Summary of the five testing datasets.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7294",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fiber Optics - From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications",title:"Fiber Optics",subtitle:"From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Optical fibers in metrology, telecommunications, sensors, manufacturing, and health science have gained massive research interest. The number of applications is increasing at a fast pace. This book aims to present a collection of recent advances in fiber optics, addressing both fundamental and industrial applications. It covers the current progress and latest breakthroughs in emergent applications of fiber optics. The book includes five chapters on recent developments in optical fiber communications and fiber sensors, as well as the design, simulation, and fabrication of novel fiber concepts.",isbn:"978-1-83881-156-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-155-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-157-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74877",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fiber-optics-from-fundamentals-to-industrial-applications",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0323a38fa4ac1a4f7e90c886ee28e6fe",bookSignature:"Patrick Steglich and Fabio De Matteis",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7294.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4833,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 5th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 24th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223128/images/system/223128.jpeg",biography:"Patrick Steglich is a research associate at the IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Germany, and lecturer for photonics and optical technologies at the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany. He obtained a master's degree in Photonics from the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau in 2013. In 2017, he received his PhD in Industrial Engineering from the Università degli Studi di Roma 'Tor Vergata” for his work in the field of integrated photonics for communication and sensing. His research focuses on emerging photonic devices and waveguide concepts for telecommunication and sensing applications.",institutionString:"Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"266147",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Matteis",slug:"fabio-de-matteis",fullName:"Fabio De Matteis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/266147/images/system/266147.jpeg",biography:"Fabio De Matteis graduated in Physics at the University of Rome-LaSapienza, in 1987 and received a PhD in Physics from the University of Antwerp, Belgium in 1993. He is at University of Rome Tor Vergata since 1995. His scientific interest has been devoted to: synthesis and optical characterization of dielectric materials for photonics studied by means of several spectroscopic techniques (absorption and luminescence, static and time resolved by ultra-fast techniques, Raman); synthesis and nonlinear optical characterization of materials functionalized by electrooptic molecular moieties for optoelectronics; polar ordering of nonlinear chromophores induced by corona and electrode poling; surface nanostructuring (mono and bi-dimensional gratings) in insulating materials by photolithographic techniques; bio-polymeric scaffolds by two-photon polymerization for tissue engineering; impedance spectroscopy of solid electrolyte materials showing ionic conduction.",institutionString:"University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata'",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"INFN Sezione di Roma II",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"538",title:"Optical Communication",slug:"optical-communication"}],chapters:[{id:"66269",title:"Introductory Chapter: Fiber Optics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85495",slug:"introductory-chapter-fiber-optics",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Patrick Steglich and Fabio De Matteis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66269",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66269",authors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich"},{id:"266147",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Matteis",slug:"fabio-de-matteis",fullName:"Fabio De Matteis"}],corrections:null},{id:"63853",title:"Optical Fiber Probe-Based Manipulation of Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81423",slug:"optical-fiber-probe-based-manipulation-of-cells",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a liquid environment, optical trapping and multifunctional manipulation of biological cells, in a noncontact, noninvasive, and high-precision way, have become one of the research focuses in the field of integrated optics, biophotonics, and clinical medicine. However, it still faces great challenges to perform multifunctional manipulation in very narrow spaces with high flexibility, including stable retaining, controllable deformation, and precise regulation of a cell chain. Therefore, in this chapter, we introduce the multifunctional manipulation for biological cells based on the elaborately designed fiber probes. With the probes, the sequential organization, precise regulation, and bidirectional transportation of the cell chain were performed. We also discuss the potential applications of fiber probes on the endocytosis and exocytosis purpose, which will play an important role in the detection and treatment of complex disease.",signatures:"Xiaoshuai Liu and Yao Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63853",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63853",authors:[{id:"264018",title:"Prof.",name:"Yao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yao-zhang",fullName:"Yao Zhang"},{id:"264019",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoshuai",surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaoshuai-liu",fullName:"Xiaoshuai Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67332",title:"Structured Light Fields in Optical Fibers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85958",slug:"structured-light-fields-in-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:783,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Structured light, tailored light, sculpted light, or shaped light is a term used for custom light fields and finds enormous use in literature these days. Some of the history’s most brilliant researchers, from Newton to Maxwell to Einstein, have studied the nature of light over the centuries. We believe that we know everything about light, its generation, detection, and applications; yet, it continues to surprise us even today. Indeed, one discovery about light’s peculiar behavior has offered a new insight into how light works and rendered some intriguing applications. In 1992, physicists mastered a surprising feat—generating light beams that twist like a helical corkscrew. This phenomenon is called twisted light and has led to an altogether new field of optics, known as singular optics. Today, twisted light is being used to build optical tweezers and ultra-powerful microscopes, and it could eventually be used in microscale machinery and for novel spectroscopic analyses. But perhaps the most important use of this structured light is in optical communications, where it moves through optical fibers. This light has the potential to greatly enhance the bandwidth of data networks and, hence, the speed of data transmission.",signatures:"Monika Bahl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67332",authors:[{id:"269741",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",surname:"Bahl",slug:"monika-bahl",fullName:"Monika Bahl"}],corrections:null},{id:"63766",title:"Cavity Generation Modeling of Fiber Fuse in Single-Mode Optical Fibers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81154",slug:"cavity-generation-modeling-of-fiber-fuse-in-single-mode-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:931,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The evolution of a fiber fuse in a single-mode optical fiber was studied theoretically. To clarify both the silica-glass densification and cavity formation, which are observed in fiber fuse propagation, we investigated a nonlinear oscillation model using the Van der Pol equation. This model was able to phenomenologically explain the densification of the core material, the formation of periodic cavities, the cavity shape, and the regularity of the cavity pattern in the core layer as a result of the relaxation oscillation and cavity compression and/or deformation. Furthermore, the production and diffusion of O2 gas in the high-temperature core layer were described on the basis of the nonlinear oscillation model.",signatures:"Yoshito Shuto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63766",authors:[{id:"171589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshito",surname:"Shuto",slug:"yoshito-shuto",fullName:"Yoshito Shuto"}],corrections:null},{id:"65102",title:"Delta-Sigma Digitization and Optical Coherent Transmission of DOCSIS 3.1 Signals in Hybrid Fiber Coax Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82522",slug:"delta-sigma-digitization-and-optical-coherent-transmission-of-docsis-3-1-signals-in-hybrid-fiber-coa",totalDownloads:1113,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We first demonstrate delta-sigma digitization and coherent transmission of data over cable system interface specification (DOCSIS) 3.1 signals in a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network. Twenty 192-MHz DOCSIS 3.1 channels with modulation up to 16384QAM are digitized by a low-pass cascade resonator feedback (CRFB) delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and transmitted over 80 km fiber using coherent single-λ 128-Gb/s dual-polarization (DP)-QPSK and 256-Gb/s DP-16QAM optical links. Both one-bit and two-bit delta-sigma digitization are implemented and supported by the QPSK and 16QAM coherent transmission systems, respectively. To facilitate its practical application in access networks, the coherent system is built using a low-cost narrowband optical modulator and RF amplifiers. Modulation error ratio (MER) larger than 50 dB is successfully demonstrated for all 20 DOCSIS 3.1 channels, and high order modulation up to 16384QAM is delivered over fiber for the first time in HFC networks. The raw DOCSIS data capacity is 54 Gb/s with net user information ~45 Gb/s. Moreover, the bit error ratio (BER) tolerance is evaluated by measuring the MER performance as BER increases. 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Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424428",title:"Prof.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Dupart Nascimento",fullName:"Fábio Dupart Nascimento",slug:"fabio-dupart-nascimento",email:"fdnascimento@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"78828",slug:"surgical-digitally-guided-planning-for-the-mini-screw-assisted-rapid-palatal-expansion-marpe-and-sut",signatures:"Cristiane Barros André, Bruno de Paula Machado Pasqua, José Rino Neto and Fábio Dupart Nascimento",dateSubmitted:"August 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2021",datePrePublished:"October 2nd 2021",datePublished:"August 17th 2022",book:{id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"422659",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Cristiane",middleName:null,surname:"Barros André",fullName:"Cristiane Barros André",slug:"cristiane-barros-andre",email:"kika@kikaortodontia.com.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"424426",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqua",fullName:"Bruno Pasqua",slug:"bruno-pasqua",email:"brunompasqua@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424427",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Rino Neto",fullName:"José Rino Neto",slug:"jose-rino-neto",email:"jrneto@usp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424428",title:"Prof.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Dupart Nascimento",fullName:"Fábio Dupart Nascimento",slug:"fabio-dupart-nascimento",email:"fdnascimento@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited 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\r\n\tZeolites are microporous crystalline materials characterized by a framework of linked TO4 tetrahedra (where T=Si, Al, or others), each consisting of four O atoms surrounding a cation. They are natural phases or synthetic materials.
\r\n\tSynthetic zeolites can be formed from different raw materials and among these many wastes represent some interesting sources due to their chemical and mineralogical composition. Today, a large number of different types of waste resulting from many human activities are produced in the world (e.g. industrial, municipal, agricultural waste) and most of them are deposed of in landfills thus determining a great environmental problem.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art on the possibility to transform the different types of waste materials into useful products, zeolites, through conventional processes and innovative methods. The aim is to demonstrate that waste can be a problem or a resource depending on how it is managed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-426-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-425-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-427-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",keywords:"Structure, Properties, Natural Material, Synthetic Product, Type, Composition, Production, Disposal, Hydrothermal Method, Pre-fusion Process, Sonication, Multiple Steps",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Since 2002, Dr. Claudia Belviso has been carrying out research activity in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry aimed at environmental protection. She is responsible for the research activity on zeolite synthesis from waste materials and natural sources which has allowed her to be the inventor of an International Patent, publish numerous scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, and carry out scientific research in national and international projects.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61457/images/system/61457.jpg",biography:"Claudia Belviso is a researcher at the Institute of Methodologies of Environmental Analysis (IMAA) of CNR. After graduating in Geological Sciences and qualifying as a professional geologist, she earned a Ph.D. in Earth Sciences. Since 2002 has been carrying out her research activity in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry aimed at environmental protection. She is responsible for the research activity on zeolite synthesis from waste materials and natural sources as well as their application to solving environmental problems and as new raw material. These research activities have allowed her to be the inventor of an International Patent, publish numerous scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, participate in national and international conferences, take part in the organization of international congresses, and carry out scientific research in national and international projects.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5306",title:"Zeolites",subtitle:"Useful Minerals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eec7f864baf093058440c0f56072a7cf",slug:"zeolites-useful-minerals",bookSignature:"Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5306.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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However, assembling a large number of reads generated from current NGS sequencing platforms into a complete genome still is a challenging job [2]. Largely because of repetitive sequences, whose lengths are often larger than those of the reads, most of assembled sequences are just
The scaffolding process utilizes a genomic sequence available from a related organism to serve as a
In some cases, it may be insufficient for a scaffolder to utilize only one single genome as the reference for correctly computing the scaffolds of a target draft genome, in particular when the target and reference genomes have a distant phylogenetic relationship or they have undergone some kinds of rearrangements, such as reversals, transpositions, block-interchanges and translocations. This situation inspires the requirement for developing multiple reference-based scaffolders, expecting that they can refer to several different but complementary genomes to order and orient the contigs of the target genome.
\nBelow, we review three state-of-the-art multiple reference-based scaffolders: Ragout [15], MeDuSa [16] and Multi-CAR [17].
\nRagout (Reference-Assisted Genome Ordering UTility) is a rearrangement-based scaffolder for ordering and orienting the contigs of a draft genome using multiple reference genomes [15]. The input of Ragout includes a target draft genome, multiple reference genomes, and a phylogenetic tree between them. Ragout uses different colors to display the target and reference genomes and further represents all of these genomes as sequences of
MeDuSa (Multi-Draft based Scaffolder) is a multiple reference-based scaffolder that does not require a given phylogenetic tree for the target and references genomes [16]. From the given target and reference genomes, MeDuSa constructs a so-called
Multi-CAR (Multiple reference-based Contig Assembly using Rearrangements) is multiple-reference version of CAR (Contig Assembly using Rearrangements) [17]. CAR actually is a single reference-based scaffolder that utilizes a complete reference genome to scaffold the contigs of a target draft genome [13]. Like MeDuSa, Multi-CAR does not require prior knowledge concerning phylogenetic relationships among target and reference genomes. However, in contrast to Ragout and MeDuSa, both attempting to solve an NP-hard problem in their scaffolding processes, the algorithm behind Multi-CAR involves only polynomially solvable problems, as described as follows. First, Multi-CAR utilizes CAR to compute a single reference-derived scaffolding result for a target draft genome based on each of multiple reference genomes. Second, Multi-CAR uses all single reference-derived scaffolds to build an edge-weighted
In this section, we give a detailed introduction to a recent multiple reference-based scaffolder, called Multi-CSAR (Multiple reference-based Contig Scaffolder using Algebraic Rearrangements), which is an improved extension of Multi-CAR [18]. Unlike Ragout and MeDuSa, Multi-CAR actually can not accept incomplete genomes as references, which greatly limits the widespread adoption of Multi-CAR because complete reference genomes are not always available for a target draft genome in practical usage [19]. In addition, the weight of all reference genomes used by Multi-CAR must be assigned by the users; otherwise, they are defaulted to one. However, it is usually not easy for the ordinary users to correctly determine these weights. Therefore, Multi-CSAR has been developed to further overcome these limitations of Multi-CAR. In principle, the main steps of the algorithm in Multi-CSAR is the same as those in Multi-CAR, except that Multi-CSAR utilizes CSAR [14], instead of CAR [13], to compute the single reference-derived scaffolding result for the target draft genome, and also designs a
Suppose that \n
Schematic workflow of multi-CSAR: (a) a target genome
Note that CSAR was developed based on on a near-linear time algorithm [21] and Blossom V based on an \n
Currently, Multi-CSAR offers a web server2 with an easy-to-operate interface (see Figure 2) to the users. To run Multi-CSAR, the users first need to upload a target genome and one or more reference genomes in multi-FASTA format. If needed, the users can click the “plus” (respectively, “minus”) button to add (respectively, remove) a reference genome field. Second, the users can determine whether or not to utilize the sequence identity-based weighting scheme provided by Multi-CSAR for automatically calculating the weights of reference genomes. If the weighting scheme is not used, then the weights of all the reference genomes are defaulted to one. Third, the users can choose either NUCmer or PROmer to identify sequence markers between the target genome and each of the reference genomes. Fourth, the users can enter an email address, which is optional, if they would like to run Multi-CSAR in a batch way. When running Multi-CSAR in this batch way, the users will be notified of the scaffolding result via email when the submitted job is finished by the web server of Multi-CSAR.
\nInterface of multi-CSAR web server.
Multi-CSAR outputs its scaffolding results in four tab pages: (a) input data & parameters, (b) Circos plot validation, (c) dotplot validation, and (d) scaffolds of target. In the “Input data & parameters” page (see Figure 3 for an example), Multi-CSAR simply shows the information of the input target and reference genomes, the user-specified program (either NUCmer or PROmer) for identifying their sequence markers, and whether the weighting scheme of reference genomes is used or not. By clicking on the links of the target and reference genomes in this page, Multi-CSAR will also display their input DNA sequences. By clicking on the link “Dotplot against target genome” on the reference genomes, Multi-CSAR will display a
A display of the “Input data & parameters” tab page.
A display of a dotplot between un-scaffolded target genome and a reference genome.
In the “Circos plot validation” page, (see Figure 5 for an example), Multi-CSAR displays its total running time, as well as its scaffolding result by a Circos plot between scaffolded target genome and all reference genomes. In the initial Circos plot, the scaffolds of target genome (displayed in purple) and all the reference genomes (displayed in other colors) are arranged in a circle with the inner links connecting corresponding sequence markers between the target genome and each of reference genomes. The color of an inner link comes from the reference genome it connects. In the Circos plot, the number of crossing inner links can be viewed as a accuracy measure for a scaffolding result. That is, if the contigs of the target genome are scaffolded well according to a reference genome, the number of crossing inner links between them should be low. For this purpose, Multi-CSAR allows the users to select any reference genome (by clicking the checkbox next to it) from the top of the tab page to display (by clicking the “Display Circos plot” button) its Circos plot against the scaffolded target genome (see Figure 6 for an instance). In this Circos plot, the inner circle displays the sequence markers shared between the target genome and the selected reference genome. As demonstrated in Figure 6, the Circos plots of the scaffolding result are convenient and helpful for the users to visually validate whether the contigs of the target genome are properly scaffolded according to the reference genomes, as well as to visually identify whether there are any genome rearrangements between the scaffolded target and reference genomes. In addition, Multi-CSAR allows the users to the Circos plots of the scaffolds in portable network graphics (PNG) format by clicking the “Save as PNG file” button.
\nA display of a Circos plot between scaffolded target genome and all reference genomes.
A display of a Circos plot between scaffolded target genome and a selected reference genome, where the sequence markers are arranged in alternating layers along the two-layer inner circle.
In the “Dotplot validation” page (see Figure 7 for an example), Multi-CSAR displays its its scaffolding result by a dotplot between the scaffolded target genome and a selected reference genome (the default is the first reference genome). In fact, the matched sequence regions of sequence markers should be displayed from the bottom left to the top right in the dotplot (as shown in Figure 7) or from the top left to the bottom right, if the contigs from the target genome are scaffolded perfectly based on the selected reference genome. Showing the scaffolding result in the dotplot display is another way to conveniently help the users to visually verify whether the contigs of the target genome are scaffolded properly based on the reference genomes or not. The users can click the “Save as PNG file” button to download the dotplot of a scaffold in portable network graphics (PNG) format.
\nA display of the “Dotplot validation” tab page.
In the “Scaffolds of target” page (see Figure 8 for an instance), Multi-CSAR displays its scaffolding result in tabular format for the purpose of allowing the users to view the scaffolds of the target genome in detail. The scaffolds in the table are sorted according to their sizes, which equals to the sum of contig sizes. In each scaffold, the ordered contigs, as well as their orientations (forward orientation denoted by 0 and reverse orientation by 1), sequences and lengths, are listed in a table. The users can click on the “Download scaffolds (.txt)” and “Download scaffolds (.csv)” buttons to download the scaffolds of the target genome in the tab-delimited text format and comma-delimited CSV format, respectively. In addition, the users can click on the “Download sequences” button to download the scaffold sequences in the text format, in which the sequences of contigs are separated by 100 Ns if they belong to the same scaffold.
\nA display of the “Scaffolds of target” tab page.
The three multiple reference-based scaffolders Multi-CSAR, Ragout (version 1.0) and MeDuSa (version 1.6), we introduced in this chapter, were tested on a benchmark of five real bacterial datasets as shown in Table 1. In fact, these five testing datasets were originally prepared by Bosi et al. when they studied MeDuSa [16]. Basically, each testing dataset consists of a target draft genome to be scaffolded and two or more reference genomes that can be either complete or incomplete.
\nOrganism | \nNo. of replicons | \nNo. of contigs | \nNo. of references | \nGenome size (Mbp) | \nGC% | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n4 | \n1223 | \n4 | \n8.05 | \n65.9 | \n
\n | \n1 | \n451 | \n25 | \n4.64 | \n50.8 | \n
\n | \n1 | \n116 | \n13 | \n4.41 | \n65.6 | \n
\n | \n7 | \n564 | \n2 | \n4.60 | \n67.4 | \n
\n | \n3 | \n170 | \n35 | \n2.90 | \n32.0 | \n
Summary of the five testing datasets.
For each testing dataset, Bosi et al. [16] also provided a
Note that if any two contigs in a scaffold appear in continuous order and correct orientation in the reference order, then they are viewed as a
Suppose that the target genome \n
The NGA50 value of \n
All the three evaluated scaffolders Multi-CSAR, Ragout (version 1.0) and MeDuSa (version 1.6) were all run with their default parameters, except that a star tree was used in Ragout to serve as the phylogenetic tree for each testing dataset because reliable phylogenetic trees were still unknown. Table 2 displays their average performance results over the five bacterial datasets, by showing the values of sensitivity (Sen), precision (Pre), \n
Scaffolder | \nSen | \nPre | \n\n | \nCov | \nNGA50 | \n#Scaf | \nTime | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ragout | \n79.0 | \n84.4 | \n87.4 | \n992,966 | \n84 | \n24.8 | \n|
MeDuSa | \n78.2 | \n81.9 | \n80.0 | \n83.3 | \n671,001 | \n26 | \n3.8 | \n
Multi-CSAR (PROmer) | \n89.3 | \n90.4 | \n89.8 | \n92.5 | \n1,016,308 | \n6.3 | \n|
Multi-CSAR (NUCmer) | \n90.8 | \n9 | \n
Average performance of the evaluated multiple reference-based scaffolders on the five testing datasets.
As shown in Table 2, Multi-CSAR running with NUCmer achieves the best sensitivity, \n
\nTable 3 shows the average performance results of Multi-CSAR on the five bacterial datasets when using the sequence identity-based weighting scheme, where the best performance in each column is also displayed in bold. As compared to the results of Multi-CSAR as shown in Table 2, several performance measures of Multi-CSAR can be further improved if it is run with the sequence identity-based weighting scheme of reference genomes, such as sensitivity, precision, \n
Scaffolder | \nSen | \nPre | \n\n | \nCov | \nNGA50 | \n#Scaf | \nTime | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multi-CSAR (PROmer) | \n89.4 | \n90.5 | \n89.9 | \n92.8 | \n1,045,489 | \n6.3 | \n|
Multi-CSAR (NUCmer) | \n10 | \n
Average performance of multi-CSAR on the five testing datasets when using the sequence identity-based weighting scheme.
Scaffolders are useful tools for sequencing projects to obtain more complete sequences of genomes being sequenced. In this chapter, we mainly introduced some state-of-the-art multiple reference-based scaffolders, such as Ragout, MeDuSa and Multi-CSAR (improved extension of Multi-CAR), that can efficiently produce more accurate scaffolds of a target draft genome by referring to multiple complete and/or incomplete genomes of related organisms. By testing on five real prokaryotic datasets, Multi-CSAR outperforms Ragout and MeDuSa in terms of average sensitivity, precision, \n
This work was partially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under grants MOST107-2221-E-007-066-MY2 and MOST109-2221-E-007-086.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
The genome of higher organisms contains less than 3% of protein coding genes while rest of genome is known as junk/or non-coding. With recent advances in science and technology we are learning more about the complexity of organisms, which has led to the discovery of the remarkable complexity of RNA. Large-scale projects such as ENCODE and FANTOM, for the systematic annotation and functional depiction of genes have pointed that 80% of genomic DNA of mammals are effectively transcribed and intricately controlled with majority belonging to noncoding RNA genes [1]. The figure of ncRNA genes varies by species. Frequency of ncRNA genes but not protein-coding genes, is strongly linked with the complexity of an organism emphasising the growing relevance of ncRNAs [2]. On the basis of molecular size ncRNAs can be classified into two groups. One group includes short RNAs that are less than 200 nucleotides in length such as microRNAs (20–25 nucleotides Length), piwi-interacting RNAs etc. The other group includes Long-non coding RNAs of around 200 nucleotides or more in length. Among the ncRNAs, long non coding RNAs represent a greater portion. Regulatory non coding RNAs with length ≥ 200 nucleotides belong to long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Due to their low expression levels, lncRNAs in the beginning were considered to be transcription noise. According to HUMAN GENCODE statistics, there are around 16,000 lncRNA genes, although some estimates put the number at over 100,000 [3, 4]. RNA polymerase II is primarily responsible for lncRNA transcription, but other RNA polymerases are also involved. The resultant lncRNAs are frequently capped at their 5′ ends with 7-methyl guanosine (m7G), polyadenylated at their 3′ ends, and spliced similarly to mRNAs. lncRNAs, in contrast, have a median turnover of 3.5 h, while it is 5.1 h for mRNAs. After transcription, the widely held lncRNAs stay in the nucleus [5]. LncRNAs regulate gene expression at different domains including the ones at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels by interacting principally with DNA, mRNA, protein, and miRNA [5]. LncRNAs regulate gene transcription by promoting or inhibiting the formation of transcription loops and recruiting or blocking regulators. LncRNAs also operate as precursors to other ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and influence mRNA splicing [6]. They are involved in RNA processing, transcriptional interference, chromatin remodelling, transcriptional activation, and mRNA translation, among other biological processes. Besides these roles they also act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors by regulating different signalling cascades [7]. Based on their functions lncRNAs are classified into three types: non-functional lncRNAs, these are products of transcriptional noise; lncRNAs for which the act of transcription is adequate for their activity but the transcript itself is not required and functional lncRNAs that act in both cis and trans ways [8]. In recent years, lncRNAs which account for the immense majority of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have become a hot topic in disease diagnostics and target therapeutics in recent years.
Understanding the biosynthesis of these lncRNAs is not only crucial but also ineluctable in order to decipher their functional value, relevance, and differentiation from other forms of RNAs. LncRNA biogenesis is both cell type and stage specific, regulated by stage and cell specific stimuli [9]. Enhancers, promoters, and intergenic regions are among the DNA components in eukaryotic genomes that transcribe diverse types of lncRNAs [10]. LncRNA biogenesis involve ribonuclease P for cleavage to create mature ends, the production of protein (snoRNP) complex caps at their ends, small nucleolar RNA, and the development of circular structures [11, 12]. During specific lncRNAs biogenesis, “paraspeckles” (sub-nuclear structures) have been discovered [13]. The identity of 4 paraspeckle proteins (PSPs) required for paraspeckle formation was made possible by RNAi analyses of 40 paraspeckle proteins [14]. Overall, the biology dealing with regulation, synthesis of various lncRNAs is still unknown.
Compared to protein-coding genes, very less information regarding origins and evolution of lncRNAs is available. They reveal that among mammals, sequence conservation is poor and evolution is fast [15]. For the origin of lncRNAs, various evolutionary assumptions have been considered. The first idea is that the protein-coding gene undergoes transformation as a result of a gene-duplication process [16, 17]. Throughout evolution, one copy of a protein-coding gene acquires mutations and loses its capacity to code for proteins. Then, among other coding fractions, a new functional lncRNA gene is generated with polyadenylation sequences, splicing signals, regulatory elements and exon sequences [16, 18].
X inactive-specific transcript (XIST), meant for dosage compensation in mammals is assumed to have arisen from the chicken protein-coding Lnx3 gene [16, 17, 19], was classified as a pseudo gene [18]. The 5-UTR of Lnx3 exons 1 and 2 were used to create the XIST promoter region. Lnx3 exons 4 and 11 were also used to create exons 4 and 5 of the XIST gene of humans [20]. Other lncRNA genes, such as short and long non-coding RNAs, can duplicate segments or whole genes to generate lncRNAs. According to genomic research large homologous protein-coding gene families, protein coding gene duplication is ubiquitous; yet apart from protein coding genes, there is minimal proof for the entire duplication of lncRNAs. This might be owing to the fast sequence divergence of lncRNAs. The duplicated lncRNA mouse nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 2 is paralogous to non exonic sequences in the mouse genome [18]. The generation of lncRNAs appears to be aided by segmental gene duplication within antisense non-coding RNAs (ancRNAs).
De novo creation is another option for lncRNA origins. Examples include genome changes viz. chromosomal rearrangement, creation of (proto-) splice sites and (proto-) promoters transformed non-functional genomic stretches into functional lncRNAs [16]. Genesis of lncRNAs via insertion of transposable elements is the most recent and final hypothesis [17, 18, 21]. The bulk of human lncRNAs have TE segments as related to other genes such as pseudo genes, tiny lncRNAs, and protein-coding genes. Internal exons, transcription start sites, polyadenylation (polyA) sites, or a mix of these components can all include TEs. According to this research at least 75% of human lncRNAs contain at least one exon containing partial TE origin.
The figure of lncRNAs with known roles is gradually increasing, and the majority of the studies focus on their controlling potential. Histone modifications, DNA methylation, and chromatin remodelling are all functional steps where lncRNAs regulate chromatin structure.
LncRNAs are frequently used as important regulators (modulators) of protein coding gene expression by acting in cis and trans ways [22]. Binding of lncRNAs to histone modification complexes like PRC1 and PRC2 [in-specific] causes methylation of lysine 27 on histone 3, a histone signature connected to suppressed transcriptional state. Xist, a lncRNA abundantly generated from inactive X chromosomes in females (Xi), enhances PRC2 recruitment to the Xi to mute gene expression, according to studies on mammalian X chromosome inactivation [23, 24]. Other example includes HOTAIR lncRNA, synthesised from the HoxC gene cluster but targets histone H3K4me1/2 demethylase LSD1 and PRC2 complex to induce transcriptional gene suppression at the HoxD locus in trans [25]. Some well-studied lncRNAs, including ANRIL and KCNQ1OT1, bring epigenetic modifiers to particular loci, allowing for chromatin remodelling. For example, KCNQ1OT1, binds to PRC2 as well as the methyl-transferase G9A, whereas ANRIL binds to both polycomb repressive complexes [26]. Many different lncRNAs act as scaffolds and work by leading restrictive histone modifying complexes to particular loci [26]. By forming complexes with the trithorax group (TrxG) and the polycomb repressive complex 2, lncRNA steroid receptor RNA activator also plays a role in transcriptional control [27].
Examples of lncRNA that interact with PRC1 complex include FAL1 RNA (focally amplified lncRNA on chromosome 1). BMI1, a PRC1 subunit, interacts with FAL1. FAL1 controls not only the stability of BMI1, but also its connection with target promoter regions, altering target gene expression [28].
At gene promoters transcription is thought to be regulated by the interaction of transcription factors and chromatin modifying factors. LncRNAs regulate gene expression by interacting with other molecules such as Proteins, RNA and DNA near their target genes promoters or enhancers. LncRNAs have a number of ways for controlling transcription.
Enhancer RNAs: Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a sort of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) derived from gene enhancer regions that act along with DNA to upregulate gene transcription via two mechanisms: transcriptional machinery tracking and enhancer-promoter looping [29]. Kim et al. found a 2 kb eRNA transcribed bidirectional from active enhancers. The function of enhancer region was correlated with the expression of this eRNA, suggesting that eRNAs play a task in enhancer function and influence gene transcription [30, 31].
Activating ncRNAs: Class of lncRNAs that acts as a transcriptional activator and is produced from independent loci instead of enhancers. In an RNA-dependent way, activating ncRNAs need the activation of the coding gene promoter and exclusively trigger the transcription of neighbouring coding genes. The mediator complex has been connected to a variety of activating ncRNAs, and attenuation of such complex prevents looping between the activating ncRNAs locus and its target gene.
By recruitment of chromatin modifiers: LncRNAs can modulate target genes by triggering epigenetic alteration viz. DNA methylation, histone modification, and by bringing chromatin remodelling complexes to specific genomic loci, typically promoter regions. LncRNAs might have two purposes. Firstly, by attaching to a protein or protein complex, lncRNAs act as a bridge scaffold for chromatin conformational changes [32]. Second, lncRNAs lead chromatin modifying enzymes to particular DNA patterns by acting as a tethered scaffold. For instance, the lncRNA HOTAIR serves as an epigenetic protein scaffold with several binding domains for various proteins. HOTAIR aids in the demethylation of H3K4 by interacting with LSD1 (lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A), REST (restriction element 1-silencing transcription) factor & REST corepressor1 at the 3′ end. HOTAIR (At the 5′ end) is a transcriptional gene silencing factor derived from the HOXC locus that leads to transcriptional gene silencing in trans across 40 kb of the HOXD locus by inducing a repressive chromatin state, recruiting PRC2, & reinforcing H3K27 methylation [33].
Long non-coding RNAs also function as cofactors, influencing the activity of transcription factors. For example, the ncRNA Evf2 is produced from a conserved distal enhancer and attracts DlX2 (TF) to the same enhancer, causing neighbouring protein-coding genes to be expressed.
Because ncRNAs can recognise complementary sequences, they can affect how mRNAs are processed after transcription, including capping, splicing, editing, transport, translation, destruction, and stability. LncRNAs compete with microRNAs to impact mRNA levels by changing mRNA stability, degradation, and translation [34].
Several studies have discovered that lncRNAs can influence protein stability through ubiquitination or phosphorylation. DINO (lncRNA) has a function in phenotypes regulated by p53, such lncRNAs also regulate protein activity in mechanisms other than transcription. The
Despite the fact that lncRNAs are distinct from mRNAs exported to cytoplasm for protein synthesis [47, 48], few lncRNAs are confined in sub-nuclear compartments, suggesting possible activities in these compartments. The schematic figure that represents few mechanisms employed by lncRNAs in gene expression regulation (Figure 1).
Schematic representation of few mechanisms employed by lncRNAs in regulation gene expression. (A) Regulation by chromatin remodelling (B) Regulation through signalling (C) lncRNA sponging mRNA (D) By acting as scaffolds.
An emerging view of lncRNAs is that they are key players in many biological processes. These lncRNAs have been discovered to be master regulators in different biological and pathological processes and their dysregulations leads to many life-threatening diseases including different cancers. Some of the pivotal roles and functions carried out by different lncRNAs are well documented.
In layman’s terms genomic imprinting represents a condition in which one of the alleles in an inherited paternal pair is active while the other one remains inactive. It is the parent of origin which will determines the differential expression of inherited parental alleles; in some cases, a genes allele is paternally imprinted, while in others, it is maternally imprinted.
Dna Methylation and Genomic imprinting: The process of adding a methyl (CH3) group to a cytosine known as DNA methylation is commonly located at CpG dinucleotides in mammals and is believed to regulate gene expression. CpG sites are very rare in the genome with the exceptions of CpG islands (which have high CpG amount/density). Generally found near or around promoter region these islands are usually unmethylated. Outside of CpG islands, CpG sites are often methylated, resulting in a bimodal methylation pattern across the genome. A family of DNA methyltransferases catalyses the acquisition of DNA methylation. DNMT1 is a DNA methyltransferase homologue that has an affinity for hemi-methylated DNA and is responsible for sustaining methylation following DNA replication. DNMT3A and DNMT3B catalyse de novo DNA methylation, while DNMT3L is a cofactor with no methyltransferase activity [49]. DNA methylation leads to epigenetic mechanisms and epigenetics leads to allow the transcriptional machinery of the cell to distinguish the two parental chromosomes at imprinted loci.
Imprinting is typically accomplished by altering the histone and/or DNA of a given locus, however lncRNAs have recently been identified to have a role in these phenomena [50]. Imprinted genes must be regulated by cis-regulatory mechanisms since expressed and repressed alleles share the same nucleus. The breakthrough in genomic imprinting was established with the discovery of gametic differentially methylated regions (these are actually control elements) that contain the “imprinting mark” acquired in oocytes and sperm. These markers are then transmitted down through the generations, guiding parental-specific allelic expression in children and embryos.
Control of imprinted lncRNAs is achieved by shared regulatory mechanisms such as parent-of-origin-dependent differentially methylated regions (DMRs) & lncRNAs within a single imprinted cluster [51]. Allele-specific DNA methylation occurs in a separate ICR in the germline in well-studied imprinted clusters, termed as principal DMRs or germline-derived DMRs and persists beyond fertilisation. Epigenetic changes (parent-of-origin-specific) such as DNA methylation, influence parentally inherited allele expression patterns in ICRs in imprinted clusters [52]. There are approximately 35 imprinted gDMRs in the human & 24 in Mouse genome (Monk et al., 2018). For embryonic development to govern imprinted gene expression, gDMRs must be established on paternal or maternal alleles [53]. In early primordial germ cells epigenetic markers including DNA methylation and histone modifications are substantially erased genome-wide. Depending on the parent-of-origin, DNA methylation of ICRs is reinstated in germline cells in gametes. After fertilisation, gDMRs are impervious to subsequent global epigenetic reprogramming. The data on DNA methylation at the ICRs of imprinted areas is retained. Imprinted loci gDMRs establish themselves strongly throughout germline development and are hence resistant to genomic reprogramming after fertilisation. Imprinting markings, on the other hand, are passed down from one generation to the next [54]. The allele-specific methylation statuses of gDMRs are generally identified by transcription regulators in maintaining parent-of-origin specific regulation of imprinted genes for example ZFP57 protein. The development of monoallelic gene expression requires differential methylation statuses of gDMRs on parental alleles. In early embryonic and adult lineages, imprinting control regions regulate DNA methylation and chromatin organisation, resulting in the survival of imprinting patterns through generations and their perpetuation in adult tissues [55].
To explain the control of gene regulation within an imprinted cluster, two fundamental methods have been proposed [56]. The lncRNA model is the earliest and arguably most frequent model. According to this concept, imprinted lncRNAs control imprinted gene expression. In this model, imprinted lncRNAs are closely linked to ICRs. Imprinted lncRNAs are defined by their ability to suppress imprinted genes in the same cluster [57]. As shown by the imprinted cluster Kcnq1/Kcnq1ot1. On paternal allele, the constantly expressed imprinted lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 can repress multiple imprinted genes bidirectionally throughout their gene area. The insulator paradigm, wherein parental allele-specific epigenetic changes at ICRs contribute to topological variations of imprinted gene areas, resulting in gene silence or activation of certain alleles, has been observed in additional imprinted regions. The insulin-like growth factor 2/H19 locus controls imprinted genes mechanistically, according to this concept. The following are some well-known lncRNAs and their roles in genomic imprinting:
Sex in most animals including humans is generally determined by X and Y chromosome system with men carrying XY and females XX chromosomes. In order to have the balance of products of sex-linked and autosomal genes, dosage compensation is required. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a special kind of dosage compensation present in mammalian females involving random selection and transcriptional repression in one among the two X -chromosomes during the early stages of embryonic development [67, 68]. However, humans lack imprinted XCI and instead have XCD (X chromosome dampening) [69, 70, 71]. Most of the research with respect to this has been carried on mouse model and regulated by interactions of many lncRNAs [72]. At the heart of XCI/XCR (X-chromosome reactivation) regulation is a region of X chromosome namely Xic X-inactivation centre (containing many noncoding RNA genes whose expression is regulated by pluripotency factors) [73]. Developmental phase of mice includes two forms of XCI; one being imprinted and another random. Imprinted XCI, in which the paternally inherited X (Xp) is always inactivated, occurs during preimplantation development in the early embryo, when Xist becomes expressed on the Xp from the 2-cell stage onwards and is maintained in the placenta’s extraembryonic tissues [74].
Xist lncRNA regulates all three stages (initiation, establishment, and maintenance) of XCI [75]. The X-linked minimum genetic region (XIC) contains many elements and genes like Tsix & Xist which are meant for XCI initiation [76]. Among the lncRNA loci reported in a 100–500 kb region of the mouse X chromosome and a 2.3 Mb syntenic region of the human X chromosome are RepA Jpx, Xist, Ftx, Tsix, & Xite [75, 76]. XIC contains the lncRNA Xist, and is located 15 kb downstream of Tsix antisense [77].
In first phase, complex factors Xite, OCT4, Tsix & CTCF among others bind Xi and Xa independently to promote X chromosome pairing and counting in the embryo following fertilisation [78]. After counting and pairing, Tsix, Xist, and other genes are elevated, which is regulated by a network of genetic interactions including OCT4, Jpx, Rnf12, and RepA Tsix, Sox2 & PRDM14 [79]. They use alternative transcription fates when full initiation of XCI occurs, with one becoming the Xa and the other Xi chromosome [72]. RNF12, Tsix, and RepA, as well as pluripotency factors (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2) impact lncRNA Xist activation and expression in Xi. Xist binds to Polycomb repressive complex 2 via Repeat A, producing the Xist-PRC2 complex, while YY1 tethers the PRC2-Xist complex to the Xi nucleation centre via Repeat C, where RNA polymerase II gets the lncRNA Xist-PRC2 complex [80]. Upon completion of initiation phase lncRNA Xist recruits different protein complex factors (including heterogeneous nuclear protein U, meant for lncRNA Xist localization, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K for Xist-mediated chromatin modifications) and gene-silencing factor Spen which binds to C, B, F, and A repeats at the 5′ end of the lncRNA Xist and causes the lncRNA Xist topologically associated domains meant for (epigenetic modification and chromatin compaction) to spread along the Xi chromosome at the established phase [76, 81]. ATRX directs PRC1 and PRC2 that cause epigenetic silencing by acetylation of histone H3 and H4 and methylation of CpG islands [56]. The protein complexes SHARP, HDAC3, LBR, Airn and Kcnq1ot1, U1 snRNP, Rsx, and CdK8 are all implicated in the lncRNA Xist spreading process. LncRNA Xist attracts restrictive complexes (like H3K27me3, H2AK119Ub, & the CpG island), which cause immediate histone modifications and DNA methylation, and coats the Xi to generate Xi [82]. Continuous synthesis of lncRNA Xist RNA in an inactive state has been used to establish and maintain the Xi.
The deadliest disease on the planet is linked to abnormal gene expression. Non-coding areas of the genome have been related to the majority of malignancies. Cancer genomic mutations are found in areas that do not code for proteins [83]. These areas, however, are frequently translated into long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Anomalies in these lncRNAs is thought to have the tumour suppressor or carcinogenic effects and thus play a vital role in tumour establishment. Since lncRNAs have expression that are unique to a tissue, expressed in regulated manner and in association with other gene sets impact cell cycle regulations, immunological responses, survival etc. all of which affect cancer cell transformation [84]. The role of lncRNA is associated with their specific subcellular location. LncRNAs regulate gene expression by different interactions both in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm. In nucleus regulate expression at both epigenetic and transcriptional levels including histone modifications [24, 85], DNA methylation regulation [86], chromatin remodelling [87, 88], chromatin modification complexes [89, 90], transcription regulators [91] and proteins present in nucleus [92] while in the cytoplasm these lncRNAs regulate gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels including interplay with proteins present in the cytoplasm [93], Control of mRNA metabolism [94], as endogenous competitive RNA (ceRNA) interacts with microRNA [95]. As a result, lncRNA play a significant role in cancer cell proliferation, transition, invasion, and treatment resistance [96, 97].
LncRNAs like LUCAT1, KCNQ1OT, HOTAIR, ANRIL, MALAT1(metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), Taurine-upregulated gene 1, LINC00152, RP11-385 J1.2 and TUBA4B bring different epigenetic modifiers at their respective loci and modify the chromatin shape and their dysregulation is strongly associated with establishment of different tumours including LUCAT1: digestive system tumours, ANRIL: prostate cancer, MALAT1: breast, liver, and colon cancer [98], HOTAIR: breast cancer KCNQ1OT1: colorectal cancer etc.
Some of known lncRNAs with links to cancer is represented below in a table:
Symbol/emblem | Cancer phenotype | Cancer association | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Promote metastasis | Upregulated in many cancers including those of liver, breast, lung and pancreas | By acting a platform for the PRC2 and LSD1 (chromatin repressors). By turning off | [99] | |
Promotes both cell metastasis and proliferation | Overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic, Colon, prostate, breast and hepatocellular carcinomas | Similar to alternative splicing and active transcription. Unique tRNA-like sequence at the 3′ end cleaved off and transformed to produce a short tRNA-like ncRNA (mascRNA) | [35, 98, 100] | |
Impede cell amplification, relocation and carcinoma establishment | Locus preferentially deleted in sporadic colon cancer, prostate and other different carcinomas | Inveigle for microRNAs that attack | [101] | |
Impede cell amplification and stimulates Apoptosis | Suppressed in colorectal cancer | Upregulates the transcription of p53 | [102] | |
Controls cellular events, programmed cell death and resistance to cisplatin in NSCLC cells by attacking IGF-2 | Overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma ccRCC tissues | Engage in control of amplification, relocation, invasion and impedance to drugs in multiple tumours | [103] |
One of the first lncRNAs to be discovered as having a functional role in cancer formation was the HOTAIR. HOTAIR lncRNAs enhance cancer spread by triggering epigenetic alterations in the chromatin status of tumour cells [104]. Interestingly, various lncRNAs have been reported to originate from the HOX locus, implying that it plays a global regulatory role [21]. In tumours, lncRNAs are also implicated in the control of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [99]. TGF-activated lncRNA (lncRNA-ATB) stimulated the EMT cascade by upregulating the levels of zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB1 and ZEB2) [105]. Recent research has discovered that the transcription factor PNUTS has a corresponding lncRNA-PNUTS, which plays a role in breast cancer metastasis by influencing the EMT process [106]. lncRNA human ortholog RNA of Dreh (hDREH), inhibitor of EMT is seen downregulated in many types of cancers. Some tumour suppressor lncRNAs, on the other hand, are expressed at low levels in tumours [107]. It is now possible to increase the expression of these lncRNAs in order to treat cancer. lncRNAs have been implicated in stemness-related signalling pathways in a number of studies. The tumour suppressor long noncoding RNA (TSLNC8), for example, inhibit the STAT3 signalling pathway and thus acted as a tumour suppressor [108]. lncRNA MST1/2-antagonising for YAP activation (MAYA) participate in the Hippo-YAP signalling pathway. These lncRNAs might be directly regulating cell stemness [109]. Thus, these lncRNAs act as potential targets for cancer treatment.
The study of lncRNA biology is still in its early stages, but it has already revealed key roles in the formation and functions of immune cells. However, because the functions of most lncRNAs are unknown, the field must fill a significant gap in order to comprehend the breadth of their roles in immunity. The function of non-long coding RNAs in the immunology of humans even though in its infancy stage has become hot topic in recent research. In immune system, lncRNAs have a role in immune cell formation, survival, cell fate determination, differentiation, amplification, and activation. Although the functions of most lncRNAs are unknown, novel protein-protein interactions or partnering with RNA or DNA have been discovered to influence innate and adaptive immune responses transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally. According to the recent research lncRNAs have been found in many immune cells including T cells and B cells. Regulation of these lncRNAs including expression levels is considered to be linked to immune cell development, differentiation, and activation [110].
To carry out their functions these IncRNAs can associate with transcription regulators and signalling molecules (NF-B, STAT3) [111, 112], RNA binding proteins including (hnRNP, HuR) [113, 114], and chromatin remodelling components (PRC2, WDR5).
LncRNAs, such as TMEVPG1 (also known as LincR-Ifng-3′AS), have been identified in both mouse and human CD8+ T cells and demonstrated to be positioned inside a cluster of cytokines genes, and have been shown to control Theiler’s virus load in CNS infection [115]. T-bet/Stat, a transcription factor exclusive to Th1 cells that collaborates with TMEVPG1, promotes interferon gamma expression [116]. Interaction of lncRNA called NeST with WDR5, significant component of MLL H3K4 methyltransferases, leads to increase in methylation state of histones at Ifng gene in CD8+/Th1 cells [117]. Hundreds of lncRNAs were found in both CD8+ T cells of animal and human spleens after a genome-wide expression examination utilising a proprietary array, indicating that lncRNAs are important for lymphocyte differentiation and stimulation [118]. To get clearer picture of the role of lncRNAs in T cell growth and differentiation, Hu et al. used RNA-Seq to recognise 1524 genomic regions that produce lincRNAs in 42 subsets of mature peripheral T cells and thymocytes; specific transcription regulators including T-bet, STAT4 for CD8+ descendants, & GATA-3 and STAT6 for CD4+ lineages seemed to be substantially responsible for lineage-specific expression of T cell lincRNAs (LincR-Ccr2-5′AS) [119].
B lymphocytes after being activated by antigen interaction, the major roles are to make antigen-specific antibodies, operate as APCs, and develop into memory cells. In compared to T cells, less is known regarding lncRNA roles in B cells. Bolland et al. [120] have documented how lncRNAs play their part in the chromatin remodelling that occurs during V/D/J gene recombination, which is required for the production of epitopes (Ig or TCR). Further study discovered that the synthesis of such antisense and sense lncRNAs is related to VH portions looping next to DJH areas during pro-B cell recombination, and as a result, it has been dubbed the Igh locus whole transcriptome of sense and antisense transcripts [121]. SAS-ZFAT gene expression which is restricted to CD19+ B cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes may be important for B cell function and AITD development [122].
Macrophages are white blood cells that surround and destroy pathogens, destroy dead cells and stimulate other immune system cells. Macrophages as APCs also contribute to the optimal operation of both intrinsic and adaptive immune responses. LncRNA acknowledgement and purposes in monocytes/macrophages have received little attention. Macrophages have capital baseline level of ptprj/CD148 (a tyrosine phosphatase with tumour inhibitor-like role), as expected; its level is modulated by LPS, TLR, and CSF-1 treatments in various animals. Dave et al. investigated ptprj-as1, a 1006-nt lncRNA species that is produced antisense to ptprj. Transcripted ptprj-as1 is highly regulated in tissues augmented with macrophages that has been temporarily activated by TLR ligands, similar to ptprj [123]. Thus, the ptprj coding transcript may guide to inflammatory alteration that is promptly connected to macrophages. When myeloid and CD11c + dendritic cells are stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, a TLR4 signalling activator via NFkB, they express lncRNAs-COX2 (Ptgs2) [84]. Li et al. investigated how lincRNA expression changed when innate immune signalling was activated in THP1 macrophages and discovered that an unannotated LincRNA called THRIL was a critical factor in TNF- control and that its activity was clearly lower during the acute period of Kawasaki disease [114]. LncRNA has been observed to regulate healthy and pathological inflammatory immune responses through an RNA-protein complex with hnRNPL [124]. Many lncRNAs discovered as unique binding ally for lincRNA-cox2 in the nucleus and cytoplasm of macrophages, are key switch of immune genes [113].
Wright et al. uncovered an intron 2 promoter in many KIR genes that generate spliced antisense transcripts. KIR antisense lncRNA is found in progenitor cell lines, and its abundance in NK cells results in the under expression of KIR protein coding genes. KIR’s antisense lncRNA corresponds to exons 1 and 2 of the KIR gene, and also the proximal promoter upstream of KIR. Myeloid zinc finger one (MZF-1) appears to impact KIR antisense lncRNA transcription, resulting in KIR silence via an unknown mechanism [125].
The following table represents the functions of some immune related lncRNAs:
S. no. | lncRNA | Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | NEAT1 | In response to viral infection, activates IL-8 transcription | [126] |
2 | Lnc-DC | Plays a role in transformation of monocytes of humans into dendritic cells | [112] |
3 | LincRNA-COX-2 | increases the production of proinflammatory genes (IL-6) & suppresses the synthesis of anti-inflammation genes in non-stimulated cells | [113] |
4 | NeST | controls IFN-encoding chromatin epigenetic tagging, IFN-expression, and susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens | [117] |
5 | Hotair | Through epigenetic changes in the chromatin state, promotes cancer spread and progression | [127] |
6 | LincRCcr2–5΄AS | In mouse CD4+ TH2 cells, it controls the synthesis of many chemokine receptor genes via STAT-6 pathway | [119] |
7 | LincRNA (THRIL) | Promotes TNF Transcription | [114] |
8 | IL1β | Modulation of chromatin | [128] |
9 | IL1β-RBT46 | In monocytes regulates IL-1 homeostasis | [128] |
10 | IL1b-eRNA | Expression of CXCL8 and IL-1β (proinflammatory mediators) | [128] |
11 | Lethe | Activated during inflammation | [111] |
12 | NRAV | Transcriptional regulation of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including MxA and IFITM3 | [129] |
13 | Morrbid | Control the longevity of myeloid cells with brief lives (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes) | [130] |
14 | FAS AS1 | Increase programmed cell death (Fas-driven) in B cell Carcinomas | [131] |
15 | lincRNA-EPS | Restriction of inflammation | [132] |
16 | TH2-LCR | Th2 cytokine gene transcription regulation | [133] |
17 | linc-MAF-4 | Th1 cell differentiation | [134] |
18 | lnc-EGFR | Treg differentiation stimulation | [135] |
Auto-immune diseases are conditions in which our immune system wrongly assaults our bodies, assumed to be the result of a complex interplay of genetic, immunological and environmental variables.
TLR4 signalling dysregulation has been connected to the progression of SLE. A lncRNA has been associated to SLE and is controlled by TLR4 signalling. Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), a lncRNA, has been connected to the pathogenesis of SLE [136]. In a study NEAT1 levels were found to be elevated in PBMCs of SLE patients in comparison with healthy individual. In LPS-stimulated human monocytic cell lines, silencing NEAT1 with siRNA results in lower production of Interleukin-6, CCL2, and CXCL10, all of which have been related to SLE pathogenesis. NEAT1 regulates the stimulation of late mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways, which play a role in the TLR4-driven inflammatory response. SLE patients have lower Gas5 expression in plasma, and in both CD4+ T cells and B cells than in healthy people [137].
Is an autoimmune illness characterised by inflammation and proliferation of synovial joint resulting in significant joint damage. Several recent investigations have found that dysregulated lncRNAs play a significant part in aetiology of RA. In 2015, Song et al. discovered that PBMCs and serum exosomes of RA patients have higher expression of HOTAIR than in the healthy controls. Furthermore, increasing HOTAIR increases active macrophage migration, whereas decreased HOTAIR suppresses the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-13 in developed osteoclasts and rheumatoid synoviocytes. These results suggest that abnormal HOTAIR expression could perform a part in the development of RA [138]. Low levels of lincRNA-p21 have been linked to increased NF-B activity in persons with Arthritis. Spurlock et al. observed that amount of phosphorylated p65, a hallmark of NF-B activation, was greater in the whole blood of patients suffering from RA however the expression of lincRNA-p21 was found to be downregulated. In comparison with MTX-treated RA patients, untreated counter parts had reduced levels of lincRNA-p21 activity and upregulated levels of p65 [139]. Lu et al. observed that T cells of patients suffering from RA have upregulated lncRNAs LOC100652951 and LOC100506036 in comparison with healthy individuals [140].
Chronic systemic auto-immune illness characterised by symptoms of driest mouth and eyes caused by gland inflammation (exocrine). The lncRNA Tmevpg1, which modulates Th1 responses, may have a role in the aetiology of SS, according to one research. The researchers discovered a connection between SS and the lncRNA Tmevpg1 [141].
Muscle inflammatory illness that is persistent. PM/DM has been connected to the expression of the RNA component of signal recognition particles, lncRNA 7SL [142]. Using microarray research, Peng et al. discovered 1198 differently transcribed lncRNAs in diabetes patients muscles compared to normal ones. uc011ihb.2, ENST00000583156.1, ENST00000551761.1, ENST00000541196.1 & linc-DGCR6-1, were among the five lncRNAs confirmed. As per their computational predictions, the linc-DGCR6-1 gene controls USP18, a kind of type 1 interferon-inducible gene found predominantly in the perifascicular portions of muscle fibres of diabetes patients [143].
Although there has been immense research going on to understand the role of lncRNAs, still there are many questions that need to be addressed. Efforts are being carried out to elucidate the role of lncRNAs as potential regulators in different biological and pathological processes. The advancement in technologies will further help to pave way in clarifying the mechanisms underlying of lncRNA influence in different diseases. Studying lncRNA role in regulation of host-pathogen interactions can be helpful in identifying different lncRNAs that can serve as potential drug targets and can also serve as novel biomarkers.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"282",title:"Biomedical Engineering",slug:"technology-biomedical-engineering",parent:{id:"24",title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:173,numberOfWosCitations:122,numberOfCrossrefCitations:131,numberOfDimensionsCitations:297,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"282",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9048",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c34656bf6a7c08401e1108338c2a1bf6",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Islam Ahmed Hamed Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9048.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",middleName:null,surname:"A. Khalil",slug:"islam-a.-khalil",fullName:"Islam A. Khalil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7594",title:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391609f1f0cb3bba32befeb3aa40ccf3",slug:"current-topics-in-biochemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7594.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8646",title:"Systems Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7735d2fe6193b7b256c7098be4adcf4",slug:"systems-biology",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Vlachakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179110",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:"P.",surname:"Vlachakis",slug:"dimitrios-vlachakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Vlachakis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5951",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4ff8af6190bb48a5857450c9c2612d7",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Leszek A. Dobrzański",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15880",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzański",slug:"leszek-a.-dobrzanski",fullName:"Leszek A. Dobrzański"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5874",title:"Structural Health Monitoring",subtitle:"Measurement Methods and Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72f61895d84252f6f5b92b7625741743",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-measurement-methods-and-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Moises Rivas-Lopez, Wendy Flores Fuentes and Oleg Sergiyenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178178",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1649",title:"Electrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0630d15c7e3fc8f85f239750051ef7f",slug:"electrostatics",bookSignature:"Huseyin Canbolat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5887",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Canbolat",slug:"huseyin-canbolat",fullName:"Hüseyin Canbolat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62943",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80238",title:"Silver Nanoparticles as Multi-Functional Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-as-multi-functional-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:3503,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Nanoparticles can surmount some essential problems of conventional small molecules or biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) used in some diseases by allowing targeted delivery and overcome through biological barriers. Recently, silver nanoparticles have been harnessed as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, including antisense oligonucleotides, and other small molecules. Silver is the most profit-oriented precious metal used in the preparation of nanoparticles and nanomaterials because of its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant and unusually enhanced physicochemical properties compared to the bulk material such as optical, thermal, electrical, and catalytic properties. Small silver nanoparticles offer many advantages as drug carriers, including adjustable size and shape, enhanced stability of surface-bound nucleic acids, high-density surface ligand attachment, transmembrane delivery without harsh transfection agents, protection of the attached therapeutics from degradation, and potential for improved timed/controlled intracellular drug-delivery. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining interest due to its inexpensiveness, providing a healthier work environment, and protecting human health leading to lessening waste and safer products. The chapter presents the essential physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial, and anticancer properties which silver nanoparticles obtained by plant-mediated methods possess, and their application as drug-delivery systems with a critical view on the possible toxicity on the human body.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Nadezhda Ivanova, Viliana Gugleva, Mirena Dobreva, Ivaylo\nPehlivanov, Stefan Stefanov and Velichka Andonova",authors:[{id:"202958",title:"Dr.",name:"Velichka",middleName:null,surname:"Andonova",slug:"velichka-andonova",fullName:"Velichka Andonova"},{id:"265332",title:"MSc.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"nadezhda-ivanova",fullName:"Nadezhda Ivanova"},{id:"265333",title:"MSc.",name:"Viliana",middleName:null,surname:"Gugleva",slug:"viliana-gugleva",fullName:"Viliana Gugleva"},{id:"265334",title:"MSc.",name:"Mirena",middleName:null,surname:"Dobreva",slug:"mirena-dobreva",fullName:"Mirena Dobreva"},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov"},{id:"265336",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivaylo",middleName:null,surname:"Pehlivanov",slug:"ivaylo-pehlivanov",fullName:"Ivaylo Pehlivanov"}]},{id:"63035",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80225",title:"Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases",slug:"biological-function-of-exosomes-as-diagnostic-markers-and-therapeutic-delivery-vehicles-in-carcinoge",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Brian Sims and Qiana L. Matthews",authors:[{id:"254038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Qiana",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",slug:"qiana-matthews",fullName:"Qiana Matthews"},{id:"254039",title:"Ms.",name:"Brennetta",middleName:null,surname:"Crenshaw",slug:"brennetta-crenshaw",fullName:"Brennetta Crenshaw"},{id:"266042",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sims",slug:"brian-sims",fullName:"Brian Sims"}]},{id:"56634",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70122",title:"Biomaterials and Stem Cells: Promising Tools in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications",slug:"biomaterials-and-stem-cells-promising-tools-in-tissue-engineering-and-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:1606,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Biomaterial sciences and tissue engineering approaches are currently fundamental strategies for the development of regenerative medicine. Stem cells (SCs) are a unique cell type capable of self‐renewal and reconstructing damaged tissues. At the present time, adult SCs isolated from postnatal tissues are widely used in clinical applications. Their characteristics such as a multipotent differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory activity make them a promising tool to use in patients. Modern material technologies allow for the development of innovative biomaterials that closely correspond to requirements of the current biomedical application. Biomaterials, such as ceramics and metals, are already used as implants to replace or improve the functionality of the damaged tissue or organ. However, the continuous development of modern technology opens new insights of polymeric and smart material applications. Moreover, biomaterials may enhance the SCs biological activity and their implementation by establishing a specific microenvironment mimicking natural cell niche. Thus, the synergistic advancement in the fields of biomaterial and medical sciences constitutes a challenge for the development of effective therapies in humans including combined applications of novel biomaterials and SCs populations.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Małgorzata Sekuła and Ewa K. Zuba‐Surma",authors:[{id:"202773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Zuba-Surma",slug:"ewa-zuba-surma",fullName:"Ewa Zuba-Surma"},{id:"202775",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Sekula",slug:"malgorzata-sekula",fullName:"Malgorzata Sekula"}]},{id:"56100",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69718",title:"Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated Using Additive Technologies",slug:"properties-of-co-cr-dental-alloys-fabricated-using-additive-technologies",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The aim of the present paper is to make a review of the properties of dental alloys, fabricated using Additive Technologies (AT). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys as well as the accuracy and surface roughness of dental constructions are discussed. In dentistry two different approaches can be applied for production of metal frameworks using AT. According to the first one the wax/polymeric cast patterns are fabricated by 3D printing, than the constructions are cast from dental alloy with as-printed patterns. Through the second one the metal framework is manufactured form powder alloy directly from 3D virtual model by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr dental alloys, cast using 3D printed patterns, are typical for cast alloys. Their dimensional and adjustment accuracy is higher comparing to constructions, produced by traditional lost-wax casting or by SLM. The surface roughness is higher than that of the samples, cast by conventional technology, but lower comparing to the SLM objects. The microstructure of SLM Co-Cr dental alloys is fine grained and more homogeneous comparing that of the cast alloys, which defines higher hardness and mechanical properties, higher wear and corrosion resistance.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Tsanka Dikova",authors:[{id:"205539",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsanka",middleName:null,surname:"Dikova",slug:"tsanka-dikova",fullName:"Tsanka Dikova"}]},{id:"64476",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82195",title:"Fermentation: Metabolism, Kinetic Models, and Bioprocessing",slug:"fermentation-metabolism-kinetic-models-and-bioprocessing",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biochemical and metabolic interpretation of microbial growth is an important topic in bioreactor design. We intend to address valuable information about the relation of critical operation variables and the simulation of bioprocesses with unstructured and structured kinetic models. Process parameters such as nutrient supply, pH, dissolved oxygen, and metabolic end-products directly impact the physiology and metabolism of microorganisms. Changes in the membrane as well as cell viability are of interest since protein expression and maturation in prokaryota are directly related to membrane integrity. This chapter intends to deliver an insight of different alternatives in kinetic modeling.",book:{id:"7594",slug:"current-topics-in-biochemical-engineering",title:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering"},signatures:"Carlos González-Figueredo, René Alejandro Flores-Estrella and Oscar A. Rojas-Rejón",authors:[{id:"262807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Rejon",slug:"oscar-a.-rojas-rejon",fullName:"Oscar A. Rojas-Rejon"},{id:"262810",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"González-Figueredo",slug:"carlos-gonzalez-figueredo",fullName:"Carlos González-Figueredo"},{id:"263482",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Estrella",slug:"rene-alejandro-flores-estrella",fullName:"Rene Alejandro Flores Estrella"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69398",title:"New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype",slug:"new-generation-peptide-based-vaccine-prototype",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Synthetic peptide-based vaccine prototypes are the future potential vaccination. Antigens, which belong to minimal microbial component and produce antibodies such as peptides and polysaccharides, can promote long-term protection against pathogens that can cause infectious diseases. Production of peptides becomes simple with solid phase peptide synthesis and microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis using automatic synthesizers. The use of synthetic peptides was approved by the health authorities for vaccine design. Peptides are themselves very weak immunogens and need adjuvants to provide an effective autoimmune response. For this reason, peptide antigens are conjugated with biopolymers and loaded with nanoparticles. The toxicity of vaccine prototypes is evaluated in cell culture, and non-toxic prototypes are selected for vaccinating experimental animals. The most effective peptide-based vaccine prototype is determined as the one with the highest antibody level. The goal of this book chapter is to illustrate the use of peptides vaccine systems and present their opportunities with their future development.",book:{id:"9048",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",fullTitle:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Öznur Özge Özcan, Mesut Karahan, Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar, Shen Leng Tan and Yi Na Tee",authors:[{id:"305705",title:"Dr.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Karahan",slug:"mesut-karahan",fullName:"Mesut Karahan"},{id:"310005",title:"MSc.",name:"Öznur Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Özcan",slug:"oznur-ozge-ozcan",fullName:"Öznur Özge Özcan"},{id:"310006",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanirajan Vijayaraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"palanirajan-vijayaraj-kumar",fullName:"Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar"},{id:"310008",title:"MSc.",name:"Shen Leng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"shen-leng-tan",fullName:"Shen Leng Tan"},{id:"310009",title:"MSc.",name:"Yi Na",middleName:null,surname:"Tee",slug:"yi-na-tee",fullName:"Yi Na Tee"}]},{id:"56614",title:"Systematic Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) in the Manufacturing of Protector Devices for the Orofacial System",slug:"systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devices-for-the-oro",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fracture of facial bones and dental elements, and laceration of soft tissue, have increased in sports over recent years. Dentist is the only professional responsible for the mouth protection design, the knowledge about suitable materials is essential. EVA is a thermoplastic material, available in the market, easy of handling and processing, and low-cost. However, it is important to understand the mechanical properties and ability to absorb and to dissipate the impact energy, when this material is submitted to different environments, such as oral cavity with saliva and different temperatures. This chapter show provides a systematic evaluation of the EVA application in orofacial protectors while focusing on sports. The research comprises two aspects: experimental tests and numerical analyses. During experimental tests, EVA was analyzed in special buccal conditions, concerning temperature and presence of saliva. Regarding the presence of saliva, more specific studies about its influence on the mechanical behavior of EVA were performed. In the numerical analyses of the EVA orofacial protector, the studies focused on its effect on the nasal bone integrity, and in the zygomatic bone protection. However, life cycle should be analyzed, since its performance deteriorates over time. Mainly due to the saliva-originated changes to the EVA mechanical characteristics, it can behave as a rigid material. For facial protection, a better performance is obtained with a combination of rigid and soft EVA material. According to the experimental and numerical results from a systematic study of EVA, its application to orofacial protection can be considered satisfactory.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Reinaldo Brito e Dias, Neide Pena Coto, Gilmar Ferreira Batalha and\nLarissa Driemeier",authors:[{id:"204968",title:"Dr.",name:"Neide",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Coto",slug:"neide-pena-coto",fullName:"Neide Pena Coto"}]},{id:"63035",title:"Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases",slug:"biological-function-of-exosomes-as-diagnostic-markers-and-therapeutic-delivery-vehicles-in-carcinoge",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Brian Sims and Qiana L. Matthews",authors:[{id:"254038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Qiana",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",slug:"qiana-matthews",fullName:"Qiana Matthews"},{id:"254039",title:"Ms.",name:"Brennetta",middleName:null,surname:"Crenshaw",slug:"brennetta-crenshaw",fullName:"Brennetta Crenshaw"},{id:"266042",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sims",slug:"brian-sims",fullName:"Brian Sims"}]},{id:"64869",title:"Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes: Recent Approach on Transdermal Drug Delivery System",slug:"transethosomes-and-nanoethosomes-recent-approach-on-transdermal-drug-delivery-system",totalDownloads:1647,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In the past few decades, an emerging drug delivery system that came into light is transdermal drug delivery system. It has become the talk of the town in the field of drug delivery because of its better and easy accessibility. Though it is one of the attractive routes, transport of drug through the skin has remained a challenge. To overcome the challenge, vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of bioactive agents. Vesicular system like liposome has shown inefficiency to cross the layers of skin. Then transethosomes and nanoethosomes are employed for delivering drug into the deeper layer of skin. Nanoethosomes and transethosomes have same composition that is water, ethanol and phospholipid. Transethosome contains edge activator additionally. Due to the presence of ethanol and edge activator, it displayed enhanced skin permeation. Vesicular system gives a better patient compliance, being a non-invasive method of drug administration. In this chapter, we attempted to provide brief information about methods of preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical uses of nanoethosomes and transethosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Shekhar Verma, Anil\nKumar Sahu, Deepak Kumar Dash, Pankaj Kashyap and Saraswati\nPrasad Mishra",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"211230",title:"Mr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kashyap",slug:"pankaj-kashyap",fullName:"Pankaj Kashyap"},{id:"221419",title:"Mr.",name:"Koushlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"koushlesh-mishra",fullName:"Koushlesh Mishra"},{id:"221420",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarawati Prasad",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"sarawati-prasad-mishra",fullName:"Sarawati Prasad Mishra"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"270359",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanchal Deep",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",slug:"chanchal-deep-kaur",fullName:"Chanchal Deep Kaur"},{id:"270998",title:"Prof.",name:"Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Verma",slug:"shekhar-verma",fullName:"Shekhar Verma"}]},{id:"68412",title:"Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Easy to Prepare Multifunctional Vectors for Efficient Oral Delivery",slug:"self-emulsifying-drug-delivery-systems-easy-to-prepare-multifunctional-vectors-for-efficient-oral-de",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been mainly investigated to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs belonging to class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. However, in the past few years, they have shown promising outcomes in the oral delivery of various types of therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we discuss the recent progress in the application of SEDDS for oral delivery of protein therapeutics and genetic materials. The role of SEDDS in enhancing the oral bioavailability of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate drugs is also highlighted. Also, we discuss the most critical evaluation criteria of SEDDS. Additionally, we summarize various solidification techniques employed to transform liquid SEDDS to the more stable solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (s-SEDDS) that are associated with high patient compliance. This chapter provides a comprehensive approach to develop high utility SEDDS and their further transformation into s-SEDDS.",book:{id:"9048",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",fullTitle:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Khaled AboulFotouh, Ayat A. 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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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