\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7556",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dyslipidemia",title:"Dyslipidemia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe, particularly among aging populations. Lipoprotein disorders, frequently encountered by clinicians, require early recognition and treatment. In this book, we assembled a group of world-renowned scholars in their field to address major areas in lipoprotein disorders that are imminently relevant to clinicians and other healthcare providers. Areas discussed include an overview of lipid metabolism, a complex topic, presented in a simplified and rational way. We also highlight recent developments in the field including dyslipidemias characterized by nontraditional lipid biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the role of dyslipidemia. Other chapters include the assessment of primary and secondary causes of dyslipidemia. Targets for treatment as well as the role of major therapeutic agents including statins and PCSK9 inhibitors are also discussed in light of the most recent guidelines by major international organizations. This is in addition to an overview of lifestyle and dietary modification as well as alternative options for dyslipidemia management. Furthermore, dyslipidemia in special populations is emphasized including various ethnic groups as well as those with HIV disease, chronic kidney disease, among others. The role of adiposity including brown fat together with highlights on lipidomics and dyslipidemias characterized by nontraditional lipid biomarkers is also highlighted. We believe that this volume will serve as a valuable resource, not only for clinicians and other healthcare providers, but for students and research scholars as well.",isbn:"978-1-83968-004-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-003-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-005-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76825",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dyslipidemia",numberOfPages:180,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dfd1faefe925f0f8335c42cdb36256c1",bookSignature:"Samy I. McFarlane",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7556.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11603,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 18th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 17th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"53477",title:"Prof.",name:"Samy I.",middleName:null,surname:"McFarlane",slug:"samy-i.-mcfarlane",fullName:"Samy I. McFarlane",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53477/images/system/53477.png",biography:"Dr. McFarlane is Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine/Endocrinology and Associate Dean at SUNY-Downstate, Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.\n\nHe has extensive experience in clinical and translational research and served as the PI for the largest center in North America in the landmark Diabetes Reduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial. \n\nHe is the author of more than 400 publications with more than 10,000 citations and an h-index of 46. He also has 270 highly influential citations to his credit, including those in major guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA), such as stroke guidelines (2018 and 2019), the Scientific Statement from the AHA on Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation 2020, and the 2021 SHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Collaborative Statement. He is also the editor of several books on diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and related topics.\n\nDr. McFarlane is a three-term member of the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH-NIDDK) and served twice as chair of the NIH-NIDDK U01 committee. He also served as chair of the clinical sub-committee of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Early Evaluation Program. Locally, he held several leadership positions including Medical Director of Clinical Research and Program Director and Chief of Endocrinology. He also served as District President of the American College of Physicians. Dr. McFarlane is the recipient of numerous awards and honors including recognition from the United States Army, the US Congress, and the Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine.",institutionString:"State University of New York",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"66265",title:"Introductory Chapter: Overview of Lipoprotein Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85094",slug:"introductory-chapter-overview-of-lipoprotein-metabolism",totalDownloads:1550,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angelina Zhyvotovska, Denis Yusupov and Samy I. McFarlane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66265",authors:[{id:"53477",title:"Prof.",name:"Samy I.",surname:"McFarlane",slug:"samy-i.-mcfarlane",fullName:"Samy I. McFarlane"},{id:"298681",title:"Dr.",name:"Denis",surname:"Yusupov",slug:"denis-yusupov",fullName:"Denis Yusupov"},{id:"298682",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelina",surname:"Zhyvotovska",slug:"angelina-zhyvotovska",fullName:"Angelina Zhyvotovska"}],corrections:null},{id:"66725",title:"Dyslipidemia and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Evaluation and Targets for Treatment of Dyslipidemia Based on Recent Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85772",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-its-role-in-the-pathogenesis-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-implications",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The clinical presentations of atherosclerotic disease are the result of a constellation of diverse metabolic and immunologic mechanisms ultimately set into motion by the formation of fatty acid streaks and the accompanying inflammatory cell activation, endothelial damage, smooth muscle proliferation, vascular fibrosis, and end-organ infarction and necrosis. At the heart of atherosclerosis are the byproducts of lipid metabolism, lipoproteins containing triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and the changes they undergo that eventually lead to macrophage activation, foam cell formation, and other downstream atherosclerotic changes. Understanding the functionality of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins in the cascade of atherosclerotic pathways has tremendous implications on current guidelines for the evaluation and targets in the management of dyslipidemia, and serves as the foundation for future investigations into targets of atherosclerotic therapies.",signatures:"Perry Wengrofsky, Justin Lee and Amgad N. Makaryus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66725",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66725",authors:[{id:"106536",title:"Dr.",name:"Amgad N.",surname:"Makaryus",slug:"amgad-n.-makaryus",fullName:"Amgad N. Makaryus"},{id:"292156",title:"Dr.",name:"Perry",surname:"Wengrofsky",slug:"perry-wengrofsky",fullName:"Perry Wengrofsky"},{id:"292157",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",surname:"Lee",slug:"justin-lee",fullName:"Justin Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"64903",title:"Dyslipidemia in Special Populations, the Elderly, Women, HIV, Chronic Kidney Disease and ESRD, and Minority Groups",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82831",slug:"dyslipidemia-in-special-populations-the-elderly-women-hiv-chronic-kidney-disease-and-esrd-and-minori",totalDownloads:868,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the management of dyslipidemia in special patient populations: the elderly, woman and pregnancy, renal disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and different racial/ethnic groups. In the elderly, dyslipidemia is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Consideration for potential atherosclerotic risk-reduction benefits, risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and patient preferences should precede the initiation of statin therapy. Data on pregnant women are lacking and need future research. Dyslipidemia and its effects on the cardiovascular system in chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and HIV are dynamic and multimodal. These conditions are states of chronic inflammation, where it is difficult to associate quantities of cholesterol types with outcomes. Among all racial groups, Asian Indians, Filipinos, and Hispanics are at a higher risk for dyslipidemia. Genetic differences in statin metabolism may explain this racial/ethnic difference.",signatures:"Amarpali Brar, Jeans M. Santana, Moro O. Salifu and Clinton D. Brown",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64903",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64903",authors:[{id:"261968",title:"M.D.",name:"Amarpali",surname:"Brar",slug:"amarpali-brar",fullName:"Amarpali Brar"},{id:"263925",title:"Dr.",name:"Clinton D.",surname:"Brown",slug:"clinton-d.-brown",fullName:"Clinton D. Brown"},{id:"263926",title:"Dr.",name:"Moro O.",surname:"Salifu",slug:"moro-o.-salifu",fullName:"Moro O. Salifu"},{id:"271942",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeans M.",surname:"Santana",slug:"jeans-m.-santana",fullName:"Jeans M. Santana"}],corrections:null},{id:"65757",title:"Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Goal Attainment with Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Insights from Thai Multicenter Study and Overview of the Major Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82355",slug:"prevalence-of-dyslipidemia-and-goal-attainment-with-lipid-lowering-therapy-insights-from-thai-multic",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background Since the release in Thailand in 2001 of the Third Guidelines by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults or the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), there have been no nationwide studies on the proportion of dyslipidaemic patients who have achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. The authors therefore aimed to estimate the percentage achievement of LDL-C goals based on the modified NCEP ATP III guidelines in intermediate- to high-risk patients. Methods The authors conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional, epidemiological survey. Patients (1240) were selected consecutively from 50 hospitals across Thailand. Patients were included if they had been treated with statins for at least 3 months. Results Two-thirds were female, and the mean age was 61.7+69.5 years. The median duration of statin treatment was 21 months. Half (633/1240) of the patients achieved the LDL-C goal levels as defined by the NCEP guidelines (51.1%, 95% CI 48.3% to 53.8%). The very high-risk group had the lowest percentage achievement (11.6%; 95% CI 1.6% to 21.6%), compared with 54.2% (95% CI 50.9% to 57.4%) for the high-risk group and 47.0% (95% CI 41.1% to 52.8%) for the moderate-risk group. More males achieved the LDL-C goals than females (55.6% vs. 48.9%; P = 0.029). Conclusions Overall, 51.1% of the patients with cardiovascular risk, on statins treatment, achieved the NCEP ATP III LDL-C goal levels.",signatures:"Songkwan Silaruks, Charn Sriratanasathavorn, Petch Rawdaree, Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya, Bandit Thinkhamrop and Piyamitr Sritara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65757",authors:[{id:"256769",title:"Prof.",name:"Songkwan",surname:"Silaruks",slug:"songkwan-silaruks",fullName:"Songkwan Silaruks"},{id:"283455",title:"Dr.",name:"Charn",surname:"Sriratanasathavorn",slug:"charn-sriratanasathavorn",fullName:"Charn Sriratanasathavorn"},{id:"283456",title:"Dr.",name:"Petch",surname:"Rawdaree",slug:"petch-rawdaree",fullName:"Petch Rawdaree"},{id:"283457",title:"Dr.",name:"Rapeephon",surname:"Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya",slug:"rapeephon-kunjara-na-ayudhaya",fullName:"Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhaya"},{id:"283458",title:"Dr.",name:"Bandit",surname:"Thinkhamrop",slug:"bandit-thinkhamrop",fullName:"Bandit Thinkhamrop"},{id:"283459",title:"Prof.",name:"Piyamitr",surname:"Sritara",slug:"piyamitr-sritara",fullName:"Piyamitr Sritara"}],corrections:null},{id:"69909",title:"Postprandial Lipemia as Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89933",slug:"postprandial-lipemia-as-cardiovascular-disease-risk-factor",totalDownloads:764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is characterized by prolonged and increased levels of lipids especially triglycerides (TG) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels after a meal. There are an increasing number of evidence that postprandial lipemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease because of its causative role in atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. This has serious implications because common dietary patterns are characterized by high fat content and meal consumption; hence, most will be in a postprandial state resulting to frequent and prolonged exposure to high lipid levels. The review will present the current evidences for the role of postprandial lipemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors, namely, diabetes and obesity. We will also present recommendations on the diagnosis and management of postprandial lipemia.",signatures:"Neil Francis Amba and Leilani B. Mercado-Asis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69909",authors:[{id:"299157",title:"Prof.",name:"Leilani B.",surname:"Mercado-Asis",slug:"leilani-b.-mercado-asis",fullName:"Leilani B. Mercado-Asis"},{id:"309025",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil Francis",surname:"Amba",slug:"neil-francis-amba",fullName:"Neil Francis Amba"}],corrections:null},{id:"65816",title:"Alternative Natural Management of Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82430",slug:"alternative-natural-management-of-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In hypercholesterolemic patients, besides therapeutic treatments, alternative treatments can be used such as lifestyle changes, e.g. avoiding smoking, regular exercise, and consuming a diet rich in fiber and low in trans saturated and saturated fats. There are also certain plant products, such as the gum residue guggulipid, that are used in India as a traditional medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Similarly, red yeast rice and rice bran oil have been observed to reduce elevated cholesterol levels. Other herbal products have also been investigated for their role in lowering cholesterol levels, as well as various other herbs and spices such as ginger and turmeric. Another herbal remedy available for reducing high cholesterol levels is the leaf extract of Cynara scolymus, commonly known as artichoke thistle. Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, or globe artichoke, is mainly cultivated as a food crop. It has an important effect on reducing plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels.",signatures:"Abdullah Glil Alkushi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65816",authors:[{id:"261081",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Glil Alkushi",slug:"abdullah-glil-alkushi",fullName:"Abdullah Glil Alkushi"}],corrections:null},{id:"64081",title:"The Role of Niacin in the Management of Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81725",slug:"the-role-of-niacin-in-the-management-of-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:1325,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Niacin or nicotinic acid has been used for the management of dyslipidemia for over 50 years, and it is the first medication that has been shown to reduce both coronary disease events and mortality. It is unique among the various lipid therapies in that it can not only reduce all of atherogenic lipid fractions (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, non-HDL lipoproteins, and triglycerides), but is also the most effective agent for raising high-density lipoprotein (specifically Apolipoprotein A-1). It is also the only lipid therapy that can lower lipoprotein (a). Niacin also has non-lipid benefits that improve vascular health and reduce atherogenesis. Niacin therapy was initially hampered by a high incidence of side effects, especially flushing, but this has largely been overcome by extended-release formulations and dosing and administering properly. Despite the failure of two recent clinical trials to show benefit of combining niacin with statins, there are many trials that support using niacin as monotherapy or in combination with other lipid agents including statins. Niacin is also the cheapest lipid agent available, and with the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the world, it offers great value in the population-wide management of this health problem.",signatures:"Joseph M. Keenan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64081",authors:[{id:"255775",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Joseph M.",surname:"Keenan",slug:"joseph-m.-keenan",fullName:"Joseph M. Keenan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69010",title:"Novel Therapies for Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88477",slug:"novel-therapies-for-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multiple studies have shown a strong correlation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration and development as well as progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. Thus, the decrease of the LDL-C burden through lifestyle modification and/or pharmacological interventions unanimously demonstrated a decrease in cardiovascular events and mortality. To date, statins are considered the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration has shown consistency of treatment benefits across a wide patient population. However, new data are now revealing that a considerate patient population failed to achieve lipid goals solely on statins and a significant percentage cannot tolerate treatment. Therefore, extensive work has recently been done in generating novel LDL-C-lowering agents that would act through mechanisms different from statins. Among others, monoclonal antibodies to protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and ezetimibe seem particularly promising. Both PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies and ezetimibe have shown to be well tolerated and very effective at lowering LDL-C.",signatures:"Olta Tafaj Reddy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69010",authors:[{id:"295020",title:"Dr.",name:"Olta",surname:"Tafaj Reddy",slug:"olta-tafaj-reddy",fullName:"Olta Tafaj Reddy"}],corrections:null},{id:"68179",title:"Adipose Tissue Complexities in Dyslipidemias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87439",slug:"adipose-tissue-complexities-in-dyslipidemias",totalDownloads:723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adipose tissue is the largest organ in the human body and, in excess, contributes to dyslipidemias and the dysregulation of other vascular and metabolic processes. Adipose tissue is heterogeneous, comprised of several cell types based on morphology, cellular age, and endocrine and paracrine function. Adipose tissue depots are also regional, primarily due to sex differences and genetic variation. Adipose tissue is also characterized as subcutaneous vs. visceral. In addition, fatty deposits exist outside of adipose tissue, such as those surrounding the heart, or as infiltration of skeletal muscle. This review focuses on adipose tissue and its contribution to dyslipidemias. Dyslipidemias are defined as circulating blood lipid levels that are too high or altered. Lipids include both traditional and nontraditional species. Leaving aside traditional definitions, adipose tissue contributes to dyslipidemias in a myriad of ways. To address a small portion of this topic, we reviewed (a) adipose tissue location and cell types, (b) body composition, (c) endocrine adipose, (d) the fat-brain axis, and (e) genetic susceptibility. The influence of these complex aspects of adipose tissue on dyslipidemias and human health, illustrating that, once again, that adipose tissue is a quintessential, multifunctional tissue of the human body, will be summarized.",signatures:"Deborah R. Gustafson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68179",authors:[{id:"294635",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah R.",surname:"Gustafson",slug:"deborah-r.-gustafson",fullName:"Deborah R. Gustafson"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10488",title:"Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5815b21958b2b2d5b653771c3f0cc35c",slug:"renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system",bookSignature:"Samy I. 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\r\n\tPhysical fitness is defined as 'having the energy to perform activities performed in daily life without getting tired, to participate in and enjoy recreational activities, and to cope with unexpected situations. Cardiorespiratory fitness, on the other hand, is one of the 'health-related' components of physical fitness and can also be expressed as 'the ability of the heart, lung, and vascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is the gold standard for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness as it provides an objective and concrete measure of cardiorespiratory fitness by measuring maximum oxygen consumption with gas exchange analysis. At the same time, cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides data on the source of a potential problem by revealing the suitability of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and respiratory systems in conditions where metabolism is under control, and whether they create any restrictions during exercise. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a subcomponent of physical fitness, and it is the ability of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems of individuals to supply the tissues with the necessary nutrients and oxygen. The most valid measurement in assessing cardiorespiratory system fitness is maximal oxygen consumption. Cardiorespiratory fitness is of great importance for individuals to continue their activities of daily living, and it also has a very important role in increasing the physical activity levels of individuals. In line with this scope, this book aims to include current studies, data, and different literature information in the field of cardiorespiratory fitness.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-240-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-239-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-241-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2fea0ca1d640f9e8185c3db62ba53aae",bookSignature:"Dr. Hasan Sözen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11656.jpg",keywords:"Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, Body Composition, Physical Inactivity, Cardiorespiratory System, Obesity, Inactivity, Sedentary Lifestyle, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, Mortality, Fitness",numberOfDownloads:26,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 31st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 30th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"After completing his post-doctoral fellowship at the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy, Dr. Hasan Sözen continued his research in sport and exercise physiology and is currently a member of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport, and Dance (ICHPE-SD), as well as a member of the Society of Sport Sciences.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/161402/images/system/161402.jpeg",biography:'Dr. Hasan Sözen is an assistant professor at the Department of Physical Education and Sport, Ordu University, Turkey. He received his PhD in Health Science from the Department of Physical Education and Sport, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey, and completed his post-doctoral fellowship at the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy with his work titled "Electromechanical delay components assessment to disclose age, training status and gender effects on skeletal muscle electromechanical behavior during contraction: new insights from an electromyographic, mechanomyographic and force combined approach." The fellowship was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41865",title:"More than Half of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis with Leg Ulcer Require Amputation",doi:"10.5772/52240",slug:"more-than-half-of-patients-receiving-hemodialysis-with-leg-ulcer-require-amputation",body:'Patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) often develop leg ulcers, which are difficult to heal because of complications of other diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), calciphylaxis, collagen disease, peripheral arterial disorder (PAD), chronic anemia, and weakness of the skin (Figure 1) [1-3]. Especially, infection of an ulcer is associated with the risk of sepsis, which may be fatal if the blood access shunt becomes infected [4]. Some surgical treatment is usually required in these cases.
This article focuses on the prognosis and results of treating these wounds in patients receiving HD.
We evaluated 57 patients receiving HD (male: 37, female: 20, and 32 because of diabetes mellitus, 22 because of chronic glomerulonephritis, 2 because of polycystic kidney, and 1 because of systemic lupus erythematosus) who had leg ulcers and underwent surgical treatment in our unit from 2004 through 2011. Patients ranged in age from 43 to 95 years (median age: 69 years).
Ninety-four patients with leg ulcers due to DM (male: 53, female: 41) who underwent surgical treatment in our unit from 2004 through 2011, were also investigated as a control. They ranged in age from 26 to 93 years (median age: 59.5 years) (no significant difference, Wilcoxon rank sum test).
I investigated differences in the cause of wounds, type of surgery, and their mortality to evaluate the severity of the wounds in patients receiving HD.
Patients receiving hemodialysis often develop leg ulcers due to several causes, including trauma (A: skin defect following developing a hematoma due to falling on a step), infection (B: diabetic gangrene), peripheral arterial disorder (C: leg dry necrosis due to arteriosclerosis obliterans).
Leg ulcers in patients undergoing hemodialysis were originated due to ischemia in 34 cases (60%), infection in 13 cases (23%), and trauma in 10 cases (17%). Those in patients with DM were originally due to ischemia in 18 cases (19%), infection in 61 cases (65%), and trauma in 15 cases (16%) (Figure 2). HD-receiving patients were significantly more likely to develop leg ulcers due to PAD comparing to those with DM (p<0.001, Chi-square test).
In the HD-receiving patient group, 30 patients (52%) underwent amputation surgery. Among them, 19 (33%) required major (below or above the knee) amputations, while 39 (42%) underwent amputation surgery, including 11 (12%) major amputations in the patients with leg ulcers due to DM (Figure 3). There was a significant differences between the groups in the frequency of amputation (p<0.05, Chi-square test) and that of major amputation (p<0.001, Chi-square test).
Causes of leg ulcers in patients with HD and DM (PAD: peripheral arterial disorder)
Treatments for leg ulcers in patients with HD and DM
Three patients (5%) with HD died of contaminated foot ulcers, and 3 (3%) with DM (Figure 4). There were no significant differences in mortality between the 2 groups (p>0.05, Chi-square test).
Mortality of patients with leg ulcers
Chronic renal failure (CRF) affects all the systems of the body, causing neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematological, endocrine-metabolic, and dermatological disorders [5]. Among them, cutaneous disorders are one of the common problems in patients on long-term hemodialysis. The commonest skin disorders are xerosis and pruritus [6, 7]. The skin of patients on hemodialysis is dry, and so the skin barrier structure and function are impaired [8]. Formerly, it was believed that the impaired skin resistance and stimuli caused by scrunching because of itchy skin cause continuous inflammations, which contribute to local skin ulcers [9]. Of course, these problems may be the causes of erosion or slight ulcers in HD-receiving patients. However, my study revealed that severe leg ulcers, which may require amputation, were mainly caused by some complications such as PAD and infection [10].
Difficulty healing wounds is a frequent problem in patients on HD because of their poor general conditions, including malnutrition, inflammation, and PAD [1]. Mistrík et al. reported a significant decrease in skin blood flow during the HD procedure, and concluded that the skin blood flow may be impaired in HD patients, which leads to the development of difficulty in healing skin wounds [3]. Regarding cutaneous infection, the incidence of fungal infection in patients undergoing hemodialysis was 67%, which suggested that adequate foot care had not been performed for these patients [11]. CRF patients exhibit impaired cellular immunity due to a decreased T-lymphocyte cell count; this could explain the increased prevalence of infections [12]. Consequently, patients receiving HD were associated with higher complication rates and mortality when they developed leg ulcers [13].
Patients with severely ischemic legs due to maintenance HD often require multiple surgeries because arteriosclerosis obliterans usually progresses, which causes other ischemic ulcers (Figure 5-8). Amputations of legs or fingers are sometimes performed for these complex ulcers, because patients receiving HD are thought to present with immunocompromised conditions, and aggressive life-threatening infections such as sepsis require immediate surgical debridement in order to salvage the blood access line and save their lives (Figures 7, 9, 10). Administering antibiotics for a contaminated wound containing necrotic tissue is of no use because they cannot affect a non-vascularized or necrotic mass. Immediate surgical debridement is the only choice to improve these soft tissue infections [14, 15]. Surgical amputation is sometimes recommended to resurface these wounds, especially for some ischemic wounds including dry necrosis of toes and feet (Figure 9). My study revealed that more than half of patients underwent toe or leg amputation.
Case 1. Ischemic ulcer (A) The photograph shows a necrotic wound of right 2nd toe in a patient receiving HD at the initial examination. He was also diagnosed with peripheral arterial disorder. (B) He underwent amputation of the toe and the wound was healed.
Case 2. Ischemic ulcer (PAD) (A) The photograph shows a necrotic wound of the right 2nd toe in a patient receiving HD at the initial examination. He was also diagnosed with peripheral arterial disorder. (B) He underwent amputation of the toe and the wound was healed. (C) However, he developed another ischemic ulcer 20 months later and required another amputation.
Case 3. Foot burn (trauma) (A) The patient was referred from an emergency unit for a complex necrotic ulcer caused by a burn to the left foot, with a high fever. As his blood access shunt in the right elbow also showed inflammation, amputation of the left big and 2nd toes was immediately performed. (B) As soft tissue necrosis progressed after debridement, and osteomyelitis occurred 1 month later, he underwent further amputation. (C) Finally, he underwent Chopart\'s joint amputation 2 months later.
Case 4. Onychia periungualis (infection) (A) An HD-receiving patient developed onychia periungualis of the left 1st toe. (B) Although, he underwent the removal of the nail and antibiotic treatment, the ulcer and toe necrosis progressed. (C) The patient underwent amputation of the 1st and 2nd toes. (D) However, wound healing was unfavorable, because of the peripheral arterial disorder, thus, further amputation was required. (E) One month after the 3rd toe amputation, the wounds healed satisfactorily.
Case 5. Ischemic ulcer (PAD) (A) The photograph shows a necrotic wound of the right foot in a patient receiving HD at the initial examination. He was also diagnosed with peripheral arterial disorder. (B) As he developed sepsis and his blood access shunt in the right elbow also showed inflammation, he underwent below the knee amputation immediately, and the wound healed.
Case 6. Necrotizing fasciitis (infection) The photograph shows necrotizing fasciitis of the right foot in a patient receiving HD at the initial examination. He underwent below the knee amputation immediately.
I have investigated ulcers requiring surgical treatment, and the present study indicates that the development of severe leg ulcers in patients with HD is strongly influenced by ischemia due to PAD. Several investigators have reported incidences of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients receiving HD, ranging from 2.5 to 19.0% [16, 17].
These wounds usually develop infection, and often result in higher mortality rates because blood access shunts, especially when an artificial vessel is grafted, are easily infected. All my patients with infectious wounds (14 cases) required immediate debridement, including amputation to prevent such unfavorable general infections, because aggressive local inflammatory reactions had already developed.
On the other hand, the development of ulcers in patients with DM (control group) was mainly due to infection, which is so-called diabetic gangrene and is known to be life-threatening. My study revealed that there were no significant differences in mortality between the DM and HD groups. This suggested that the control of infection by aggressive debridement, including amputation, is the most important for the treatment of both local and general infection and saving the lives of patients. When initial debridement is insufficient and local infection recurs, further debridement should be performed. Wound infection cannot be controlled in the presence of necrotic tissue; therefore, amputation of fingers or legs is sometimes recommended, especially, when the patients show an septic status.
I conclude that patients receiving HD developed leg ulcers mainly due to PAD. They were likely to be more severe and progressive. Thus, they frequently require amputation before blood access shunts are infected.
In certain applications for MEMS microactuators, large deflections would be desired such as the case of micro-robotics [1, 2, 3], micromirrors [4, 5, 6], and microgrippers [3, 7]. Using a shape memory alloy (SMA), a material that undergoes large changes in stress during a temperature cycle due to a solid-solid phase change can be used to generate large, nonlinear deflections. We aim to find a relationship between deflections of a SMA MEMS actuator, and maximize the deflection of SMA MEMS bimorph. Shape memory alloy films based on sputtered NiTi have been exhaustively characterized in previous decades, leading to a wealth of information about the intricate interplay between Ni/Ti ratio, annealing temperatures and times, and thickness [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. Bimorphic actuators can impart reversible deflection shape memory microactuators as previously demonstrated [32, 33].
To date, optimization of parameters for improving shape memory-induced actuation has not been explored. We chose for our candidate system an SU-8 patterned on top of NiTi SMA bimorph actuator. In this case, residual strains develop during the processing of MEMS actuators, and upon release from substrate, the device curls upward to relieve these strains. Thermal input converts the material into austenite, and shape memory effect drives the actuator into a more flat position, a process that is reversible upon subsequent thermal cycles. Thermal effects can be delivered to the SMA MEMS using laser irradiation [34], and joule-heating [35], at frequencies up to at least 1 kHz. SU-8 is an ideal material due to its relative ease of use in MEMS, low modulus of elasticity enables more flexible devices with large deflection, and good chemical stability.
Much literature exists for thin film development and characterization of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy [1, 2, 3, 4]. Although many demonstrations of SMA MEMS actuators have been shown [9, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43], none of these citations perform design optimization studies to maximize deflection or curvature radius due to residual stress changes due to phase change. When the nitinol is thermally cycled between martensite and austenite phases, there is a corresponding change in residual stress, which is used to drive the nonlinear deflections. This nonlinear and large change in stress is defined as the recovery stress, and is a principal factor influencing the deflection and curvature radius. Our novel contributions take a realistic SMA MEMS bimorph design based on SU-8 on NiTi, and determine optimal thickness combinations to yield maximized deflections, which would be desirable in certain applications were large strokes are desired. We feed into the model the Young’s modulus values for NiTi thin films that have been determined previously using nanoindentation techniques [44, 45].
The nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) would be co-sputtered onto a 4″ silicon wafer based on the methods reported in previous works [8, 34, 35, 36]. The substrate is rotated and heated during deposition to ensure crystallization of the film. The wafer stress vs. temperature measurements are performed, using Stoney’s equation to determine recovery stress, hysteresis, and residual stress in the NiTi film. After verification of good shape memory alloy properties in the film at wafer level, a photomask is used to pattern bimorph actuator. Ion milling is used to remove portions of the NiTi film on the wafer. The SU-8 2000.5 is spin coated (where the RPM is used to control SU-8 thickness) and another mask plate is used to pattern SU-8 on top of the NiTi cantilever. Finally, the device is released by etching the Si substrate away in xenon difluoride (XeF2) gas. In practice, SU-8 thickness would be controlled by varying spin speed, and NiTi thickness based on sputtering time.
The design problem is to maximize the deflection of a MEMS bimorph cantilever beam based on the nonlinear shape memory alloy (SMA) as the actuating mechanism. The deflection is dependent in large part on the parameter called recovery stress. The larger the recovery stress, the larger the deflection. We may also wish to decrease the overall mass or volume of the actuator, of minimize the curvature radius. The objectives are competing in that reduction in the shape memory alloy thickness, generally leads to reduction of the recovery stress. The bimorph actuator could consist of SU-8 on top of NiTi thin film, but this optimization model would be easily extensible to other cases of interest.
We should consider that the equation describing the recovery stress-induced deflection in shape memory alloy MEMS actuator is (Eq. 1).
Initially, the contour plots of SU-8 and NiTi thickness showed that the optimization problem was not interesting for the simplest case of constant recovery stress over the range of NiTi thickness. To our advantage, the NiTi recovery stress is a parameter that depends on NiTi thickness, which makes the optimization problem more interesting. The equation describing the recovery stress-induced deflection in shape memory alloy (SMA) MEMS actuator is:
where
Figure 1 shows stress vs. temperature curves for NiTi on Si wafer. These curves are experimentally generated, and indicate the recovery stress (difference between highest and lowest stress values), and the thermal hysteresis. Here, as an illustrative example, the NiTi thickness is 900 nm, and the temperature cycle is performed using a heating and cooling rate of 1°C/min.
Stress vs. temperature curves for NiTi on Si wafer. These curves are experimentally generated, and indicate the recovery stress (difference between highest and lowest stress values), and the thermal hysteresis.
Assumptions: we assume operating temperatures go between RT and 100°C to ensure full phase change. In all calculations, for simplicity we use Young’s modulus of NiTi as a fixed value. In reality, the Young’s modulus changes curing the phase change. Martensite (lower temperature phase usually has a lower elastic modulus compared to the higher temperature austenite phase).
Figure 2 shows the process used to build the SMA MEMS bimorph actuator comprised of the NiTi shape memory (SMA) layer underneath the SU-8 elastic layer. In step (a) deposition of SMA onto Si wafer and pattern using photolithography. In step (b) ion milling is performed to transfer the pattern into the SMA layer. In step (c) we spin on SU-8 and pattern it with mask plate and photolithography. In step (d) we release the MEMS bimorph by etching Si substrate with xenon difluoride (XeF2) gas. In step (e) we thermally actuate the two-way shape memory MEMS device between curled and flat states.
SMA MEMS fabrication process for SU-8 on NiTi bimorph.
Regarding NiTi recovery stress, there would appear to be an optimal thickness range for which recovery stress reaches max values as depicted in Figure 3, below which there is a sharp drop off. Therefore the tendency for increased deflections for thinner materials reaches a point of diminishing returns due to the effect of decreasing recovery stress. Below 100–150 nm, shape memory properties have been shown to drop off completely, so we impose constraints for NiTi thickness to vary between 150 and 1300 nm.
Relation between recovery stress (MPa) and NiTi film thickness (nm).
Based on the curve fitting equation (
Covert to standard form in SI units:
According to the toolbox (and as shown in Figure 4), optimal solution is:
Optimization contours for the case where SU-8 elastic modulus is 2 GPa. Variables considered are individual layer thicknesses: NiTi (x-axis) and SU-8 (y-axis).
The curvature of a bilayer elastic material [46] is given as
ρ is the curvature radius generally expressed in units of μm. Δε is a strain differential term resulting from CTE mismatch and temperature difference experienced during the processing. θ is a correction factor used in the placement of neutral plane. E′ is the biaxial modulus defined as E/(1 − v) where v is Poisson ratio and E is Young’s modulus. Poisson ratios are assumed to be 0.22 for SU-8 and 0.33 for NiTi. α_SU-8 is reported to be 52 × 10–6/°C. α_NiTi (depending on austenite or martensite phase) is reported to be 6.6 or 11 × 10–6/°C. For simplicity sake, we assume an intermediate value of α_NiTi = 9 × 10–6/°C. Units for theta term is nm or m. Units for G term is Pa × nm3 or Pa × m3. Therefore units for curvature is in nm or m. Δε term is unit less.
The objective number 2 is to maximize curvature radius. We determine the pareto frontier and strong pareto points using the epsilon constrained method. In this epsilon constrained method, we minimize f1 while keeping f2 less than or equal to different values of epsilon. As a first step for objective function 2 (curvature of bimorph) we coded MATLAB script to generate contour plots as a function of the two main design variables (i.e., thickness of NiTi and SU-8). The problem formulation for objective function 2 is as follows (and contour plot is shown in Figure 5).
MATLAB-generated contour plot of curvature radius (m), against the primary design variables (i.e., tNiTi and tSU-8). Curvature radius is maximized for the thickest values of NiTi and thinnest values of SU-8. The result is intuitive because this is the stiffest beam (from the perspective of thickest NiTi with much larger Young’s modulus compared to SU-8). Thinner SU-8 means the effect from strain differential and CTE mismatch is minimized and contributes less to curvature radius. Overall, this means that upper bound on NiTi thickness and lower bound on SU-8 thickness are active constraints for objective function 2.
Curvature is:
Maximize:
Subjected to:
For multi-objective optimization, the deflection and curvature radius of
Subjected to:
Due to the conflicting nature of the two objective functions, the contour plot for the multi-objective function has changed substantially. Maximizing the radius is favored by a larger tNiTi as opposed to a smaller thickness required to maximize deflection. The optimal solution of multi-objective function as shown in Figure 6 has a larger tNiTi.
Optimal solution for simultaneous multi-objective optimization of deflection and curvature radius.
Once we have established the optimal objective values for deflection and curvature, we perform a sensitivity analysis regarding the following variables, for which experimentally could be varied with relative ease. These thickness values x1 and x2, corresponding the NiTi and SU-8 thicknesses, can be changed by varying the spin speed for SU-8 coating: faster spins corresponding to thinner films of SU-8 and vice versa. For NiTi, longer sputter time would be used for thicker films and vice versa. Young’s modulus can be varied by deposition conditions for NiTi and curing/baking temperatures and conditions for SU-8. To perform the sensitivity analysis for Objective 1, we keep fixed the optimal thickness for SU-8 and vary the NiTi thickness to see how it changes, and plot a function (as shown in Figure 7) and generate a table of values. Similarly, we keep fixed the optimal value of NiTi thickness and recovery stress, and plot the deflection over a range of SU-8 thicknesses.
Maximum bimorph deflection with a variation of Young’s modulus of NiTi and SU-8 layer.
In conclusion, an interesting optimization problem was identified whereby the deflection of shape memory MEMS bimorph actuator was maximized. Original calculations showed that reductions in the thickness of the bimorph layers would yield maximized deflections (for the simplest case assuming constant values of recovery stress in NiTi layer). In the literature, a more complex relationship among recovery stress and the NiTi thickness was identified. A curve fit to this data yielded a much more interesting optimization problem, which was solved graphically (contour plots) and using the Optimization Toolbox in MATLAB. Optimal NiTi and SU-8 thickness were determined to be for the case where SU-8 modulus was 2 GPa to be tNiTi = 359 nm, tSU-8 = 824 nm. After solving the single-objective optimization problem using fmincon, Excel solver, and a hand-coded algorithm, we formulated a second objective function to maximize curvature radius (i.e., to maximize the flatness of the beam because larger curvature radius is a flatter beam). We used fmincon to solve for the optimal values of NiTi and SU-8 to maximize the curvature radius. We determined that the objective functions were conflicting (i.e., there was clearly a tradeoff in order to satisfy both conditions simultaneously), and therefore suitable for multi-objective optimization. We formulated a multi-objective optimization method and solved it using fmincon. Finally, a parametric study or sensitivity analysis was performed pertaining to NiTi and SU-8 Young’s modulus. CTE of NiTi layer CTE of SU-8 layer composite cantilever beam consisting of two materials with different Young’s modulus and thickness coefficient of thermal expansion deflection of the elastic modulus of elastic modulus of biaxial elastic modulus of biaxial elastic modulus of strain differential arising from thermal processing and CTE mismatch total length of the microelectromechanical system curvature radius recovery stress of the shape memory alloy (i.e., NiTi) thickness modulus of thickness modulus of correction factor term for location of neutral axisAcronyms and abbreviations
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It is more common during the neonatal period than at any other age with the estimated incidence of 0.25 per 1000 live births. The absence of specific clinical presentation makes diagnosis of meningitis more difficult in neonates than in older children. Culture of cerebrospinal fluid is the traditional gold standard for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, so all newborn infants with proven or suspected sepsis should undergo lumbar puncture. However, deciding when to perform lumbar puncture and interpretation of the results are challenging. Although the pathophysiology of neonatal meningitis is complex and not fully understood, researches on diagnostic and prognostic tools are ongoing. 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This chapter will examine the multiple dimensions influencing maternal decision-making in regards to the feeding practices of infants including 1) individual maternal characteristics, 2) organizational factors, 3) hospital/provider recommendations, and 4) systematic/policy factors. The chapter will also examine the impact of infant feeding practices on early infant and childhood health outcomes. Research has demonstrated the benefits of breastfeeding on infants and early childhood which includes but is not limited to protection against common illnesses and infections, improved IQ , and even increased school attendance. Moreover, the World Health Assembly global nutrition objectives focus on encouraging breastfeeding support across all sectors in addition to implementing tailored community-based approaches, limiting the excessive marketing of infant formula, and enforcing supportive breastfeeding legislation. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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