases. We also find that people that are more satisfied with their health status act more carelessly, and the number of total cases increases significantly with higher levels of this variable. The median age of neighbors and the satisfaction rate with a social life are variables that are inversely related to the number of total cases. As the median age of neighbors increases, the social interactions and traveling between provinces decreases to avoid the negative consequences of Covid-19. On the contrary, the rate of membership to political parties in a given province is positively related to the total number of cases in the same province. This finding can be attributed to more social interactions and less social distancing with increased civic engagement.
Based on the findings of this study, we can suggest that the usage of clear communication channels with society has vital importance in fighting against infectious diseases. In this way, it is possible to correct the misperceptions both about the nature of the disease and the vaccinations. Overconfidence about the health status and vaccine hesitancy might increase the overall number of cases, so the burden on the health care system.
The rest of the study continues with an explanation of the data and methodology utilized. The next section presents our findings. The last section concludes with the policy suggestions to the Turkish authorities for the next pandemics.
2. Data and methodology
2.1 Dependent variable and the selection of socio-economic variables
This study uses the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population from 81 Turkish provinces as the dependent variable. This data is publicly available and reported as weekly averages by the Turkish Ministry of Health.
To be able to determine which explanatory variables might be important in the spread of Covid-19, we examine thoroughly the previous literature that applies both a spatial and non-spatial analysis. [25] argue economic variables like wealth or income are the main drivers of the person-to-person spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. [26] demonstrate that low literacy has been influential in the spread of the disease. [17, 27] find that age is effective on the spread of COVID-19 cases. Population and population density were also noted as significant variables by [15, 25, 28, 29]. The number of doctors and the number of hospital beds are considered important factors by [3, 25, 26] because their availability has the potential to draw more COVID-19 patients to the area. Living in an urban vs. rural area might be another determinant in the spread of cases as noted by [25, 29]. [15] also considers household size as a factor. Social life indicators and average space available per household are used by [25].
We proxy the socioeconomic and health status of each province that is noted in the literature by using the Life Index in Provinces provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2016. This index is produced based on the approach of the OECD Better Life Index. The aim of the Life Index in Provinces is to compare the well–being and living quality of Turkish provinces as well as their economic status. To do so, 11 leading indicators and 41 sub–indicators that include both objective and subjective aspects of life are created. These indicators include income, work life, safety, housing, environment, social life, access to infrastructure services, education, life satisfaction, and civic engagement dimensions. Based on the previous literature, we select explanatory variables among the 41 sub–indicators. The dimensions that can affect the spread of Covid-19 but are not captured by the Life Index in Provinces, such as median age, percentage of individuals 65 years old and above, or population density are also added to the analysis.
Besides the socio–economic factors, the vaccine uptake decision of societies is a crucial weapon against the spread of Covid-19. Therefore, we use the vaccination rates for individuals 18 years old and above for each province as a control variable in the models.
A summary of explanatory variables that are employed in this analysis and the data sources are reported in Table 1.
Variable
Proxy
Source
COVID-19 variables
Total number of cases per 100,000 population by Turkish provinces
Turkish Ministry of Health (weekly)
Percentage of 18+ population vaccinated against COVID-19 at least once by Turkish provinces
Turkish Ministry of Health (daily)
Housing Conditions
Number of rooms per person
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
The household size in Turkish provinces
Turkish Statistical Institute (2020)
Work Life
Employment Rate
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Unemployment Rate
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Average Daily Earnings
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Income and Wealth
Percentage of Households in middle and higher Income Groups
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Percentage of Households declaring to fail on meeting basic needs
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
GDP per capita by Turkish provinces
Turkish Statistical Institute (2013)
Health
Infant Mortality Rate
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Life Expectancy at Birth
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Satisfaction Rate with Health Status
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Health Capacity Index
Turkish Ministry of Health, Health Statistics (2018)
Education
Percentage of higher education graduates
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Safety
Murder Rate
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Percentage of people feeling safe when walking alone at night
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Civic engagement
Voter turnout at local administrations
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Rate of membership to political parties
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Percentage of persons interested in union/association activities
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Access to Infrastructure Services
Number of internet subscriptions (per hundred persons)
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Social life
Number of cinema and theater audiences (per hundred persons)
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Shopping mall area per thousand people (m2)
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Satisfaction rate with social relations
Life Index in Provinces by Turkish Statistical Institute (2016)
Median Age
Median of individuals’ age in Turkish provinces
Turkish Statistical Institute (2020)
Age 65+
Percentage of population over 65 + by Turkish provinces
Turkish Statistical Institute (2020)
Population
Population density of Turkish provinces
Turkish Statistical Institute (2019)
Table 1.
Socioeconomic and Covid–19 related variables and the data sources.
The data period is determined by the announcement periods of the Turkish Ministry of Health. Vaccination rates started to be announced at the province level on 04.07.2021 on a daily basis. The total number of cases per 100,000 population is announced weekly. Therefore, we consider the average total number of cases and vaccination rates for July 2021 in this analysis.
2.2 Methodology and model selection process
A standard OLS model is often estimated as a reference for the following spatial models. This study employs the same starting point. To understand the effect of location on the Covid-19 cases, many studies employ SAR and SEM specifications. [2] note that the SAR model will show how the infection burden in a location is affected by the infection burden in the neighboring locations. SEM is used to understand whether the OLS residuals are correlated to residuals of the neighboring locations. In the lines of [2, 3] also consider a SAC model. They argue that since the SAC model contains a spatial lag and a spatial error term, it can be seen as a combination of these two.
In fact, the spatial model family has a large set of approaches1, and model selection is a crucial part of its applications. [4] argues that this selection must be based on the spillover type that the economic theory points out. Unlike [2]‘s suggestion, [4] stresses that the SAC model is not the linear combination of SAR and SEM approaches. Not considering the spillover types in the selection of appropriate spatial models leads us to the identification problem noted in [5].
[6] state that the locations that are closer to the center of the pandemic are affected more quickly than the distant ones. However, besides geographical proximity, Covid-19 can spread easily when the locations are connected on a network, such as traveling. It means that both global and local spillovers exist in the diffusion of infectious diseases. We argue in this paper that this nature of Covid-19 can be best captured with an SDM approach. [7] also recommends using SDM as a departure point, when the true data generating process, as in the case of Covid-19, is unknown. SDM will also give the linear combination of SAR and SEM specifications [4], as intended by [2, 3].
The OLS model that is used as a benchmark is presented in Eq. (1).
yi=β0+βXi+εiE1
where yi is the total number of Covid-19 per 100,000 people in a given Turkish province. β0 reflects the intercept term and β is the vector of coefficients for the explanatory variables. Xi is the socioeconomic variables that are shown in Table 1 and εi is the error term with iid. We check the OLS assumptions. No multicollinearity problem is detected. The insignificant variables (p < 0.10) are excluded from the model in order to refine.
The SDM specification that is used in this paper is shown in Eq. (2).
yi=γ0+ρWyi+γXi+WXiθ+uE2
In Eq. (2), the dependent and the explanatory variables are the same as the OLS model defined in Eq. (1). However, here, we scale both the dependent and explanatory variables with a spatial weight matrix (W). The coefficient ρ reflects the global interactions in the spread of Covid-19 in Turkey, while θ demonstrates the local interactions. u is the error term.
Our model selection process follows [7] and we also compare our results with SAR and SLX specifications. The SAR and SLX models are shown in Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) respectively.
yi=α0+ρWyi+αXi+λE3
yi=δ0+δXi+WXiθ+τE4
The spatial weight matrix used throughout all these models is the same. The elements of W take the value of 1 if two Turkish provinces are neighbors, and zero otherwise.
3. Findings
3.1 Spatial map of Total number of cases in Turkey
First, we examine the spatial variation of the total number of cases in Turkey. The spread of Covid-19 cases across Turkish provinces is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The variation of Covid-19 cases across provinces in Turkey in July 2021.
The map in Figure 1 demonstrates that there are regional variations in the diffusion of Covid-19 cases. The total number of confirmed cases increases from west to east of Turkey. We also consider the four main regions of Turkey and statistically compare the average cases in these regions. These regions are defined as follows: i. Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean Regions, ii. Black Sea Region, iii. Central Anatolia Region, and iv. Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Since the normal distribution assumption of ANOVA cannot be satisfied, we compare the means of these regions with the aid of Kruskal–Wallis test. The results reject the equality of means of the Covid-19 cases across regions at a 5% level (χ2 = 8.757, p–value = 0.0327). Pairwise comparisons revealed that Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia have statistically higher rates than all other regions in Turkey. This result also supports the visual findings in Figure 1.
3.2 Results from spatial modeling
We begin our analysis with the classical OLS model. By excluding the insignificant variables at the 10% level, we refine the model and obtain the ultimate model. We check the OLS assumptions. We find heteroskedasticity in our main model which might be a result of spatial dependency.
As explained before, since the association between the total number of cases and the various socioeconomic variables is not well discussed in the previous literature, we start with an SDM specification to avoid the omitted variable problem [23], which is also the linear combination of SAR and SEM specifications [30]. However, the SDM specification does not show significant results. The LR tests comparing SDM vs. OLS and SAR vs. OLS cannot reject the null hypothesis of no significant global interactions. The lack of significant global spillovers indicates that the burden of the disease at one location is not affected by the burden of the disease in the neighboring locations. Yet, the LR test for the coefficients of local interactions in the SDM specification is significant at the 1% level (LR test is 52.5983, and the p–value is 0.0015). That is to say, although no global impacts can be detected in the transmission process of Covid-19 cases in Turkey, geography still matters in the form of local interactions. The socioeconomic features of neighboring provinces are influential on the spread of Covid-19 in a given province. This finding is in line with the study by [18] in which an SLX model is found appropriate to model the new cases in mainland China. Therefore, following [23], we continue our analysis with an SLX model. The final SLX model and the OLS model as a benchmark are shown in Table 2.
(1)
(2)
Final OLS Model
Final SLX Model
Vaccine Rate
−1.5737***
−1.3693**
(0.5605)
(0.5926)
Membership to Political Parties
2.0558
3.2805**
(1.5622)
(1.5043)
satisfaction rate with social relations
−2.1859
−2.2772***
(1.6857)
(0.7206)
satisfaction rate with health status
3.4398
3.3891**
(2.6869)
(1.6631)
Constant
−21.0895
−26.1843
(117.8685)
(105.4470)
W*Vaccine Rate
4.9654***
(1.7096)
W* Median Age
−10.2514***
(3.4318)
AIC
870.386
874.219
Adjusted R2
0.2341
Number of Observations
81
81
Table 2.
The impact of socioeconomic variables on the total cases of Covid-19: OLS and SLX models.
Vaccination is clearly the strongest weapon in the fight against Covid-19. The findings from Table 2 also confirm this situation and reveal that the vaccination rate and the total number of cases are significantly and negatively related. Interestingly, it is found that the effect of vaccination rates in the neighboring provinces is positive and significant. That is, the increased rates of vaccination in the neighboring locations cause a growth in the total number of cases in a given province. This result seems puzzling at first, but it can be explained by the vaccine hesitancy concept. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as the “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite the availability of vaccination services” [31]. [32] state that the vaccine uptake decision of an individual can be dependent on the actions of the neighbors. They call this concept “neighbor–reliant immunity”. They argue that people that are hesitant toward the Covid-19 vaccine might feel more “immune” without uptaking the vaccine itself if the people around are already vaccinated. This situation is visible here as well. It is seen that people with Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy do not limit their actions as much as before with neighboring provinces as the vaccination rate of neighboring provinces increases. As a result, the number of confirmed cases in a given province increases.
We also show that as the satisfaction rate with health status increases, the number of total cases also rises in a particular province. This finding can be attributed to the fact that Covid-19 is mostly perceived as an older people’s disease or only dangerous for people with co–morbidities. To fight this perception, World Health Organization (WHO) made many announcements, including the one that the Chief of WHO explained that “young people are not invincible”. It seems that this perception is still valid in July 2021 in Turkey, and it might grow even stronger with the relatively less severe variants and the ongoing vaccination process.
The rate of membership to political parties is an indicator of civic engagement. As this variable has a higher rate, the social relations, and connections increase as well. This would make it difficult to keep the social distance and adapt to “stay at home” calls. Our findings in Table 2 confirm this result and demonstrate a positive effect of this variable on the total number of cases.
Median age, itself, is not a determinant of the spread of Covid-19 cases across Turkish provinces. However, the median age of the neighbors negatively impacts the number of cases in a given province. This finding is in line with [15]. He notes that the increase in the median age of neighbors reduces the social interactions with the given state and traveling, so less spread has occurred.
The satisfaction rate with social relations is a proxy for social life. Our results indicate that the higher values of this variable are related to a lower level of total cases. It seems that people who are more satisfied with their social life are most likely to keep their social distance and less engaged with many people. This finding might be explained by the existence of video–calls and other telecommunication methods. Individuals may meet their social needs via the internet and stay at home at the same time.
We cannot show any significant effect of housing conditions, work life, income and wealth, or health indicators other than health status, education, safety, and access to infrastructure services, however.
The results of this paper once more emphasize the importance of vaccinations in order to control the number of cases. In the case of such infectious diseases, governments must use clear communication channels with society to avoid misperceptions about the nature of the disease or the precautions to avoid further spread. Our findings show that over–confidence about the individual health status and vaccine hesitancy increase the number of total cases, so the burden on the health care system.
4. Conclusion
This study employs an exhaustive set of socioeconomic variables and vaccination rates to detect their roles in the spread of Covid-19 in Turkey in a spatial setting. Province-level data allows us to detect the existence of spatiality as well. We cannot detect any global interactions in the diffusion process, so the number of infected people at one location does not bring an extra infection burden to the neighboring locations. Yet, our findings show that local interactions in terms of vaccination rates and median age play an important role in the increase in the total number of cases. Increased vaccination rates in the neighboring provinces also increase the total number of cases in a given province. This result can be explained by the vaccine hesitancy toward the Covid-19 vaccine. We also find evidence that people that are more satisfied with their health status are more likely to catch the disease and increase the total number of cases. To fight the misperceptions about the nature of the disease and the vaccination procedure, the Turkish government must adopt a clear–communication policy and actively work for individuals to access reliable information.
\n',keywords:"spatial regression, SLX model, Covid-19 cases, vaccination rates, socioeconomic factors, Turkey",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82957.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82957.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82957",totalDownloads:2,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 12th 2022",dateReviewed:"June 23rd 2022",datePrePublished:"August 5th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 5th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This study investigates the role of various socioeconomic determinants and vaccination rates in the spread of Covid-19 in a spatial setting in Turkey. For this aim, we employ the 41 sub-indicators of Life Index in Provinces data provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute which is obtained based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Better Life Index approach. Our results indicate no global interactions in the transmission process of the disease among Turkish provinces. This means that the infection burden in the neighboring province does not significantly affect the infection burden of a given state. Yet, we show that vaccination rates and the median age of a neighboring province significantly affect the number of total cases in a given province. We find that as the vaccination rates of a neighboring province rise, the number of total cases in a given province also increases. This finding can be attributed to the “neighbor–reliant immunity” concept. It seems that people with vaccine hesitancy toward Covid-19 feel safer without a vaccine when their neighbors are mostly vaccinated. Last, people with a higher satisfaction rate with their health status are more likely to catch the disease due to underestimation of negative consequences.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82957",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82957",signatures:"Sevgi Eda Tuzcu and Esra Satıcı",book:{id:"11488",type:"book",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Jorge Rocha, MSc. Eduardo Gomes, Dr. Inês Boavida-Portugal and Dr. Cláudia M. Viana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-597-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-596-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-598-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Data and methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Dependent variable and the selection of socio-economic variables",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Methodology and model selection process",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Findings",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Spatial map of Total number of cases in Turkey",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Results from spatial modeling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Türkoğlu SP, Tuzcu SE. Assessing country performances during the COVID-19 pandemic: A standard deviation based range of value method. Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications. 2021;4:59-81'},{id:"B2",body:'You H, Wu X, Guo X. Distribution of COVID-19 morbidity rate in association with social and economic factors in Wuhan, China: Implications for urban development. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health. 2020;17:3417'},{id:"B3",body:'Kang D, Choi H, Kim JH, et al. Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;94:96-102'},{id:"B4",body:'Baum CF, Henry M. Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Spatial Spread of COVID-19 in the United States. SSRN; 2020. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3614877'},{id:"B5",body:'Mollalo A, Vahedi B, Rivera KM. 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Review of Regional Studies. 2014;44:13-32'},{id:"B31",body:'MacDonald NE, Eskola J, Liang X, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33:4161-4164'},{id:"B32",body:'Ke Y, Zhou J. The impact of vaccination behavior on disease spreading based on complex networks. Working Paper. 2022'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"For a detailed discussion, see [8, 24]."}],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sevgi Eda Tuzcu",address:"stuzcu@politics.ankara.edu.tr",affiliation:'
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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Long-term archiving
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Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
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Dissemination and Promotion
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Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Dual-beam platforms, combining a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) and an FIB column, additionally equipped with precursor-based gas injection systems (GIS), micromanipulators, and chemical analysis tools (such as energy-dispersive spectra (EDS) or wavelength-dispersive spectra (WDS)), serve as multifunctional tools for direct lithography in terms of nano-machining and nano-prototyping, while advanced specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can practically be carried out with ultrahigh precision. Especially, when hard materials and material systems with hard substrates are concerned, FIB is the only technique for site-specific micro- and nanostructuring. Moreover, FIB sectioning and sampling techniques are frequently used for revealing the structural and morphological distribution of material systems with three-dimensional (3D) network at micro-/nanoscale.This book chapter includes many examples on conventional and novel processes of FIB technologies, ranging from analysis of semiconductors to electron tomography-based imaging of hard materials such as nanoporous ceramics and composites. In addition, recent studies concerning the active use of dual-beam platforms are mentioned",book:{id:"5075",slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Meltem Sezen",authors:[{id:"176338",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meltem",middleName:null,surname:"Sezen",slug:"meltem-sezen",fullName:"Meltem Sezen"}]},{id:"50866",title:"Effects of Different Laser Pulse Regimes (Nanosecond, Picosecond and Femtosecond) on the Ablation of Materials for Production of Nanoparticles in Liquid Solution",slug:"effects-of-different-laser-pulse-regimes-nanosecond-picosecond-and-femtosecond-on-the-ablation-of-ma",totalDownloads:6101,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Ultra-short laser pulse interaction with materials has received much attention from researchers in micro- and nanomachining, especially for the generation of nanoparticles in liquid environments, because of the straightforward method and direct application for organic solvents. In addition, the colloidal nanoparticles produced by laser ablation have very high purity—they are free from surfactants and reaction products or by-products. In this chapter, nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulse durations are compared in laser material processing. Due to the unique properties of the short and ultra-short laser pulse durations in material processing, they are more apparent in the production of precision material processing and generation of nanoparticles in liquid environments.",book:{id:"5236",slug:"high-energy-and-short-pulse-lasers",title:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers",fullTitle:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers"},signatures:"Abubaker Hassan Hamad",authors:[{id:"183494",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubaker",middleName:"Hassan",surname:"Hamad",slug:"abubaker-hamad",fullName:"Abubaker Hamad"}]},{id:"49537",title:"Electron Diffraction",slug:"electron-diffraction",totalDownloads:10151,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Electron microscopes are usually supplied with equipment for obtaining diffraction patterns and micrographs from the same area of a specimen and the best results are attained if the complete use is to be made of these combined facilities. Electron diffraction patterns are used to obtain quantitative data including phase identification, orientation relationship and crystal defects in materials, etc. At first, a general introduction including a geometrical and quantitative approach to electron diffraction from a crystalline specimen, the reciprocal lattice and electron diffraction in the electron microscope are presented. The scattering process by an individual atom as well as a crystal, the Bragg law, Laue conditions and structure factor are also discussed. Types of diffraction patterns such as ring pattern, spot pattern and Kikuchi pattern, and general and unique indexing diffraction patterns are explained. The procedure for indexing simple, complicated and imperfect patterns as well as Kikuchi lines and a combination of Kikuchi lines and spots is outlined. The known and unknown materials are identified by indexing patterns. Practical comparisons between various methods of analysing diffraction patterns are also described. The basic diffraction patterns and the fine structure in the patterns including specimen tilting experiments, orientation relationship determination, phase identification, twinning, second phases, crystallographic information, dislocation, preferred orientation and texture, extra spots and streaks are described in detail. Finally, electron diffraction patterns of new materials are investigated.",book:{id:"5075",slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad and Mohammad Jafari Eskandari",authors:[{id:"176352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi Asadabad",slug:"mohsen-asadi-asadabad",fullName:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad"},{id:"177600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari Eskandari",slug:"mohammad-jafari-eskandari",fullName:"Mohammad Jafari Eskandari"}]},{id:"38543",title:"Application of FTIR Spectroscopy in Environmental Studies",slug:"application-of-ftir-spectroscopy-in-environmental-studies",totalDownloads:27691,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:null,book:{id:"2397",slug:"advanced-aspects-of-spectroscopy",title:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy"},signatures:"Claudia Maria Simonescu",authors:[{id:"142381",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Simonescu",slug:"claudia-maria-simonescu",fullName:"Claudia Maria Simonescu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"228",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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