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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. 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He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The possibility of minimizing the switching and conduction losses in the switch-mode through increasing the switching frequency makes them more attractive. However, several switching topologies can attain a high-power transfer [1, 2] but the problem is the power switches (transistors or MOSFET), diodes, and energy storage passive elements (capacitors and inductors) contained in the structure of the power converters, which affects their efficiency. Efficient circuits have been developed for power converters along with the developments in materials, control systems, and devices technology. Such topologies can minimize the overall converter size and the switching losses, thereby, providing a higher efficiency [3, 4, 5]. The DC-DC converters can be categorized into three major groups (linear, hard-switching, and soft-switching mode resonant converters) based on their modes of operation as depicted in Figure 1 [6, 7, 8].
\nThe classification of the DC-DC converters.
The advantages of the linear regulator technologies include low noise, fast response, simplicity, and excellent regulation. However, they have some disadvantages such as power dissipation in any working condition, which can result in low efficiency. The switching-mode topologies can be categorized based on the isolation feature to galvanic isolation converter, which also called chopper, and non-isolated converter. Galvanic isolation is required in most applications during the process of converting the power from the utility grid (voltages ranging from 100 to 600 V) for safety reason [9, 10, 11]. Since a higher power transformer is required in these converters, the single-switch converter may not be a proper solution for higher power applications, and as such, the other DC-DC isolated converters with more than one switch, such as the push-pull and full or half-bridge converters, are more appropriate for such high-power applications. Hard-switching transitions in devices operating with switched-mode converters will result in high power dissipation and a gradual reduction of the efficiency of the converter; it can damage the switching devices as well. Snubbers are used to reduce the stress of the switches and solve this problem of power dissipation. Furthermore, the hard-switching converters have other disadvantages such as limited frequency, high EMI, high switching losses, large size, and heavy weight. Two more problems are encountered during the control of the transferred power; the first one is the generated noise during the switching process while the second one is the energy lost in the switches.
\nRegardless of these drawbacks, this study implemented the hard-switching transitions [12]. The voltage and the active switches’ current were modified to overcome or minimize their effects [13]. These modified methods work by either forcing the voltage across the switch or current through the switch to zero, and such a transition technique can only be achieved with a soft-switching technique (Figure 2). The current waveform is forced to reduce to 0 in the zero current switching (ZCS) circuit while the voltage waveform is treated as such by the zero voltage switching (ZVS) circuit. Power circuits with these types of transition techniques are called soft-switching converters (SSCs) [14]. Meanwhile, there are several advantages of the SSCs over the linear mode regulators. The advantages include (i) the possibility of using a small ferrite transformer core due to the high-switching frequency, making operation in a wider DC input voltage range possible compared to the linear regulators; and (ii) it offers a higher efficiency. However, the complexity of the control circuit is associated with several drawbacks compared to the linear control circuit; and the power switching technique may increase the supply noise.
\nCurrent waveform and voltage waveform of hard-switching and soft-switching at both turn-on and turn-off transitions.
The SSCs have been significantly improved in the areas of switching losses, the EMIs, and device stresses, allowing the converters to perfectly work even at higher frequencies and a consequent reduction in the magnetic components. Generally, the SSC families are categorized into resonant transition converters (RTCs), resonant power converters (RPCs), quasi-resonant converters (QRCs), and multi-resonant converters (MRCs) based on their modes of operation, as shown in Figure 3.
\nCategories of the SSCs.
Figure 4 shows the structure of the RPCs and each stage represents a specific job to be carried out. The controlled switching network (CSN) is powered by the DC source; it rapidly switches on and off depending on the working frequency to generate the output voltage or current, which feeds the next stage. The sinusoidal voltage and current signals are generated at a stage of the high-frequency resonant tank network (RTN), where there are two or more reactive components. This is to ensure a reduced electromagnetic interference and harmonic distortion [15]. Being deployed as an energy cushioning stage between the load and the CSN, a frequency-selective network can identify this stage. The impedances of both capacitance and inductance at resonance condition are equivalent and will produce the resonant frequency. A rectifier network and a pass filter are then used for rectifying and filtering the output signal to generate the anticipated DC output voltage [16].
\nThe structure of the RPC.
The full and half bridge are the commonest switching networks, whose usage is power-dependent. For high-power applications, the full bridge inverter is often used as opposed to the single ended or half bridge inverters, which can only supply the active switch with half of the input voltage. This indicates that full bridge inverters have a low rate of voltage switch, making them ideal for application in high input voltage conditions [17]. The RPCs and either a half or full-bridge inverter are often deployed together along with each of center-tapped or full-bridge rectifiers [18].
\nThe CSN depicted in Figure 5 generates a square waveform voltage Vs(t) of the switching frequency fs (ɷs = 2π fs) as represented in Eq. 1 by the Fourier series. Considering the response of the resonant tank, which is dominant to the basic constituent fs of the voltage waveform Vs(t), then, the infinitesimal response clearly demonstrated the harmonic frequencies nfs, n = 3, 5, 7, …. As a result, the power that correlates to the basic voltage waveform constituent Vs(t) is moved to the resonant tank as represented in Eq. (2). The basic constituent is a sinusoidal waveform with a peak amplitude of (4/π) times the DC source voltage. This basic constituent and the original waveform are in the same phase. However, when the S1 is on, there is a positive output sinusoidal switched current (t) but negative when S2 is off. This is due to the alternate working principle of the two switches, and its peak amplitude Is1 with phase equal to φs. The input current (DC) to the CSN can be computed by dividing the sinusoidal switched current with half the switching period [6, 16].
The equivalent circuit of CSN.
Resonant tank networks (RTNs) comprise of LC circuit (reactive elements) that stock oscillating energy with the frequency of circuit resonant. The LC circuit’s resonance h attains the electromagnetic frequency useful in several applications, including the telecommunication technology. The tank can possibly be charged to a certain resonant frequency through the adjustment of reactive element data. In addition, the essential phase of the resonant power converter is the resonant tank network. There are different kinds of RTN; it is mainly categorized into three parameters. Firstly, the resonant power converter can be sectioned through the connection technique used in tank element. The main common three resonant circuits include a series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC), a series resonant converter (SRC), and parallel resonant converter (PRC) [19]. The second factor lies in a quantity of the reactive elements (amount of transfer function order). However, the third one depends on the elements and multi-elements resonant tank [16]. Topographies of the three elements RTN (third order resonant tank) are controlled in overpowering the inadequacies in the two elements RTN. Most especially, the third element is put in the two elements RTN with a certain rumination to generate the three elements RTN. Thus, these can be taken as an integration of the advantages of mostly used two elements resonant converters PRC and SRC and enhance their inadequacies. The third order RTN contains 36 various tanks, the most common used tanks are LCC, LCL, and CLL [14, 20]. Multi-element resonant converters are RTN that contains four and beyond the number of elements. It should be noted that an increase in the number of reactive elements cause the network to be more complicated based on its size, analysis, and cost. For instance, Figure 6 illustrates the fourth order RTN, which is referred to as the LCLC tank system [21]; this topology includes the characteristics of two main famous three-element systems such as LLC and LCC, and then reflects on their setbacks.
\nAn illustration of four-element RTN (LCLC).
The RTN generates voltage waveforms and sinusoidal current based on the output voltage and resonant frequency, which are taken to be the input to the last phase DR-LPF is the pulse waveform. This implies that the purpose of utilizing DR-LPF is to filter and correct the AC waveform to achieve the entailed DC output waveform. In the previous studies on resonant power converter, the DR-LPS had been illustrated as a full-bridge or center-tapped rectifiers. While the center-tapped rectifier is inappropriate due to an elevated voltage stress from the diodes, the low pass filter had been investigated for the entire occurrences of inductance or capacitive [16, 22].
\nIn the DR-CLPF, the input voltage VR(t) is appraised as the square wave of a resonant frequency as illustrated in Figure 7. The input voltage VR(t) can be estimated based on the resonant tank filtering with its basic component VR1(t) as shown in Eqs. (6) and (7), respectively. In addition, the basic component and current are in the same phase, any drop in current to zero alters the basic compartment because of the variations in the conducting diodes.
\nDR-CLPF containing a capacitive pass filter and its variables waveforms.
The diode rectifier is coupled with the input voltage VR(t) (sinusoidal waveform) and an inductive filter jacket. The current inputted is appraised as the square waveform iR(t) as illustrated in Figure 8.
\nDR-LLPF coupled with an inductive pass filter and its variables waveforms.
The PRC is categorized into two elements tank converter. The resonant capacitor Cr needs to be parallel to the diode rectifier network DR and load. For the effective load resistance, Rac is much more enormous relative to resonant capacitor reactance Cr; this implies that the resonant current is unproportionable to the load. Moreover, in addition, the voltage over the resonant capacitor and parallel resistance Rac can be improved by declining the load [14]. Figure 9 shows the relationship between the load quality factor and PRC voltage gain depending on switching frequency based on Eq. (13). It can be observed that the high voltage gain is attained from the switching frequencies and light load conditions, which are nearly equivalent to resonant frequency fs = fr. Therefore, PRC can either step the output voltage down or up depending on the variation in the control switching system frequency. The voltage output can be adjusted with load states, whereas, the resonant current is restricted to resonant inductor data, this causes the PRC to be appropriate for open and short circuit applications [23].
\nVoltage gain characteristic of PRC.
LLC resonant converter in the RTN comprises three reactive elements, whereby it is appraised as a conventional SRC and addition of inductor Lr equidistant to the load that is referred to as parallel inductor Lrp. The parallel inductor can be replaced by using the magnetizing inductance when using a transformer [14, 16]. The topology of LLC generates two resonant frequencies: firstly, the series resonant frequency fr1 depending on the series elements Lr Cr and secondly, the parallel resonant frequency fr2 depending on the entire three tank elements (Lrp, Cr, and Lr) as illustrated in Eqs. (14) and (15), where fr1 > fr2.
Figure 10 illustrates the LLC voltage gain depending on the unity inductance ration (AL = 1), switching frequency, and load quality factor as shown in the Eq. (16).
Voltage gain property of LLC converter.
The topology of LCC in the RTN comprises three reactive elements, the capacitor Crp that is connected to the load in parallel represents the third element. Thus, the topology contains two resonant frequencies: firstly, the series resonant frequency fr1 depending on the series elements Lr Cr and secondly, the parallel resonant frequency fr2 depending on the entire three tank elements (Lrp, Cr, and Lr) as illustrated in as they are shown in Eqs. (17) and (18), where fr1 < fr2.
In the LCC converters, the proportion of resonant capacitors AC should be chosen prudently to be equal to the targeted peak gain. Figure 11 explains the LCC voltage gain as depending on the load quality parameter and switching frequency with single inductance ratio (AC = 1) as described in Eq. (19). It is seen that the light load voltage gain advances across the converter properties and parallel resonant frequency fr2 acts as a parallel resonant converter PRC.
Voltage gain property of LCC converter.
Similar to LCC, the topology of LCLC in the RTN comprises four reactive elements as illustrated in Figure 6, where this topology homogenizes the characteristics of LLC and LCC. The topology structure comprises parallel resonant capacitor Crp, parallel resonant inductance Lrp, and a series elements Lr Cr, which implies that the topology contains two proportions whereby the inductance AL and capacitance AC must be appraised in the design. Moreover, the topology comprises three frequencies: two parallel frequencies frp1, frp2, and one series resonant frequency frs. Figure 12 reflected the relationship between the load quality factor, AC = AL = 1 and LCLC voltage gain depending on the switching frequency as shown in Eq. (20).
Voltage gain property of LCLC converter.
The controlled strategies of the resonant converter is a bit disparate from the pulse width modulated (PWM) converters. A lot of parameters should be considered to attain a soft switching at a certain segment to fabricate the precise controller that can achieve the desired results like load condition, energy storage elements, frequency range, and among others. There were several controlled topologies, which had been applied in the previous studies to manage the series resonant converters. For example, the pulse density modulation, voltage and current control, diode conduction control, and frequency control [24]. The full bridge resonant converter voltage had been regulated through the phase shift control; this phenomenon can be referred to as the switching signal primary control. In addition, to enhance the outcome of a control system, several improved techniques through adaptive controls had been reported [25], which include the passivity-based control and auto disturbance-rejection control (ADRC). A phase shift control had been used to control the current of resonant [26]. Because of this, the control outcome was increased in relative to the traditional PSRC control system. From the previous studies, the controlled techniques can be categorized into their implementation technique either through analog or digital. The digital controls are used because of their flexibility features in compact, programming, and light in comparison to analog controllers, they are also more resistant to inferences and noise. A three element DC-DC resonant converter type \n
Moreover, to ensure the expansion range of ZVS for entire inverter switches (S1–S4), and to improve the converter voltage gain. Then, the magnetizing inductance and resonant tank are used to generate a second resonant frequency \n
From Figure 14, the LLC resonant converter gain M is evaluated using voltage divider law by considering the load quality factor Q and transformer step-up ratio as shown in Eq. (21).
\nThe purpose of using this technique is that the voltage output is being influenced by changing the duty-cycle to attain a targeted voltage output. However, the error that exists between the constant desired voltage (reference voltage) \n
This control varies the switching frequency in adjusting the output voltage so as to reach the targeted load stage and save the output voltage of converter stable in any situation as illustrated in Figure 5. Moreover, the error that exists between the stable targeted voltage (reference voltage) \n
The model simulation of resonant converter is carried out and implemented by utilizing the MATLAB/SIMULINK software using the factors enlisted in Table 1; this is to verify the LLC series resonant DC-DC converter design circuit as shown in Figure 13 and control techniques analysis.
\n\n\n | \n100 (V) | \n
\n\n | \n200 (μH) | \n
\n\n | \n70 (nF) | \n
\n\n | \n4.7 (μF) | \n
\n\n | \n300 (V) | \n
\n\n | \n100 (Ω) | \n
\n\n | \n300 (μH) | \n
\n\n | \n2.7, 0.5 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
The parameters of the LLC converter.
A simplified illustration of full-bridge LLC resonant converter.
The AC equivalent circuit between the rectifier and inverter.
Simulation waveforms of the resonant tank input voltage
The dynamic response of the output voltage, output current, and controlled duty-cycle signal with respect to the load changes.
Simulation waveforms of the resonant tank input voltage
The dynamic response of output voltage, output current, and controlled frequency signal as the function of load change from full to half load.
In this frequency control, the controlled signal is used for the \n
Figure 16 illustrates an output voltage of the duty-cycle controller dynamic response, the load is stepped up and down within half load of \n
In the variable frequency control technique, the measured output voltage is used to detect frequency. Thereafter, the controlled signal is implemented on PWM to produce gate signals to the entire switches by considering the switching duration depending on the converter nature to generate enormous output voltage gain. Moreover, the variation in load is being tested and applied to affirm the controller dynamic responses. Figure 18 illustrates the parameter frequency controller dynamic response of the output voltage, and the load is stepped up and down in the similar way of duty-cycle control. It can also be observed that in this control technique, the full load condition results in enormous output voltage ripple as compared to half load state, and this affirms the significant variation in frequency with the entire load condition. Moreover, the parameter frequency control gives a significant response to the tank AC parameters as illustrated in Figure 17. As the load varies, the AC parameters temporarily react by increasing or decreasing the voltage and resonant current values depending on the varied frequency and keeping a shape of the sinusoidal waveform.
\nBased on the sufficient demerit of RPCs as earlier stated in the above segments, they have uncommon application in modern industries. The summary of the noticeable implementations is discussed in this segment. The main areas of RPCs application are household applications like induction cookers, portable power supplies, network connection of renewable energy mains, and hybrid and electric vehicles. In a case of the portable power supply, requirements of the converter include a low price tag, light-weight and small size, high efficiency, high reliability, and low electromagnetic interference (EMI). Soft switching is the way of ensuring higher efficiency; it can be implemented by utilizing RPCs. Based on the area of application, the topology can be chosen to ensure maximum efficiency, ideal cost, and size. For example, the supply of power to an electron beam welding compartment uses a full bridge LLC resonant converter [16]. The soft switching technique and topology solves the problem associated with power utilization within the filament supply by staying away from the inverter heating challenge and ensures higher efficiencies. RPCs are used in the electrostatic precipitator. This is a high-power appliance industrially utilized for removing smoke and dust from a flowing gas. The series-parallel RPC coupled with phase control suggested by [27] is negligible in size; it gives a faster temporary response and possesses a higher efficiency as compared to the traditional line frequency power supplies. RPCs are known for charging hybrid vehicles whereby the batteries need to be charged either by wireless or wired. Due to being smaller and demonstrating higher effectiveness, the charging of EVs through wire [28] and plug-in EVs [29] RPCs are used. For example, the high-performance LLC converters are suggested in the two-stage smart battery chargers. The converter evacuates the low and frequencies ripples from the current output and increases the life of a battery without the size increment of the charger. Previous studies had proposed several wired charging topologies. Apart from wired chargers, wireless power transfer (WPT) has been a modern charging process used in the hybrid and electric vehicles. The accessible WPT technologies include electromagnetic, magnetic, and electric power transfer. Among all of these, the magnetic coupling method utilizes RPCs, which portray higher power transmission and higher efficiency within a closer distance. Application of RPC in WPT for hybrid and electric vehicles had been reported [30].
\nThe grid integration of renewable energy mains such as fuel cell, wind, and solar PV needs converters of minimal current ripple and higher efficiency. DC-DC converters are the main prerequisite in processing power from renewable energy mains. Out of several options, RPCs can be the main competitor because of its low EMI, higher efficiency, robustness, and low output ripple current. RPCs are used in FC networks [31, 32], PVs [33], grid connection, and electrolyser interfaces [34]. Moreover, RPCs is applied to home induction cookers. The resonant inverter is the induction cooker key element; it produces an AC current that heats up the inductor-vessel compartment. The resonant inverters utilize in induction cooker are multilevel, half bridge, single-switch, and full bridge inverters [35].
\nThis chapter has vividly explained the resonant power converters, which include the effective generation of RPCs as a high-switching converter that can serve as a solution to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and switching losses difficulties that surface by using the PWM converters. Furthermore, the resonant converter classifications depending on several points of views as well as controlled techniques (either varied or fixed frequency techniques) were elucidated. The controlled techniques and several application areas of resonant converters have been explained. The variable and fixed frequency controls are used to cross-check the LLC converter output voltage. The load is changed when using 50% of the full load in the entire control techniques; the obtained results affirmed the significant stable response of both controllers with little overshoot voltage. Nevertheless, the variable frequency control gives a significant outcome based on the resonant tank waveforms in relative to the stable frequency control when changing the load.
\nSoybean cultivation and its use was started from the beginning of Chinas agriculture age. Its utilization for human consumption was mentioned [1] long ago 6000 years back in Chinese medical compilations. Soybean has meant for milk, meat, bread, cheese and oil from centuries ago to common people of China, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, Philippines and Indonesia. The center for origin of soybean is China while some reports second center as India [2, 3, 4]. In India initially, soybean has been traditionally grown in patches of the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand (earlier Uttar Pradesh), the Khasi Hills, the Naga Hills, Manipur, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of central India encompassing Madhya Pradesh.
During 2020 the global area and production of soybean was 127.9 million ha and 379.8 million tons respectively. India stands fifth rank in the area and production in the world after countries USA, Brazil, Argentina and China. The productivity of soybean in India is low (1.1 tons/ha) as compared to the world (2.3 tons/ha).
Rainfed agriculture produces much of the food consumed globally. It accounts for more than 95% of farmed land in Sub-Saharan Africa, 90% in Latin America, 65% in East Asia and 60% in South Asia. The rainfed agriculture across the world is being affected by climate change.
On global map India lies between 8° N and 37°. In all climate over Indian subcontinent is dominantly tropical except Northern parts where the climate is temperate. Climate over India is characterized with distinct hot and dry climate altered with wet and humid climate in cyclic pattern. This is due to monsoon winds. Typical monsoon over India has two branches, i.e., Arabian sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch.
In Indian context soybean has occupied the position as major crop of India by replacing the traditionally grown major region-specific contemporary crops like cotton, paddy, and wheat. This has derived the agriculture completely new cropping systems also. Reasons of early popularity of the soybean crop in India are good demand of crop in international market, assured economic value of the crop along with the nutrient rich in both oil content (16–21%) and protein content (36–42%). Climatic requirements of soybean crop in more or less variations matches with existing climatic conditions over India which may be one of the reasons for steady performance of soybean in terms of production and productivity.
Based on productivity levels of soybean, total Indian geographical area is categorized in six agroclimatic zones which are Northern Hill Zone, Northern Plain Zone, Eastern Zone, North Eastern Hill Zone, Central Zone, and Southern Zone. The breeding for improving varieties with suitability and management practices specific to the particular zone are identified to achieve higher levels of productivity. In last years the area under soybean in India is constantly increasing with increase in productivity. In year 2020–2021 among various soybean growing states of India, Madhya Pradesh followed by Maharashtra were the first two states to grow soybean on 5.85 million ha and 4.32 million ha area respectively. In other states like Karnataka, Telangana, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh there is considerable scope for the area enlargement (Table 1).
Sr. no. | State | Sowing area (ha) | Expected yield (kg/ha) | Estimated production (100,000 million tons) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rajasthan | 9.25 | 761 | 7.05 |
2 | Madhya Pradesh | 55.69 | 939 | 52.29 |
3 | Maharashtra | 43.85 | 1102 | 48.32 |
4 | Chattisgarh | 051 | 910 | 0.46 |
5 | Gujrat | 2.237 | 1015 | 2271 |
6 | Karnataka | 3.827 | 1005 | 3846 |
7 | Others | 1.129 | 975 | 1101 |
8 | Telangana | 3.488 | 1015 | 3540 |
Total | 119.982 | 991 | 118.888 |
The average annual rainfall of India is 1192 mm, with spatial and temporal variability which delineate the Indian agriculture in to dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming. The major soil types of India are Vertisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. Vertisols are deep black cotton soils having swelling and shrinkage properties, good water holding capacity. In India soybean is promising and prominent rainfed crop where seasonal rainfall is 900 mm and soil type is vertisols. In some parts of India traditionally adopted cropping system was
Indian Council of Agricultural Research—Indian Institute of Soybean Research, at Indore, Madhya Pradesh was established to provide centralized research to support soybean production system research with basic technology and breeding material. Under AICRPS (All India Coordinated Research Project on Soybean) system 102 improved soybean varieties have been developed which were suitable to different agroclimatic zones, and promising with high yields due to tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses.
After independence through green revolution, high yielding varieties, India achieved record breaking/higher food grain production and achieved self-sufficiency in cereals production. This achievement of the higher production was associated with several extensive problems which encounter to degradation of the natural resources and challenged sustainability. The concepts of conservation have gained importance due to the threat of resource degradation problems, the necessity to reduce production costs, increase productivity and profitability and make agriculture more inexpensive. Over exploitation of natural resources, conducive to unsustainable growth; these strategies need to change in coming years for increasing the sustainability. For Indian agriculture it is the time where it must search for new guidelines—may be through strategies, policies, and actions which must be accepted to move toward sustainability.
In recent past decades, at global level, rapid moves have been made in order to develop and spread the technologies which will conserve resources. Conservation of soil and rainwater can be achieved with change in land configuration, and method of planting like broad bed method of sowing, minimizing soil disturbance through restricted tillage. Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) include the basic three pillars or principles which are
Minimum soil disturbance
Crop rotations
Permanent soil cover (through cover crops, crop residues)
These principles can be effective possible ways towards the realization of the sustainability in agriculture and will help in achieving the goals of increasing productivity with prevention of further degradation of natural resources. To sustain soil fertility, improving fertilizer/water use efficiency, physical properties of soil, and enhanced crop productivity, techniques of crop residues retention on the soil surface, organic and inorganic combined fertilization and involvement of legumes in crop rotation are essential. Above techniques coupled with minimum or no-tillage practices play a major role in conservation of natural resources. Thus, resource- conserving technologies can be used to enhance soil health, water, and nutrient use efficiency.
The national and regional yield or productivity levels are low as compared to global level. There are many limiting factors responsible for low productivity which are the gap in genetic and breeding for variety improvement, gap in management practices, post-harvest handling, and socio-economic factors. One or more than one limiting factor will aggravate the adverse effect on productivity, which is commonly observed in dryland farming areas.
Genetic and breeding for variety improvement,
Inherent poor seed longevity,
cultivation of single variety on large area mono-variety
shattering losses due to delayed harvesting,
Inappropriate management practices
Cultivation of soybean crop under rainfed condition.
sowing under delayed conditions (after sowing window).
Non application of seed treatment and inoculation at the time of sowing.
No/little use of organic manures
mixed sowing of seed with fertilizers
Low or excess population of plant per hectare
Imbalanced and improper fertilizer application
Inefficient water management practices,
Lack of proper insects and pests control measures
Disproportionate use of water in spraying of pesticides,
Post-harvest handling
Proneness of soybean to field weathering
Storage of soybean at higher seed moisture content can reduce the quality of seed for its use as seed material for sowing and may result in low or no germination of seeds
Mechanical harvesting of soybean more than 450 RPM speed of thresher will adversely affect the seed germination.
Socio-economic factors
Timely unavailability of quality inputs,
Poor coping techniques,
Unavailability of credit loans to farmers at the time of sowing.
Soybean production is remunerative when it is cultivated on a well-drained, sandy loam to clay soils. Soils with medium available water holding capacity and reasonable depth, can also be suitable for soybean. It requires soil with comparatively rich in organic carbon content. Neutral pH is ideal for harnessing maximum yield of soybean. The soil with excessive salts/sodium and poor drainage conditions are not appropriate for cultivation of soybean due to inhibition of seed germination.
One summer ploughing followed by two cross cultivation or harrowing for breaking of soil clods or one deep ploughing once in 2–3 years can prepare perfect seedbed for a good growth and yield of soybean. It is the need of time to adopt minimum and conservation tillage (CT) to attain sustainability in soybean production.
Soybean is cultivated majorly on medium to heavy soils and in Indian context, it is cultivated as major crop in rainfed areas which are associated with the dominance of vertisol soils. The rainfed areas of India are having the variation in rainfall distribution and its frequency. Extreme events like incidence of nearly 50% of seasonal rainfall in 2–3 rainy days are also recorded in many places in rainfed areas. As the Vertisol soils are high in clay content and their characteristic feature of swelling and shrinkage associated with slow infiltration rate, in such extreme events, they are prone to heavy runoff losses. The loss of rainwater not only removes soil nutrients but also its availability for utilization by crop toward its growth over season is also lost. This situation demands the essentiality for
Conservation furrows
Under heavy rainfall events, to conserve moisture and draining out excess water from the field, can be achieved by a very simple technique of opening conservation furrows after every 4/6 rows of soybean.
Broad bed and furrow
Broad bed and furrow (BBF) systems have been found to agreeably attain both the objectives specially in deep vertisols.
A good soybean variety should be high-yielding and should exhibit stable performance across abiotic and biotic stresses during crop growth. Growing more than one (preferably three to four) variety with different maturity durations is most advisable particularly when the planting area is on quite a large area to achieve sustainability in soybean production and to make efficient use of harvesting equipment and laborer.
In the northern, northeast, northwest, and central region of India, soybean is mostly cultivated as the sole crop in
During
Optimum plant population is prerequisite for higher yields. Per plant yield contributing characteristics are in good quantity when the optimum plant population is maintained. One of the reasons for poor soybean yield in India is the sub-or super-optimal plant population. A plant population of about 450 thousand is optimum with a range of 400–600 thousand plants per hectare. In general, a comparatively higher plant population is desirable for determinate varieties. Use of quality seed and good seedbed condition are pre- requisite to maintain the desired field emergence.
The ideal planting geometry with row spacing of 45 and 30 cm is recommended for northern, central and southern zones respectively while plant to plant spacing is at 4–5 cm and 7.5–10 cm respectively. For delayed sowing due to late-onset of monsoon, to tcompensate yield reductions owing to reduced vegetative growth along with early flowering can be achieved to some extent by reducing the row to row spacing (30 cm) and increasing the seed rate by 25%. To ensure good germination and subsequent plant stand the seed should be placed at the depth of 3–5 cm.
Seed rate is dependent on seed index and germination ability, and percentage.
Small seeded variety—60–65 kg/ha
Medium seeded variety—65–70 kg/ha
Bold seeded variety—70–75 kg/ha
The required seed rate is generally 65 kg/ha.
Seed treatment before sowing achieves the objectives of good seed germination and uniform plant stand, reduction in seed born inoculum, protection of seed and seedling from soil born pathogenic infestations. More than 20 species of fungi are known to affect soybean plant as seed-borne. Therefore, seed treatment becomes most important preventive measure which include
Fungicidal seed treatment of Thiram + Carbendazim (2:1) to the seeds at the rate of 3 g/kg seed of soybean.
OR
Treating soybean seed with microbial inoculum of
For control of yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infestation to soybean, recommended fungicides are used for seed treatment. Then immediately after the treatment with insecticides like Thiamethoxam 30 FS (flowable concentrates for seed treatment) at the rate of 10 ml/kg seed or Imidacloprid 48 FS (flowable concentrates for seed treatment) at the rate of 1.25 ml/kg seed is recommended.
Seed must be treated with
For increasing the solubility of the unavailable phosphorous in soil, it is recommended to treat the seed with phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) at the rate 500 g/65 kg seed.
Soybean is considered to be a moderately exhaustive crop. Application of balanced fertilizer dose ensures better performance of soybean in terms of yield. The integration of organic manures like 5–10-ton farm yard manure (FYM) or 2.5-ton poultry manure/ha before last harrowing with inorganic fertilizers as the basal dose of 25:60–80:40–50:20 N: P2O5:K2O:S kg/ha (at the time of sowing) generally provides nutrition in balanced which will help in harnessing the yield potential of soybean.
As per the soil test report, the recommended micronutrients should be applied by soil or foliar method of application
Weeds poses major threat to soybean production by the way of yield losses to the extent of 30.5–53%. The critical crop weed coemption period for soybean crop is 20–45 days after sowing (DAS) In general, the mechanical weed control measures in soybean are hand weddings twice, at 20 and 40 DAS are recommended. In
PE application of Alachlor at the rate 2 kg/ha or Pendimethalin 30% EC at the rate 0.50–0.75 kg ha or Butachlor 50% EC at the rate 1 kg/ha dissolved in 500 l of water is sprayed after sowing but before emergence of soybean, i.e., in 2–3 DAS results in better weed suppression.
PoE application of Imazethapyr 10% SL at the rate of 0.25 kg ha dissolved in 500 l of water can sprayed within 7–21 days after emergence of soybean will effective for good weed control.
Proper water management at critical growth stages is essential to optimize yield. Stress on account of surplus or shortage soil moisture would be unfavorable growth and yield of soybean. Water requirement of soybean for planting and germination is approximately 100 mm, the total water requirement of soybean is around 500 mm.
Generally, soybean is cultivated as completely rainfed in dryland areas receiving rainfall 600–900 mm or as irrigated in rainfed areas rainfall more than 900–1500 mm. From the rainfall analysis it is concluded that the kharif crops are supposed to undergo the dry spell at least once in its total life cycle. Crop may suffer moisture stress at early season, mid-season or terminal stage due to dry spell. Critical period of soybean for water requirement is planting to emergence, reproductive growth stage, and pod filling stage. Supplemental irrigation should be given from the harvested and stored rainwater whenever there is a dry spell or moisture stress conditions occurs.
In rainfed areas, water stored from runoff during heavy rainfall is collected and stored in storage structures like farm ponds. This harvested and stored water can be utilized during drypell to save crop by giving protective irrigation. For protective irrigations in dryland areas the reuse of harvested rainwater can be efficiently used through micro irrigation system. Adaptation of the micro irrigation systems like sprinkler irrigation system will not only increase the efficiency of water application but will also increase the area under protective irrigation and can rescue more area from moisture stress. The depth of protective irrigation can be 1–2 cm for shallow rooted crops while it can be 3–5 cm for deep rooted crops (Figure 1).
Sprinkler irrigation system for efficient reuse of harvested rain water.
In Indian context dry spells occur in monsoon season invariably. The frequency of the dry spell is increasing in current scenario due to climate change. Moisture stress is a resultant of complex set of several climatic, edaphic, and agronomic factors. It can be characterized by major three varying parameters, i.e., occurrence timing, its intensity, and duration. Reduction of tissue water content, stomatal conductance, metabolic processes, and growth are subsequent effects of Dry spell induced a restricted water supply. Plants develop various adaptive mechanisms in response to moisture stress. These adaptations are drought tolerance and avoidance strategies to defy moisture stress. Under drought conditions, Plants by maintaining favorable water status may avoid moisture stress. Plant may avoid drought either by reducing water loss from leaves or by increasing the capacity of roots for water uptake.
Mitigation strategies of dry spell in soybean are:
Planting of more than three varieties as per maturity group.
If the occurrence of drought is experienced more frequently, the short durational varieties should be selected for sowing.
Organic mulching by applying crop residue at the rate 5 tons/ha after emergence
Anti-transparent suitable for soybean crop are like KNO3 at the rate 1% or Glycerol at the rate 5% or MgCO3 at the rate 5%. These are recommended to spry under early period of dryspell conditions and when rainfall is likely to happen in upcoming few days. Avoid the conditions of crop failure and reduce the harmful effects on yield of soybean.
Mulching of removed weeds (
Areas where mean seasonal rainfall is 600–750 mm and the effective growing duration is 20–30 weeks, in that part intercropping is suggested, while the areas having mean annual rainfall more than 750 mm and duration of effective cropping season length is more than 30 weeks, double cropping of soybean is possible. In Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, particularly Marathwada region intercropping system of soybean + pigeon pea (4:2 row ratio) is very profitable and is recommended particularly for rainfed cultivation. Early maturing (short duration) pigeon pea varieties are more suitable for intercropping system. Soybean + sorghum or soybean + cotton intercropping is also recommended and practiced on large area in and around Madhya Pradesh (Tables 2 and 3).
Zone | Cropping system | Intercropping system |
---|---|---|
Central (Madhya Pradesh, Bundelkhand region of U.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat, Northern and western parts of Maharashtra) | Soybean-wheat or chickpea soybean-wheat-corn fodder, soybean-potato, soybean-garlic/potato-wheat, soybean-rapeseed or mustard, soybean-pigeon pea or safflower or sorghum | Soybean + pigeon pea, soybean + corn, soybean + sorghum, soybean + sugarcane, soybean in mango/guava orchards, soybean in agro-forestry |
Southern (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Southern parts of Maharashtra) | Wheat-soybean-finger millet-peas, oat-cowpea-barley-soybean, soybean-finger millet-beans, soybean-wheat-groundnut | Soybean + pigeon pea, soybean + finger millet, soybean + sugarcane, soybean + sorghum, soybean + groundnut, soybean in coconut/mango/guava orchard and soybean in agro-forestry |
Northern Plain (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North-Eastern plains of U.P., Western Bihar) | Soybean-wheat, soybean-potato, soybean-chickpea | Soybean + pigeon pea, soybean + corn, soybean + sorghum, soybean in mango/guava orchards, soybean in agro-forestry |
Northern hill (Himachal Pradesh, North Hills of U.P.) | Soybean-wheat, soybean-pea, soybean-lentil, soybean-Toria | Soybean + corn, soybean + pigeon pea |
Northeastern (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) | Soybean-paddy, paddy-soybean | Soybean + finger millet, soybean + paddy, soybean + pigeon pea |
Treatments | Pooled mean | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soybean yield (kg/ha) | GMR (Rs./ha) | NMR (Rs./ha) | BC ratio | RWUE | |
Main plots: land configurations: (03) | |||||
L1: Flat bed | 1148 | 34782 | 9263 | 1.36 | 2.77 |
L2: BBF | 1460 | 44191 | 18587 | 1.72 | 3.50 |
L3: ridges and furrow | 1321 | 39984 | 14232 | 1.54 | 3.16 |
SE ± | 45.46 | 1145 | 341.6 | — | — |
CD at 5% | 125.8 | 3168 | 976.4 | — | — |
Fertilizer cum stress management practices: (108) | |||||
F1: RDF (30:60:30 NPK kg/ha) | 1140 | 34670 | 11457 | 1.48 | 2.81 |
F2: RDF + KNO3 @ 1% and 2% (two sprays) | 1421 | 42954 | 17545 | 1.68 | 3.35 |
F3: RDF + (19:19:) @ 0.5% | 1384 | 41884 | 16448 | 1.64 | 3.31 |
F4: RDF + MoP @ 1% and 2% | 1290 | 39099 | 14386 | 1.57 | 3.11 |
F5: RDF + micronutrients mixture @ 0.5% | 1440 | 43329 | 17624 | 1.68 | 3.34 |
F6: RDF + straw mulch @ 3 tons/ha | 1348 | 40738 | 13958 | 1.05 | 2.98 |
F7: RDF + Anti-transparent Kaolin @ 7% | 1224 | 37735 | 9105 | 1.31 | 2.98 |
F8: RDF + water sprays | 1211 | 36797 | 12570 | — | — |
SE + | 37.75 | 1298 | 856.3 | — | — |
CD at 5% | 104.4 | 3592 | 2401.6 | — | — |
Interaction SE+ | 65.39 | 2248 | 1031.5 | — | — |
CD at 5% | 180.9 | 6223 | 1698.5 | — | — |
Soybean seed yield (kg/ha), gross monetary returns (GMR), net monitory returns (NMR), benefit cost (BC) ratio and rain water use efficiency (RWUE) as influenced by different treatments (2014–2016).
The soybean-based cropping systems are not only productive but they have been profitable as good energy-efficient under various agro-climatic conditions. It is also advisable to farmers that continuous growing of soybean on the same piece of land should be avoided. Crop rotation tactics should be followed for sustainable soybean production (Figure 2) [6].
Soybean + pigeon pea intercropping system in 4:2 row proportion is widely adopted system under rainfed conditions of Marathwada region.
Looking at the sustainability of the natural resources, CA is the promising system. CA is a broad term and it encompasses all conserving techniques that conserve resources anyway. It also involves the following technologies:
A minimum level of soil inversion (reduced or zero tillage)
Sensible and profitable crop rotation (inclusion of legume crops, cover crops)
Soil cover (through crop residues retention on the soil surface)
Resource conserving techniques confirm the optimal utilization of resources and improve input use efficiency. These practices include reduced tillage or zero tillage or no tillage, integrated crop management approaches, retaining crop residue and Use of beneficial microorganisms helpful in increasing both the biological fertility of soil and crop production. CA practices decrease resource degradation. Slow breakdown of surface residues which recovers soil organic matter status, soil microbial and biological activity, and diversity. These practices also contributes to the overall enhancement in soil quality. Sustainable improvements in efficient use of water and nutrients by improving nutrient balance and availability, infiltration, and retention by the soil, reducing water loss due to evaporation.
Minimum tillage is aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary. It ensures a good seedbed, rapid seed germination, a satisfactory plant stand, and promising growing conditions. Minimum tillage will benefit in soil setting, improve soil infiltration, reduce soil resistance and soil compaction along with reduction in soil erosion. Although it has some adverse effects like lower seed germination, additional nitrogen requirement, hampers nodulation in some legumes, requires specially designed implements, development of herbicide residue and its pollution, and the perennial weeds become difficult to control.
Zero tillage is an ultimate form of CT in which mechanical soil manipulation is diminished to traffic and sowing only. In India at present area under zero tillage is 2.0 million ha and potential area is 2.0 million ha and 10 million ha. It is very supportive in the area of intensive cultivation where a turnaround period between two crops is very less and which can facilitate timely sowing. Zero tillage offers the benefit of reduced fuel consumption and labor expenses, reduction of total cost of cultivation, timely sowing is possible which offers yield advantage, reduced soil loss and erosion ultimately improvement in soil health.
BBF method comprised of the formation of broad-beds of 135 cm wide and 20 cm elevated beds and divided by 45 cm wide furrows, which are to a depth of 20 cm and graded across the contour to a 0.5% slope [7]. The main purpose of this system is to provide acceptable drainage during heavy rainfall events and draining excess rain water into grassy waterways or farm ponds. This stored rain water will be used to provide supplemental irrigation to Kharif and Rabi crops during dry spells. It will reduce runoff and soil loss, and for in-situ moisture conserving in the furrows. The movement of rain water in BBF system is in both the directions, i.e., vertically downward in furrows and laterally in micro and macro pores in the raised broad beds which enhances the efficient use of rain water.
National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture Project (NICRA) adopted villages in Southern and Central parts of India, farmers who implemented broad bed furrow (BBF) sowing technique in soybean by BBF planter evaded injury to the crop owing to surplus rainfall during
BBF planter (Figure 3) facilitates the simultaneous preparation of broad beds and furrows (for soil and water conservation, in which furrows acting as safe drainage channels during heavy rainfall events (Figure 4) sowing of the seed with less seed requirement (kg/ha), deep placement of fertilizers below the seed enhancing the fertilizer use efficiency, which reduces the time, labor, energy and cost of cultivation (Figure 5).
Sowing of soybean with BBF planter.
Furrows acting as safe drainage channels during heavy rainfall events in soybean sown with BBF method.
Soybean sown with BBF method.
In India about 400 million tons of crop residues are produced annually. A large quantity of crop residues is left in the field when mechanical harvesting is practiced. This crop residue can be recycled which increases the organic carbon content in soil, as well as nutrient supply. About 25% of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), 50% of sulfur (S), and 75% of potassium (K) uptake by cereal crops are retained in crop residues, making them valuable nutrient sources. Mulching with crop residues contributes to the conservation of soil and rainwater (Figure 6).
Crop residue management for conservation of soil and rain water in Soybean.
This technique reduces evaporative losses of soil moisture, nutrient loss along with runoff. Contrasting removal or burning of crop residue, incorporation of straw builds up soil from cropped fields. Crop residues modify soil biological activity resulting in improved soil fertility and better soil physical conditions.
Application or retention of crop residue at 2–5 tons/ha will conserve the soil moisture will also help in conservation of soil health.
It may be concluded that with the use of appropriate improved climate resilient production technology, there is great scope to achieve the targeted average productivity. The adoption of the climate resilient practices like selecting suitable varieties, sowing in proper sowing window, BBF method of sowing, dry spell management practices, intercropping in soybean, resource conservation techniques can mitigate the effects of climate change and enhance the productivity of soybean in sustainable manner.
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The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. 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Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82382",title:"A Cultural Approach in the Synchronous Class in English Teaching and Learning",slug:"a-cultural-approach-in-the-synchronous-class-in-english-teaching-and-learning",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105553",abstract:"If culture is defined as a way of training to obtain knowledge through educational channels, the concept is associated with educability. Therefore, teaching cognitive, attitudinal, and procedural knowledge directly indicates teaching and learning culture to acquire norms and patterns of sociocultural behavior. The purpose of this study was: to debate about the way interaction among students and teachers in synchronous classes based on life’s materials, topics, and methods, and critical or reflective thinking can be adapted by the teacher to the students’ closest environment to communicate in English as an international language. If a language is taught, spoken, and learned in the country, culture surrounding the context is taught. If this language is not spoken in the place, the knowledge system also transmits norms and values, different from those of the language. So, the students get, culturally and socially, modes of action, principles, and knowledge through international language learning. Thus, teaching and learning English as an international language means the way possible interaction has opportunities for every student’s growth and the way their personality formation gets integral results. English taught and learned as an international language denotes reaching the students’ world and needs to communicate in English as a meaningful international language.",book:{id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy - Challenges, Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg"},signatures:"Ned Vito Quevedo Arnaiz, Nemis García Arias and Fredy Pablo Cañizares Galarza"},{id:"82470",title:"The Effect of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Care Workers: Challenges for Social Services Leaders",slug:"the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-quality-of-life-of-care-workers-challenges-for-social-services-leaders",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105603",abstract:"Stressful situations are likely to impact health and social care workers’ quality of life negatively. Indeed, mental, physical, and emotional health problems have been reported in relation to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of health care workers. Instead of health care workers’ reality, and despite the care sector’s relevance, studies of the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of care workers have not been sufficiently explored. Recognizing the effect of COVID on the quality of life of care workers will collaborate with leaders of organizations, social work practitioners, and academics in the design of policies that promote better working conditions. Therefore, during 2021, a study was carried out in Chile where 150 social services and care workers were surveyed in Chile using a version of COV19-QoL in Spanish. The impact of COVID on quality of life is described, and the challenges that this reality implies to social service leaders are presented.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Magdalena Calderón-Orellana, Alejandra Inostroza and Paula Miranda Sánchez"},{id:"82448",title:"Virus World Vulnerability: A Critical Reading of Gender and Performance in Bo Burnham’s “Inside” (2021)",slug:"virus-world-vulnerability-a-critical-reading-of-gender-and-performance-in-bo-burnham-s-inside-2021",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105182",abstract:"Through an engagement with the seminal work of Raewyn Connell on masculinities and hegemonic masculinity, this chapter argues for the hegemonic norm as producing behaviour among men that can be traced in multiple male subjectivities. The argument is that men respond to the prevailing masculine norm by enacting self-protective disavowal—a complex psychological process that involves the reordering of reality in the interests of the maintenance of power, and one that is seen in cases of both legitimate and imagined threats to the self and the body. Self-protective disavowal is at the core of the Same Shit phenomenon—the idea that while the experience of masculinity varies across culture and position in the gender order, self-protective disavowal is a constant that leads to predicable patterns among men. The discussion then explores deliberate vulnerability as a kind of anti-protective disavowal in Bo Burnham’s INSIDE, a complex, undefinable ‘special’ released on Netflix in 2021. The chapter considers Burnham’s work as a departure from self-protective disavowal and Same Shit masculinity through deliberate vulnerability and critically evaluates the value of this alternative, especially given the nihilism that reigns over the work and calls into question the validity of uncritically romanticization of alternatives.",book:{id:"10540",title:"Masculinity Studies - An Interdisciplinary Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10540.jpg"},signatures:"Chris McWade"},{id:"82454",title:"Prospects and Pitfalls Experienced by Social Workers Working in a Confounding Environment in a South African Setting",slug:"prospects-and-pitfalls-experienced-by-social-workers-working-in-a-confounding-environment-in-a-south",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105604",abstract:"While social workers are professionally and aptly placed to facilitate a turn-around environment rife with a conglomeration of challenges such as poverty, ignorance, and diseases, the chapter discusses the developmental prospects and pitfalls that confound their practice in South Africa. Opportunely, social work interventions continue to gain developmental mileage through increased training of social workers, their increased deployment in various versatile domains of social and economic development and increased widening of the scope of social work research, especially current research in fields such as HIV/AIDS and coronavirus. On the other side of the coin, the chapter discusses social work pitfalls attributed to professional curricular gaps as social work continue to follow a western-centric curriculum; the presence of various metaphysical beliefs and myths that weaken or derail social work interventions and a weaker research environment to offer a plausible and timely solution to the prevalent problems. The chapter concludes by calling for a paradigm shift in the social work curriculum as well as its indigenization to productively respond to the South African socio-cultural and geographical milieu.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Simon Murote Kang’ethe"},{id:"82425",title:"Financial Reporting and Analysis of Tesla Green Technology in the United States Market",slug:"financial-reporting-and-analysis-of-tesla-green-technology-in-the-united-states-market",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105065",abstract:"This study aims to discuss and analyze the financial position and performance of the US Tesla green technology company in the United States. This study uses a case study approach, financial data, and website methodologies to collect and analyze the research data. The case study is Tesla, Inc., which is a US electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Austin, Texas. Tesla is a green technology company that produces and designs electric cars, battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar roof tiles and solar panels, and related products and services. Tesla is growing fastly by introducing new green products, and it is now one of the world’s most valuable enterprises. It has a high market capitalization of almost US$1 trillion to become the world’s most valuable automaker. This study concludes that Tesla has changed their strategy to become the most worldwide sales of purely battery electric vehicles, capturing 23% of the market and 16% of the plug-in electric battery in the market for 2020. It has also developed a significant installer of photovoltaic systems through its subsidiary Tesla Energy in the United States. One of the largest global battery energy-storage systems suppliers is Tesla Energy, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours installed in 2021.",book:{id:"11251",title:"Banking and Accounting",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11251.jpg"},signatures:"Nizar Mohammad Alsharari"},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",abstract:"In the last decades, the never-ending and unlimited expanding of both international economies and operations became globalization. Among its main features, one could recall the enormous increase of world macro-economic quantities (Gross World Product, Inter-continental Trade, FDI), as well as financial values (public debts and currency printing). The chapter tries to quantify them, by a statistical analysis of historical data (Section 1). Section 2 is dedicated to the strategic problems of firms, in particular the threats and opportunities for (inter) national firms willing to become global, and obstacles are included in Section 3. This given, it deals with the behavior of countries from the political and juridical points of view, and those ones passed form initial perplexities, distaste, or even hostility to a favorable behavior. Conclusions (Section 4) recall both the problematic alternative for globalized companies between “the world as our next door” and their social responsibilities and the similar problem for host countries, between socioeconomic advantages and protection of local workers, resources, and environment.",book:{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg"},signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:282},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"