\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1436",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Immunocytochemistry",title:"Applications of Immunocytochemistry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Immunocytochemistry is classically defined as a procedure to detect antigens in cellular contexts using antibodies. However, over the years many aspects of this procedure have evolved within a plethora of experimental setups. There are different ways to prepare a given specimen, different kinds of antibodies to apply, different techniques for imaging, and different methods of analyzing the data. In this book, various ways of performing each individual step of immunocytochemistry in different cellular contexts are exemplified and discussed. Applications of Immunocytochemistry offers technical and background information on different steps of immunocytochemistry and presents the application of this technique and its adaptations in cell lines, neural tissue, pancreatic tissue, sputum cells, sperm cells, preimplantation embryo, arabidopsis, fish gonads, and Leishmania.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0229-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5235-4",doi:"10.5772/1896",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"applications-of-immunocytochemistry",numberOfPages:332,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"ebd0373d5312e8911e528f4d6f6a1905",bookSignature:"Hesam Dehghani",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1436.jpg",numberOfDownloads:45168,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:30,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 14th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"94972",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",middleName:null,surname:"Dehghani",slug:"hesam-dehghani",fullName:"Hesam Dehghani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94972/images/1261_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hesam Dehghani is an associate professor in the Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. He received his D.V.M. degree from Tehran University, and his Ph.D. in developmental biology from University of Guelph, Canada. He has spent two postdoctoral fellowships; on molecular biology of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in the University of Guelph, and on nuclear organization of transcription in embryonic and stem cells in the Sickkids Research Institute (University of Toronto). He has taught courses at all levels from organ physiology to advanced biology of eukaryotic cells. He has also mentored many students on research projects. For the past 10 years, his research has been focused on the nuclear organization of pluripotency.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"402",title:"Immunocytochemistry",slug:"immunology-immunocytochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"30336",title:"Immunostaining of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Cell Lines and Neurons – Key Concepts and Potential Pitfalls",doi:"10.5772/34817",slug:"immunostaining-of-cell-lines-and-neurons-key-concepts-and-potential-pitfalls",totalDownloads:3001,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Elke Bocksteins, Andrew J. Shepherd, Durga P. Mohapatra and Dirk J. Snyders",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30336",authors:[{id:"101746",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",surname:"Snyders",slug:"dirk-snyders",fullName:"Dirk Snyders"},{id:"102138",title:"Dr.",name:"Elke",surname:"Bocksteins",slug:"elke-bocksteins",fullName:"Elke Bocksteins"},{id:"102139",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Shepherd",slug:"andrew-shepherd",fullName:"Andrew Shepherd"},{id:"102140",title:"Prof.",name:"Durga",surname:"Mohapatra",slug:"durga-mohapatra",fullName:"Durga Mohapatra"}],corrections:null},{id:"30337",title:"Optimizing Multiple Immunostaining of Neural Tissue",doi:"10.5772/34588",slug:"optimizing-multiple-immunostaining-of-neural-tissue",totalDownloads:7953,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Araceli Diez-Fraile, Nico Van Hecke, Christopher J. Guérin and Katharina D’Herde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30337",authors:[{id:"100799",title:"Prof.",name:"Katharina",surname:"DHerde",slug:"katharina-dherde",fullName:"Katharina DHerde"},{id:"119044",title:"Dr.",name:"Araceli",surname:"Diez-Fraile",slug:"araceli-diez-fraile",fullName:"Araceli Diez-Fraile"},{id:"119045",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher J.",surname:"Guérin",slug:"christopher-j.-guerin",fullName:"Christopher J. Guérin"},{id:"119046",title:"MSc.",name:"Nico",surname:"Van Hecke",slug:"nico-van-hecke",fullName:"Nico Van Hecke"}],corrections:null},{id:"30338",title:"Immunohistochemical Correlation of Novel Biomarkers with Neurodegeneration in Rat Models of Brain Injury",doi:"10.5772/34184",slug:"immunohistochemical-correlation-of-novel-biomarkers-with-neurodegeneration-in-rat-models-of-tbi",totalDownloads:3046,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Shyam Gajavelli, Amade Bregy, Markus Spurlock, Daniel Diaz, Stephen Burks, Christine Bomberger, Carlos J. Bidot, Shoji Yokobori, Julio Diaz, Jose Sanchez-Chavez and Ross Bullock",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30338",authors:[{id:"51451",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bidot",slug:"carlos-bidot",fullName:"Carlos Bidot"},{id:"99081",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyam",surname:"Gajavelli",slug:"shyam-gajavelli",fullName:"Shyam Gajavelli"},{id:"103984",title:"Prof.",name:"Ross",surname:"Bullock",slug:"ross-bullock",fullName:"Ross Bullock"},{id:"104001",title:"Dr.",name:"Shoji",surname:"Yokobori",slug:"shoji-yokobori",fullName:"Shoji Yokobori"},{id:"104002",title:"BSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Diaz",slug:"daniel-diaz",fullName:"Daniel Diaz"},{id:"104003",title:"BSc.",name:"Markus",surname:"Spurlock",slug:"markus-spurlock",fullName:"Markus Spurlock"},{id:"104004",title:"Dr.",name:"Amade",surname:"Bregy",slug:"amade-bregy",fullName:"Amade Bregy"},{id:"104005",title:"BSc.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Burks",slug:"stephen-burks",fullName:"Stephen Burks"},{id:"104006",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Sanchez-Chavez",slug:"jose-sanchez-chavez",fullName:"Jose Sanchez-Chavez"},{id:"130277",title:"BSc.",name:"Christine",surname:"Bomberger",slug:"christine-bomberger",fullName:"Christine Bomberger"}],corrections:null},{id:"30339",title:"Immunoelectron Microscopy: A Reliable Tool for the Analysis of Cellular Processes",doi:"10.5772/33108",slug:"immunoelectron-microscopy-a-reliable-tool-for-the-analysis-of-biological-processes",totalDownloads:7031,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Ana L. De Paul, Jorge H. Mukdsi, Juan P. Petiti, Silvina Gutiérrez, Amado A. Quintar, Cristina A. Maldonado and Alicia I. Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30339",authors:[{id:"94062",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"De Paul",slug:"ana-de-paul",fullName:"Ana De Paul"},{id:"107542",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Mukdsi",slug:"jorge-mukdsi",fullName:"Jorge Mukdsi"},{id:"107544",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",surname:"Petiti",slug:"juan-pablo-petiti",fullName:"Juan Pablo Petiti"},{id:"107545",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvina",surname:"Gutiérrez",slug:"silvina-gutierrez",fullName:"Silvina Gutiérrez"},{id:"107546",title:"Dr.",name:"Amado",surname:"Quintar",slug:"amado-quintar",fullName:"Amado Quintar"},{id:"107548",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Maldonado",slug:"cristina-maldonado",fullName:"Cristina Maldonado"},{id:"107551",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Torres",slug:"alicia-torres",fullName:"Alicia Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"30340",title:"Immunocytochemistry of Cytoskeleton Proteins",doi:"10.5772/32625",slug:"immunocytochemistry-of-cytoskeleton-proteins",totalDownloads:4625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Arzu Karabay, Şirin Korulu and Ayşegül Yıldız Ünal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30340",authors:[{id:"92160",title:"Prof.",name:"Arzu",surname:"Karabay",slug:"arzu-karabay",fullName:"Arzu Karabay"},{id:"101233",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayşegül",surname:"Yıldız Ünal",slug:"aysegul-yildiz-unal",fullName:"Ayşegül Yıldız Ünal"},{id:"101235",title:"MSc.",name:"Şirin",surname:"Korulu",slug:"sirin-korulu",fullName:"Şirin Korulu"}],corrections:null},{id:"30341",title:"Immunocytochemical Approaches to the Identification of Membrane Topology of the Na+/Cl--Dependent Neurotransmitter Transporters",doi:"10.5772/34514",slug:"immunocytochemical-approaches-to-the-identification-of-membrane-topology-of-the-na-cl-dependent-neur",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Chiharu Sogawa, Norio Sogawa and Shigeo Kitayama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30341",authors:[{id:"100521",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeo",surname:"Kitayama",slug:"shigeo-kitayama",fullName:"Shigeo Kitayama"},{id:"124175",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiharu",surname:"Sogawa",slug:"chiharu-sogawa",fullName:"Chiharu Sogawa"},{id:"124176",title:"Dr.",name:"Norio",surname:"Sogawa",slug:"norio-sogawa",fullName:"Norio Sogawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"30342",title:"Immunocytochemical Tools Reveal a New Research Field Between the Boundaries of Immunology and Reproductive Biology in Teleosts",doi:"10.5772/35231",slug:"immunocytochemistry-tools-reveal-a-new-research-field-between-the-boundaries-of-immunology-and-repro",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Alfonsa García-Ayala and Elena Chaves-Pozo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30342",authors:[{id:"68013",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonsa",surname:"Garcia-Ayala",slug:"alfonsa-garcia-ayala",fullName:"Alfonsa Garcia-Ayala"},{id:"68015",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Chaves-Pozo",slug:"elena-chaves-pozo",fullName:"Elena Chaves-Pozo"}],corrections:null},{id:"30343",title:"Immunocytochemistry in Early Mammalian Embryos",doi:"10.5772/37391",slug:"immunocytochemistry-in-early-mammalian-embryos",totalDownloads:2854,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hesam Dehghani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30343",authors:[{id:"94972",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Dehghani",slug:"hesam-dehghani",fullName:"Hesam Dehghani"}],corrections:null},{id:"30344",title:"Spermiomics: A New Term Describing the Global Survey of the Overall Sperm Function by the Combined Utilization of Immunocytochemistry, Metabolomics, Proteomics and Other Classical Analytical Techniques",doi:"10.5772/34432",slug:"spermiomics-a-global-survey-of-the-overall-sperm-function",totalDownloads:1690,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Joan E. Rodríguez-Gil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30344",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30344",authors:[{id:"100115",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan E.",surname:"Rodríguez-Gil",slug:"joan-e.-rodriguez-gil",fullName:"Joan E. Rodríguez-Gil"}],corrections:null},{id:"30345",title:"The Plasticity of Pancreatic Stellate Cells Could Be Involved in the Control of the Mechanisms that Govern the Neogenesis Process in the Pancreas Gland",doi:"10.5772/34189",slug:"the-plasticity-of-pancreatic-stellate-cells-could-be-involved-directly-or-indirectly-in-the-control-",totalDownloads:2166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Eugenia Mato, Maria Lucas, Silvia Barceló and Anna Novials",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30345",authors:[{id:"99097",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Mato",slug:"eugenia-mato",fullName:"Eugenia Mato"},{id:"103592",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Novials",slug:"anna-novials",fullName:"Anna Novials"},{id:"103593",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Lucas",slug:"maria-lucas",fullName:"Maria Lucas"},{id:"103594",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Barceló",slug:"silvia-barcelo",fullName:"Silvia Barceló"}],corrections:null},{id:"30346",title:"Application of Immunocytochemistry to Sputum Cells to Investigate Molecular Mechanisms of Airway Inflammation",doi:"10.5772/34058",slug:"application-of-immunocytochemistry-to-sputum-cells-to-investigate-molecular-mechanisms-of-airway-inf",totalDownloads:2371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Kittipong Maneechotesuwan and Adisak Wongkajornsilp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30346",authors:[{id:"98492",title:"Prof.",name:"Kittipong",surname:"Maneechotesuwan",slug:"kittipong-maneechotesuwan",fullName:"Kittipong Maneechotesuwan"},{id:"102340",title:"Dr.",name:"Adisak",surname:"Wongkajornsilp",slug:"adisak-wongkajornsilp",fullName:"Adisak Wongkajornsilp"}],corrections:null},{id:"30347",title:"The Schwann Cell-Axon Link in Normal Condition or Neuro-Degenerative Diseases: An Immunocytochemical Approach",doi:"10.5772/35306",slug:"the-schwann-cell-axon-link-in-normal-condition-or-neuro-degenerative-diseases-an-immunocytochemical-",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Alejandra Kun, Gonzalo Rosso, Lucía Canclini, Mariana Bresque, Carlos Romeo, Karina Cal, Aldo Calliari, Alicia Hanuz, José Roberto Sotelo-Silveira and José Roberto Sotelo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30347",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30347",authors:[{id:"103825",title:"Prof.",name:"José Roberto",surname:"Sotelo",slug:"jose-roberto-sotelo",fullName:"José Roberto Sotelo"}],corrections:null},{id:"30348",title:"Immunocytochemistry of Proteases in the Study of Leishmania Physiology and Host-Parasite Interaction",doi:"10.5772/32954",slug:"immunocytochemistry-of-proteases-in-the-study-of-leishmania-physiology-and-host-parasite-interaction",totalDownloads:2684,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Raquel Elisa da Silva-López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30348",authors:[{id:"93345",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",surname:"Silva-López",slug:"raquel-silva-landatildeandsup3pez",fullName:"Raquel Silva-López"}],corrections:null},{id:"30349",title:"Immuno-Glyco-Imaging in Plant Cells: Localization of Cell Wall Carbohydrate Epitopes and Their Biosynthesizing Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/35313",slug:"immuno-glyco-imaging-in-plant-cells-localization-of-cell-wall-carbohydrate-epitopes",totalDownloads:2017,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye, Mollet Jean-Claude, Vicré-Gibouin Maïté, Bernard Sophie, Chevalier Laurence, Plancot Barbara, Dardelle Flavien, Ramdani Yasmina, Coimbra Silvia and Driouich Azeddine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30349",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30349",authors:[{id:"84449",title:"Prof.",name:"Sílvia",surname:"Coimbra",slug:"silvia-coimbra",fullName:"Sílvia Coimbra"},{id:"93814",title:"Prof.",name:"Azeddine",surname:"Driouich",slug:"azeddine-driouich",fullName:"Azeddine Driouich"},{id:"104856",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Laure",surname:"Follet-Gueye",slug:"marie-laure-follet-gueye",fullName:"Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye"},{id:"104857",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",surname:"Bernard",slug:"sophie-bernard",fullName:"Sophie Bernard"},{id:"104858",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasmina",surname:"Ramdani",slug:"yasmina-ramdani",fullName:"Yasmina Ramdani"},{id:"104859",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite",surname:"Vicre",slug:"maite-vicre",fullName:"Maite Vicre"},{id:"104860",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Claude",surname:"Mollet",slug:"jean-claude-mollet",fullName:"Jean-Claude Mollet"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74392",slug:"corrigendum-to-sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternativ",title:"Corrigendum to: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74392.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74392",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74392",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74392",chapter:{id:"73967",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 7th 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9873",title:"Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Solid Waste Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"73967",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 7th 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9873",title:"Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Solid Waste Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"9873",title:"Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Solid Waste Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7311",leadTitle:null,title:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics offers a window into applied cognitive semiotics with different examples of meaning production studies. Thus, in its chapters we will find examples of different approaches, methods, and theories that cognitive semiotics offers as an interdisciplinary field.",isbn:"978-1-83880-553-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-552-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-905-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74897",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cognitive-and-intermedial-semiotics",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7d636f6a78bfa31a39bab658a4b18c",bookSignature:"Marta Silvera-Roig and Asunción López-Varela Azcárate",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7311.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2259,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 10th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 9th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302728",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Silvera-Roig",slug:"marta-silvera-roig",fullName:"Marta Silvera-Roig",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302728/images/system/302728.jpg",biography:"Marta Silvera-Roig holds a PhD with European Honours in Cognitive Sciences from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. She is currently an assistant professor in the Department\nof English Studies at Complutense University of Madrid, and a\nmember of the research groups Studies on Intermediality and\nIntercultural Mediation (SIIM-UCM) and Biopoetics, Cognitive\nSemiotics and Neuroesthetics (IUIBS-ULPGC). Her academic\ninterests revolve around the new cognitive studies in neuroesthetics, semiotics, and\nnarratology. In particular, her research is based on investigating the importance of\naffective neuroscience in the invisible and visible mechanisms of human creativity.\nFor information on her activities and publications, please visit https://www.ucm.es/\nsiim/marta-silvera-roig",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"302731",title:"Dr.",name:"Asunción",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asuncion-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asunción López-Varela Azcárate",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302731/images/system/302731.jpeg",biography:"Asunción López-Varela Azcárate is a Professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests are comparative literature, cultural and education studies, and cognitive and intermedial semiotics. In 2007 she established the Research Program Studies on Intermediality and Intercultural Mediation (SIIM), which has received funding from various sources for several projects. She is an external evaluator in various research programs of the European Commission and other national agencies (the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), etc.). She is also an editor of several journals in her research areas. She has served as the President of the European Society of Comparative Literature and Deputy Head of the English Department at Complutense.",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"238",title:"Psycholinguistics",slug:"psycholinguistics"}],chapters:[{id:"72178",title:"Cognitive Semiotics and Conceptual Blend: A Case Study from The Crying of Lot 49",slug:"cognitive-semiotics-and-conceptual-blend-a-case-study-from-em-the-crying-of-lot-49-em-",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"302728",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Silvera-Roig",slug:"marta-silvera-roig",fullName:"Marta Silvera-Roig"}]},{id:"69940",title:"Semiotic Principles in Cognitive Neuroscience",slug:"semiotic-principles-in-cognitive-neuroscience",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"146731",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",surname:"Andrews",slug:"edna-andrews",fullName:"Edna Andrews"}]},{id:"69515",title:"Analog, Embodiment, and Freedom",slug:"analog-embodiment-and-freedom",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"308016",title:"Dr.",name:"Ted",surname:"Gemberling",slug:"ted-gemberling",fullName:"Ted Gemberling"}]},{id:"69023",title:"‘Evolutionary Stories’: Narratives as Evolutionary Tools to Describe and Analyse Animal Behaviour and Animal Signals",slug:"-evolutionary-stories-narratives-as-evolutionary-tools-to-describe-and-analyse-animal-behaviour-and-",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"305894",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Francescoli",slug:"gabriel-francescoli",fullName:"Gabriel Francescoli"}]},{id:"70557",title:"Assessment of Perception of Physical Environment in the Context of Cognitive Maps and Experiences",slug:"assessment-of-perception-of-physical-environment-in-the-context-of-cognitive-maps-and-experiences",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"311341",title:"Dr.",name:"Orkun",surname:"Alptekin",slug:"orkun-alptekin",fullName:"Orkun Alptekin"},{id:"311563",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Unver",slug:"hasan-unver",fullName:"Hasan Unver"}]},{id:"69692",title:"Semiotic Architecture of Viral Data",slug:"semiotic-architecture-of-viral-data",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"303983",title:"Dr.",name:"Berna",surname:"Valle",slug:"berna-valle",fullName:"Berna Valle"},{id:"303984",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Chavarria",slug:"cesar-chavarria",fullName:"Cesar Chavarria"}]},{id:"70097",title:"Sources of Computer Metaphors for Visualization and Human-Computer Interaction",slug:"sources-of-computer-metaphors-for-visualization-and-human-computer-interaction",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"135209",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Averbukh",slug:"vladimir-averbukh",fullName:"Vladimir Averbukh"}]},{id:"70553",title:"The Biolinguistic Instantiation: Form to Meaning in Brain/Syllable Interactions",slug:"the-biolinguistic-instantiation-form-to-meaning-in-brain-syllable-interactions",totalDownloads:217,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"305735",title:"Dr.",name:"Noury",surname:"Bakrim",slug:"noury-bakrim",fullName:"Noury Bakrim"}]},{id:"70186",title:"Computational Model for the Construction of Cognitive Maps",slug:"computational-model-for-the-construction-of-cognitive-maps",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"299703",title:"Dr.",name:"Larisa",surname:"Ismailova",slug:"larisa-ismailova",fullName:"Larisa Ismailova"},{id:"299704",title:"Prof.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Wolfengagen",slug:"viacheslav-wolfengagen",fullName:"Viacheslav Wolfengagen"},{id:"299711",title:"Mr.",name:"Sergey V.",surname:"Kosikov",slug:"sergey-v.-kosikov",fullName:"Sergey V. Kosikov"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"6901",title:"Practice of Industrial Control Logic Programming using Library Components",doi:"10.5772/7191",slug:"practice-of-industrial-control-logic-programming-using-library-components",body:'This chapter discusses Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programming practice, particularly the use of library components, in the automotive industry. A study of program structure and use of library components at two European car manufacturers is presented. The main purpose of the study is to provide understanding of current PLC programming in industry.
PLCs are commonly used in mass-production for instance to coordinate robots and machines. The life-cycles of many mass-produced products, including automotive products, have decreased significantly during the last years, due to changing market demands and increased competition. This has put new requirements on PLC programs, which must be easily modifiable and quickly made fully operational, to decrease down-time and ramp-up-time of the production system (Mehrabi et al., 2000).
PLCs are traditionally manually programmed in any of the languages of the IEC 61131-3 standard (IEC, 2003; Lewis, 1998). Especially Ladder Diagrams (LDs), derived from the time when physical relays where used to control the machines, are common (Johnson, 2002). To gain reusability and modifiability, PLC code can be encapsulated and reused as function blocks (FBs). Nonetheless, the traditional PLC programs tend to be difficult to modify and extend and not flexible enough to meet the new requirements (Lewis, 2001).
A solution to the problems might be to use frameworks that facilitate the development of flexible and operational control programs. Hence, many researchers have developed new frameworks and tools to develop or automatically generate PLC code to meet the new requirements. Overview of such frameworks can be seen in (Lee et al., 2006; Ljungkrantz & Åkesson, 2007). In spite of the potential benefits of these academic frameworks, they have not been reported to be used in full scale industrial projects. One obstacle is that the generated code in practice often has to be modified by hand and integrated with working code already existing in industry.
For any code generating framework to be industrially successful, it certainly has to fulfil the requirements of industry. Moreover, successful integration of the generated code with already existing code requires understanding of PLC programming practice. This chapter aims at providing this knowledge. The chapter focuses on FB usage since reusing FBs created at the manufacturing companies is a promising approach for performing the code integration. Most results and findings are based on a study performed 2007 at two Swedish car factories, which is reported in (Ljungkrantz & Åkesson, 2007) and is restated with some additional comments and findings in Section 2–5 of this chapter. A comparable study was performed at Lamb Technion in USA (Lucas & Tilbury, 2003). That study was however focused on the development process and not on library components. Furthermore, only LD programming was used in that study, while this chapter presents the use of other languages and programming constructs as well.
This chapter describes three major observations:
The PLC programs in the studied companies were written mainly in Ladder Diagrams and Sequential Function Charts. These programs frequently reused function blocks.
The PLC programs handled, besides automatic control, also safety and supervision, human machine interface, product data, communication etc. The code for automatic control was a minor part of the total code.
Although the function blocks were frequently reused, their behaviours were only informally described.
To improve the efficiency and reliability when reusing FBs, we think it’s crucial that the FBs are unambiguously specified and verified. The end of this chapter therefore shows how FBs can be formally specified and then verified using model checking. Model checking means to automatically check whether or not a model fulfils a specification (Clarke et al., 2000). Thus, model checking complements the traditional methods of testing and simulation. FBs can be augmented with formal specifications to form components we call Reusable Automation Components (RACs) (Ljungkrantz et al., 2008), which can be verified using model checking. An example FB is specified and verified as a RAC; an error is detected, the implementation is corrected and the final RAC is successfully verified. This shows the potential of using formal methods in function block development.
This chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the scope and methods of the study. In Section 3, the control program development at the studied companies is explained. In Section 4, the most frequently used library components are presented and discussed and in Section 5 a classification and statistics of the library components FBs, are presented. Section 6 discusses formal specification and verification of FBs and applies these techniques on an example FB. Conclusions are given in Section 7.
The program structure and the library components in PLCs used at two Swedish car companies were studied in (Ljungkrantz and Åkesson, 2007). Mainly the code used in the car body assembly factories located in Sweden was investigated, since the PLCs in those factories control many robots, conveyors and other machines and have quite standardized layout. Other PLC programs at the two companies may be different from those studied. Still, “Company 1” and “Company 2” will from now on be used to refer to the respective studied factories and “the studied companies” will be used when referring to both. The investigation was performed by 1) manually reading the code in the PLC program development tool, 2) discussing with PLC engineers and programmers at the studied companies and studying a master thesis performed at the companies (Bergqvist and Öberg, 2007) and 3) writing a program that searches through PLC code and libraries and extracts FB usage statistics. At the time of the study, the studied companies used the same PLC program development tool, see Section 3.2.
The PLC code investigated was structured as different projects, each representing the code that runs on one PLC. In many cases one PLC controls one manufacturing cell, but in some cases two or more PLCs are used for one cell. Normally a cell is divided into several stations and a PLC often controls more than one station. For a fair comparison between the studied companies nine similar projects were chosen at each company: two underbody projects, three respot projects, one side line project, one framing project and two transportation projects. In the underbody cells, robots weld/bolt parts together to form the floor of a car. In the respot line the car floor or body are transported between the cells by a conveyor system and in each cell robots perform extra welding/bolting to increase the strength and to add extra parts. In the side line cells the sides of the car are built. In the framing cells the car body is built by welding together the car floor with sides etc. In the transportation cells conveyors, lifts etc. transport the car floor or body.
The projects and the libraries were exported to text files. The developed program reads those files and detects all instances of each FB. It detects both FB instances that are used directly in the projects and FB instances that are used indirectly. FBs are considered to be used indirectly if they are used inside an FB, which has instances directly used in a project or in turn is used indirectly. The program presents usage statistics of the FBs.
All used FBs were also classified into nine different categories, see Section 5. The program presents the number of instances and proportion of each category.
This section describes the development of PLC programs at the studied companies, by describing the development actors, programming environment and general program structure.
The PLC programs are usually developed by firms contracted by the studied companies. These firms program in a certain structure by following guidelines at the studied companies. Company 1 has a written specification for control programming and a standard project to start from. Company 2 has a stricter standard and structure of the code for the developers to follow. Both of the studied companies also provide libraries with components to reuse. The consultants may add components into the library, but these components are reviewed by the studied companies. At the time of the study, Company 1 had one person responsible for the library but a team of people that could review the code. Most of the components had no documentation apart from comments within the components. Hence, to understand the behaviour of a component, its internal code and comments had to be examined. At Company 2 a single person reviewed and also documented all library components. The documentation at Company 2 was done using pictures and natural language and was connected to the library components (as help files in the PLC program development tool). In addition to these internally developed and maintained libraries, suppliers of certain equipment also provide libraries with components to use with that equipment. Finally, the supplier of the PLC hardware and the development tool also provided a number of libraries to use.
At the time of the study, PLCs from the same vendor were used at both of the studied companies. The development tool used to program these PLCs supports programming in the IEC 61131 standard (IEC, 2003). Hence the programs can be written in five languages: Sequential Function Chart (SFC), LD, Function Block Diagram, Instruction List and Structured Text (to be precise, SFC is not considered a language in the standard, merely a graphical technique or program structure). The standard defines components called POUs, Program Organisation Units, to be reused and stored into component libraries. POUs can be of three different types: functions, FBs and programs. Functions may have many inputs but only one output. They have no memory and are typically used for mathematical operations. FBs allow an algorithm or set of actions to be applied to a given set of data, including inputs and internal variables, to produce a new set of output data. The behaviour of the FBs can be implemented in any of the five IEC 61131 languages and FB instances can be used in code written in any of the five IEC 61131 languages. Note that although IEC 61131 allows it, the used PLC program development tool did not permit the behaviour of FBs to be implemented using SFC.
Both Company 1’s and Company 2’s projects consisted of several programs. Typically most programs were written in LD, one in Instruction List and up to two programs per station in SFC. A main sequence SFC of each station normally controlled the main order in which the operations of robots, clamps, transportation systems etc. should be performed. At Company 1 the robots also allocated resources (machines or virtual zones), before they for instance started welding, to avoid collision. This was done by having a separate LD program for each robot that handled interlocks and allocation of resources needed by the robot. At Company 2 this resource allocation was not needed since the sequence itself guaranteed that no collisions and variations occurred.
At Company 2 only nine types of programs were identified: two general programs (“Always” and “PLC_General”, both LDs), one program for the Profibus communication (Instruction List), four programs for each station X (two SFCs, “StnX_Auto” and “StnX_Homerun”, and two LDs, “StnX_Manual” and “StnX_General”) and finally two built-in supervision programs provided by the PLC supplier. Company 1’s projects were split into more types of programs: five to ten general programs (for communication, finishing the line, indication, communication with the safety PLC etc., all LDs), one program for the Profibus communication (Instruction List), many programs for each station X and robot Y (up to two SFCs, “SXMain” and “SXHomeRun”, and many LDs, for instance “SXMovement”, “SXTransport”, “SXSumMemories”, “SXBodyId”, “SXAlarms”, “SXRobotsY ” and “SXIndications)”. While Company 2’s projects for instance had alarm handling code inside the actions of the SFC, at Company 1 the actions of the SFC were mainly used to set variables that in turn were used in the LD programs. For simple transportation cells neither Company 1 nor Company 2 used SFC.
Although most of the programs were implemented in LD many FB instances were used and called from the LD code. Some programs almost resembled Function Block Diagrams. The behaviour of almost all FBs was implemented in LD.
The studied companies had few levels of hierarchy in the sense that FBs, apart from basic FBs, seldom were used inside other FBs. Company 2 argued that blocks inside other blocks make it hard to read and understand the code. Both of the studied companies put emphasis on the importance of having code that can be understood and used in trouble-shooting by the operators; this affected both the structure and naming of the code and the comments. Ideally, the alarms and indications of a PLC project are sufficient for the operators to solve problems but since this is not always the case, the code must be readable by the operators.
At both of the studied companies programs were reused indirectly by starting from copies of standard projects or programs. Only the built-in supervision programs at Company 2 were reused as is. Two built-in basic libraries provided with the PLC program development tool consisted of both functions and FBs for mathematical operations, bit-manipulating etc. The rest of the libraries almost exclusively consisted of FBs. Therefore the investigations focused on FB reuse.
To illustrate the use of FBs at the studied companies, the five most frequently used FBs, according to the projects investigated, are briefly described here. Then some of the FBs are further described in an example of controlling two parallel clamps and the approaches chosen at Company 1 and Company 2 are compared. The most frequent FBs are presented in Table 1. They represented approximately 50 % of the total number of FB instances.
Most used FBs at the studied companies in the investigated PLCs.
FB_Event
FB_Event uses a counter to assure that its binary output signal is held high for a minimum time, when its binary input goes high. The purpose is to assure that signals sent to other systems keep their values long enough to be detected. It should be used for all signals sent via TCP/IP. Furthermore, in the study FB_Event was used at almost all binary status signals sent to actuators, supervision and HMI systems.
FB_Move
FB_Move, see Figure 1, controls the movement of actuators like clamps, fixation pins and lifts. It can be used for moving the actuator both backwards and forwards in either automatic or manual mode. If for instance a forward movement in automatic mode is ordered by signal AutoFwd, some conditions are checked and if those are fulfilled the output signal OutputFwd goes high. At the same time a timer is started and when the timer has reached the value of TimeValue the TimeOutFwd output goes high.
The principle of controlling two parallel clamps at Company 1. To increase readability, the components for one of the clamps and for backward movement are omitted.
FB_Alarm_Clamps
FB_Alarm_Clamps is used to send an alarm if the movement of any of up to four parallel clamps is not performed within a specified time, see Figure 1. The input signal TimeOutMovement is activated by an external timer and when this signal goes high FB_Alarm_Clamps sends alarms for all clamps that have not yet reached the end position.
FB_Event_Clamps
FB_Event_Clamps FB has the same purpose as FB_Event but can be used for up to four parallel clamps. It has five input signals: a move request for the whole clamp group and four signals telling whether the connected clamps have reached their end positions or not, see Figure 1. Inside FB_Event_Clamps the four signals each goes through an FB_Event.
FB_AllocateZon
FB_AllocateZon is used to handle interlocks between a robot and a machine or between different robots, to avoid collision. A robot FB sends a unique number, representing the resource that the robot wants to use, to the FB_AllocateZon. The FB_AllocateZon checks that the conditions are met and when so it sends back the number representing the resource.
OUT_SVx
OUT_SV and OUT_SVx (x = 2,..,6 is the number of parallel movements to supervise) are FBs included in the built-in supervision library provided with the PLC program development tool, see OUT_SV2 in Figure 2. These FBs are used to supervise movements by checking that the movement has stopped within a specified time after the Run signal is given. Otherwise alarms are given for the movements that are not finished. The output signal Out shall be connected to the component that shall be moved.
ManAuto
The ManAuto FB was in the study used once for every station at Company 2. The FB handles the choice for running in automatic or manual mode and has input signals for the desired mode and for emergency stop, acknowledge signals for Profibus communication etc.
The principle of controlling two parallel clamps at Company 2. To increase readability the components for one of the clamps and for backward movement are omitted.
If all conditions are fulfilled, the desired mode is chosen. The Au and Ma output signals were used as conditions for conveyors, robots and actuators, either as a logic condition for a specific movement or as a condition for a whole program. The latter was used for the programs that handled only automatic or manual control of a station. When the ManAuto output FBX.Ma was true it activated a task, see (IEC, 2003), so that program StnX_Manual ran. When instead FBX.Au was true it activated a built-in function SFC_CTRL so that the SFC StnX_Auto ran.
Valve_ctrlx
Valve_ctrl and Valve_ctrlx (x = 2,..,13 is the number of parallel actuators) are FBs to control one or many actuators connected to one valve, see Valve_ctrl2 in Figure 2. The end position sensors, backwards and forwards, for each of the connected actuators are input signals to the block. If the Enable_F input signal is true the forward output EF is set if all actuators are in backward position. The FB also has output signals for each of the actuators stating if the actuator is in forward and not backward position, and vice versa.
CycleTime
The FB CycleTime calculates the cycle time for a station by increasing a counter each second when the station is not paused, and resetting every new cycle.
EM_Status
EM_Status identifies and sends an error message from an electric monorail conveyor.
In this section the main control approach at the studied companies will be explained using a simple example, in which many of the above FBs will be used. The task is to close a clamp group, consisting of two clamps that are moved in parallel via one pneumatic valve connected to the cylinders of both clamps. Each clamp has sensors in both end positions.
The components for controlling the clamps at Company 1 are shown in Figure 1. The movement is started when the main sequence of the station, implemented as an SFC, is in the position where the clamps should be closed. If some basic conditions are satisfied (for instance that the station cycle has not already been performed in manual mode) the FB_Move is told to start the movement of the clamps. If the station is in Auto, the clamp group is not already closed etc., FB_Move starts a timer and sends a signal to the valve to close the clamp group. This signal is also sent to the FB_Event_Clamps. If any of the two clamps is not closed within the maximum time allowed for the clamp group, the FB_Alarm_Clamps sends an alarm for that clamp. The AND operator is used to assure that both clamps are closed and not open. In the figure all FBs for one clamp and for closing the clamp are shown. Components for the second clamp (C1b) should be added in the same way, components for opening the clamp should also be added in a similar way. The FBs FB_Event_Clamps and FB_Alarm_Clamps can be used for up to four clamps. As seen, fewer clamps can be controlled by setting the unused input sensor signals to true and letting the corresponding output signals be unconnected. Four of the five most used FBs at Company 1 in the study are used in the example (FB_Event is used inside FB_Event_Clamps). The signal out of the AND operator is a typical signal that can be used as an interlock for the fifth most used FB, FB_AllocateZon, for instance guaranteeing that the clamps are closed before the robot welds the part held by the clamps.
The components for controlling the clamps at Company 2 are shown in Figure 2. When the clamp group is open this is known by the Valve_ctrl2, since all four end position sensors are connected to this FB, and the EF (enable forward) output is high and the FaF and FbF outputs are low since the clamps are not in closed position. The real movement is started first when the auto sequence of the station, implemented as SFC also at Company 2, is in the position where the clamps should be closed. Now the OUT_SV2 FB tells the clamps to close. If a clamp is not in forward position before the time _Time has passed, an alarm is raised.
The approaches at the two companies in the study were quite similar, as exemplified above, letting an SFC start the movement and reusing common FBs, with LD to describe the logic. Nevertheless, there were also small but interesting differences. The function of the AND operator in the Company 1 example was instead included in the Valve_ctrlx FB using LD, at Company 2. At Company 2 different FBs were needed when different numbers of clamps were to be controlled, as indicated by the number succeeding the FB name (for instance Valve_ctrl2 and OUT_SV2). This means that Company 2, in this case, had to keep and maintain more FBs in the library, but on the other hand did not have to set unconnected inputs to true or false. The OUT_SVx FBs that were used at Company 2 are very similar to Company 1’s FB_Alarm_Clamps, but are included in the built-in supervision library provided with the PLC program development tool. A benefit of using OUT_SVx FBs is that they can be given a teach mode in which the supervision program detects the actual time before the stop signals are detected and updates the _Time parameter with the measured time plus the Margin, given in %. Finally, the FB_Event was very common at Company 1 but not used at Company 2.
In 2007, Company 1 had recently started classifying their in-house libraries into function based categories. Company 2 had chosen a more equipment-based classification. To be able to compare the libraries we divided the FBs into nine categories. All FBs in frequent libraries and all used FBs have been classified. The categories are listed below.
Robot Control: Control of, and resource allocation for, robots.
Machine Control: Control of other machines than robots, e.g. actuators and conveyors.
HMI: FBs for indication, mode-choice and manual control. Interaction with the operators.
Safety and Supervision: FBs for alarm handling, communication with the safety PLC and automatic safety operations like emergency stop.
Product and Production Data: FBs for communicating with identification systems like barcodes and RFID, and for controlling the production by for instance choosing next product type.
Statistics: Data collection and calculations for analysis, for instance cycle time, product counters and mean time between failures.
Ethernet & Profibus Communication: Communication protocols, drivers etc. for Profibus and Ethernet.
General Functions: FBs like timers, clock settings and bit-manipulating, maintained by the studied companies.
Basic: The FBs in the two built-in libraries Manufacturer_Lib and Standard_ Lib, provided with the PLC program development tool. FBs for basic mathematical operations, bit-manipulating etc.
At Company 1, 249 FBs have been classified and 141 of those were used in the investigated projects, including basic FBs. At Company 2, 200 FBs have been classified and 80 were used in the investigated projects, including basic FBs.
In the investigated projects Company 2 had 1338 FB instances and Company 1 had 4514 FB instances. Ignoring the Basic FBs they still used 1115 and 4128 FB instances respectively. At Company 1 FB_Event and FB_Event_Clamps accounted for almost 30% of all FB instances. Besides, they were not used at Company 2 and used in many different circumstances at Company 1, so placing them in a single category would be inaccurate. Hence, they have been excluded when counting how many FB instances that are used within each category. Even with FB_Event and FB_Event_Clamps excluded Company 1 used 2950 FBs which is significantly more than Company 2’s 1115. Although it was the intention to choose similar projects from Company 1 and Company 2, a reason for the difference may be more extensive PLC projects at Company 1. The difference might also be due to different structure and usage of FBs within the projects, at Company 1 and Company 2. This explanation is indicated by the clamp control example depicted in Figure 1 and 2, showing three directly used FB instances and one indirectly used FB instance (FB_Event inside FB_Event_Clamps) at Company 1 but only two FB instances at Company 2. The FB instances divided into the different categories can be seen in Table 2.
Percentages of used FB instances divided into different categories.
The FB instances do not represent the complete code, neither do they directly correspond to the work done by the developers. For instance the Ethernet & Profibus communication instances were quite few in the study but each FB was often complex. Still, the FB instances do represent a rough estimation of how the PLC code was divided. For instance the code handling HMI, safety, supervision, communication etc. undoubtedly represents a great part of the code. In (Lucas and Tilbury, 2003; Richardsson and Fabian, 2006) it is reported that according to their experience at Lamb Technion and Volvo Car Corporation respectively, the part of the code representing automatic control is about 10 % of the total. However, no data supporting this was shown in the two papers. In the investigation reported here the code for automatic control was part of the categories robot control and machine control, accounting for in total 39 % at Company 1 and 21 % at Company 2. For instance, Company 1’s FB_Move, classified as machine control, was directly called from the SFC handling the automatic control. At Company 2 the EF output of Valve_ctrlx, classified as machine control, was directly used in the action logic of the SFC for automatic control. Nevertheless, some FBs classified as machine or robot control, especially at Company 1, handle low level control of the machines and robots and should not be considered code for the automatic control itself, rather help FBs for the code which handles the operation order for automatic control. Therefore we can not claim that the code representing automatic control is exactly 10 % of the total, but it is indeed fair to state that: the code for automatic control is a minor part of the total code.
It is also interesting to compare the category distribution at the two companies. Robot control is a greater part at Company 1 than at Company 2, which could be explained by the fact that Company 1 assumes that the operations can be executed in different orders and therefore uses zones to allocate resources. Company 1 also uses FBs for lamp indication (HMI) more frequently. The proportion of FB instances for alarm handling (safety and supervision) is significantly greater at Company 2. This can be explained by considering an SFC with parallel branches. At Company 2, the alarm handling FBs were included in the SFC and thus two instances of the involved FB existed in an SFC with two parallel branches and so on. At Company 1, the SFC branches set variables that in turn were used in separate LD programs, containing only one instance of the involved FB. In this particular case, the choice at Company 1 resulted in more compact code, while the code at Company 2 may be considered easier to read.
With the above findings as starting point, it is the authors’ belief that the code reuse can be made more efficient and less error prone. Efficient code reuse indeed requires components with known behaviour. This can be achieved by developing clear and unambiguous specifications and by verifying that the specifications are fulfilled by the implementation (the code). The specification can be seen as an abstraction of the implementation, capturing important properties.
As explained in Section 3.1, most FBs at Company 1 had no external documentation. The internal comments of the FBs are in principle insufficient as specification, since these comments are too strongly connected to the implementation (possibly violating the principle of abstraction) and reading the comments require access to the implementation (violating the principle of information hiding, see (Parnas, 1972)). The external documentation of the FBs at Company 2 does not have these disadvantages. Nonetheless, being based on natural language, both the comments of Company 1 and the documentation of Company 2 might be ambiguous and not suitable as a basis for verification. In particular, this natural language documentation is not suitable when using formal verification.
Formal verification uses math-based models and algorithms to perform the verification and thus requires a formal and unambiguous specification. Model checking is an important set of formal verification methods that can perform the verification automatically and produce counterexamples if the specification is not fulfilled (Clarke et al., 2000). Model checking is promising in FB development, since compared to common field testing, model checking can be performed earlier in the development process. Model checking has also advantages compared to simulation, since in many situations it is too time consuming to simulate and test all different scenarios in which a component can be used. Model checking however typically performs exhaustive search of the models.
Model checking PLC code can be done using many different methods and tools, see (Bérard et al., 2001; Frey and Litz, 2000). The Reusable Automation Component (RAC) method developed by the authors of this chapter is tailored for specifying and verifying PLC program components, such as FBs (Ljungkrantz et al., 2008). The RAC specification structure and language is intended to be understandable by PLC program engineers without prior knowledge on formal languages. A RAC prototype tool has also been developed with which the RACs can be specified and then automatically translated into inputs to the model checking tool Cadence SMV (McMillan, 1993, 1999). The RAC method and tool is used here to demonstrate the usefulness of formal specification and verification in FB development. Next, the basics of the RAC are explained, followed by an example component that controls actuators similarly to the examples seen in Figure 1 and 2. This example component is not very complicated but stills shows the advantages of using formal verification. Formal specification and verification of the more complex component FB_Move used by Company 1 can be seen in (Ljungkrantz et al., 2008).
The RACs were introduced in (Ljungkrantz et al., 2008). A RAC has an interface that includes inputs and outputs and a body that includes the implementation and internal variables. The main difference compared to FBs is that the RAC interface includes a formal specification. As help when developing and structuring the specification, five types of properties can be used, briefly described below:
Operation preconditions are requirements that the user of the component must satisfy in order to obtain certain functionality, expressed by the operation behaviours.
Operation behaviours are requirements, ensured by the developer of the component, that must be fulfilled when all operation preconditions are satisfied.
Exception conditions are prioritized inputs or combinations of inputs that lead to exceptions. When an exception condition is true none of the operation behaviours can be guaranteed. Instead the exception condition must always guarantee certain behaviour, which must be described as exception behaviours.
Exception behaviours are requirements, ensured by the developer of the component regardless of the operation preconditions. Each exception behaviour includes one or more exception conditions.
Invariants are requirements, ensured by the developer of the component regardless of operation preconditions.
The operation preconditions and operation behaviours are grouped as operation specification and the exception conditions and exception behaviours are grouped as exception specification.
The specification language is based on IEC 61131-3 (all four languages but not SFC) and Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), see for instance (Clarke et al., 2000). The reason for basing the specification language on IEC 61131-3 is that most PLC engineers are familiar with the IEC 61131-3 languages but might not know other programming or specification languages. Augmenting the language with constructs for LTL is done to express relations over time. Temporal logic contains constructs to reason about the order in time without explicitly mentioning time; for instance it can state that something will always or eventually be true. LTL is a type of temporal logic that suits the input-output based relations of FBs well and is also supported by model checking tools. The specification language contains spelled out versions of the temporal operators but also short-hand notations for some basic constructs, like rising and falling edges of variables. For instance the rising edge of a boolean variable v can be expressed as v_risingEdge which is equivalent to (NOT v_previous) & v, using the Structured Text based variant of the specification language.
As an example, the development of a RAC Control_BinaryActuator, implemented as a function block in LD, will be demonstrated. The RAC should control a binary actuator and should signal alarms if the movements are not performed within a maximum time. Hence this RAC will contain most parts of the components Valve_ctrl and OUT_SV from Company 2, see Section 4.2 and many parts of the components FB_Move and FB_Alarm_Clamps, excluding interlocks and mode handling, from Company 1, see Section 4.1.
Assume that the interface of the example component has already been determined. The inputs and outputs of Control_BinaryActuator can be seen in Figure 3, which also shows how the component can be used to control a cylinder. When the Move input is true, the actuator will move forwards by setting ActuatorFwds to true if the DesiredState is “Forward” and move backwards by setting ActuatorBwds to true if DesiredState is “Backward”. Move must be held true throughout the complete movement. When the movement has been performed, as indicated by the sensor inputs SensorFwd and SensorBwd, the State output will be set to the new state. The component also has checks to see if the actuator performs accurately and outputs alarm signals if not. If the movement is not performed within the maximum time allowed, MaxMoveTime, the corresponding alarm, TimeOutActFwds or TimeOutActBwds, will be set true. The AlarmUnauthMove alarm is set if the actuator moves when it is not supposed to. Finally, the alarms can be reset by the user, by setting ResetAlarms to true.
The inputs and outputs of the Control_BinaryActuator RAC.
The specification of Control_BinaryActuator can be seen in Figure 4, using the Structured Text based variant of the specification language.
Specification of the Control_BinaryActuator RAC.
The first operation precondition states the allowed input values for MaxMoveTime and DesiredState. The second operation precondition states that the user must not change the direction of the movement while moving. The operation behaviour MoveOrAlarm summarizes the main functionality of the RAC by stating that when the user of the RAC is trying to move the actuator, the actuator will eventually reach the desired state or an alarm is raised. More operation behaviours could be added, for instance to specify under what circumstances the operating outputs ActuatorFwds and ActuatorBwds are actually true, but for brevity only MoveOrAlarm is shown. The exception condition Reset states that none of the operation behaviours can be guaranteed if the ResetAlarms input is true. The corresponding exception behaviour ResetBhvr declares that the ResetAlarms input will always reset all three alarms. The invariant NotIllegalMove states that the RAC will never try to move the actuator in both directions simultaneously. Finally, Stop declares that the outputs that move the actuator will never be true when Move is false. Note that NOT Move could as well have been specified as an exception condition, depending on how “normal” operation of the component is viewed. If so, Stop would have been specified as an exception behaviour instead.
A rather straightforward attempt of implementing the example component can be seen in Figure 5. The implementation makes use of the standard functions AND, EQ (tests equality) and MOVE_E and of the function block TON. TON is a standard timer that sets the output Q to true if IN is true at least as long as the time PT. The function MOVE_E that is used in the position control at the top of Figure 5, copies the string on the IN input to the output to which State is connected, when the EN input is true. The positive (P) and negative (N) transition-sensing contacts are used to detect rising and falling edges of the signals, respectively.
The RAC can now be formally verified to check whether the implementation of Figure 5 fulfils the specification of Figure 4 or not. The RAC can be translated into inputs to Cadence
An implementation approach of the Control_BinaryActuator RAC in Ladder Diagrams using standard functions and the timer FB TON.
SMV by the RAC prototype development tool, and then Cadence SMV can be used to perform the verification. Doing this, the result is that the RAC is not valid, that is the specification is not fulfilled by the implementation. Both invariants are fulfilled, but not the operation behaviour MoveOrAlarm. SMV gives a counterexample to why the operation behaviour is not fulfilled to help understand and solve the problem. If the actuator should be moved forward but the sensors are broken so that both sensor inputs are true at the same time, the actuator will not be moved and unfortunately the TimeOutActFwds will not be set. The FwdTimer will not be started since the SensorFwd is already true, but the state will be reported as Backward (from the second MOVE_E function) and hence MoveOrAlarm is not fulfilled. The RAC could certainly be made valid by adding a precondition saying that the actuators and sensors may never be broken, but a much better alternative is to change the implementation so the alarms will actually work when the sensors are broken.
To solve the problem, two internal variables InFwdPosition and InBwdPosition are used that are true only when SensorFwd and not SensorBwd are true and vice versa. Those internal variables are used as conditions to start the timers, as shown in Figure 6. Using this implementation the complete specification is fulfilled and the RAC is valid. Even for such a small and elementary component as Control_BinaryActuator, the error of the first implementation attempt might be hard to foresee. By studying the counterexample of the model checking tool though, the error can be easily solved. This demonstrates the potential of using formal specification and verification in the FB development process.
A valid implementation of the Control_BinaryActuator RAC in Ladder Diagrams. The part not shown is exactly the same as in Figure 5.
In this chapter a study of PLC programming and use of library components at two Swedish car manufacturers is presented. Both companies used several programs for each PLC, implemented mainly in LD and SFC. These programs included lots of instances of reusable function blocks, FBs. Some of the most frequent FBs were used for automatic control of actuators and conveyors but in total only a minor part of the used FB instances was for automatic control; the majority was for HMI, safety, supervision, production data, communication etc. This is important to consider when developing or modifying frameworks for control program generation, to cope with the new requirements of flexible manufacturing systems. Integrating industrial FBs with new frameworks for generating control sequences is an interesting direction for future research.
It is also interesting to consider that although the FBs were frequently reused, their behaviours were only informally specified. In our opinion the FB reuse can be made more efficient by also using tools and methods for formal specification and verification. This is demonstrated by an example component, in which an error of the first implementation attempt is discovered and solved.
For formal specifications to be used in industry it is important that the development of relevant specifications is not too troublesome or time consuming. We therefore currently research into developing guidelines for formal specification of PLC program components.
This research is financed by the ProViking research programme. Thanks also to all concerned staff at the studied companies for sharing their knowledge and code. Thanks to Isak Öberg and Olof Bergqvist for performing an interesting master thesis.
The situation in which turned out to be power engineering of Russia in the first decade of the twenty-first century has generated heated debate about the causes of the crisis, which turned out to be a domestic machine building, as well as ways to overcome it [1, 2, 3, 4].
\nThe fact that the structural transformation in the Russian machine-building complex, which took place at the time, was associated with a number of assumptions and trends largely determines the prospects for the formation of new and operation of the existing large integrated structure.
\nMeeting the challenges, which national engineering faces, is impossible with outraising capital in the sector, experiencing an investment “hunger.” This applies to power engineering as well—a relatively prosperous industry, which was in the period of sharp decline in the domestic demand for machinery and equipment to go out of the crisis of the 1990s due to export orders with less losses than other engineering enterprises. However, the chronic underinvestment caused reducing the technical level of its production facilities.
\nIt is necessary to focus on all resources—financial, industrial, and intellectual ones for implementation of large-scale tasks by the industry, and that in turn will require improving the management structure.
\nIn the 1980s of the last century, the equipment supplies by power engineering provided the annual commissioning of at least 10 million kWh of electric power.
\nHowever, since 1991, there has been a sharp production decline in the industry, as evidenced by the data on manufacture of steam turbines and boilers, commissioning of generating facilities at the thermal power plants of Russia in 1990–2000, and the lack of orders for manufacturing NPP and HPP equipments [5].
\n“The strategy of development of power engineering of Russia,” elaborated on the basis of the “Russian Energy Strategy till 2030” approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter—the Energy Strategy), reflects the fundamental directions of development of power engineering in Russia and contains the practical measures for their effective implementation.
\nThe availability in Russia of its own effective power engineering is one of the pillars of its national security, power independence.
\nAccording to the official data, the equipment in the power industry is currently worn by almost 60%. This means that more than half of the thermal and hydropower plants operate under high risk. Given the strategic line of the state for import substitution, it is necessary to organize the process of updating the equipment in the way when orders are placed with the Russian companies, and that is possible if there are investments into domestic engineering.
\nDescribing power engineering competitiveness, we note the peculiar feature of the domestic energy sector, which consists in the fact that almost all power plants in Russia (and CIS) are equipped with the equipment of domestic production. However, modernization and mobilization of resources in the sector can only be based on the policy of concentrating resources, pooling of capital, and formation of the effective management system. In other words, it is about solving the problem of creation of modern organizational structures.
\nIndustrial policy in power engineering should be focused on the process of system management of its activities. Products of this sector meet the needs of other sectors of the economy as a technological component of such specific product as energy. This means that manufacture of machines and mechanisms in the power engineering industry is inseparably linked with construction and engineering works, which provide the necessary conditions for its operation.
\nThe volume of this work is significant even in cases when the equipment is supplied for modernization of the existing facilities, rather than for equipping of new construction projects. And the technological chain of “design—manufacture—construction—installation—commissioning—operation” implies such requirements for all participants of the process of equipment commercial commissioning, the specifics of which do not allow “third-party” participants to participate in this chain (except for civil works at the facilities of power infrastructure).
\nThus, the logic of the process of improving quality of the products and activities related to design, manufacture, installation, and commissioning of the equipment, as well as reducing the time for putting power units in operation requires co-operation of specialists of different branches within the same structure.
\nIn fact, this principle was previously implemented in the framework of the branch management system. Within the USSR Ministry of Energy, about half the staff was engaged in the manufacture of power equipment, the other half—in the construction of power facilities. However, in the period of market reforms, the branch management system was destroyed, and privatized enterprises became independent market participants. But no one, even a very large factory, is able to meet the needs in power engineering products, given the specificity of these high-tech goods.
\nThe thing is that high technologies require coordination of activities of representatives of different trades, professions, and industries. Especially in the frame of globalization when the tone is set precisely by those companies that represent a major conglomerate that combines research and production structures, as well as structures promoting products on the world market, global high-tech companies. Exactly these companies are able to bring the Russian economy to a different path of development, when export of high-tech products will be no less weighty than export of mineral resources. But none Russian factory, no matter how large it may be, is a global company; therefore, it is not competitive in world markets. Therefore, effective restructuring of production and management is necessary in the conditions of independence of market agents under insufficiency of the branch coordination system.
\nThe process of integration of these structures, allowing to centralize development strategies and improve management and technological cooperation, will be inevitably hampered by problems of redistribution of property, as the system of securing property rights existing in Russia can be effective only if the owner is really controlling activities of all participants of the association, provided by significant proportion of ownership of assets. Given the fact that in the process of mass privatization there was no task to create an effective management system of high-tech industries, which are characterized by a high degree of co-ordination and co-operation of complex productions, formation of global companies will inevitably affect the property interests, resulting in a secondary redistribution of property. Thus, corporate conflicts are inevitable in structural transformation.
\nStructural transformations in the Russian machine-building complex are linked with a number of assumptions and trends, largely determining the prospects for formation of new and operation of the existing large integrated structures.
\nFirst, the experience of formation of large associated industrial structures accumulated in the Soviet times, unfortunately, was not properly developed further. However, foreign large industrial conglomerates were formed not only based on the experience of the Soviet industry but also based on the methodological basics that had been tested in the USSR.
\nSecond, the Soviet machinery represented a hypertrophied form of simple cooperation of the universal enterprises but with huge potential unique possibilities for development. However, this potential was not even used, but, in fact, lost, in connection with the influence of accelerated privatization and breaking of the state management.
\nThird, the breach of economic ties and collapse of the industry management system in the process of privatization caused dominance of partnerships as a protective reaction, which are based on informal contract practices, affecting not only the process of exchange of goods but also property relations.
\nFourth, the property relations established under incomplete legal frame work, regulating property relations, formed a specific model of partnership based on a system of trust relationships with contractors and the state authorities. At the same time, there were quite wide spread manifestations of economic self-interest in all aspects of the economic life, including the processes of disintegration (integration) of industrial enterprises. The new management was formed, which core competence were take over and redistribution of property.
\nFifth, the dynamics of development was influenced not only by selfish holders of economic power but also by competitive strategies of foreign companies who sought to oust domestic producers from the world markets using domestic managers. However, where the owners could find a common language, a new type of engineering companies appeared, which competitiveness was high enough not only in the domestic but also in the foreign markets. As for the numerous cases of collapse of structures, those, as a rule, were associated with numerous contradictions just due to the system of partnership [6].
\nThus, the corporate conflicts cannot be considered solely from a negative point of view: they are unavoidable in the process of consolidation of the technological chains belonging to different owners; moreover, replacing the owner does not always result in changing mismanagement by even more inefficient.
\nImplementation of major projects in the Russian power sector solves a whole range of important social and economic problems, provides employment, increases filling of regional budgets, allows to solve strategic tasks of further increase of the installed generating capacity, and increases global competitiveness of Russian equipment in particular and of Russian high-tech in general.
\nLarge integrated structures should be active participants in the process of implementation of integrated innovations. In a sense, they act both as mechanisms of social partnership, on the one hand, expressing consolidated opinion of a large group of people involved in the manufacture of industry products, and on the other—as structures that implement decisions of the central government concerning the interests of large social groups. In addition, the large integrated structures are able to participate in development of complex innovation programs, including initiation of consideration of a number of issues by the state.
\nIn the years 2004–2005 GAZPROM, following the recommendations of the higher state authorities acquired shares of ATOMSTROYEXPORT, actual monopoly in NPP construction abroad, and of the Incorporated Engineering Company (until 2004, a controlling stake in these companies was in the hands of K. Bendukidze, private entrepreneur). These actions of the state demonstrated that the corporation model, similar to that of the firm AREVA (France) was selected, with a majority stake owned by the state, as opposed to the corporation “General Electric,” USA, which is owned by private capital [3, 7].
\nWhen Sergei Kiriyenko (1998—Prime Minister) came to ROSATOM of RF in 2005, the Agency elaborated a program of accelerated development of nuclear power in Russia [8]. This program was submitted to the government on May 18, 2006, and reported to Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation, who approved the program and plan of priority measures for its implementation in June 2006.
\nIn the development of these solutions, more than 6 billion dollars for implementation of this program were allocated in the budget. In accordance with this program, Russian NPPs should produce about 25% of the total electric power by 2030.
\nThe nuclear industry can play an important role in solving the energy problem both in Russia and in the world. It is necessary to build and put into operation 40 GW of nuclear power units on the territory of the Russian Federation by 2030, and in other states, the Russian nuclear specialists will be able to claim the orders of 40–60 GW in the same period of time.
\nAccording to the forecasts of ROSATOM of RF by 2030, nuclear power in the world will grow up to 300–600 GW. Up to half of this promising market will be closed for external players, and the Russian nuclear specialist scan actually qualifies for 20–25% of orders (40–60 GW) of the remaining 200–300 GW of available access.
\nIn the global nuclear fuel market, the share of Russia is now 45%. The Russian should be 50% in the markets of the USA and Canada, 42% in Europe, 35% in South Korea, 30% in Latin America, and 10% in China and Japan. To maintain its leadership, Russia has to increase capacities and implement market reforms in the sector [4].
\nThere is no enough qualified personnel for safe operation of commissioned NPPs. The today’s current system of personnel training and consolidation in the nuclear industry is clearly insufficient for its large-scale development. Working pensioners make about 25%, young workers and specialists—about 10%. Acquisition of knowledge and skills should be ahead of programs for designing and development of technologies, construction of nuclear facilities, and their commissioning. The current situation with the staff can be considered critical. With a general decline in the number of researchers (the driving force of innovation development), the share of researchers over the age of 60 years increases. The average age of leading industry experts (PhD) and university professors of “nuclear” profile is higher than the average male life expectancy in the country. Although over the past 6 years, ROSATOM has done much to address the deficiencies in training. The corporate university of 20 schools was formed on the basis of MEPI [9, 10].
\nThe long-term construction period further increases the cost and opportunities for corruption. Building “from scratch” actually takes at least 7 years, indicating shortcomings in designing and imperfect work organization.
\nROSATOM stated its desire to achieve the construction time of 4–4.5 years. To do this, it is necessary to unify designs and implement innovative construction techniques based on large-block equipment supplies to construction sites.
\nThe declared cost of 1 GW of nuclear generation has already reached $4 billion (or $4.6 billion for power unit of 1.15 GW) and continues to grow. Today the cost of NPP construction in Russia is two times higher than in China and for 30–40% higher than in Europe.
\nIn the current environment, the economically justified cost of construction of one VVER unit of 1.15 GW capacity is not more than $2.5 billion with the construction term not more than 5 years. If ROSATOM is not able to meet these indicators, the NPP construction in the country is not competitive compared with modernization of steam turbine power units to combined cycle ones at the existing gas TPP according to the main criteria—volume of replaced gas per year during electricity generation and its net cost. The unreasonably high cost of NPP construction includes not less than 40% of the corruption component.
\nThe current regulated price of electricity at the Russian NPPs on the whole sale market is 3.2 US cents per kW/h (for comparison, in the USA—1.87 cents, in France and Germany—2–2.2 cents in 2008 prices). The price of electricity for economic entities in Russia is 2–3 rubles or 7–10 cents, and a new connection of consumers reaches 4.5–5 rubles or 15–17 cents (for comparison, in the USA—6.5–7.5 cents, the average price in the EU—12 cents, in China—8–9 cents). With regard to nuclear engineering, the situation is ambiguous. On the one hand, at the moment, there is possibility of producing the necessary long lead equipment for no more than three nuclear power units per year, which is obviously not enough for realization of the ambitious plans to build nuclear power plants in Russia and abroad. On the other hand, the large-scale modernization is currently carried out at the key enterprises of the energy sector of the country [6, 11].
\nIn general, our analysis shows that in order to achieve its goals by 2030 at home and abroad, ROSATOM of RF needs to complete all the plans to modernize the machine-building enterprises in a relatively short period of time. This will allow achieving the range and scope of manufactured products to the desired level of 4–5 sets of key equipment for NPP units per year. However, given the fact that currently active negotiations are held or bidding procedures are already ongoing concerning construction of a large number of nuclear power units in a number of countries (Czech Republic, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, and others), more significant increase of national nuclear engineering capabilities may be required in the medium term.
\nTo perform such wide-ranging task, it is necessary for ROSATOM of RF, at least, first of all to eliminate the disadvantages mentioned above and to pay special attention to three main areas.
\nThe first main area is the completion of the package of administrative documents, which provide activities of enterprises of the industry and regulate the relations between the industry and the state authorities. The package of administrative documents also includes a set of more than 20 departmental purpose-oriented programs, and, of course, it includes improvement of ROSATOM structure.
\nThe second key area is the knowledge management. It is clear that it is the high-tech industry in that all technological solutions are based on a sufficiently large block of scientific, engineering, and methodological knowledge. And various kinds of dysfunctions and failures take place without some technologization of knowledge generation, handling, and storage. For example, the knowledge is not standardized—it means that different participants of the process are based on different data. The knowledge was generated but not used in practice—hence, there is necrosis of investments in R&D. Developments were made but not commercially used—hence, there are losses in the financial sector and lack of a sufficient set of secondary developments, in which the results of major research programs are applied that have been made previously.
\nThe third major area is the cost management. ROSATOM has been traditionally occupied in collecting data on the economy of enterprises in the industry, their processing, analysis both for planning of ROSATOM activities and in the interests of monitoring economic, financial activities of the enterprises, preparation of balance commissions, and so on. At present, this work must be carried out consistently for a radical reduction in the construction cost.
\nSubstantiation of NPP construction calculation based on needs in power capacities, including the regional context, analysis of the grid condition in order to justify NPP connection to the general layout of power facilities by 2030.
\nThe state of the national economy significantly affects the nature and methods of corporate management. This suggests the existence of specific corporate management models for each country. Thus, the formation of the corporate management national model in Russia takes place under conditions of incomplete development of the legal framework and uncertainty of ownership of privatized property, with nonexecution of the existing laws on protection of property rights and dominance of the insider control model in joint stock companies.
\nThus, the problem of corporate management, which is not a purely national one, is of particular importance in the global trends. That is because the integration processes in the national high-tech sectors are characterized by the tendency of “winding-down” of internal competition in order to accumulate resources for external expansion. Therefore, the national integrated structures are involved in global competition, in which those benefit who are able to provide customers with the most comprehensive volume of services in comparison with competitors.
\nWith regard to the real possibilities of the modern Russian nuclear power, it must be noted that over the past 15 years, five power units were constructed and put in operation abroad—in China, India, and Iran. After the long years of suspension in construction of nuclear power plants, ATOMSTROYEXPORT became the first company among its competitors, which handed over high power nuclear units complying with all safety requirements to a foreign customer. Thus, ATOMSTROYEXPORT proved to the world that the companies and organizations that make up the core of the nuclear power industry in Russia have sufficient potential and real resources to implement the most complex and demanding nuclear power projects [6].
\nIn 2016, the assets of ASE Group companies (ATOMSTROYEXPORT)—the Engineering division of the State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, a leading player in the global market for the design and construction of nuclear energy facilities, were finally integrated. The Engineering division is well known to our foreign partners. Since its foundation, it has a reputation as an effective provider of the engineering services and has gained trust in the global market.
\nBy decision of the State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, the Engineering division became the Industry competence center for the management of capital construction projects.
\nFor several years, the project management practice has been successfully implemented by ASE. The unique Multi-D technology continues to develop, being a main tool of the project management platform, which allows shortening construction time and improving labor productivity, work quality, and safety while reducing project costs. In 2016, this technology received international recognition as a winner in the WNEAWARDS competition (Le Bourget, France) presenting the “Project Management System Based on Multi-D Technologies,” and that is a witness of great recognition from the world energy community. The “Multi-D® Project Management System at the Rostov NPP” won the international CEL AWARD-2016 contest in the “Megaproject” nomination, announced by FIATECH, one of the most respected industrial associations worldwide.
\nIn addition, ASE Group companies became the first Russian company to receive an international certificate of conformity with the third competency class in the field of project, program, and portfolio management according to the International Project Management Association (IPMA Delta) model. This is another achievement internationally. Currently, certification in the field of project management according to the international IPMA standards has been passed by all top managers of the company. The division will continue to implement its strategic goals in the difficult situation of growing competition both in the NPP construction market and in the market for construction management services for the complex engineering facilities, using all resources to increase competitiveness.
\nBased on the successfully constructed five power units (in China, India, and Iran), the following areas of cooperation abroad are being implemented.
\nThe second phase of the Tianwan NPP (TAES-2), which also includes two units with VVER-1000 reactors under the NPP-91 design, is being constructed in accordance with the General Contract for units 3 and 4 of TAES-2, signed in 2010, and entered into force in 2011. The Russian side has obligations to develop the complete engineering and operation designs of the Nuclear Island (NI) for TAES-2 units 3 and 4, providing the related services. ASE JSC also undertakes the overall technical responsibility for the design of units 3 and 4, is responsible for managing interfaces throughout the project, and provides warranty obligations.
\nThe General Contract provides for commissioning of unit 3 in February 2018 and unit 4 in December 2018. All activities were going on schedule.
\nOn December 30, 2017, power was launched at unit 3.
\nIt is planned to bring the number of Russian power units in China to 8.
\nThe implementation of the Bushehr-1 NPP project made it possible to sign the Protocol to the Intergovernmental Agreement of 08.25.1992 in 2014, which provides for the possibility to construct eight NPP units in Iran.
\nAt the same time, on November 11, 2014, the Contract was signed under which ATOMSTROYEXPORT will construct the second and third power units of the Bushehr NPP. On September 10, 2016, the solemn laying of the “first stone” took place. The start of activities under the Contract was scheduled on December 28, 2016, when the Russian side received an advance from the Iranian customer.
\nDuring 2017, work was carried out to prepare the site. On March 14, 2001, the earthworks were started on the Bushehr-2 NPP site. On October 31, 2017, a ceremony was held to begin activities at the foundation pit of the main buildings of power unit 2. In 2018, engineering and geological surveys of the marine area and the site for spillway facilities were planned.
\nIt was planned to coordinate the Bushehr-2 NPP design with the Customer and begin procedures related to the examination and obtaining a license for construction from the Iranian regulator. For 2018, completion of the pit for power unit 3 was scheduled, and for 2019—the “first concrete” at power unit 2. In accordance with the Contract, provisional acceptance of unit 2 is planned in 2026, of unit 3—in 2027.
\nUnder the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of India on cooperation in the construction of additional nuclear power units at the Kudankulam site, as well as in the construction of nuclear power plants under the Russian designs at new sites in the Republic of India, dated December 5, 2008, the parties started the project realization plan for construction of power units 3 and 4 of the Kudankulam NPP with VVER-1000 MW reactor units each.
\nOn October 4, 2014, the General Framework Agreement (GFA) was signed for construction of the Kudankulam NPP power units 3 and 4. In June 2017, the first concrete was poured at the second phase of the Kudankulam NPP unit 3, in October 2017—unit 4.
\nThe planned start date for warranty operation of power units 3 and 4 is 2023 and 2024, respectively.
\nOn June 1, 2017, ATOMSTROYEXPORT JSC and the Indian Atomic Energy Corporation signed the General Framework Agreement for the construction of the third phase of the Kudankulam NPP, and the Intergovernmental Credit Protocol necessary for implementation of the project was also signed. The Agreement provides for the construction of the third phase of the Kudankulam NPP power units 5 and 6 under the Russian design. On July 31, 2017, Contracts were signed between ATOMSTROYEXPORT JSC and the Indian Atomic Energy Corporation (IAEC) for the priority design activities and detailed design and supply of basic equipment for the third phase of the Kudankulam NPP. The planned first concrete for power units 5 and 6 is 2019 and 2020, respectively. Planned dates for the start of warranty operation of power units 5 and 6 are 2025 and 2026, respectively.
\nOn December 25, 2015, ATOMSTROYEXPORT JSC and the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission signed the General Contract for the construction of the Ruppur NPP consisting of 1200 MW two power units under NPP-2006 design, including a number of Appendices thereto. The signing of the General Contract was a fundamental event that allowed to start activities at the main stage of the plant construction.
\nIn accordance with the agreement of the parties, the entry into force of the General Contract depended from fulfillment of a number of conditions. The first was signing of a credit intergovernmental agreement for the main construction period of the Ruppur NPP, then signing of Appendices to the General Contract, obtaining a license by the Bangladesh party for the NPP site and approval of the selected NPP design by the Bangladesh regulatory body.
\nOn July 26, 2016, the Intergovernmental Agreement was signed on allocation of the state loan to finance, the main stage of the Ruppur NPP construction.
\nSimultaneously with the fulfillment of the conditions for the entry into force of the General Contract, in 2016 significant work was done to coordinate and prepare for signing the related integration Contracts for the Ruppur NPP project, in particular, the Contract for supply of nuclear fuel, the Contract for technical assistance for operation, service, and technical maintenance, and repair of the Ruppur NPP.
\nIn March 2017, the parties agreed and initialed the Intergovernmental Agreement Draft on spent nuclear fuel management at the Ruppur NPP. It was planned to prepare an agreement for signing as soon as possible.
\nATOMSTROYEXPORT JSC is completing the construction and installation activities at the preliminary facilities and construction and installation base. In 2016, under the General Contract, the working documentation for the main construction period was developed, as well as the materials justifying the licenses for location and construction of power units 1 and 2 of the Ruppur NPP. The first concrete is planned for 2017. Commissioning of the first unit of the Ruppur NPP is scheduled for 2022, and of the second unit—for 2023.
\nHistory: The Hungarian-Russian cooperation in the field of nuclear energy has more than 60 years. It began in 1955 with signing of the Agreement to make a research reactor in Budapest. On December 28, 1966, the Intergovernmental Agreement was signed between Hungary and the Soviet Union on construction of the first nuclear power plant in Hungary. Currently, the Paks NPP with four VVER-440 units is successfully operating, providing more than 50% of the country\'s electricity.
\nOn January 14, 2014, the Intergovernmental Agreement between Russia and Hungary was signed in Moscow on cooperation in the field of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, which envisages the construction of two new Paks-2 NPP units.
\nOn December 9, 2014, the Hungarian MVM Paks-2 JSC and the Russian NIAEP JSC (ASE EC JSC since December 2016) signed three Agreements regarding the construction of two NPP units with VVER-1200 Russian reactors:
EPC—the Contract (engineering, equipment supply, and construction) for two new power units, in which the tasks for the next 10 years are fixed, taking into account the physical launch of the first unit in 2023, of the second—in 2025;
the Contract that governs the terms of service for future power units; and
the Contract on the conditions of long-term fuel supply.
In April 2015, the approval procedure by the EURATOM Commission for the Contract on supply of nuclear fuel for new units of the Paks-2 NPP was successfully completed.
\nOn February 17, 2015, during the visit of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to Hungary, the Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM and the Ministry of Social Resources of Hungary on training of personnel in the field of nuclear energy and related areas. According to the document, the parties will carry out cooperation in the field of education and training of personnel, educational, and scientific activities, as well as in joint educational programs in nuclear energy and related fields.
\nIn June 2015, NIAEP JSC (ASE EC JSC since December 2016) and MVM Paks-2 JSC signed all necessary Appendices for opening financing for the EPC Contract, which stipulate the time schedule, procedure and terms of payments, and insurance conditions.
\nHungary, as a member of the European Union, was obliged to carry out a total of five notification and conciliation procedures with the European Commission in connection with implementation of the Paks-2 NPP expansion project. In November 2016, the European Commission completed the expertise of the Paks-2 nuclear power plant construction project, removing all obstacles to its further development. In March 2017, construction of the new Paks-2 nuclear power units in Hungary was approved by the European Commission (EC).
\nThe parties are developing the construction time schedule. It is planned that the license for construction of the Paks-2 NPP will be ready in 2019, and the first concrete will be poured in 2020. The peak of construction work is expected in 2021–2022. The nuclear island and the primary circuit are the responsibility of the General Contractor, while other works are carried out on procurement.
\nThe main task of 2017 was preparation for the Paks-2 NPP construction. The scope of tasks includes preparation of engineering documentation, cooperation with suppliers, and application for a building license. As a part of the activities related to preparation of the documentation necessary to obtain licenses for the Paks-2 NPP construction, the technical design for 5 and 6 units, the preliminary safety analysis report (PSAR), and the probabilistic safety analysis reports are being prepared.
\nATOMPROEKT JSC, the General Designer is completing work on the conceptual design documents that precede development of the design documentation and is also completing adaptation of the VVER-1200 base design, agreed with the Paks-2 MVM Customer, to the specific conditions of the Paks site. The process of developing chapters of the PSAR and sections of the technical design is ongoing.
\nThe announcement of the first tender procedures has begun. Competitive information will be available on the specialized platform for ROSATOM tenders. Tender notices will also be widely published on the relevant Hungarian and international sites. All tender documentation will be posted in English. The Hungarian and other European companies can take part in procurement related to almost the entire process of the NPP construction, from design and construction to equipment supplies (except for the primary equipment that requires very specific knowledge and competencies) and related services (legal, translation, etc.).
\n\nProspects for cooperation. In the future, when implementing the project for the Paks-2 NPP construction, all purchases of the necessary equipment and services will be carried out openly and transparently in accordance with European Union standards. As potential suppliers of equipment and services, all interested companies, including those from EU countries, can equally participate in tenders. The Russian side expects significant participation of the firms from Hungary, so that the level of localization, i.e., local industry participation, will amount to 40%.
\nRequirements for suppliers are different, depending on what they supply or what services they provide.
\nThe El Dabaa NPP (Egypt), which includes four units with VVER-1200 reactors, is being constructed in accordance with the EPC Contract, which was signed between ATOMSTROYEXPORT JSC and the Department of Nuclear Plants of the Arab Republic of Egypt on December 31, 2016 and entered into force on December 11, 2017. The project provides for construction of four power units of 1.2 GW capacity with VVER-1200 MW reactor (water-to-water power reactor) according to the Russian design. The Russian side will also assist the Egyptian partners in developing nuclear infrastructure, supply the Russian nuclear fuel for the entire life cycle of the nuclear power plant, build a special storage facility and supply containers for storing spent nuclear fuel, increase the level of localization, provide training for national personnel, and support the Egyptian partners in operation and maintenance of the El Dabaa NPP during the first 10 years of the plant’s operation.
\nIn accordance with the EPC Contract, the first power unit of the El Dabaa NPP will be commissioned in 2026.
\nThe Intergovernmental Agreement of the Russian Federation and Turkey on cooperation in the field of construction and operation of the nuclear power plant on the Akkuyu site in the Mersin province on the south coast of Turkey was signed on May 12, 2010.
\nThe Akkuyu NPP project includes four power units of the Russian VVER-1200 3+ generation reactors. The capacity of each NPP unit will be 1200 MW. The design solutions of the Akkuyu NPP meet all modern requirements of the world nuclear community and established by the IAEA safety standards, the International nuclear security advisory group, and the requirements of the EUR Club.
\nThe start of commercial operation of the Akkuyu NPP units 1–4 was tentatively scheduled for April 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively.
\nOn October 5, 2011, the construction site of a new nuclear power plant in Finland was announced: it will be Hanhikivi Cape in the community (municipality) of the Pyhäjoki Province, Northern Ostrobothnia (on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, about 100 km south of Oulu). In the media, there are various names of this plant—the Pyuhäjoki NPP, the Hanhikivi NPP, the Hanhikivi-1 NPP, but the official name is the Hanhikivi-1 NPP. It was originally planned that construction of the plant would begin in 2015, and the plant would be launched in 2020, and its maximum capacity would be 1800 MW. Initially, the negotiations were held with the companies Areva and Toshiba.
\nOn July 3, 2013, the Finnish company Fennovoima Oy and Rusatom Overseas CJSC, a subsidiary of the Russian State Corporation ROSATOM, signed the Agreement to develop the design in order to prepare for signing of the Contract for the plant construction. It was planned that this Contract would be signed before the end of 2013. In September 2014, the Finnish government approved the NPP construction project with the participation of Russia, envisaging the use of the Russian VVER-1200 reactor. The plant should be built by 2024.
\nIn the Republic of Belarus, at the Ostrovets site near the city of Grodno, the construction of the Belarusian NPP consisting of VVER-1200 two power units with the total capacity of up to 2400 (2 × 1200) MW is underway. The obligations of the General Contractor are assigned to ASE JSC. It is envisaged that the Belarusian NPP is being constructed on the basis of the full “turnkey” responsibility of the General Contractor. The “NPP-2006” design, the General Designer is ATOMPROEKT JSC, was chosen for construction of the first Belarusian NPP.
\nThe Belarusian NPP design complies with all international standards and IAEA recommendations and is characterized by the enhanced safety characteristics, technical, and economic indicators.
\nThe main advantages of the Russian design are a high degree of security provided through the use of the independent channels of active and passive safety systems, the melt trap, and other systems. Unit 1 of the plant is planned to be commissioned in 2019, unit 2—in 2020.
\nThe great prospects imply an even greater responsibility. The previous story, now of the ASE Group companies, allows to hope for successful implementation, I am not afraid of the word, of the grandiose tasks, by the nuclear power industry of Russia!
\nWe pride ourselves on our belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration, that the playing field for scientific research should be leveled globally, and that research conducted in a democratic environment, with the use of innovative technologies, should be made available to anyone.
\n\nWe look forward to hearing from individuals and organizations who are interested in new discoveries and sharing their research.
",metaTitle:"Contact us",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/contact-us",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Headquarters
\\n\\n\\n\\n
London
\\n\\nIntechOpen Limited
\\n\\n5 Princes Gate Court,
\\n\\nLondon, SW7 2QJ, UK
\\n\\nPhone: +44 20 8089 5702
\\n\\n\\n\\n
Rijeka
\\n\\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\\n\\nJaneza Trdine 9
\\n\\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\\n\\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\\n"},{"imagePath":"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3","type":"mediaComponent","mediaType":"image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","caption":"","originalUrl":"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3","alignment":"center"},{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\\n\\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Headquarters
\n\n\n\n
London
\n\nIntechOpen Limited
\n\n5 Princes Gate Court,
\n\nLondon, SW7 2QJ, UK
\n\nPhone: +44 20 8089 5702
\n\n\n\n
Rijeka
\n\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\n\nJaneza Trdine 9
\n\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\n\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\n"},{imagePath:"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3",type:"mediaComponent",mediaType:"image",mimeType:"image/jpeg",caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3",alignment:"center"},{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\n\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\n\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10684",title:"Biorefineries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23962c6b77348bcbf247c673d34562f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10684.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:187},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"199",title:"TCM and Alternative Medicine",slug:"tcm-and-alternative-medicine",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:130,numberOfWosCitations:59,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfDimensionsCitations:103,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"tcm-and-alternative-medicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7910",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Resolving Old Controversies and Pointing New Pathways",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ee244050594f166365bb63ec51a447a",slug:"acupuncture-resolving-old-controversies-and-pointing-new-pathways",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8593",title:"Plant Extracts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93ae18175f7b16937a3dfddc10a51572",slug:"plant-extracts",bookSignature:"Aman Dekebo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191684",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Dekebo",slug:"aman-dekebo",fullName:"Aman Dekebo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3304",title:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6d3a937281325154720c678283daff0",slug:"acupuncture-in-modern-medicine",bookSignature:"Lucy L. Chen and Tsung O. Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49147",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy L",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"lucy-l-chen",fullName:"Lucy L Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3369",title:"Alternative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5a330fdcaea1dbe6b571b1f2ee93b56",slug:"alternative-medicine",bookSignature:"Hiroshi Sakagami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82603",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakagami",slug:"hiroshi-sakagami",fullName:"Hiroshi Sakagami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"386",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Concepts and Physiology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1b327d1a93e8dfd07289ab0a701aa39",slug:"acupuncture-concepts-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1316",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60c42faaae3504a330936fc3ff4456ee",slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41698",doi:"10.5772/54003",title:"Propolis: Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Oral Microbial Diseases",slug:"antifungal-activity-of-propolis-oral-clinical-studies-in-humans",totalDownloads:4890,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos",authors:[{id:"79610",title:"Dr.",name:"Vagner Rodrigues",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Santos",slug:"vagner-rodrigues-santos",fullName:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos"}]},{id:"41492",doi:"10.5772/53333",title:"Application of Saponin-Containing Plants in Foods and Cosmetics",slug:"application-of-saponin-containing-plants-in-foods-and-cosmetics",totalDownloads:6312,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Yukiyoshi Tamura, Masazumi Miyakoshi and Masaji Yamamoto",authors:[{id:"97471",title:"Mr.",name:"Masaji",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"masaji-yamamoto",fullName:"Masaji Yamamoto"}]},{id:"41526",doi:"10.5772/53868",title:"Network Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine",slug:"network-pharmacology-and-traditional-chinese-medicine",totalDownloads:2478,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Qihe Xu, Fan Qu and Olavi Pelkonen",authors:[{id:"23803",title:"Prof.",name:"Olavi",middleName:null,surname:"Pelkonen",slug:"olavi-pelkonen",fullName:"Olavi Pelkonen"},{id:"67044",title:"Dr.",name:"Qihe",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"qihe-xu",fullName:"Qihe Xu"},{id:"162445",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"fan-qu",fullName:"Fan Qu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18907",title:"Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Effectiveness and Clinical Applications",slug:"yamamoto-new-scalp-acupuncture-ynsa-development-principles-safety-effectiveness-and-clinical-applica",totalDownloads:20229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues"},signatures:"Thomas Schockert",authors:[{id:"51993",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Schockert",slug:"thomas-schockert",fullName:"Thomas Schockert"}]},{id:"65475",title:"African Traditional Medicine: South African Perspective",slug:"african-traditional-medicine-south-african-perspective",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",fullTitle:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine"},signatures:"Mmamosheledi E. Mothibe and Mncengeli Sibanda",authors:[{id:"276601",title:"Dr.",name:"Mmamosheledi",middleName:null,surname:"Mothibe",slug:"mmamosheledi-mothibe",fullName:"Mmamosheledi Mothibe"},{id:"278675",title:"Mr.",name:"Mncengeli",middleName:null,surname:"Sibanda",slug:"mncengeli-sibanda",fullName:"Mncengeli Sibanda"}]},{id:"66855",title:"Traditional Chinese Medicine: From Aqueous Extracts to Therapeutic Formulae",slug:"traditional-chinese-medicine-from-aqueous-extracts-to-therapeutic-formulae",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"plant-extracts",title:"Plant Extracts",fullTitle:"Plant Extracts"},signatures:"Jinfan Wang, Astrid Sasse and Helen Sheridan",authors:[{id:"288780",title:"Prof.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheridan",slug:"helen-sheridan",fullName:"Helen Sheridan"},{id:"288781",title:"Ms.",name:"Jinfan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jinfan-wang",fullName:"Jinfan Wang"},{id:"288782",title:"Prof.",name:"Astrid",middleName:null,surname:"Sasse",slug:"astrid-sasse",fullName:"Astrid Sasse"}]},{id:"41525",title:"Investigation on the Mechanism of Qi-Invigoration from a Perspective of Effects of Sijunzi Decoction on Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism",slug:"investigation-on-the-mechanism-of-qi-invigoration-from-a-perspective-of-effects-of-sijunzi-decoction",totalDownloads:1566,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Xing-Tai Li",authors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"xing-tai-li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li"}]},{id:"65194",title:"A Review on Natural Antioxidants",slug:"a-review-on-natural-antioxidants",totalDownloads:426,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",fullTitle:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine"},signatures:"Arun Rasheed and Rinshana Fathima Abdul Azeez",authors:[{id:"277345",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Rasheed",slug:"arun-rasheed",fullName:"Arun Rasheed"}]},{id:"67739",title:"Integration of Traditional and Complementary Medicine into Evidence-Based Clinical Practice",slug:"integration-of-traditional-and-complementary-medicine-into-evidence-based-clinical-practice",totalDownloads:503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",fullTitle:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine"},signatures:"Cengiz Mordeniz",authors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}]},{id:"18906",title:"An Evidence-Based Review of Acupuncture in Osteoporosis and Fracture-Related Pain",slug:"an-evidence-based-review-of-acupuncture-in-osteoporosis-and-fracture-related-pain",totalDownloads:7518,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues"},signatures:"Jenson Mak and Louise Mak",authors:[{id:"60765",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenson",middleName:null,surname:"Mak",slug:"jenson-mak",fullName:"Jenson Mak"}]},{id:"43315",title:"Explore Laser Acupuncture’s Role",slug:"explore-laser-acupuncture-s-role",totalDownloads:3417,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"acupuncture-in-modern-medicine",title:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Wen-Long Hu, Yu-Chiang Hung and I-Ling Hung",authors:[{id:"49804",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",slug:"yu-chiang-hung",fullName:"Yu-Chiang Hung"},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu"},{id:"166738",title:"Dr.",name:"I-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",slug:"i-ling-hung",fullName:"I-Ling Hung"}]},{id:"66440",title:"Scalp Acupuncture and Mental Disorders",slug:"scalp-acupuncture-and-mental-disorders",totalDownloads:585,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"acupuncture-resolving-old-controversies-and-pointing-new-pathways",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Resolving Old Controversies and Pointing New Pathways"},signatures:"Chuen Heung Yau and Cheuk Long Ip",authors:[{id:"277860",title:"M.D.",name:"Chuen Heung",middleName:null,surname:"Yau",slug:"chuen-heung-yau",fullName:"Chuen Heung Yau"},{id:"292850",title:"Mr.",name:"Cheuk Long",middleName:null,surname:"Ip",slug:"cheuk-long-ip",fullName:"Cheuk Long Ip"}]},{id:"41526",title:"Network Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine",slug:"network-pharmacology-and-traditional-chinese-medicine",totalDownloads:2474,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Qihe Xu, Fan Qu and Olavi Pelkonen",authors:[{id:"23803",title:"Prof.",name:"Olavi",middleName:null,surname:"Pelkonen",slug:"olavi-pelkonen",fullName:"Olavi Pelkonen"},{id:"67044",title:"Dr.",name:"Qihe",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"qihe-xu",fullName:"Qihe Xu"},{id:"162445",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"fan-qu",fullName:"Fan Qu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"tcm-and-alternative-medicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/107147/asep-supriatna",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"107147",slug:"asep-supriatna"},fullPath:"/profiles/107147/asep-supriatna",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()