Feedstock, in-process product, fuel, and vehicle type of each pathway
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
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Alteration of different protein kinases can result in remarkable changes in these processes. Moreover, these protein kinases are frequently recognized as oncogenic and can be crucial for the survival and spread of cancer cells. Because of the fundamental role of protein kinases in cell biology and their function in numerous sarcomas and cancers, an intensive search for new kinase inhibitors in academia and industries has been enduring for the last two decades. Protein kinase has become the most imperative and commercial class of drug target which is attracting pharmaceutical industries to spend 30 % of their current research investments only in developing kinase inhibitors for various therapeutic implications. This is exemplified by the fact that 75 drugs targeting protein kinase have been clinically approved to date. More than 100 kinase inhibitors are in the final stages of development and likely to be approved in the coming years. There is plenty of scope to work in the area of exploring protein kinase as only about 10 % of kinases have been studied extensively to date. The development of kinase inhibitors is expected to be at the forefront of medicine for the foreseeable future.
\r\n\r\n\tIn this context, this book intends to provide a collection of research and review articles from the experts focusing on protein kinases signalling pathways as a molecular drug target. Various chapters on the mechanism of action and antitumor activity of protein kinase inhibitors on various cancer types will also be presented. New opportunities, challenges and future perspectives in the context of the function of protein kinases will also be discussed in different chapters.
",isbn:"978-1-83880-907-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-906-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-908-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",keywords:"Protein, Phosphorylation, Cell Signalling, Cancer, Kinase Inhibitors, FDA, Therapeutic Implications, Protein Kinase C, Nervous System, Circulatory System, Digestive System, Natural Products",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 18th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 15th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 16th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"24 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher of anticancer drug design, a beneficiary of Publon Award 2016, 2017 for the top reviewer. Publon Excellent Peer Reviewer Awardee, on reviewer's panel fo Royal Society Grants, appointed as PUBLON ACADEMY MENTOR and BENTHAM BRAND AMBASSADOR.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh was born in 1980. He received his B. Pharmacy (2003) and M. Pharmacy (2005) from UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigar. He started to teach Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, in 2006, where he completed his PhD in 2013 from the IKG Punjab Technical University (IKGPTU), Jalandhar. His major area of research interests are drug-design, polymer-drug conjugates for targeted delivery to cancerous cells and CNS, antimalarial therapeutic agents, natural product chemistry and green chemistry approaches for chemical synthesis. Dr. Singh has over 15 years of teaching experience and guided 01 PhD and 18 PG students. He is currently guiding 02 PhDs and 01 M. Pharmacy students. He has published more than 60 peer-reviewed SCI-indexed scientific research papers of total impact factor more than 100 in various Chemistry and Pharmacy Journals including the European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Biorganic Chemistry, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Bentham, J. Enzyme Inh. Med Chem. (Informa Healthcare), Res. Chem. Intermediate (Springer), Arabian Journal of Chemistry, etc as main or corresponding author. He currently serves on Editorial Advisory Board Member of 09 Peer-reviewed International Journals including SCI indexed MRMC and PeerJ. He has received Publon Award 2016, 2017 for top reviewer and 'Publon Excellent Peer Reviewer Award” for outstanding reviewing more than 150 research papers of different International Journals of ACS, RSC, Springer, Elsevier, Dove, Informa, and Bentham of Impact Factor varies from 1.0 to 9.5. He has also to his credit 46 National and International Conference Abstracts, 2 Book, 5 Best Paper Presentation Awards, 1 Travel grants to attend Int. Conf. and 5 Research Projects funded by Govt. Agencies, India. He is also on the panel of International Reviewer for reviewing Research Proposal for Royal Society Grants. He is also serving as PUBLON ACADEMY MENTOR and BENTHAM BRAND AMBASSADOR.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18664",title:"What is the Role of Electric Vehicles in a Low Carbon Transport in China?",doi:"10.5772/19870",slug:"what-is-the-role-of-electric-vehicles-in-a-low-carbon-transport-in-china-",body:'\n\t\tIn December 2009, China government has officially announced, for the first time, a voluntary quantitative target of controlling its carbon dioxide emissions, which is to cut the carbon dioxide intensity (kg CO2 per GDP) by 40%~45% by the year 2020 (relative to the level of 2005). Transportation is one of the major sources of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from fossil fuel utilizations all over the world. In 2008 carbon dioxide emissions caused by transportation fuel combustion accounted for about 8% of the national total in China (Yang, 2011). This percentage is far behind some advanced economies, such as 33% in United States in 2004, 26% in Europe in 2004 (Wallington, 2008), and so forth. In either developing countries or developed countries road sector is responsible for approximate 80% of total carbon dioxide emissions resulting from transportation (Yang, 2011; Wallington, 2008), which indicates that road transportation has been playing a significant role in reducing transportation carbon dioxide emissions now and in the future. Compared with 824 vehicles per 1,000 people in United States in 2008 and 608 vehicles per 1,000 people in Japan in 2009, there were only about 68 vehicles per 1,000 people in China in 2010. It is clear that China’s vehicle population will be twice as many as present level when the vehicle ownership is doubled and meanwhile the national population is sustained. As an emerging economy, this situation will probably happen in next 5~10 years. Without revolutionary change of transportation system, the consequent carbon dioxide emissions from road transportation will possibly be doubled as well. It can be predicted that transportation sector would become one of the fastest growing sources of carbon dioxide emissions in China in next several decades. Thus, a low carbon transport system is expected to be proposed soon as a potential solution to addressing the conflict between the development of transportation and economy and the mitigation of climate change.
\n\t\t\tIn response to concerns over establishing the low carbon transport system and meeting the increasing domestic petroleum demand, interest in developing advanced vehicle technologies and alternative vehicle fuels has risen considerably in past ten years. Many research and demonstration programs of various technologies were supported by Chinese government, including light-duty vehicles (LDVs) using methanol (M85) and ethanol (E10), buses and taxies using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG), passenger cars and buses using dimethylether (DME), passenger cars using diesel, and so forth. Ethanol gasoline (E10) has been put into mandatory use since 2003 in five Chinese provinces (Jilin, Hei Longjiang, Henan, Anhui, and Liaoning) and a number of large cities (in provinces of Hubei, Shandong, Hebei, and Jiangsu).
\n\t\t\tIn recent years, China’s strategy of new technology development of vehicle and alternative fuel has been gradually shifted from multiply pathways to a few significant pathways – especially electric vehicles, i.e. battery electric vehicles (BEVs), regular hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Research and development (R&D) of electric vehicles were incorporated in the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) by the Ministry of Science and Technology. According to the latest application guideline of this program issued in October 2010, a total of 738 million RMB (about 113 million U.S. dollars) funding will be used to support the laboratory study on key technology and system integration of electric vehicles (National High Technology Research and Development Program, 2010).
\n\t\t\tMeanwhile the demonstration of all sorts of electric vehicles has been started. In 2008, 370 battery electric vehicles (50 buses and 320 shuttles), 100 hybrid electric vehicles (25 buses and 75 passenger cars), and 23 fuel cell vehicles (3 buses and 20 passenger cars) provided service at the Beijing Olympics Games. Two years later 1,017 electric vehicles showed up in the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, including 321 battery electric vehicles (181 buses and 140 shuttles), 500 hybrid electric vehicles (150 buses and 350 passenger cars), and 196 fuel cell vehicles (6 buses, 90 passenger cars, and 100 shuttles).
\n\t\t\tCentral government have also launched policies to promote the popularization of electric vehicles. In response to the severe global economic recession triggered by the financial crisis in the United States in late 2008, Chinese Automotive Industry Revitalization Plan, as an important part of the national industry revitalization program, was published in March 2009. According to this three-year plan, China aim to create a capacity to produce 500,000 “New Energy Vehicles” by 2011, including battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and regular hybrid electric vehicles. The plan also set a goal for the year 2011 that is to increase the sales fraction of such new energy cars to 5% of total passenger cars. To achieve the above target, at the beginning of 2009 a pilot project of energy conservation and new energy vehicles was officially launched in 13 cities including Beijing and Shanghai, according to a circular issued by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology. New energy vehicles were encouraged to be used in area of public transportation, taxi, postal, sanitation, and other public services. The central government announced to provide a subsidy to vehicle purchase, and the local government was required to be responsible for the infrastructure construction, such as building charge station for electric vehicles. It was reported that there were 12,000 new energy vehicles had been sold since the project started (Ministry of Science and Technology, 2010).
\n\t\t\tJune 2010 the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance launched a subsidy policy for the private purchase of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in 5 cities (Shanghai, Changchun, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Hefei) through 2012. The subsidy is calculated as 3,000 RMB (about 460 U.S. dollars) per kWh, with the caps of 60,000 RMB (about 9,190 U.S. dollars) per vehicle and 50,000 RMB (about 7,659 U.S. dollars) per vehicle for battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, respectively. Now several vehicle models in domestic auto market are expected to benefit from the policy. One example is BYD E6 model (battery electric vehicle) with a rated price of 270,000 RMB (about 41,000 U.S. dollars), in which 60,000 RMB will be paid by the central government. Another example is BYD F3DM model (dual modes, i.e. battery electric mode and regular hybrid electric mode) with a rated price of 150,000 RMB (about 23,000 U.S. dollars), in which 50,000 RMB will be paid by the central government. Moreover, some large cities subsequently launched their own policies which offered an even better deal to customers with an additional subsidy of 50,000 RMB (about 7,659 U.S. dollars) or more. Private customers, however, have hardly been attracted by the subsidies due to plenty of uncertainties of the new technology utilization, and therefore the sales of new energy vehicles were not very well. For instance, BYD Auto Company, as a pioneer and the largest domestic producers of electric vehicles, has merely sold 480 vehicles (417 BYD F3DM and 63 BYD E6) until the end of 2010.
\n\t\t\tChina’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2011~2015) was newly approved by the legislature, the National People\'s Congress (NPC), in March 2011. The new energy vehicle industry, as one of the seven strategic industries, was enclosed in the state scheme. The large-scale demonstration and subsequent commercialization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles were underlined in the national plan, indicating that electric vehicles would experience a prime period of development in recent years.
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter, the title question was addressed by quantitatively analyzing the climate change impacts of electric vehicles in China. The circular life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) of battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) were calculated via well-to-wheel (WTW) method. An improved GREET (Greenhouse, Regulated Emissions and Energy use of Transportation) model was used in this study, inside which over 640 of total 730 parameters were updated with localized Chinese data by Shen (Shen, 2007; Shen & Zhang, 2008). Modelling results showed that battery electric vehicles had the great advantages over both traditional gasoline vehicles and fuel cell vehicles in either well-to-wheel fossil fuel consumption and petroleum consumption or greenhouse gas emissions. And fuel cell vehicles were anticipated to play a more important role after the breakthrough of hydrogen production technology. We further concluded that electric vehicles would greatly contribute to the future low carbon transport system. Besides, market penetration of electric vehicles was able to largely reduce the dependency of traditional gasoline.
\n\t\t\tElectric vehicles provide a promising solution to the transportation energy problem and climate change concern. However, in China electric vehicles presently have to face several urgent problems, such as the high cost of purchase, the absence of infrastructure network, the disposal and recovery issues of batteries, and so forth. Hence, special follow-up policies should be addressed to promote commercialization progress of electric vehicles in China.
\n\t\tWell-to-wheel method is a specific life cycle assessment (LCA) used for transportation fuels and vehicles. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel cycle accounts for over 70% of the whole life cycle (composed of fuel production, vehicle production, and vehicle operation). Therefore, in this study we focus on energy consumption and climate change impact of the fuel cycle rather than the vehicle cycle. In general the fuel cycle well-to-wheel study is divided into two stages - well-to-tank (WTT) and tank-to-wheel (TTW). The former indicates upstream stage, including mining, processing, and transportation of feedstock, and production, delivery, and storage of vehicle fuels. The latter is also called downstream stage, which means vehicle operation in particular.
\n\t\t\tAn improved GREET 1.7 model was used in this study, inside which the America-based database was ultimately replaced by China-based one. It can be also called ChinaGREET because 367 of 394 parameters of feedstock and fuel production stage and 282 of 336 parameters of transportation and distribution stage have been updated according to Chinese real conditions.
\n\t\t\tThis study incorporated 12 pathways for production and application of vehicle fuels, including a conventional gasoline vehicle pathway, a battery electric vehicle pathway, and ten fuel cell vehicle pathways (Table 1).
\n\t\t\t\tCoal, natural gas, and water were considered as sources of hydrogen used for fuel cell vehicles. Electricity for vehicle use was assumed to come from national electrical grid. Passenger cars were studied due to their larger potential of growth in the future compared with other vehicle types.
\n\t\t\t\tPathway name | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeedstock | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn-process product (site) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
SI: 93# Gasoline | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetroleum | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGasoline 93# | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGasoline vehicle (spark injection) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: MeOH-NG | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas -"/ methonal -"/ hydrogen (on-board) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: MeOH-Coal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoal -"/ methonal -"/ hydrogen (on-board) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: GH2,RS,MeOH-NG | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas -"/ methonal -"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: GH2,RS,MeOH-Coal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas -"/ methonal -"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: GH2,RS,Electrolysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater -"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: GH2,CP,NG | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatrual gas -"/ hydrogen (central plant) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGaseous hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: LH2,RS,MeOH-NG | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatural gas-"/ methonal-"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiquid hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: LH2,RS,MeOH-Coal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoal -"/ methonal -"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiquid hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: LH2,RS,Electrolysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater -"/ hydrogen (refill station) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiquid hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
FCV: LH2,CP,NG | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatrual gas | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNatrual gas -"/ hydrogen (central plant) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiquid hydrogen | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuel cell vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
EV | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVarious primary energy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrid electricity | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElectricity | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBattery electric vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Feedstock, in-process product, fuel, and vehicle type of each pathway
Data of coal-based, natural gas-based, and grid electricity pathways and data of vehicle stage were described below.
\n\t\t\t\tEnergy consumption of coal mining was mostly caused by mining equipments and boilers. The former mainly consumed electricity, and the latter basically used coal. Chinese raw coal was mostly provided by domestic coal mines since the country was rich in coal resources and the price was much lower than import coal. Therefore in this study we assumed that the coal used to generate hydrogen and electricity was produced in the country. According to the investigation of large national and local mines and the data of China Energy Statistical Yearbook, there were 34.4 kWh power and 26.7 kg raw coal would be used when 1 tonne coal was excavated in domestic coal mines. Coal chemical industry in China usually took washed coals as feedstock although they were only about 30% of raw coal output would be further washed. According to our investigation, 0.92 tonne coal equivalent (tce) raw coal, 3.0 kWh power, and 0.1 tonne water was consumed when 1 tonne coal was washed. Another issue that should draw our attention to was the release of absorbed gases from coal bed, such as methane and carbon dioxide. On considering current mining technology, we estimated that there were approximately 7~8 cubic meters methane, 6 cubic meters carbon dioxide, and a small quantity of sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide that would be emitted when 1 tonne coal was excavated (Alternative Energy Program by National Development and Reform Commission, 2006).
\n\t\t\t\t\tIt was known that coal resources were mainly located in the east and the north of China. Over 60%~70% of state coal reserves were found in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang provinces. But end users of the energy were concentrated in north-eastern regions. So coal transportation from producing areas to consuming regions became a necessary and complicated work. Coal was usually delivered by rail, road, and water. The volume of coal transported and the average transferring distance by each means come from Year Book of China Transportation & Communications and China Energy Statistical Yearbook (Table 2). It can be found that sum of the share was over 100% because some coal was transported by more than one means which resulted in repeated calculation in statistics. Coal losses during transportation were assumed to be 0.5%~1.0% (Xiao, 2005).
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | Data source | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRail | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoad | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Share of coal volume (%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChina Coal Research Institute (CCRI) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t60% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ministry of Transport of China (MOT) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t60% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Assumption in this study | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Average transport distance (km) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInvestigation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t550~595 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t650 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Assumption in this study | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t650 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Share of coal volume and average transferring distance by each means
Coal was first gasified to produce syngas (mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas). Next, syngas was converted into high purity hydrogen gas via decarbonisation and desulfurization processes, i.e. carbon monoxide conversion, low-temperature methanol washing, and solvent adsorption. Overall efficiency of producing hydrogen gas from coal by Chinese chemical industry was around 50%, lower than that of international companies using advanced technology. Large central plant of coal-based hydrogen production had great advantage over small-scale on-site plant. And the resulting hydrogen product was needed to be further transported to refill station. Hydrogen gas could be directly transported by vehicle or after liquefaction. But in this study gaseous hydrogen and liquid hydrogen were assumed to be delivered by pipeline and tanker, respectively, due to economical concerns. Average transport distance of gaseous hydrogen by pipeline was assumed to be 50 km on considering cost and energy efficiency. Average transferring distance of liquid hydrogen by tanker was calculated as 110 km.
\n\t\t\t\tDuring natural gas exploitation, 10% natural gas output was used as fuel by purification and separation processes, and about 0.4% output was missing. Natural gas product was transported by pipeline to nearby chemical industry plant to produce methanol which were located 50 km~100 km away. Then methanol was delivered by rail, road, and water to downstream plant or refill station to generate hydrogen gas or liquid. Average distance from hydrogen plant to local storage was assumed to be 1000 km, and that from local storage to refill station was about 50 km. Natural gas-based hydrogen was transported by the same means as coal-based hydrogen (Chapter 2.2.1).
\n\t\t\t\tGrid electricity was consumed at refill station by electrolysis reaction to generate gaseous or liquid hydrogen. Electricity used for powering electric vehicles was also provided by grid. Various sources of primary energy were combusted in power plant to produce grid electricity. On average, about 80.4% grid electricity was from coal, 1.0% from natural gas, 1.1% from oil, 1.9% from nuclear, 0.5% from biomass, 14.2% from hydro, 0.8% from wind, and 0.1% from solar. Energy efficiency of thermal power plant was estimated to be 360 gram coal equivalent (gce) per kWh electricity generation. Approximately 7% of power became losses during grid transmission.
\n\t\t\t\tThe FOX 1.8MT passenger car made by Ford Motor Company was used to calculate the downstream energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This model employed port injected spark ignition (PISI) technology and combusted gasoline that was labelled 93 (Research Octane Number, RON). Fuel efficiency of the car under urban condition was estimated to be 8.5L/100km (equal to 27.7mpg). For fuel cell vehicle, the fuel efficiency was assumed 80% higher than the above conventional gasoline vehicle. Electricity consumption of electric vehicles was assumed to be 22 kWh/100km.
\n\t\t\t\tWell-to-wheel fossil energy consumption, petroleum consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal-based pathways, natural gas-based pathways, and grid electricity pathways were presented and compared with those of the conventional gasoline pathway in this section.
\n\t\t\tWTT fossil fuel consumption of each pathway was shown expect the 2 on-board hydrogen generation pathways (Figure 1). No pathway consumed less WTT fossil fuel than the conventional gasoline pathway when 1 MJ vehicle fuel was generated. The reason was that present overall energy efficiencies of hydrogen production or electricity generation from either coal or natural gas were between 40%~60%, which was much lower than the energy efficiency of petroleum refining process (over 90%). Large central plant of hydrogen production using natural gas as feedstock had the advantage of energy consumption by 350%~540% over other methods, indicating that this kind of central plant was likely a better choice to make hydrogen than refill station production or on-board generation ways. Fossil fuel required to produce grid electricity was about 6.3 times more than that required by the conventional gasoline due to numerous coal utilization in power plant.
\n\t\t\t\tComparison of WTT fossil fuel consumptions
WTT greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fossil fuel consumption of each pathway was presented expect 2 on-board hydrogen generation pathways (Figure 2). Greenhouse gas emitted during hydrogen and electricity generation was 5~35 times higher than gasoline production.
\n\t\t\t\tComparison of WTT greenhouse gas emissions
WTW fossil fuel consumption (Figure 3) and petroleum consumption (Figure 4) of total 12 pathways were described as how much MJ energy was required for the car to travel 1 km. WTW energy consumptions of fuel cell vehicle pathways were very different due to feedstock and process variety. The pathway of fuel cell vehicle using gaseous hydrogen generated either from natural gas in large central plant or by on-board generator had a comparable WTW fossil fuel consumption to the gasoline pathway, because the fuel efficiency of fuel cell vehicles was higher the conventional gasoline vehicles. Electric vehicle pathway using grid power consumed 10% less WTW fossil fuel than gasoline pathway, because electric vehicles was more efficient than the conventional gasoline vehicles which made great contributions to decrease WTW energy consumption.
\n\t\t\t\tComparison of WTW fossil fuel consumptions
Comparison of WTW petroleum consumptions
Alternative fuels were able to largely substitute petroleum, and therefore import volume of petroleum would be reduced and energy security of the country would be strengthened. WTW petroleum consumption of fuel cell vehicle and electric vehicle pathways proved the above theory (Figure 4). All 11 alternative fuel pathways used less than 1/3 petroleum of the conventional gasoline pathway.
\n\t\t\t\tWTW greenhouse gas emissions of different pathways were described as how much grams of equivalent carbon dioxide (g eq. CO2) emission was emitted when the car travelled 1 km (Figure 5). There were 2 fuel cell vehicle pathways that had lower WTW greenhouse gas emissions than the conventional gasoline pathway. One was fuel cell vehicle with hydrogen generated from natural gas by on-board generator (9% lower); the other one was fuel cell vehicle with gaseous hydrogen produced from natural gas in large central plant (23% lower). Besides, greenhouse gas emitted from electric vehicles using grid power was 12% less than that from the conventional gasoline vehicle.
\n\t\t\t\tComparison of WTW greenhouse gas emissions
From the well-to-wheel study, we found that 1) the pathway of battery electric vehicle using grid electricity had some advantage of both fossil fuel and petroleum consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions. It could be concluded that plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that was the combination of conventional gasoline vehicle and battery electric vehicle probably held the same advantage; 2) for fuel cell vehicle, there were few pathways whose WTW energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were comparable to the conventional gasoline. So fuel cell vehicle pathways now had little advantage over both the conventional gasoline vehicle and the battery electric vehicle.
\n\t\t\tBattery electric vehicle and plug-in electric vehicle should be given high priority when China builds the low carbon transport system. Fuel cell vehicle would probably become a promising way in the future. However, electric vehicles in China presently have to face several key problems, such as the high cost of purchase, the absence of infrastructure network, the disposal and recovery issues of batteries, and so forth. Hence, special follow-up policies should be addressed to push the commercialization of electric vehicles in China.
\n\t\tThis work was supported by Ford Motor Company and BP Company.
\n\t\tThe topic of radiation safety is very painful for society. Despite its timeliness, its relevance has not diminished over the past 30 years. In order to increase the monitoring of the radioactive situation, the nuclear accidents in Chernobyl in 1986 and in Fukushima in 2011 played a major role [1]. Simultaneously with the use of the atom for peaceful purposes, over the past 2 years, there has been an increase in the development of new and advanced nuclear weapons. Even in recent months, there has been intense talk about ending the operation of the Nuclear Weapons Convention by leading world powers [2, 3, 4].
\nBulgaria is at the forefront of Europe, Asia, and Africa where people, technology, weapons, and smuggling are being deployed. This, along with the increased terrorist activity in Europe and the banging of weapons around Bulgaria, leads to a concern in part of society [5]. We cannot be indifferent to what kind of world we live in and what happens around us.
\nAll of this has led me to make a survey of the population to what extent it is aware of the problems of radiation safety and what each of us should do in the event of a radiation accident in Bulgaria or near Bulgaria which will lead to an increase of the natural radioactive background [6]. The extent to which the public is aware of the procedures and actions to be taken in changing the radioactive situation should be increased. As a purpose, I set myself to explore the real state of public awareness and analyze information to identify awareness-raising measures. I segmented the community to get more reliable information to summarize and analyze. In order to achieve the purpose, I set up a questionnaire with specific questions, and I made a preliminary study of the problem [7].
\nBased on the studies, aggregation of information, and analysis of results, a questionnaire containing 20 questions was developed. Inquiry included issues covering the overall vision of radioactive background monitoring systems, population disclosure, action by competent authorities and bodies, and their interaction. Together with these basic radiation protection values, the respondents also expressed their opinion on the main factors that could lead to a radiation accident and the manner of distribution of the radioactive particles, isotopes, and rays in terms of the meteorological elements that influence them. The volume of survey questions was chosen so that it could fully cover the research problem from all the relevant points of view, while not being boring for the survey participants. As the number of questions asked increases, there is a danger that the respondents will not pay due attention to the problems raised and those in the second part will not pay due attention [8]. If it goes to the other extreme and there are too few questions, then we will not get enough of the amount of information we need for the analysis and its next lessons.
\nThe survey was conducted in February and March 2017 so that the information received is current at the time. The resulting and aggregated information should not be considered as a constant because the situation changes dynamically, both in terms of the political situation in the region and the intentions of our neighbors regarding the sites that represent both the radiation risk and the meteorological elements that affect any radioactive contamination [9]. Especially dynamic is the development of meteorological elements, which should be analyzed very thoroughly in the event of a nuclear accident or incident.
\nThe study was conducted in three groups of respondents. The first group consisted of radiation protection and nuclear physics specialists, who have a deeper understanding of the problems, and their opinion has a greater weight. Due to the specificity of the problem, people from different institutions working in this or near area were involved, but considering the research problem, their circle was not large—38 people responded to the survey. In the selection of these specialists, I endeavored to cover a broader range of institutions—Kozloduy NPP, HEI, BAS, Ministry, RNI at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and others. Due to the avoidance of subjective opinion in the survey, employees working or close to the Vasil Levski NMU did not participate.
\nThe second group of people included randomly selected individuals in different age groups and educational qualifications from all over the country. In this category, the respondents that answered were 196 people of different age, gender, and education.
\nI also made a study among students in the first course at the Vasil Levski NMU, and the results were also processed and analyzed independently. It was attended by 158 trainees who have received initial training in nuclear, chemical, and biological protection and have some basic knowledge of nuclear accidents and their actions. In summarizing the results, the opinions of the three categories of people are considered separately, making only comparisons, but not a general presentation of the problem because these issues are specific and some know-how in the field of radiation protection is needed to be able to respond appropriately.
\nThe questionnaire from this study is attached in this thesis—Appendix.
\nUpon completion of the survey among all categories of learners, the results obtained were edited by me and summarized in a tabular form, which is attached to the dissertation in Annex 17. Based on the summarized data, we can make several statements.
The population is not aware of the measures to be taken by the competent state, municipal, and other authorities in the event of a radiological emergency. This potential problem is viewed with disregard and disinterest by the majority of the population, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity, and education. Older people are more concerned about the problem than young people.
In responding, respondents with a higher level of education are more interested in the affected aspects of everyday life and are at least partially aware of the problems related to radiation protection, while those with secondary and lower education are ignorant and uninterested in the discussion in the consultation. Hence the fact that the majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the state’s policy regarding the actions and measures taken in the case of a radiation accident (Figure 1).
There is a very large difference in the responses of the different groups of respondents as to where the greatest danger for radioactive contamination and a possible nuclear accident comes from. Here the trainees and the random respondents give Turkey the greatest danger, while those who are more familiar with the problem have turned their attention to Romania. All respondents have unanimously indicated that Greece is not a nuclear threat to Bulgaria, while others say Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia, but there is no clear potential other subject that would endanger our radiation security. Despite differences of opinion, they are emerging as major potential contributors to radiation pollution in Romania and Turkey. The opinion given is illustrated in Figure 2.
According to the results of the study, the state of radiation protection in Bulgaria has gaps, and the experts give a higher assessment of reality than the other two groups.
The group of learners and people, selected randomly, gives a lower score, as the lack of information influences this. People with higher education also give higher marks than people with secondary and lower education (Figure 3) [10].
On a detailed examination of the main sites where nuclear facilities are or could be located, there is also a different degree of suspected danger, the most serious of which is reported by all respondents from Turkey, where the specialists give 37% and the other participants give 57–64%. The other possible answers are given in roughly the same range regardless of the type of category. It is quite clear that the Kozloduy NPP is the most reliable nuclear facility in the region and that radioactive contamination is unlikely to occur (Figure 4). When reading the survey data, it is clear that a large part cannot judge whether the sites in Romania are potentially dangerous because of the lack of the necessary information.
This leads us to the conclusion that a large part of the population in Bulgaria is not familiar with our neighboring countries and we are not interested in enriching the knowledge about our safe living not only in terms of radiation safety but also in terms of other potential dangers and risks. These data can be found in Annex 17, and these statements are also based on these considerations.
Although a referendum was recently held in Bulgaria on whether to develop nuclear power by building new capacities in the consultation, I included such a question. The predominant response was to the Belene NPP, with approval of 80% for nuclear and safety specialists, while for the random respondents, the positive response was 54%. Accordingly, the disapproval was highest in the last category which is 46%, and in the experts it was only 20% [11].
With a ready-made one and almost ready-made second reactor, it is most reasonable to install them on the approved site and put into operation and in Bulgaria to regain its dominant position in the energy exporter region; otherwise, in the near future, we may become extremely energy dependent.
The number of people familiar with the National Automated System for Continuous Radioactive Background Control and the system for forecasting the spread of radioactive contamination in case of a major nuclear accident of the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology is too small. Even among the people who work in this area and who are gravitating around these problems, they are not so prepared for information to fulfill their direct duties. In the consultation, a comment was often made that it is not my direct duties and I do not care.
The percentage of people familiar with the systems varied between 2% and 26%, which is a very low percentage. On this basis, a high percentage of people who have responded positively to the effectiveness of these systems cannot be expected. More than half cannot assess the degree of coordination between organizations that monitor the radiation situation and manage the activity of managing a situation with increased radioactive background and take measures to reduce and limit the negative impact on people and the environment [6].
The set of responses to the issues of coordination of the responsible authorities and agencies gives us a real picture of the population’s interest in the real radiation situation, how it is monitored, and what actions should be taken to reduce the negative impact. In this respect, the competent state authorities must necessarily improve their work among the population and their coordination among themselves. Only in this way would they weigh in their place and raise their authority, and the population would have greater faith in their actions.
Here too, the predominant is “I cannot judge” again, which is indicative of the fact that a large part of even the experts cannot judge the real picture of the state of coordination among the most important authorities in the field of radiation protection. It is imperative that this responsible work is carried out by professionals and that there is no continuous reorganization of structures and people, depending on the political situation. The professional qualities of the employees should be evaluated, not their political orientation. For example, Italy may be given a position where, despite frequent political changes and elections, the Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has headed for more than 30 years, and this creates the security of the institution he represents.
\nFigure 5 shows the assessment of the coordination between the responsible radiation monitoring institutions, according to the respondents.
Here too, the predominant is “I cannot judge” again, which is indicative of the fact that a large part of even the experts cannot judge the real picture of the state of coordination among the most important authorities in the field of radiation protection. It is imperative for these important units for the state to become professionals and not to become a continuous rockade of structures and performers, depending on the political situation. For example, Italy may be given a position where, despite frequent political changes and elections, the Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has headed for more than 30 years, and this creates the security of the institution he represents.
\nFigure 5 shows the assessment of the coordination between the responsible radiation monitoring institutions, according to the respondents.
Similar is the picture in the assessment of the coordination between the departments, which they announce when changing the radiation situation in the territory of Bulgaria [12]. There is a peculiarity in responding learners—their opinions are almost equally divided between the four responses. The explanation for this is due to the fact that they have recently received training on nuclear, chemical, and biological accidents and catastrophes, have visited the radiation and other protection authorities at the current Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior, and are under the impressions of the specialists working there. In the other two categories, the fourth answer is very clear, namely, “I cannot judge.” This is shown in Figure 6.
All inquiries about the need for more and better quality exercises and annual training of staff responsible for monitoring the radiological situation and especially for government, local authorities, and other non-governmental or voluntary organizations are all categorical.
The majority of respondents from the second and third groups did not make suggestions, but there are also very reasonable and reasoned ones. Together with the suggestions of the employees in this field, we can bring them to the following summarized suggestions:
The need for more quality annual exercises of all responsible institutions.
Improving interaction between follow-up and disclosure organizations.
Conducting seminars and refreshing effective staff training.
To have up-to-date and accessible information on the radiation situation by explaining to the competent authorities and the media where and how the population will receive it.
In the current development of the technique, the publicity should include, in addition to national television and radio and other electronic media and mobile operators, this being legislatively regulated.
Increase the control points for monitoring the radiation background, taking into account the research and analysis.
Poll results.
Bulgaria’s threat of a radiological emergency.
Answer a question “what is your opinion about the state of radiation protection in Bulgaria?”
Potential carriers of radiation risk.
Coordination between departments that monitor the radiation situation.
Coordination between notifying authorities when changing the radiation situation.
\n
The data from NASCRPF are used by the competent state authorities for preventive measures and for the organization of measures aimed at limiting the impact on human and the environment of radioactive particles, rays, and isotopes.
The lowest radioactive background in Veliko Tarnovo is the lowest.
The awareness of both professionals and voluntary formations and the population itself is low, as shown by the survey data.
It is necessary to carry out an explanatory work among the population in order to improve its awareness. It is also necessary to carry out exercises for changing the radioactive situation.
The radiation gamma background of the neighboring atmospheric layer is within the boundary of the country’s background values without significant deviations over the last 20 years. Surface water currents and basins are in good radiological state and are controlled by the control bodies of the EEA in accordance with the applicable regulations. As far as the radiation status of the soils is concerned, no values are found above the backgrounds of the periodic and extraordinary measurements made during the last 15 years.
A clear program has been developed and implemented in terms of nuclear safety with the participation of all levels of state and local government. A National Strategy for the Safe Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste has been developed, and the necessary control has been introduced on these activities. It is a weakness that changes the position of the bodies involved in this activity, there is an outflow of specialists, and the thread between the state and municipal authorities and the voluntary organizations is broken.
Government documents were adopted to solve the problems with the consequences of priority liquidated sites of uranium mining and uranium processing. There are still weaknesses and under-reclaimed sites and unsealed former mines where environmental pollution from leakages and soils containing uranium and other radioactive isotopes may occur.
Research shows that specialists responsible for radiation protection at secondary and lower levels are not sufficiently theoretically and practically prepared and the exercises conducted are not effective. It is necessary for these specialists to undergo refresher courses every year for both radiation and accidents and other accidents. This would help to increase their knowledge, skills, and competencies. The management of NASCRGF is carried out professionally, according to the requirements of the international organizations and according to the domestic and international legislation. An extension is needed from the team of specialists working to monitor the radiation background in Bulgaria, as well as improving their financial and resource security.
Annex No. 1
\nTHE ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN BULGARIA
\n…………………… name and family, organization………………………
\n1. | \nWhat is your opinion about the state of radiation protection in Bulgaria? | \n|
\n | a) very good; b) good; c) satisfactory; d) bad. | \n|
2. | \nIs the population aware of the rules for action on a radiation accident? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
3. | \nDo state authorities conduct a proper policy to explain the actions of a radiological emergency? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
4. | \nWhich neighboring countries pose a threat in terms of a potential nuclear threat? | \n|
\n | a) Turkey; b) Greece; с) Romania; d) Other (please specify). | \n|
5. | \nDo you consider that the Kozloduy NPP is a safe plant in normal operation? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
6. | \nDo you consider that the NPP “Cherna Voda” in Romania is a safe plant in normal operation? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
7. | \nDo you consider that the functional base in Deveselo in Romania by the US missile defense system represents a danger from the point of view of radiation safety? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
8. | \nDo you think that the escalation of tensions between Ukraine and Russia and the events in the Crimea could pose a threat to our nuclear safety? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
9. | \nDo you believe that Turkey’s policy can affect the security of Turkey’s nuclear power plants and the storage of rockets that can carry nuclear weapons? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
10. | \nWhat is your opinion on the Belene project? | \n|
\n | a) it must be finished; b) it must not be completed; | \n|
11. | \nDo you know the National Automated System for Continuous Radiation Background Control (NASCRВС)? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
12. | \nIs NASCRВС efficient for you? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
13. | \nDoes our European Radiation Disaster Response System meet our requirements? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
14. | \nDo you know the system for forecasting the spread of radioactive contamination in the event of a major nuclear accident at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
15. | \nIs there sufficient coordination between the agencies that monitor the radiation situation? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
16. | \nIs there sufficient coordination between the departments that disclose the population in case of a radiation accident? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
17. | \nDo you think it is necessary to do more and more qualitative exercises for changing the radiation situation? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
18. | \nDo you consider that it is necessary to increase the qualification of the radiation protection officers in the basic units working on a voluntary basis? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
19. | \nDoes Bulgarian legislation comply with current European and international legislation in the field of radiation protection? | \n|
\n | a) yes; b) no; c) in part; d) I cannot judge. | \n|
20. | \nWhat recommendations do you have for radiation monitoring and public disclosure systems? | \n|
\n | \n | \n |
Thanks for your time and responsiveness!
\nNikolay Dolchinkov, NMU “Vasil Levski”.
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\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\nSee our full list of services here.
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
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