\r\n\tStatistical machine learning specifically poses some of the most challenging theoretical problems in modern statistics, the crucial among them being the general problem of understanding the link between inference and computation. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of linear method for regression, non linear method for regression, deep learning, unsupervised learning, artificial neural network, and support vector machine (SVM).
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fb79b0a4a302d6318df11534e1ec85",bookSignature:"Dr. Andino Maseleno",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8661.jpg",keywords:"Linear Method for Regression, Non Linear Method for Regression, Deep Learning, Unsupervised Learning, K-Means Clustering, Hierarchichal Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, Learning in Neural Network, Convolutional Neural Network, Support Vector Clustering, Multiclass SVM",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 11th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 9th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"219663",title:"Dr.",name:"Andino",middleName:null,surname:"Maseleno",slug:"andino-maseleno",fullName:"Andino Maseleno",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219663/images/system/219663.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andino Maseleno is a research fellow at the Institute of Informatics and Computing Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. He was a visiting fellow in Centre for lifelong learning, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, in July 2016 till March 2017. He received the B.S. in Informatics Engineering from UPN 'Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2005, M.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia in 2009, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam in 2015.",institutionString:"Universiti Tenaga Nasional",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"606",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-machine-learning-and-data-mining"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7780",title:"Ontological Analyses in Science, Technology and Informatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c8b15505d4716d94f299061496ef48",slug:"ontological-analyses-in-science-technology-and-informatics",bookSignature:"Andino Maseleno and Marini Othman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219663",title:"Dr.",name:"Andino",surname:"Maseleno",slug:"andino-maseleno",fullName:"Andino Maseleno"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"262",title:"Bioinformatics",subtitle:"Trends and Methodologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f712d07cfe29ec4fe517d6e50aa94aa",slug:"bioinformatics-trends-and-methodologies",bookSignature:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31509",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"A. Mahdavi",slug:"mahmood-a.-mahdavi",fullName:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3176",title:"Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4564709e06dd0c4e216e0da9615c928d",slug:"self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"George K Matsopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2912",title:"Ass. Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Matsopoulos",slug:"george-matsopoulos",fullName:"George Matsopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6569",title:"Recent Applications in Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5170375bf81951acd2496097ec1333ea",slug:"recent-applications-in-data-clustering",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6578",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f09e58a93ed74f9d1d5600f6d6e518c",slug:"data-mining",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7664",title:"Introduction to Data Science and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6934476897c6a728296ecd1ec1e69a61",slug:"introduction-to-data-science-and-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Keshav Sud, Pakize Erdogmus and Seifedine Kadry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202929",title:"Dr.",name:"Keshav",surname:"Sud",slug:"keshav-sud",fullName:"Keshav Sud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56013",title:"Vitamin C: An Antioxidant Agent",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69660",slug:"vitamin-c-an-antioxidant-agent",body:'Vitamin C (
In animals, biosynthesis of vitamin C is included in the glucuronic acid metabolic pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of sugars under normal and disease conditions, and in regulation of physiological functions (Figure 1a). Glucuronic acid metabolic pathway is also an important pathway for detoxification processes [3, 4]. While most animals can convert
(a) Diagram for the vitamin C pathway [6]; (b) molecular structure of l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C); (c) the equilibrium and redox species in the ascorbic acid-dehydroascorbic acid system; (d) ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. The oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid, can be reduced back to ascorbic acid by glutathione (GSH).
Vitamin C (
The chemical and physical properties of ascorbic acid are related to its structure [7]. The structure of dehydroascorbic acid, the first oxidation product of ascorbic acid, has been analyzed by X-ray crystallography to be a dimer (Figure 1c).
Electrochemical studies have indicated that ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid form a reversible redox couple (Figure 1d).
Free radicals and oxidants play a dual role as both toxic and beneficial compounds, in metabolic processes and in response to exogenous stimulations. They are produced either from normal metabolic activities or from environmental factors (pollution, cigarette smoke, and radiation). When an overload of free radicals cannot be scavenged, their accumulation in the body generates oxidative stress [3]. Oxidative stress occurs when free radical formation exceeds the ability of protection against them. This process leads in the development of chronic and degenerative illnesses such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases [8–10]. An antioxidant is a molecule that prevents the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation process is a chemical reaction that produces free radicals, leading to chain reactions that may damage cells. The antioxidant effect of vitamin C has been well documented [8, 9, 11]. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant having ability to donate a hydrogen atom and form a relatively stable ascorbyl-free radical. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene are known as antioxidant vitamins that are suggested to decrease oxidative damage and lowering the risk of certain chronic diseases. Diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, are associated with inadequate concentrations of
Vitamin C is a potent reducing agent and scavenger of free radicals in biological systems [11]. It is involved in the first line of antioxidant defense, protecting lipid membranes, and proteins from oxidative damage. As a water soluble molecule, vitamin C can work both inside and outside the cells, and can neutralize free radicals and prevent free radical damage. Vitamin C is an excellent source of electrons for free radicals that are seeking out an electron to regain their stability. Vitamin C can donate electrons to free radicals and quench their reactivity [8, 9].
Vitamin C has been shown to be an effective scavenger against oxygen and nitrogen oxide species, such as superoxide radical ion, hydrogen peroxide, the hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. This property of vitamin C has vital processes in protection of cellular components from free radical-induced damage. In addition, vitamin C is effective in regenerating the antioxidant form of vitamin E by reducing tocopheroxyl radicals. This process protects membranes and other compartments of the cell from free radical-induced damage [8, 9] (Figure 2). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is an enzyme reducing H2O2 to water by using ascorbate as an electron donor. Monodehydroascorbate is an oxidized ascorbate that is regenerated by monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). Monodehydroascorbate radical rapidly disproportionates into ascorbate and dehydroascorbate. Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ascorbate by dehydroascorbate reductase in the presence of GSH, yielding oxidized glutathione (GSSG). It is reduced by glutathione reductase (GR) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) as an electron donor. Dehydroascorbate may be reduced nonenzymatically or catalyzed by proteins with dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity.
Ascorbate and redox cycling antioxidants. AA, ascorbate; DHA, dehydroascorbate; DHAR, semidehydroascorbate reductase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, semi-glutathione reductase; GR, glutathione reductase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; and GPX, glutathione peroxidase [12].
Glutathione-ascorbate cycle operates in the cytosol, mitochondria, plastids, and peroxisomes in plants [8, 9]. It is suggested that the glutathione-ascorbate cycle plays a key role for H2O2 detoxification, because of the high concentrations of glutathione, ascorbate, and NADPH in plant cells. Other enzymes, such as ascorbate and glutathione peroxidases, which use thioredoxins or glutaredoxins as reducing substrates, also take roles in the removal of H2O2 in plants [8, 9] (Figure 2).
Vitamin C also forms the semidehydroascorbyl radical, a relatively long-lived radical, in regenerating vitamin E from its radical form, as well as in scavenging radicals. Plant and animal cells contain an NADH-dependent semidehydroascorbate reductase enzyme (EC 1.6.5.4), reducing the radical back to vitamin C by using NADH as a source of reducing agent (Figure 2). Both enzymatically and nonenzymatically, it can irreversibly decompose into diketogluconic acid or it can be converted to ascorbate in a glutathione-dependent reaction [3, 13, 14].
As being a reducing substance and an electron donor, during free radical scavenging, vitamin C donates high-energy electrons to neutralize free radicals, and it is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid may be converted back into ascorbic acid for reuse or may be metabolized, further releasing more electrons. Although vitamin C is absorbed from the gut via a sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter, most cells transport vitamin C in an oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid) via glucose transporter 1. Dehydroascorbic acid is reduced to generate ascorbic acid inside the cell, protecting mitochondria from free radical-induced oxidative damage (Figures 2 and 3). Highly reactive free radicals (e.g., RO–, RO2–, OH–,, NO2) are reduced by ascorbate, and the newly generated ascorbyl radical is poorly reactive. Ascorbate can also scavenge nonradical reactive species, derived from peroxynitrite, such as hypochlorous acid, ozone, and nitrating agents. Vitamin C is a monosaccharide oxidation-reduction (redox) catalyst found in both animals and plants. The antioxidant effect of vitamin C is due to its ability to donate electrons from both the second and third carbon. During primate evolution, one of the enzymes needed to make ascorbic acid has been lost by mutation, humans must obtain it from the diet [15]; most animals can synthesize this vitamin in their bodies and do not require it in their diets [16]. Vitamin C is needed in the conversion of the procollagen to collagen by oxidizing proline residues to hydroxyproline. In other cells, it is maintained in its reduced form by reaction with glutathione [17]. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, ascorbic acid is a redox catalyst which can reduce, and thereby neutralize, ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Figures 2 and 3).
Synthesis and degradation of l-ascorbic acid in plant tissues [18].
Ascorbic acid has direct antioxidant effects, and also it is a substrate for the redox enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, that is particularly important in stress resistance in plants. Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants, especially in chloroplasts that reach concentrations of 20 mM there [19]. Dehydroascorbate (DHA) and ascorbate free radical (AFR), as an intermediate, the ascorbate free radical (AFR), that are reversible, one-electron oxidations are generated from ascorbate (Figure 4). According to the generally assumed model of enzymatic removal of ROS, SOD catalyzes superoxide anion to H2O2 and oxygen; then H2O2 is reduced into water and molecular oxygen by CAT. CAT turnover number is very high, but its affinity for H2O2 is relatively low, and consequently a certain amount of H2O2 remains in the cell.
The role of AA in the detoxification of ROS. Blue dotted lines indicate nonenzymatic reactions.
H2O2 can react with superoxide anion formed in oxidative metabolism generating the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. GSH peroxidases (GSH-px) and AA peroxidases (AA-px) are capable of scavenging H2O2 due to their high affinity for H2O2. The cooperativity of SOD, CAT, and peroxidases ensures low amounts of superoxide anion and H2O2 and limiting the risk of hydroxyl radical formation (Figure 5).
Foyer-Halliwell-Asada cycle [20].
The chemical and biological properties of
Schematic presentation of ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation chain reaction. Vitamin C serves dual role of a prooxidant and an antioxidant [23].
LPO• radical can damage the macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) and can initiate cytotoxic, genotoxic, and inflammatory reactions. Vitamin C converts lipid peroxidation products into unreactive vitamin C-LPO products. This helps to prevent the interaction of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) with LPO• radicals. Vitamin C plays role in the regeneration of vitamin E; it donates electron to tocopheryl radical (vitamin-E–O•) and reduces it to tocopherol.
The reducing agents, antioxidants, can also act as prooxidants. Vitamin C is also known to act as a prooxidant in vitro. Antioxidant vitamin C reduces oxidizing substances, such as hydrogen peroxide; however, it also reduces metal ions that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction [25].
Vitamin C is a reducing agent and antioxidant, and reacts with reactive oxygen species, such as the hydroxyl radical. Oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins, and DNA are induced by mixtures of ascorbic acid and copper or iron for decades [24, 25], contributing to oxidative damage formation by reducing ferric Fe3+ to ferrous Fe2+ ions (and Cu2+ to Cu+), which in turn can reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, vitamin C-mediated Fenton reactions should be controlled in the human body due to efficient iron sequestration by metal-binding proteins such as ferritin and transferrin. It has been suggested that the prooxidant effect may not be relevant in vivo [26]. Such radicals damaged macromolecules interacting with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and initiating chain reactions. Ascorbate can terminate these chain radical reactions by electron transfer. The net reaction is
The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive and do not cause cellular damage.
In the presence of free metal ions, excess ascorbate promotes and initiates free radical reactions. This is a potentially dangerous prooxidative compound; thus, vitamin C supplements are not recommended in people with high iron levels [3, 27]. It is provided a mechanism which, vitamin C induces the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to genotoxic bifunctional electrophiles in vitro without the need for free transition metal ions [3, 27].
As an electron donor, vitamin C could be involved in several disease processes. Vitamin C is present in almost all foods of plant origin. The minimal vitamin C requirement for humans is defined as 40–60 mg/day to combat dietary deficiency [28]. However, vitamin C status decreases with both age and smoking, and is associated with chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer [28]. Vitamin C might be consumed by preventing free radical-induced damage of DNA, which is thought to be an initiating step in cancer formation. The possible use of vitamin C in cancer therapy and prevention has been an area of great interest. Vitamin C supplements, which are able to prevent the formation and/or promote the repair of pre-mutagenic oxidative DNA lesions, are suggested to be of use in cancer prevention. Recently, a report showed that daily supplementation with vitamin C at high doses increased the survival time of terminal cancer patients, suggesting that vitamin C can have important anticancer properties. Indeed, vitamin C is proved to kill or inhibit the growth of many tumor cell lines [28]. Regarding cancer prevention, several epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables with lower incidence of many types of cancer [3, 29–34]. The hypothesis supports oxidative processes regulate ascorbate catabolism in humans, although direct proof is currently lacking. Ascorbate plays an important role as a first defense against oxidative stress. Smokers present one example of the relationship between oxidants and ascorbate since they expose themselves to oxidants via inhaled smoke. These oxidants have been demonstrated to induce lipid peroxidation in vitro, which is prevented by the presence of ascorbate. It is demonstrated that the turnover of 14C-labeled ascorbate has been 40% greater in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Ascorbate requirements of smokers based on intake and serum concentrations show that smokers may require as much as three times the dose of ascorbate than nonsmokers to avoid risk of efficiency [30–32, 34].
Vitamin C, as an antioxidant agent, has been the object of several investigations. However, vitamin C can also act as a prooxidant, especially in the presence of transition metals such as iron and copper, starting different dangerous radical reactions. As the experimental findings that have not been obtained by studying in vitro systems have been confirmed by in vivo investigations, further work is strongly needed. Consequently, ascorbic acid can act as a strong, efficient, and cheap antioxidant agent, whereas at the same time it can behave as a radical promoter and can produce dangerous species in living systems. Further investigations are needed to clear the data in the literature completely.
Consider a monkey named Sue who is given a word processor with
If Sue is handed such a machine and pounds away, randomly, it is clear that most of what she types will be complete gibberish. A stray segment of sense such as “dog eat HAy” or even “Ronnie ReAGan our 40th PresiD
The purpose of this chapter is to show that if Sue types infinitely, the above works (and any others that one may choose to add to the list) will each be typed, not once, not twice, but infinitely often with a probability of 1. This dramatic fact is a simple consequence of the Borel-Cantelli lemma and will come as no surprise to anyone who has taken a serious graduate-level course in Probability. The proof of this result, however, is quite accessible to anyone who has but a rudimentary understanding of the concept of independence.
The reader is invited, while reading this chapter, to let his/her imagination run wild, and concoct a plethora of similar examples. A somewhat mundane objection may be raised immediately: how can Sue (or anyone else for that matter) type indefinitely? We shall not dwell on this nonmathematical problem, but will remark instead (and prove a little later) that Sue’s never-ending assignment is mathematically equivalent to the task of randomly selecting a number from the interval
We would like to mention that our problem is related to the famous “Problem of a printed line,” a popular account of which can be found in George Gamow’s classic book [1]. The solution presented there, however, is entirely deterministic and of a finite character: the automatic printing press considered by Gamow does not print indefinitely, and the probabilities of various outcomes are not calculated.
Consider any sequence
and
It follows that
To better understand this somewhat complicated set, we first let
The set
In a similar fashion, we observe that the set
is a collection of those points
as must
If
A useful dual relation between these two sets is
and
where
A few examples should help familiarize the reader with the above notions: the second and the third are taken from [2]:
Example 1. If
Example 2. If
Example 3. if
and
In what follows, the set
If
If
This restriction ensures that sets such as
Definition: The sequence of events
Stated informally, this means that the occurrence (or nonoccurrence) of any finite subcollection
The events
The Borel-Cantelli lemma is a two-pronged theorem, which asserts that the probability of occurrence of an infinite number of the independent events
Theorem 2.1.(The Borel-Cantelli lemma, [3, 4]).
If
If
The following lemma can be proved using elementary properties of probability measures:
Lemma 2.2.If
Proof of Theorem 2.1
For any
On letting
proving part (a).
We shall prove that
where the last inequality follows from the fact that
which proves that
proving the result.
As seen by the dates on Refs. [3, 4], the Borel-Cantelli lemmas are classical, and now part of virtually all graduate level books on Probability such as [2]. Since then, for over 100 years, the literature on the lemmas has focused on weakening the independence requirement in the second lemma, or looking at more complicated probability models that yield the same conclusions. See for example [5, 6, 7]. What distinguishes this work from these and others is that we provide a very down-to-earth application that forces the reader to come to terms with the notions of independence and infinity, as opposed to the finite samples one has in statistical situations. It is a paper that we feel can cause amusement, astonishment, false disbelief, and, ultimately, understanding. With this backdrop, we are now in a position to start establishing the claim made at the beginning of this chapter:
Corollary 2.3.If Sue types indefinitely, by successively and independently choosing one of the
Proof. Let
Lemma 2.4.If
Proof: Boole’s inequality states that
Thus
Corollary 2.5.If Sue types indefinitely, then every piece of writing (of any finite length whatsoever; published, unpublished, or yet to be written by yet unborn individuals; meaningful or gibberish) will be typed by her, infinitely often each, with a probability of 1.
Proof. Denote the works by
Example 4. (Statistical tests of hypotheses) If a fair coin is tossed infinitely often, a sequence of
Now, if a coin (of unknown origin) were tossed a million times, and a head appeared each time, the “null” statistical hypothesis
would be summarily rejected at most conventional (5, 1, 0.00001%) levels of significance. The point to note, however, is that such “extreme” and “erratic” behavior will be exhibited on an infinite number of occasions by any fair coin (and by all coins with
Similarly, if a fair coin is tossed infinitely often, an
In the above discussion, we often concluded that a particular event (e.g., Hamlet is typed infinitely often) occurred with probability 1. One fundamental question that we did not address, however, was the following: just what probability model describes infinite coin tossing or simian typewriting? Put another way, what are the sample spaces associated with these two experiments? And what exactly is the probability of an event defined to be? We realize then, in retrospect, that we had put the cart before the horse; various events were shown to have probability 1, by assuming the existence of a logically consistent probability (measure) on a sample space that had not been fully described. This practice is fairly standard in the teaching of probability; for example, sequences
We shall start by noting that three tosses of a fair coin lead to the eight-point sample space
It seems reasonable to assign probability 1/8 to each of these eight points; thus the probability
Our analysis is thus complete, and can easily be extended to any finite number of coin tosses. The situation gets rapidly more complicated if the coin is tossed endlessly. This experiment cannot be conceived, carried out, or justified “in practice,” and our neat conclusions would be rendered meaningless if we were unable to mathematically model our procedure. Happily, however, this is not the case. We simply let
A typical element of
The next step is crucial. We identify each element of
A problem arises immediately: Numbers of the form
It is possible to show, in a somewhat non-rigorous fashion (i.e., without using much measure theory), or rigorously, by introducing Lebesgue measure, that infinite coin tossing is mathematically equivalent to choosing a number randomly from the interval [0,1]. It can be shown, in a completely analogous way, that infinite random typewriting is equivalent to the single random choice of a number in [0,1]. We need of course, to consider the
Example 5. (Random Numbers) Let the random variable
where
This result may be compared with a mundane fact of “reality”: If a person, computer, pointer, or random number generator were asked to choose
We would like to next state a thrilling result, called Borel’s law of normal numbers [3]: A number in [0,1] is said to be normal, if its decimal representation has, asymptotically, an equal frequency of the digits 0 through 9:
for each
which is somewhat surprising, since it is awfully hard to think of a single number that is normal (the number 0.012345678910111213…, obtained by writing each integer successively, is known to be normal; the proof is not trivial).
The Borel-Cantelli lemma yields several consequences that may, at first glance, seem to contradict Borel’s normal number law:
Almost all the numbers in [0,1] (i.e., all except some with zero Lebesgue measure) have decimal expansions that contain infinitely many chains of length 1000, say, that contain no numbers except 2,3, and 4. The nice part is, of course, that almost all of these numbers are normal as well, and so on.
The moral of the Borel-Cantelli lemma should, by now, be quite clear: “The realization of a truly random infinite procedure will, with probability one, contain infinitely many segments that exhibit extreme ‘non-randomness’, of all sizes, patterns and intensities.” The Borel-Cantelli lemma is, after all, a limit theorem of probability, and a quote from the classic treatise of Gnedenko and Kolmogorov [9] might be in order as well: “In reality, however, the epistemological value of the theory of probability is revealed only by limit theorems. Moreover, without limit theorems, it is impossible to understand the real content of the primary concept of all our sciences—the concept of probability.”
The main results of this chapter, accessible to a second-year undergraduate, are Corollaries 2.3 and 2.5. They follow from the Borel-Cantelli lemmas and Boole’s inequality, respectively. Corollary 2.3 states that in an infinite sequence of keystrokes, any fixed-length “work” appears infinitely often with probability 1. Most undergraduates that the author has taught have great difficulty believing this fact, since most statistical tests, for example, are based on finite samples. Corollary 2.5 goes one step further, proving that every finite-length piece of work, even those yet unwritten, will each appear infinitely often with probability 1. The undergraduate reader will undoubtedly appreciate the “power of infinity” on reading this chapter, while graduate students will enjoy a nonpractical yet deep application of the Borel-Cantelli lemmas.
Example 4 makes a contrast between the finite situation and the infinite one. An important practical problem in this regard would be to use Poisson approximations as in [10] to find the approximate probability that a specific work occurs
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"169",title:"Biomedicine",slug:"biomedicine",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:95,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biomedicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8400",title:"Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222a58353415f02de25a212213bddc00",slug:"molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Sinem Nalbantoglu and Hakima Amri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7159",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb520e914b9b3d726b9b9f9d047011ce",slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7159.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6632",title:"Biofeedback",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd6758aaba7064d143ca8a1c05ef6c7",slug:"biofeedback",bookSignature:"Mark Schwartz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63257",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"mark-schwartz",fullName:"Mark Schwartz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6205",title:"Polypeptide",subtitle:"New Insight into Drug Discovery and Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35f89bf9a197198efc0d44d0ff56d800",slug:"polypeptide-new-insight-into-drug-discovery-and-development",bookSignature:"Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70235",title:"Prof.",name:"Usman Sumo Friend",middleName:null,surname:"Tambunan",slug:"usman-sumo-friend-tambunan",fullName:"Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1899",title:"Biomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b1bc3c9f0a151f8c9ffda110c2053d6",slug:"biomedicine",bookSignature:"Chao Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1899.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109875",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chao-lin",fullName:"Chao Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33119",doi:"10.5772/38349",title:"Additive Manufacturing Solutions for Improved Medical Implants",slug:"additive-manufacturing-solutions-for-improved-implants",totalDownloads:7491,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Vojislav Petrovic, Juan Vicente Haro, Jose Ramón Blasco and Luis Portolés",authors:[{id:"116774",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojislav",middleName:null,surname:"Petrovic",slug:"vojislav-petrovic",fullName:"Vojislav Petrovic"},{id:"116777",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Vicente",surname:"Haro González",slug:"juan-haro-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan Haro González"},{id:"116778",title:"BSc.",name:"José Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Blasco Puchades",slug:"jose-ramon-blasco-puchades",fullName:"José Ramón Blasco Puchades"},{id:"116779",title:"BSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Portolés Griñán",slug:"luis-portoles-grinan",fullName:"Luís Portolés Griñán"}]},{id:"33113",doi:"10.5772/33951",title:"Encapsulation and Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets: Advances and Challenges",slug:"encapsulation-and-surface-engineering-of-pancreatic-islets-advances-and-challenges-",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Veronika Kozlovskaya, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya and Eugenia Kharlampieva",authors:[{id:"97932",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlampieva",slug:"eugenia-kharlampieva",fullName:"Eugenia Kharlampieva"},{id:"101333",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kozlovskaya",slug:"veronika-kozlovskaya",fullName:"Veronika Kozlovskaya"},{id:"135852",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zavgorodnya",slug:"oleksandra-zavgorodnya",fullName:"Oleksandra Zavgorodnya"}]},{id:"33114",doi:"10.5772/38852",title:"In-Situ Forming Biomimetic Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration",slug:"in-situ-forming-biomimetic-hydrogels-for-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:3703,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Rong Jin",authors:[{id:"120160",title:"Dr.",name:"Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"rong-jin",fullName:"Rong Jin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68486",title:"Metabolomics: Basic Principles and Strategies",slug:"metabolomics-basic-principles-and-strategies",totalDownloads:1443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"74620",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-distinct-diseases",totalDownloads:63,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Adnan Batman, İrem Yalim Camci, Elif Kadioglu, Kezban Uçar Çifçi, Berçem Yeman Kıyak, Servet Tunoglu, Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu and Yusuf Tutar",authors:null},{id:"62232",title:"Body Mass Index and Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance: Cross Talks in Gestational Diabetes, Normal Pregnancy and Beyond",slug:"body-mass-index-and-insulin-sensitivity-resistance-cross-talks-in-gestational-diabetes-normal-pregna",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",fullTitle:"Body-mass Index and Health"},signatures:"Mariana Petrova Genova, Bisera Dimitrova Atanasova and Katya\nNikolova Todorova-Ananieva",authors:[{id:"246034",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Petrova Genova",slug:"mariana-petrova-genova",fullName:"Mariana Petrova Genova"},{id:"246802",title:"MSc.",name:"Bisera",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitrova Atanasova",slug:"bisera-dimitrova-atanasova",fullName:"Bisera Dimitrova Atanasova"},{id:"246803",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:null,surname:"Todorova -Ananieva",slug:"katia-todorova-ananieva",fullName:"Katia Todorova -Ananieva"}]},{id:"61418",title:"Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations",slug:"effect-of-infra-low-frequency-neurofeedback-on-infra-slow-eeg-fluctuations",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"biofeedback",title:"Biofeedback",fullTitle:"Biofeedback"},signatures:"Vera A. Grin-Yatsenko, Valery A. Ponomarev, Olga Kara, Bernhard\nWandernoth, Mark Gregory, Valentina A. Ilyukhina and Juri D.\nKropotov",authors:[{id:"234121",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Grin-Yatsenko",slug:"vera-grin-yatsenko",fullName:"Vera Grin-Yatsenko"},{id:"238431",title:"Prof.",name:"Valery",middleName:null,surname:"Ponomarev",slug:"valery-ponomarev",fullName:"Valery Ponomarev"},{id:"238434",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kara",slug:"olga-kara",fullName:"Olga Kara"},{id:"238435",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Wandernoth",slug:"bernhard-wandernoth",fullName:"Bernhard Wandernoth"},{id:"238437",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Gregory",slug:"mark-gregory",fullName:"Mark Gregory"},{id:"238439",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Ilyukhina",slug:"valentina-ilyukhina",fullName:"Valentina Ilyukhina"},{id:"238441",title:"Prof.",name:"Juri",middleName:null,surname:"Kropotov",slug:"juri-kropotov",fullName:"Juri Kropotov"}]},{id:"57941",title:"A Transmembrane Single-Polypeptide-Chain (sc) Linker to Connect the Two G-Protein–Coupled Receptors in Tandem and the Design for an In Vivo Analysis of Their Allosteric Receptor- Receptor Interactions",slug:"a-transmembrane-single-polypeptide-chain-sc-linker-to-connect-the-two-g-protein-coupled-receptors-in",totalDownloads:406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polypeptide-new-insight-into-drug-discovery-and-development",title:"Polypeptide",fullTitle:"Polypeptide - New Insight into Drug Discovery and Development"},signatures:"Toshio Kamiya, Takashi Masuko, Dasiel Oscar Borroto-Escuela,\nHaruo Okado and Hiroyasu Nakata",authors:[{id:"211414",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Kamiya",slug:"toshio-kamiya",fullName:"Toshio Kamiya"},{id:"218892",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Masuko",slug:"takashi-masuko",fullName:"Takashi Masuko"},{id:"218893",title:"Dr.",name:"Dasiel",middleName:null,surname:"Borroto-Escuela",slug:"dasiel-borroto-escuela",fullName:"Dasiel Borroto-Escuela"},{id:"218894",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruo",middleName:null,surname:"Okado",slug:"haruo-okado",fullName:"Haruo Okado"},{id:"218895",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Nakata",slug:"hiroyasu-nakata",fullName:"Hiroyasu Nakata"}]},{id:"33120",title:"Crossings on Public Perception of Biomedicine: Spain and the European Indicators",slug:"crossings-on-public-perception-of-biomedicine-spain-and-the-european-indicators-",totalDownloads:1291,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Eulalia Pérez Sedeño and María José Miranda Suárez",authors:[{id:"112999",title:"Dr.",name:"Eulalia",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Sedeno",slug:"eulalia-perez-sedeno",fullName:"Eulalia Perez Sedeno"},{id:"117289",title:"MSc.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda Suárez",slug:"maria-jose-miranda-suarez",fullName:"María José Miranda Suárez"}]},{id:"64435",title:"Precision Medicine: Role of Biomarkers in Early Prediction and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"precision-medicine-role-of-biomarkers-in-early-prediction-and-diagnosis-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Liming Shen, Sijian Xia, Huajie Zhang, Fang Yao, Xukun Liu, Yuxi Zhao, Ming Ying, Javed Iqbal and Qiong Liu",authors:[{id:"263601",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Liming",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",slug:"liming-shen",fullName:"Liming Shen"},{id:"273558",title:"Ms.",name:"Sijian",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"sijian-xia",fullName:"Sijian Xia"},{id:"273562",title:"Ms.",name:"Huajie",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"huajie-zhang",fullName:"Huajie Zhang"},{id:"273563",title:"Ms.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",slug:"fang-yao",fullName:"Fang Yao"},{id:"273564",title:"Ms.",name:"Xukun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xukun-liu",fullName:"Xukun Liu"},{id:"273565",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuxi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"yuxi-zhao",fullName:"Yuxi Zhao"},{id:"273566",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Ying",slug:"ming-ying",fullName:"Ming Ying"},{id:"273567",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"javed-iqbal",fullName:"Javed Iqbal"},{id:"273569",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"qiong-liu",fullName:"Qiong Liu"}]},{id:"67272",title:"Introductory Chapter: Insight into the OMICS Technologies and Molecular Medicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-insight-into-the-omics-technologies-and-molecular-medicine",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu and Abdullah Karadag",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"65402",title:"Pharmacogenetics and Cancer Treatment: Progress and Prospects",slug:"pharmacogenetics-and-cancer-treatment-progress-and-prospects",totalDownloads:905,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Munindra Ruwali",authors:[{id:"245866",title:"Dr.",name:"Munindra",middleName:null,surname:"Ruwali",slug:"munindra-ruwali",fullName:"Munindra Ruwali"}]},{id:"33113",title:"Encapsulation and Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets: Advances and Challenges",slug:"encapsulation-and-surface-engineering-of-pancreatic-islets-advances-and-challenges-",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Veronika Kozlovskaya, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya and Eugenia Kharlampieva",authors:[{id:"97932",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlampieva",slug:"eugenia-kharlampieva",fullName:"Eugenia Kharlampieva"},{id:"101333",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kozlovskaya",slug:"veronika-kozlovskaya",fullName:"Veronika Kozlovskaya"},{id:"135852",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zavgorodnya",slug:"oleksandra-zavgorodnya",fullName:"Oleksandra Zavgorodnya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biomedicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"74620",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-distinct-diseases",totalDownloads:69,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95114",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Adnan Batman, İrem Yalim Camci, Elif Kadioglu, Kezban Uçar Çifçi, Berçem Yeman Kıyak, Servet Tunoglu, Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu and Yusuf Tutar"},{id:"72967",title:"Endogenous Retroelements in Cancer: Molecular Roles and Clinical Approach",slug:"endogenous-retroelements-in-cancer-molecular-roles-and-clinical-approach",totalDownloads:92,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93370",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Kang-Hoon Lee and Je-Yoel Cho"},{id:"71908",title:"Genetic Risk Factors and Lysosomal Function in Parkinson Disease",slug:"genetic-risk-factors-and-lysosomal-function-in-parkinson-disease",totalDownloads:61,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91850",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Marcella Vieira Barroso Montenegro, Carlos Eduardo de Melo Amaral and Luiz Carlos Santana da Silva"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/107020/elena-anatolievna-saratovskikh",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"107020",slug:"elena-anatolievna-saratovskikh"},fullPath:"/profiles/107020/elena-anatolievna-saratovskikh",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()