Differences between nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1958",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Phytochemicals are biologically active compounds present in plants used for food and medicine. A great deal of interest has been generated recently in the isolation, characterization and biological activity of these phytochemicals. This book is in response to the need for more current and global scope of phytochemicals. It contains chapters written by internationally recognized authors. The topics covered in the book range from their occurrence, chemical and physical characteristics, analytical procedures, biological activity, safety and industrial applications. The book has been planned to meet the needs of the researchers, health professionals, government regulatory agencies and industries. This book will serve as a standard reference book in this important and fast growing area of phytochemicals, human nutrition and health.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0203-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5258-3",doi:"10.5772/2375",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",numberOfPages:290,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",numberOfDownloads:60599,numberOfWosCitations:60,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:203,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 8th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 7th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82663/images/system/82663.jpg",biography:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao, Professor Emeritus, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, has established a major focus in the area of diet and health. His research focuses on the role of phytochemicals in the prevention and management of human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. The main area of his research is oxidative stress and antioxidant phytochemicals with particular emphasis on the role of lycopene. He is credited for bringing international awareness to the role of lycopene in human health. In addition to carotenoids, his research interests also include plant polyphenols and the role of prebiotics and probiotics in human health. He has published extensively including research papers, reviews, and books. He has a distinguished academic career spanning over 52 years. He is popularly sought by the international media to express his opinions on the subjects of nutrition and health.",institutionString:"University of Toronto",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Toronto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"349",title:"Agrobiology",slug:"agrobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"32893",title:"Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products",doi:"10.5772/26956",slug:"biological-oxidations-and-antioxidant-activity-of-natural-products",totalDownloads:5490,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:22,signatures:"Xirley Pereira Nunes, Fabrício Souza Silva, Jackson Roberto Guedes da S. Almeida, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior and José Maria Barbosa Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32893",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32893",authors:[{id:"68388",title:"Dr.",name:"Xirley",surname:"Nunes",slug:"xirley-nunes",fullName:"Xirley Nunes"},{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"72114",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianeli",surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"73341",title:"Prof.",name:"José Maria",surname:"Barbosa-Filho",slug:"jose-maria-barbosa-filho",fullName:"José Maria Barbosa-Filho"},{id:"76185",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"luciano-ribeiro",fullName:"Luciano Ribeiro"},{id:"76187",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrício",surname:"Silva",slug:"fabricio-silva",fullName:"Fabrício Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"32894",title:"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plant Extracts",doi:"10.5772/27308",slug:"antimicrobial-and-antioxidant-activities-of-some-plant-extracts",totalDownloads:6573,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,signatures:"Elita Scio, Renata F. Mendes, Erick V.S. Motta, Paula M.Q. Bellozi, Danielle M.O. Aragão, Josiane Mello, Rodrigo L. Fabri, Jussara R. Moreira, Isabel V.L. de Assis and Maria Lúcia M. Bouzada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32894",authors:[{id:"69660",title:"Dr.",name:"Elita",surname:"Scio",slug:"elita-scio",fullName:"Elita Scio"},{id:"76248",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Fabri",slug:"rodrigo-fabri",fullName:"Rodrigo Fabri"},{id:"76251",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",surname:"Aragão",slug:"danielle-aragao",fullName:"Danielle Aragão"},{id:"76253",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata",surname:"Mendes",slug:"renata-mendes",fullName:"Renata Mendes"},{id:"76256",title:"Mr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Motta",slug:"erick-motta",fullName:"Erick Motta"},{id:"76259",title:"Ms.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Assis",slug:"isabel-assis",fullName:"Isabel Assis"},{id:"76261",title:"Ms.",name:"Jussara",surname:"Moreira",slug:"jussara-moreira",fullName:"Jussara Moreira"},{id:"76262",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Lucia",surname:"Bouzada",slug:"maria-lucia-bouzada",fullName:"Maria Lucia Bouzada"},{id:"76264",title:"Ms.",name:"Paula",surname:"Bellozi",slug:"paula-bellozi",fullName:"Paula Bellozi"},{id:"76266",title:"MSc.",name:"Josiane",surname:"Mello",slug:"josiane-mello",fullName:"Josiane Mello"}],corrections:null},{id:"32895",title:"Antiadhesive Effect of Plant Compounds in Bacteria",doi:"10.5772/27997",slug:"antiadhesive-antibacterial-effect-of-plant-compounds",totalDownloads:3758,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Orlando A. Abreu and Guillermo Barreto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32895",authors:[{id:"72338",title:"MSc.",name:"Orlando",surname:"Abreu",slug:"orlando-abreu",fullName:"Orlando Abreu"},{id:"115096",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Barreto",slug:"guillermo-barreto",fullName:"Guillermo Barreto"}],corrections:null},{id:"32896",title:"Improved Fertility Potential and Antimicrobial Activities of Sesame Leaves Phytochemicals",doi:"10.5772/26073",slug:"improved-fertility-potential-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-sesame-leaves-phytochemicals-",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Lukeman Adelaja Joseph Shittu and Remilekun Keji Mary Shittu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32896",authors:[{id:"65451",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukeman",surname:"Shittu",slug:"lukeman-shittu",fullName:"Lukeman Shittu"},{id:"75567",title:"Mrs.",name:"Remilekun Keji",surname:"Shittu",slug:"remilekun-keji-shittu",fullName:"Remilekun Keji Shittu"}],corrections:null},{id:"32897",title:"Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies of the Hexane Extract of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf",doi:"10.5772/26948",slug:"phytochemical-and-antibacterial-studies-of-hexane-extract-of-alchornea-cordifolia-leaf",totalDownloads:4612,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"G.O. Adeshina, O.F. Kunle, J.A. Onaolapo, J.O. Ehinmidu and L.E. Odama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32897",authors:[{id:"68374",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbonjubola",surname:"Adeshina",slug:"gbonjubola-adeshina",fullName:"Gbonjubola Adeshina"}],corrections:null},{id:"32898",title:"Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Capacity of a Dichloromethane Extract of Dicerocaryum senecioides Leaves",doi:"10.5772/26407",slug:"antioxidant-and-anti-proliferative-capacity-of-a-dichloromethane-extract-of-dicerocaryum-senecioides",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Leseilane J. Mampuru, Pirwana K. Chokoe, Maphuti C. Madiga, Annette Theron, Ronald Anderson and Matlou P. Mokgotho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32898",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32898",authors:[{id:"66512",title:"Prof.",name:"Leseilane",surname:"Mampuru",slug:"leseilane-mampuru",fullName:"Leseilane Mampuru"},{id:"71445",title:"Ms.",name:"Pirwana",surname:"Chokoe",slug:"pirwana-chokoe",fullName:"Pirwana Chokoe"},{id:"71446",title:"Prof.",name:"Matlou",surname:"Mokgotho",slug:"matlou-mokgotho",fullName:"Matlou Mokgotho"},{id:"71467",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",surname:"Anderson",slug:"ronald-anderson",fullName:"Ronald Anderson"},{id:"71547",title:"MSc",name:"Maphuti",surname:"Madiga",slug:"maphuti-madiga",fullName:"Maphuti Madiga"},{id:"72056",title:"Prof.",name:"Annette",surname:"Theron",slug:"annette-theron",fullName:"Annette Theron"}],corrections:null},{id:"32899",title:"Antioxidant Activity of European Mistletoe (Viscum album)",doi:"10.5772/26845",slug:"antioxidant-activity-of-mistletoe",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Simona Ioana Vicas, Dumitrita Rugina and Carmen Socaciu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32899",authors:[{id:"68017",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",surname:"Vicas",slug:"simona-vicas",fullName:"Simona Vicas"},{id:"83458",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitrita",surname:"Rugina",slug:"dumitrita-rugina",fullName:"Dumitrita Rugina"},{id:"83459",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Socaciu",slug:"carmen-socaciu",fullName:"Carmen Socaciu"}],corrections:null},{id:"32900",title:"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Sasa quelpaertensis Leaf Extracts",doi:"10.5772/26874",slug:"antioxidant-and-anti-inflammatory-activities-of-sasa-quelpaertensis-extracts",totalDownloads:2956,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Se-Jae Kim, Joon-Ho Hwang, Hye-Sun Shin, Mi-Gyeong Jang, Hee-Chul Ko and Seong-Il Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32900",authors:[{id:"68089",title:"Prof.",name:"Se-Jae",surname:"Kim",slug:"se-jae-kim",fullName:"Se-Jae Kim"},{id:"116801",title:"Ms.",name:"Joon-Ho",surname:"Hwang",slug:"joon-ho-hwang",fullName:"Joon-Ho Hwang"},{id:"116803",title:"Mrs.",name:"Hye-Sun",surname:"Shin",slug:"hye-sun-shin",fullName:"Hye-Sun Shin"},{id:"116804",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mi-Gyeong",surname:"Jang",slug:"mi-gyeong-jang",fullName:"Mi-Gyeong Jang"},{id:"116806",title:"Dr.",name:"Hee-Chul",surname:"Ko",slug:"hee-chul-ko",fullName:"Hee-Chul Ko"},{id:"116809",title:"Mr.",name:"Seong-Il",surname:"Kang",slug:"seong-il-kang",fullName:"Seong-Il Kang"}],corrections:null},{id:"32901",title:"Plant Polyphenols as Antioxidants Influencing the Human Health",doi:"10.5772/27843",slug:"plant-polyphenols-as-antioxidants-influencing-the-human-health",totalDownloads:6305,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:22,signatures:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević, Biljana Blažeković, Maja Bival Štefan and Marija Babac",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32901",authors:[{id:"71793",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",surname:"Blazekovic",slug:"biljana-blazekovic",fullName:"Biljana Blazekovic"},{id:"76049",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanda",surname:"Vladimir-Knežević",slug:"sanda-vladimir-knezevic",fullName:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević"},{id:"76050",title:"MSc.",name:"Maja",surname:"Bival Štefan",slug:"maja-bival-stefan",fullName:"Maja Bival Štefan"},{id:"76054",title:"MSc.",name:"Marija",surname:"Babac",slug:"marija-babac",fullName:"Marija Babac"}],corrections:null},{id:"32902",title:"Plant Polyphenols: Extraction, Structural Characterization, Hemisynthesis and Antioxidant Properties",doi:"10.5772/26832",slug:"polyphenols-as-potent-antioxidants-with-a-major-role-in-food-organoleptic-properties-and-human-healt",totalDownloads:5043,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Nour-Eddine Es-Safi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32902",authors:[{id:"67967",title:"Dr.",name:"Nour-Eddine",surname:"Es-Safi",slug:"nour-eddine-es-safi",fullName:"Nour-Eddine Es-Safi"}],corrections:null},{id:"32903",title:"Potato Peel as a Source of Important Phytochemical Antioxidant Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health - A Review",doi:"10.5772/30459",slug:"potato-peel-as-a-source-of-important-phytochemical-antioxidant-nutraceuticals-and-their-role-in-huma",totalDownloads:7974,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,signatures:"A. Al-Weshahy and V.A. Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32903",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32903",authors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"},{id:"150485",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",surname:"Al-Weshahy",slug:"amir-al-weshahy",fullName:"Amir Al-Weshahy"}],corrections:null},{id:"32904",title:"Polyamines of Plant Origin - An Important Dietary Consideration for Human Health",doi:"10.5772/26902",slug:"polyamines-of-plant-origin-an-important-dietary-consideration-for-human-health",totalDownloads:3670,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:12,signatures:"Denise C. Hunter and David J. Burritt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32904",authors:[{id:"68219",title:"Dr.",name:"Denise",surname:"Hunter",slug:"denise-hunter",fullName:"Denise Hunter"},{id:"74908",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Burritt",slug:"david-burritt",fullName:"David Burritt"}],corrections:null},{id:"32905",title:"The Dichapetalins - Unique Cytotoxic Constituents of the Dichapetalaceae",doi:"10.5772/27224",slug:"the-dichapetalins-unique-cytotoxic-constituents-of-the-dichapetalaceae",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Dorcas Osei-Safo, Mary A. Chama, Ivan Addae-Mensah and Reiner Waibel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32905",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32905",authors:[{id:"69303",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas",surname:"Osei-Safo",slug:"dorcas-osei-safo",fullName:"Dorcas Osei-Safo"}],corrections:null},{id:"32906",title:"Screening of some Traditionally Used Plants for Their Hepatoprotective Effect",doi:"10.5772/29819",slug:"review-screening-of-some-traditionally-used-plants-for-their-hepatoprotective-effect",totalDownloads:3664,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Saleh I. Alqasoumi and Maged S. Abdel-Kader",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32906",authors:[{id:"79456",title:"Prof.",name:"Maged",surname:"Abdel-Kader",slug:"maged-abdel-kader",fullName:"Maged Abdel-Kader"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4528",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Isolation, Characterisation and Role in Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32f26b4936bc0cdca01c74bce1a6ec",slug:"phytochemicals-isolation-characterisation-and-role-in-human-health",bookSignature:"A. Venket Rao and Leticia G. Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5193",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"facfb45c80773cd5151d8f53b902be39",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao and Leticia G. Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8077",title:"Phytochemicals in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8db73d87975ed16ea4758f1aecb5bf27",slug:"phytochemicals-in-human-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao, Dennis Mans and Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7206",title:"Corn",subtitle:"Production and Human Health in Changing Climate",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0140cb7a425a230a388fcece870e62b2",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",bookSignature:"Amanullah and Shah Fahad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8954",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0eb3328820cca42cb7d6cdbfca4ec2",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi and Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8954.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66301",slug:"corrigendum-to-denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",title:"Corrigendum to: Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66301.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66301",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66301",chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"543",leadTitle:null,title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Though considerable amount of research, both pre-clinical and clinical, has been conducted during recent years, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) remains one of the mysterious diseases of the 21st century. Great efforts have been made to develop pathophysiological models and to clarify the underlying pathology, and with novel instruments in genetics and transgenic techniques, the aim for finding a durable cure comes into scope. On the other hand, most pharmacological trials failed to show a benefit for ALS patients. In this book, the reader will find a compilation of state-of-the-art reviews about the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ALS, the molecular basis of disease progression and clinical manifestations, the genetics familial ALS, as well as novel diagnostic criteria in the field of electrophysiology. An overview over all relevant pharmacological trials in ALS patients is also included, while the book concludes with a discussion on current advances and future trends in ALS research.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-806-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4379-6",doi:"10.5772/1054",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",numberOfPages:740,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a986185a49802e1e3beaf6cdc6dde8d",bookSignature:"Martin H. Maurer",publishedDate:"January 20th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/543.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:77681,numberOfWosCitations:84,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitations:106,numberOfTotalCitations:225,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 17th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 16th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",middleName:"H.",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95060/images/system/95060.jpeg",biography:"Martin H. Maurer graduated from medical school at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and McGill University, Montréal, Canada, in 1999 – receiving his MD in 1999. As a post-doctoral fellow in 2003 at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA, he concentrated on neurological diseases and was appointed Assistant Professor of Physiology in 2005 and Associate Professor of Physiology in 2007 at the University of Heidelberg. From 2007-08, he was a research group leader in the biotech industry. In 2009-10, he did clinical work in pediatrics, and from 2011 until present in child and adolescent psychiatry. He is now at the Mariaberg Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Gammertingen, Germany, and at a private practice in Stuttgart, Germany. He is Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal The Application of Clinical Genetics.",institutionString:"Heidelberg University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Heidelberg University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1178",title:"Electrophysiology",slug:"electrophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"26527",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Introduction to Treatment and Trials",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-an-introduction-to-treatment-and-trials",totalDownloads:5455,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer"}]},{id:"26528",title:"Insights Arising from Gene Expression Profiling in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"insights-arising-from-gene-expression-profiling-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1717,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"90305",title:"Dr.",name:"Janine",surname:"Kirby",slug:"janine-kirby",fullName:"Janine Kirby"},{id:"91729",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnathan",surname:"Cooper-Knock",slug:"johnathan-cooper-knock",fullName:"Johnathan Cooper-Knock"},{id:"91731",title:"MSc.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Bury",slug:"joanna-bury",fullName:"Joanna Bury"},{id:"91733",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",surname:"Goodall",slug:"emily-goodall",fullName:"Emily Goodall"},{id:"91737",title:"Prof.",name:"Pamela",surname:"Shaw",slug:"pamela-shaw",fullName:"Pamela Shaw"},{id:"130147",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Ferraiuolo",slug:"laura-ferraiuolo",fullName:"Laura Ferraiuolo"}]},{id:"26529",title:"Dynamic Meta-Analysis as a Therapeutic Prediction Tool for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"dynamic-meta-analysis-as-a-therapeutic-prediction-tool-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"91289",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassie",surname:"Mitchell",slug:"cassie-mitchell",fullName:"Cassie Mitchell"}]},{id:"26530",title:"In Vivo and In Vitro Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"in-vivo-and-in-vitro-models-to-study-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:4930,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"81214",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",surname:"Gros-Louis",slug:"francois-gros-louis",fullName:"Francois Gros-Louis"},{id:"135619",title:"Dr.",name:"François",surname:"Berthod",slug:"francois-berthod",fullName:"François Berthod"}]},{id:"26531",title:"Advantages and Pitfalls in Experimental Models Of ALS",slug:"advantages-and-pitfalls-in-experimental-models-of-als",totalDownloads:1975,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"86826",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Vercelli",slug:"alessandro-vercelli",fullName:"Alessandro Vercelli"},{id:"91887",title:"MSc",name:"Marina",surname:"Boido",slug:"marina-boido",fullName:"Marina Boido"},{id:"91890",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Buschini",slug:"elisa-buschini",fullName:"Elisa Buschini"},{id:"91891",title:"Dr.",name:"Giada",surname:"Spigolon",slug:"giada-spigolon",fullName:"Giada Spigolon"},{id:"91892",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Piras",slug:"antonio-piras",fullName:"Antonio Piras"},{id:"91893",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",surname:"Valsecchi",slug:"valeria-valsecchi",fullName:"Valeria Valsecchi"},{id:"125841",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",surname:"Mazzini",slug:"letizia-mazzini",fullName:"Letizia Mazzini"}]},{id:"26532",title:"Electrophysiological Abnormalities in SOD1 Transgenic Models in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Commonalities and Differences",slug:"electrophysiological-abnormalities-in-sod1-transgenic-models-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-the-co",totalDownloads:1505,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"83880",title:"Dr.",name:"Sherif",surname:"ElBasiouny",slug:"sherif-elbasiouny",fullName:"Sherif ElBasiouny"},{id:"91863",title:"Prof.",name:"Cj",surname:"Heckman",slug:"cj-heckman",fullName:"Cj Heckman"},{id:"92444",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",surname:"Quinlan",slug:"katharina-quinlan",fullName:"Katharina Quinlan"},{id:"126616",title:"Ms.",name:"Tahra",surname:"Eissa",slug:"tahra-eissa",fullName:"Tahra Eissa"}]},{id:"26533",title:"Molecular and Electrical Abnormalities in the Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"molecular-and-electrical-abnormalities-in-the-mouse-model-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"83880",title:"Dr.",name:"Sherif",surname:"ElBasiouny",slug:"sherif-elbasiouny",fullName:"Sherif ElBasiouny"},{id:"91863",title:"Prof.",name:"Cj",surname:"Heckman",slug:"cj-heckman",fullName:"Cj Heckman"},{id:"92444",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",surname:"Quinlan",slug:"katharina-quinlan",fullName:"Katharina Quinlan"}]},{id:"26534",title:"Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Motor Neuron Degeneration in ALS",slug:"role-of-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-motor-neuron-degeneration-in-als",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"86426",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Tapia",slug:"ricardo-tapia",fullName:"Ricardo Tapia"}]},{id:"26535",title:"Role of Neuronal Mitochondrial Metabolic Phenotype in Pathogenesis of ALS",slug:"role-of-neuronal-mitochondrial-metabolic-phenotype-in-pathogenesis-of-als",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"82483",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Panov",slug:"alexander-panov",fullName:"Alexander Panov"},{id:"127580",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",surname:"Bonkovsky",slug:"herbert-bonkovsky",fullName:"Herbert Bonkovsky"}]},{id:"26536",title:"Mutant Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"mutant-cu-zn-superoxide-dismutase-induced-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"92551",title:"Prof.",name:"Jari",surname:"Koistinaho",slug:"jari-koistinaho",fullName:"Jari Koistinaho"}]},{id:"26537",title:"Folding and Aggregation of Cu, Zn-Superoxide Dismutase",slug:"folding-and-aggregation-of-cu-zn-superoxide-dismutase",totalDownloads:2094,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"88007",title:"Ms.",name:"Helen",surname:"Broom",slug:"helen-broom",fullName:"Helen Broom"},{id:"94771",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Meiering",slug:"elizabeth-meiering",fullName:"Elizabeth Meiering"}]},{id:"26538",title:"Oxidative Modifications of Cu, Zn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) – The Relevance to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)",slug:"oxidative-modifications-of-cu-zn-superoxide-dismutase-sod1-the-relevance-to-amyotrophic-lateral-scle",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"91667",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiichi",surname:"Nagano",slug:"seiichi-nagano",fullName:"Seiichi Nagano"}]},{id:"26539",title:"Reactive Nitrogen Species in Motor Neuron Apoptosis",slug:"reactive-nitrogen-species-in-motor-neuron-apoptosis",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"82021",title:"Prof.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Estévez",slug:"alvaro-estevez",fullName:"Alvaro Estévez"},{id:"126794",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Clara",surname:"Franco",slug:"maria-clara-franco",fullName:"Maria Clara Franco"}]},{id:"26540",title:"Protein Aggregates in Pathological Inclusions of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"protein-aggregates-in-pathological-inclusions-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:2188,totalCrossrefCites:10,authors:[{id:"84665",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",surname:"Furukawa",slug:"yoshiaki-furukawa",fullName:"Yoshiaki Furukawa"}]},{id:"26541",title:"The Kynurenine Pathway",slug:"the-kynurenine-pathway",totalDownloads:6792,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"91050",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilles",surname:"Guillemin",slug:"gilles-guillemin",fullName:"Gilles Guillemin"}]},{id:"26542",title:"The Astrocytic Contribution in ALS: Inflammation and Excitotoxicity",slug:"the-astrocytic-contribution-in-als-inflammation-and-excitotoxicity",totalDownloads:1994,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"85055",title:"MSc.",name:"Kim",surname:"Staats",slug:"kim-staats",fullName:"Kim Staats"},{id:"90407",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludo",surname:"Van Den Bosch",slug:"ludo-van-den-bosch",fullName:"Ludo Van Den Bosch"}]},{id:"26543",title:"Innate Immunity in ALS",slug:"innate-immunity-in-als",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"82094",title:"Dr.",name:"Trent",surname:"Woodruff",slug:"trent-woodruff",fullName:"Trent Woodruff"},{id:"91937",title:"Mr.",name:"John",surname:"Lee",slug:"john-lee",fullName:"John Lee"},{id:"91938",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",surname:"Lee",slug:"jia-lee",fullName:"Jia Lee"},{id:"91939",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Taylor",slug:"stephen-taylor",fullName:"Stephen Taylor"},{id:"91941",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Noakes",slug:"peter-noakes",fullName:"Peter Noakes"}]},{id:"26544",title:"The Role of TNF-Alpha in ALS: New Hypotheses for Future Therapeutic Approaches",slug:"the-role-of-tnf-alpha-in-als-new-hypotheses-for-future-therapeutic-approaches-",totalDownloads:2720,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"86115",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Cereda",slug:"cristina-cereda",fullName:"Cristina Cereda"},{id:"92101",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",surname:"Gagliardi",slug:"stella-gagliardi",fullName:"Stella Gagliardi"},{id:"92102",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",surname:"Cova",slug:"emanuela-cova",fullName:"Emanuela Cova"},{id:"92103",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Diamanti",slug:"luca-diamanti",fullName:"Luca Diamanti"},{id:"92104",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",surname:"Ceroni",slug:"mauro-ceroni",fullName:"Mauro Ceroni"}]},{id:"26545",title:"Stem Cell Application for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Growth Factor Delivery and Cell Therapy",slug:"stem-cell-application-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-growth-factor-delivery-and-cell-therapy",totalDownloads:1856,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"86223",title:"Prof.",name:"Masatoshi",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"masatoshi-suzuki",fullName:"Masatoshi Suzuki"}]},{id:"26546",title:"Glial Cells as Therapeutic Targets for ALS",slug:"glial-cells-as-therapeutic-targets-for-als",totalDownloads:2186,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94571",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Maragakis",slug:"nicholas-maragakis",fullName:"Nicholas Maragakis"},{id:"94577",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",surname:"Phillips",slug:"amanda-phillips",fullName:"Amanda Phillips"}]},{id:"26547",title:"Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"genetics-of-als",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"86514",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeroen",surname:"Pasterkamp",slug:"jeroen-pasterkamp",fullName:"Jeroen Pasterkamp"}]},{id:"26548",title:"Genetics of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"genetics-of-familial-als",totalDownloads:2664,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"90305",title:"Dr.",name:"Janine",surname:"Kirby",slug:"janine-kirby",fullName:"Janine Kirby"},{id:"91729",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnathan",surname:"Cooper-Knock",slug:"johnathan-cooper-knock",fullName:"Johnathan Cooper-Knock"},{id:"91731",title:"MSc.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Bury",slug:"joanna-bury",fullName:"Joanna Bury"},{id:"91733",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",surname:"Goodall",slug:"emily-goodall",fullName:"Emily Goodall"},{id:"91737",title:"Prof.",name:"Pamela",surname:"Shaw",slug:"pamela-shaw",fullName:"Pamela Shaw"}]},{id:"26549",title:"A Major Genetic Factor at Chromosome 9p Implicated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD)",slug:"a-major-genetic-factor-at-chromosome-9p-implicated-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-and-frontote",totalDownloads:1360,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"87758",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",surname:"Cruts",slug:"marc-cruts",fullName:"Marc Cruts"},{id:"92088",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"van Broeckhoven",slug:"christine-van-broeckhoven",fullName:"Christine van Broeckhoven"},{id:"92152",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilse",surname:"Gijselinck",slug:"ilse-gijselinck",fullName:"Ilse Gijselinck"},{id:"129682",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristel",surname:"Sleegers",slug:"kristel-sleegers",fullName:"Kristel Sleegers"}]},{id:"26550",title:"Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"multidisciplinary-rehabilitation-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:4281,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"88644",title:"Dr.",name:"Louisa",surname:"Ng",slug:"louisa-ng",fullName:"Louisa Ng"},{id:"88670",title:"Prof.",name:"Fary",surname:"Khan",slug:"fary-khan",fullName:"Fary Khan"}]},{id:"26551",title:"Assessment and Management of Respiratory Dysfunction in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",slug:"assessment-and-management-of-respiratory-dysfunction-in-patients-with-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:2991,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"81050",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"La Bella",slug:"vincenzo-la-bella",fullName:"Vincenzo La Bella"},{id:"91246",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",surname:"Lo Coco",slug:"daniele-lo-coco",fullName:"Daniele Lo Coco"},{id:"92234",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Volanti",slug:"paolo-volanti",fullName:"Paolo Volanti"},{id:"92306",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",surname:"De Cicco",slug:"domenico-de-cicco",fullName:"Domenico De Cicco"},{id:"92309",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Spanevello",slug:"antonio-spanevello",fullName:"Antonio Spanevello"},{id:"92310",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Battaglia",slug:"gianluca-battaglia",fullName:"Gianluca Battaglia"},{id:"92313",title:"Dr.",name:"Santino",surname:"Marchese",slug:"santino-marchese",fullName:"Santino Marchese"},{id:"124316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rossella",surname:"Spataro",slug:"rossella-spataro",fullName:"Rossella Spataro"},{id:"124326",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonsa Claudia",surname:"Taiello",slug:"alfonsa-claudia-taiello",fullName:"Alfonsa Claudia Taiello"}]},{id:"26552",title:"Nutritional Care in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Alternative for the Maximization of the Nutritional State",slug:"nutritional-care-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-an-alternative-for-the-maximization-of-the-nutriti",totalDownloads:3124,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"81146",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano Bruno De Carvalho",surname:"Silva",slug:"luciano-bruno-de-carvalho-silva",fullName:"Luciano Bruno De Carvalho Silva"}]},{id:"26553",title:"How to Assess Disease’s Severity and Monitor Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons from Neurophysiology",slug:"mune-and-macro-emg-prove-the-motor-unit-loss-and-changes-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1780,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"92225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferdinando",surname:"Sartucci",slug:"ferdinando-sartucci",fullName:"Ferdinando Sartucci"},{id:"92236",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommaso",surname:"Bocci",slug:"tommaso-bocci",fullName:"Tommaso Bocci"},{id:"92238",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Rossi",slug:"chiara-rossi",fullName:"Chiara Rossi"},{id:"92240",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Giannini",slug:"fabio-giannini",fullName:"Fabio Giannini"},{id:"122088",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Briscese",slug:"lucia-briscese",fullName:"Lucia Briscese"},{id:"122090",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Pecori",slug:"chiara-pecori",fullName:"Chiara Pecori"}]},{id:"26554",title:"Protection of Motor Neurons in Pre-Symptomatic Individuals Carrying SOD 1 Mutations: Results of Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Electrophysiology",slug:"protection-of-motor-neurons-in-3-pre-symptomatic-imdividual-carrying-sod-1-mutations-results-of-moto",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"81638",title:"Prof.",name:"Arun",surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"arun-aggarwal",fullName:"Arun Aggarwal"}]},{id:"26555",title:"Communication Impairment in ALS Patients Assessment and Treatment",slug:"communication-impairment-in-als-patients-assessment-and-treatment",totalDownloads:3622,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"82524",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Bongioanni",slug:"paolo-bongioanni",fullName:"Paolo Bongioanni"}]},{id:"26556",title:"Human Computer Interactions for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients",slug:"human-computer-interactions-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-patients",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"83889",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Bulent",surname:"Usakli",slug:"ali-bulent-usakli",fullName:"Ali Bulent Usakli"}]},{id:"26557",title:"Overview of Cognitive Function in ALS, with Special Attention to the Temporal Lobe: Semantic Fluency and Rating the Approachability of Faces",slug:"overview-of-cognitive-function-in-als-with-special-attention-to-the-temporal-lobe-semantic-fluency-a",totalDownloads:2299,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"81832",title:"Dr.",name:"Heike",surname:"Schmolck",slug:"heike-schmolck",fullName:"Heike Schmolck"},{id:"126319",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",surname:"York",slug:"michele-york",fullName:"Michele York"},{id:"126320",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Schulz",slug:"paul-schulz",fullName:"Paul Schulz"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5470",title:"Child and Adolescent Mental Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4c9efb06aad3521aa0be6f7135b5fe22",slug:"child-and-adolescent-mental-health",bookSignature:"Martin H. Maurer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"32798",title:"DNA Methylation Profiling from High-Throughput Sequencing Data",doi:"10.5772/34825",slug:"dna-methylation-profiling-from-high-throughput-sequencing-data",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32798.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32798",totalDownloads:2936,totalViews:144,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 5th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 6th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 16th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/32798",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/32798",book:{slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology"},signatures:"Michael Hackenberg, Guillermo Barturen and José L. Oliver",authors:[{id:"101777",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Hackenberg",fullName:"Michael Hackenberg",slug:"michael-hackenberg",email:"mlhack@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"101785",title:"Prof.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliver",fullName:"José L. Oliver",slug:"jose-l.-oliver",email:"oliver@ugr.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"101786",title:"MSc.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Barturen",fullName:"Guillermo Barturen",slug:"guillermo-barturen",email:"bartg01@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1723",title:"DNA Methylation",subtitle:"From Genomics to Technology",fullTitle:"DNA Methylation - From Genomics to Technology",slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",bookSignature:"Tatiana Tatarinova and Owain Kerton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1723.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32797",title:"Modelling DNA Methylation Dynamics",slug:"modelling-dna-methylation-dynamics",totalDownloads:2068,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karthika Raghavan and Heather J. Ruskin",authors:[{id:"21942",title:"Prof.",name:"Heather",middleName:null,surname:"Ruskin",fullName:"Heather Ruskin",slug:"heather-ruskin"},{id:"101347",title:"Ms.",name:"Karthika",middleName:null,surname:"Raghavan",fullName:"Karthika Raghavan",slug:"karthika-raghavan"}]},{id:"32798",title:"DNA Methylation Profiling from High-Throughput Sequencing Data",slug:"dna-methylation-profiling-from-high-throughput-sequencing-data",totalDownloads:2936,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Michael Hackenberg, Guillermo Barturen and José L. Oliver",authors:[{id:"101777",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Hackenberg",fullName:"Michael Hackenberg",slug:"michael-hackenberg"},{id:"101785",title:"Prof.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliver",fullName:"José L. Oliver",slug:"jose-l.-oliver"},{id:"101786",title:"MSc.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Barturen",fullName:"Guillermo Barturen",slug:"guillermo-barturen"}]},{id:"32799",title:"GC3 Biology in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes",slug:"gc3-biology-in-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Eran Elhaik and Tatiana Tatarinova",authors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova"},{id:"105570",title:"Dr.",name:"Eran",middleName:null,surname:"Elhaik",fullName:"Eran Elhaik",slug:"eran-elhaik"}]},{id:"32800",title:"Inheritance of DNA Methylation in Plant Genome",slug:"inheritance-of-dna-methylation-in-plant-genome",totalDownloads:2524,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomoko Takamiya, Saeko Hosobuchi, Kaliyamoorthy Seetharam, Yasufumi Murakami and Hisato Okuizumi",authors:[{id:"97684",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisato",middleName:null,surname:"Okuizumi",fullName:"Hisato Okuizumi",slug:"hisato-okuizumi"}]},{id:"32801",title:"MethylMeter(r): A Quantitative, Sensitive, and Bisulfite-Free Method for Analysis of DNA Methylation",slug:"methylmeter-a-quantitative-sensititive-and-bisulfite-free-method-for-analysis-of-dna-methylation",totalDownloads:2344,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David R. McCarthy, Philip D. Cotter, and Michelle M. Hanna",authors:[{id:"107037",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Hanna",fullName:"Michelle Hanna",slug:"michelle-hanna"},{id:"107044",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"McCarthy",fullName:"David McCarthy",slug:"david-mccarthy"},{id:"107047",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Cotter",fullName:"Philip Cotter",slug:"philip-cotter"}]},{id:"32802",title:"DNA Methylation in Mammalian and Non-Mammalian Organisms",slug:"dna-methylation-in-mammalian-and-non-mammalian-organisms",totalDownloads:2537,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Michael Moffat, James P. Reddington, Sari Pennings and Richard R. Meehan",authors:[{id:"115889",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Meehan",fullName:"Richard Meehan",slug:"richard-meehan"},{id:"149276",title:"Dr.",name:"Sari",middleName:null,surname:"Pennings",fullName:"Sari Pennings",slug:"sari-pennings"},{id:"149277",title:"MSc.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Moffat",fullName:"Michael Moffat",slug:"michael-moffat"},{id:"149278",title:"MSc.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Reddington",fullName:"James Reddington",slug:"james-reddington"}]},{id:"32803",title:"Could Tissue-Specific Genes be Silenced in Cattle Carrying the Rob(1;29) Robertsonian Translocation?",slug:"could-tissue-specific-genes-be-silenced-in-cattle-carrying-the-rob-1-29-robertsonian-translocation-",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alicia Postiglioni, Rody Artigas, Andrés Iriarte, Wanda Iriarte, Nicolás Grasso and Gonzalo Rincón",authors:[{id:"98251",title:"PhD.",name:"Alicia",middleName:"Iris",surname:"Postiglioni Kudrason",fullName:"Alicia Postiglioni Kudrason",slug:"alicia-postiglioni-kudrason"},{id:"106206",title:"BSc.",name:"Rody",middleName:null,surname:"Artigas",fullName:"Rody Artigas",slug:"rody-artigas"},{id:"106208",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",middleName:null,surname:"Iriarte",fullName:"Andrés Iriarte",slug:"andres-iriarte"},{id:"106211",title:"BSc.",name:"Wanda",middleName:null,surname:"Iriarte",fullName:"Wanda Iriarte",slug:"wanda-iriarte"},{id:"106212",title:"BSc.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Grasso",fullName:"Nicolas Grasso",slug:"nicolas-grasso"},{id:"106213",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",fullName:"Gonzalo Rincon",slug:"gonzalo-rincon"}]},{id:"32804",title:"Epigenetic Defects Related Reproductive Technologies: Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS)",slug:"epigenetic-defects-related-to-assisted-reproductive-technologies-large-offspring-syndrome-los-",totalDownloads:3727,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Makoto Nagai, Makiko Meguro-Horike and Shin-ichi Horike",authors:[{id:"98715",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Horike",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Horike",slug:"shin-ichi-horike"},{id:"105839",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Nagai",fullName:"Makoto Nagai",slug:"makoto-nagai"},{id:"105840",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",middleName:null,surname:"Meguro-Horike",fullName:"Makiko Meguro-Horike",slug:"makiko-meguro-horike"}]},{id:"32805",title:"Aberrant DNA Methylation of Imprinted Loci in Male and Female Germ Cells of Infertile Couples",slug:"aberrant-dna-methylation-of-imprinted-loci-in-male-and-female-germ-cells-of-infertile-couples",totalDownloads:1960,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takahiro Arima, Hiroaki Okae, Hitoshi Hiura, Naoko Miyauchi, Fumi Sato, Akiko Sato and Chika Hayashi",authors:[{id:"98749",title:"Prof.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Arima",fullName:"Takahiro Arima",slug:"takahiro-arima"}]},{id:"32806",title:"DNA Methylation and Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Diseases",slug:"dna-methylation-effects-in-trinucleotide-repeat-diseases",totalDownloads:3564,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Mark A. Pook",authors:[{id:"99003",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Pook",fullName:"Mark Pook",slug:"mark-pook"}]},{id:"32807",title:"Investigating the Role DNA Methylations Plays in Developing Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Tyrosinemia Type 1 Using the Comet Assay",slug:"investigating-the-role-dna-methylations-plays-in-developing-hepatocellular-carcinoma-associated-with",totalDownloads:2120,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Johannes F. Wentzel and Pieter J. Pretorius",authors:[{id:"101676",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaco",middleName:null,surname:"Wentzel",fullName:"Jaco Wentzel",slug:"jaco-wentzel"},{id:"106313",title:"Prof.",name:"Pieter",middleName:null,surname:"Pretorius",fullName:"Pieter Pretorius",slug:"pieter-pretorius"}]},{id:"32808",title:"DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation: Interplay and Combined Therapy in Cancer",slug:"dna-methylation-and-histone-deacetylation-interplay-and-combined-therapy-in-cancer",totalDownloads:3192,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yi Qiu, Daniel Shabashvili, Xuehui Li, Priya K. Gopalan, Min Chen and Maria Zajac-Kaye",authors:[{id:"106584",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zajac-Kaye",fullName:"Maria Zajac-Kaye",slug:"maria-zajac-kaye"},{id:"114287",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",fullName:"Yi Qiu",slug:"yi-qiu"}]},{id:"32809",title:"Effects of Dietary Nutrients on DNA Methylation and Imprinting",slug:"effects-of-dietary-nutrients-on-dna-methylation-and-imprinting",totalDownloads:3634,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ali A. Alshatwi and Gowhar Shafi",authors:[{id:"101909",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Alshatwi",fullName:"Ali Alshatwi",slug:"ali-alshatwi"},{id:"111377",title:"Dr.",name:"Gowhar",middleName:null,surname:"Shafi",fullName:"Gowhar Shafi",slug:"gowhar-shafi"}]},{id:"32810",title:"Epigenetic Alteration of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer",slug:"epigenetic-alteration-of-receptor-tyrosine-kinases-in-cancer",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anica Dricu, Stefana Oana Purcaru, Raluca Budiu, Roxana Ola, Daniela Elise Tache, Anda Vlad",authors:[{id:"106758",title:"Prof.",name:"Anica",middleName:null,surname:"Dricu",fullName:"Anica Dricu",slug:"anica-dricu"},{id:"133789",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Purcaru",fullName:"Stefana Oana Purcaru",slug:"stefana-oana-purcaru"},{id:"133803",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela Elise",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Daniela Elise Tache",slug:"daniela-elise-tache"},{id:"134157",title:"Dr.",name:"Anda",middleName:null,surname:"Vlad",fullName:"Anda Vlad",slug:"anda-vlad"},{id:"134161",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ola",fullName:"Roxana Ola",slug:"roxana-ola"},{id:"134163",title:"Dr.",name:"Raluca",middleName:null,surname:"Budiu",fullName:"Raluca Budiu",slug:"raluca-budiu"}]},{id:"32811",title:"The Importance of Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer",slug:"the-importance-of-aberrant-dna-methylation-in-cancer",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Koraljka Gall Trošelj, Renata Novak Kujundžić and Ivana Grbeša",authors:[{id:"105966",title:"Dr.",name:"Koraljka Gall",middleName:null,surname:"Trošelj",fullName:"Koraljka Gall Trošelj",slug:"koraljka-gall-troselj"},{id:"135468",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Novak Kujundžić",fullName:"Renata Novak Kujundžić",slug:"renata-novak-kujundzic"},{id:"135469",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Grbeša",fullName:"Ivana Grbeša",slug:"ivana-grbesa"}]},{id:"32812",title:"DNA Methylation in Acute Leukemia",slug:"dna-methylation-in-acute-leukemia-",totalDownloads:2162,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kristen H. Taylor and Michael X. Wang",authors:[{id:"107053",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Michael Wang",slug:"michael-wang"},{id:"107059",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristen",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",fullName:"Kristen Taylor",slug:"kristen-taylor"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2748",title:"Functional Genomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bc4d180a8c0993b1c3e084aa4c47819",slug:"functional-genomics",bookSignature:"Germana Meroni and Francesca Petrera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2748.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137670",title:"Dr.",name:"Germana",surname:"Meroni",slug:"germana-meroni",fullName:"Germana Meroni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38870",title:"Beyond the Gene List: Exploring Transcriptomics Data in Search for Gene Function, Trait Mechanisms and Genetic Architecture",slug:"beyond-the-gene-list-exploring-transcriptomics-data-in-search-for-gene-function-trait-mechanisms-and",signatures:"Bregje Wertheim",authors:[{id:"140888",title:"Dr.",name:"Bregje",middleName:null,surname:"Wertheim",fullName:"Bregje Wertheim",slug:"bregje-wertheim"}]},{id:"38868",title:"The REACT Suite: A Software Toolkit for Microbial REgulon Annotation and Comparative Transcriptomics",slug:"the-react-suite-a-software-toolkit-for-microbial-regulon-annotation-and-comparative-transcriptomics",signatures:"Peter Ricke and Thorsten Mascher",authors:[{id:"116194",title:"Prof.",name:"Thorsten",middleName:null,surname:"Mascher",fullName:"Thorsten Mascher",slug:"thorsten-mascher"},{id:"116197",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ricke",fullName:"Peter Ricke",slug:"peter-ricke"}]},{id:"38866",title:"Analysis of Gene Expression Data Using Biclustering Algorithms",slug:"analysis-of-gene-expression-data-using-biclustering-algorithms",signatures:"Fadhl M. Al-Akwaa",authors:[{id:"139623",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadhl",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Akwaa",fullName:"Fadhl Al-Akwaa",slug:"fadhl-al-akwaa"}]},{id:"38867",title:"RNAi Towards Functional Genomics Studies",slug:"rnai-towards-functional-genomics-studies",signatures:"Gabriela N. Tenea and Liliana Burlibasa",authors:[{id:"141133",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:"Nicoleta",surname:"Tenea",fullName:"Gabriela Tenea",slug:"gabriela-tenea"},{id:"143093",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Burlibasa",fullName:"Liliana Burlibasa",slug:"liliana-burlibasa"}]},{id:"38871",title:"Genome-Wide RNAi Screen for the Discovery of Gene Function, Novel Therapeutical Targets and Agricultural Applications",slug:"genome-wide-rnai-screen-for-the-discovery-of-gene-function-novel-therapeutical-targets-and-agricultu",signatures:"Hua Bai",authors:[{id:"141546",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Hua Bai",slug:"hua-bai"}]},{id:"38875",title:"How RNA Interference Combat Viruses in Plants",slug:"how-rna-interference-combat-viruses-in-plants",signatures:"Bushra Tabassum, Idrees Ahmad Nasir, Usman Aslam and Tayyab Husnain",authors:[{id:"147560",title:"Prof.",name:"Tayyab",middleName:null,surname:"Husnain",fullName:"Tayyab Husnain",slug:"tayyab-husnain"}]},{id:"38873",title:"Medicago truncatula Functional Genomics - An Invaluable Resource for Studies on Agriculture Sustainability",slug:"medicago-truncatula-functional-genomics-an-invaluable-resource-for-studies-on-agriculture-sustainabi",signatures:"Francesco Panara, Ornella Calderini and Andrea Porceddu",authors:[{id:"141025",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Porceddu",fullName:"Andrea Porceddu",slug:"andrea-porceddu"},{id:"143942",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Panara",fullName:"Francesco Panara",slug:"francesco-panara"},{id:"143943",title:"Dr.",name:"Ornella",middleName:null,surname:"Calderini",fullName:"Ornella Calderini",slug:"ornella-calderini"}]},{id:"38872",title:"Repetitive DNA: A Tool to Explore Animal Genomes/Transcriptomes",slug:"repetitive-dna-a-tool-to-explore-animal-genomes-transcriptomes",signatures:"Deepali Pathak and Sher Ali",authors:[{id:"33032",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Sher Ali",slug:"sher-ali"},{id:"141455",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepali",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",fullName:"Deepali Pathak",slug:"deepali-pathak"}]},{id:"38874",title:"Dynamic Proteomics: Methodologies and Analysis",slug:"dynamic-proteomics-methodologies-and-analysis",signatures:"Sara ten Have, Kelly Hodge and Angus I. Lamond",authors:[{id:"144314",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ten Have",fullName:"Sara Ten Have",slug:"sara-ten-have"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74796",title:"Abdominal Hernia Pain: Chronification Mechanisms after Hernia Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95533",slug:"abdominal-hernia-pain-chronification-mechanisms-after-hernia-surgery",body:'
It refers to the discomfort that occurs in the groin area of abdominal wall.
The most common causes of groin pain include:
Pulling on a muscle, tendon, or ligament in the leg
Hernia
Hip joint disease or injury
Less common causes include:
Inflammation of the testicle or epididymis and related structures
Torsion of the spermatic cord attached to the testicle (testicular torsion)
Tumor of the testicle
Kidney stones
Inflammation of the large and small intestine
Skin infection
Swelling of the lymph nodes
Urinary infection
This groin pain is perceived, integrated, transmitted and evaluated by neurons and the nervous system, but we have not yet elucidated how this process takes place. Such is the profuse network of nerves that cover the area, that their involvement is a not uncommon phenomenon (Figure 1).
Nervous system in the groin hernia area (3D 4Medical app).
In fact, the most frequent surgical reason is inguinal pain resistant to conservative treatments. Besides, poor preoperative pain control is a key factor in developing acute and chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP; Figure 2).
Predictability of the appearance of CPSP.
Each patient who develops CPSP has a specific genotype, medical history, previous experiences, beliefs and psychosocial conditions related to their pain; but, in general, there are some common risk factors in the development of chronic pain.
Psychosocial factors: Anxiety, depression and catastrophizing that surround the patient during the perioperative period.
Demographic factors: In some surgeries, age is a determining factor (i.e. young women for mastectomies [1]). In others, the male gender is more prone than the female [2, 3].
Genetic factors: Several authors point to the relationship of different clinical pathologies such as fibromyalgia, migraine, irritable bowel, irritable bladder, Raynaud’s syndrome … as markers of chronic postsurgical pain [4, 5].
Preoperative pain: The presence of preoperative pain has been correlated in different studies with the development of CPSP. Of all the types of surgical interventions, the hernia procedure stands out for its high preoperative pain rates [6, 7, 8, 9].
Surgical factors: Some important surgical factors may be related to the development of CPSP such as:
Duration of the operation (more than 3 h),
Surgical technique (laparoscopy vs. open),
Incision (site and type),
Experience of the surgeon,
Center where the intervention is carried out [10].
Acute postsurgical pain (APSP): Various studies show the importance of optimal APSP control to avoid chronification of postsurgical pain. Among them, surgeries such as groin, breast, hip, knee … are the most identified [11, 12, 13].
However, and despite the fact that there are different studies addressing this issue, the controversy remains dominant. To date, it can only be suggested that they do not play in favor of a better recovery or a lower probability of chronification, in addition to reducing quality of life in the process; but in no case can we establish a universally accepted causal relationship [3, 13, 14, 15, 16].
For the response to a noxious stimulus (be it chemical, thermal, pressure or any other characteristic that can cause pain), there are structures sensitive to those stimuli in the periphery: they are nociceptors [17].
Different classes of afferent nerve fibers are responsible for the communication of nociceptive information and pain:
Type Aβ: with a myelin sheath, are sensitive fibers responsible for touch and pressure.
Type Aδ: with a myelin sheath are responsible for the transmission of localized acute pain, temperature and part of the touch.
C fibers, without myelin sheath are responsible for the transmission of deep diffuse pain, smell, information from some mechanoreceptors, responses of the reflex and postganglionic arcs of the autonomic nervous system.
In a basal state, a noxious stimulus depolarizes a sensory or nociceptor neuron. The stimulation of nociceptors causes the propagation of the nerve stimulus to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Control at the spinal level is carried out in the gelatinous substance of Rolando (Rexed plate II) by stimulating inhibitory interneurons (Golgi II type) that cancel or reduce the nociceptive signal towards the lateral spinothalamic tract. In addition, glutamate is released, an excitatory amino acid that binds to a specific receptor, called AMPA and located in a postsynaptic neuron that transmits information to the higher centers of the CNS. Different brain centers are stimulated from the thalamus:
Periaqueductal gray substance (PAGS): Located in the midbrain, it is one of the most important nuclei and its functions are mediated by the opioid system. Its activation allows the inhibition of the painful process. It is connected with brain structures, with the ascending bundles and sends its projections to structures of the pons such as the nuclei of the raphe magnum.
Nuclei of the raphe magno: Located in the protuberance, receives connections from the ascending systems and the PAGS. It sends its axons to the first afferent synapse of the posterior horn and its nature is serotonergic.
Cerulean nucleus: Located on both sides of the fourth ventricle in the bridge. It is noradrenergic in nature.
The prefrontal cortex integrates all the information and the patient feels pain [18]. From these same superior nuclei, descending pathways are set in motion and reach the dorsal horn of the medulla again releasing endogenous inhibitory substances (mainly opioids and GABA). These inhibitory substances act by modulating the transmission of the stimulus: on the one hand, by decreasing the release of glutamate, and on the other, by hyperpolarizing the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron [19]. Inhibitory interneurons also come into play, which by releasing endogenous opioids, mimic and potentiate the inhibitory effect of the descending pathways.
Refers to pain that is associated with actual or threatened damage to non-neural tissue and involves the activation of peripheral nociceptors (IASP Taxonomy, 2015). There are three major forms of nociceptive pain:
Includes all pain originating from non-visceral structures, (i.e. skull, meninges, and teeth) and is the most common cause of consultation for almost all specialties, especially those dedicated to the locomotor system.
Extremely frequent, although in many cases it is not diagnosed as such. It is a neuromuscular dysfunction with a tendency to chronicity. It consists of a regional pain disorder, which affects the muscles and fasciae, so that the muscles involved have trigger points as essential components. In addition, regional and segmental autonomous alterations may coexist.
Dull, diffuse and poorly localized pain, referred to an area of the body surface, being frequently accompanied by an intense motor and autonomic (sympathetic) reflex response. The stimuli that can produce visceral pain are: spasm of the smooth muscle (hollow viscera), distension and ischemia.
Sometimes there is no relationship between the painful stimulus and the response that it originates in the CNS: it is then when a very important amplification of the nociceptive signal occurs, and this phenomenon is known as neuronal sensitization or neuropathy, so that the information transmitted to the brain causes a disproportionate pain reaction. This derangement occurs both at the peripheral and central levels.
Persistent pain becomes a pathological state that includes a series of elements that facilitate its generation and persistence over time. For this reason, any process that injures nerve tissues or causes neuronal dysfunction can produce neuropathic pain (NP). NP is qualitatively characterized by the absence of a causal relationship between injury and pain. Its etiology is very diverse and the relationship between etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and symptoms is complex. NP differs from nociceptive pain in several aspects (Table 1).
Nociceptive (somatic / visceral) | Neuropathic | |
---|---|---|
Official definition | Pain caused by activation of peripheral / visceral nociceptors | Pain caused by PNS / CNS dysfunction |
Mechanism | Natural physiological transduction (nociceptor) | Ectopic pulse generation |
Symptom location | Local pain + referred | Territory of innervation of the affected nerve pathway |
No neurological topography | ||
Quality of symptoms | Common painful sensations of daily life - easy verbal description (i.e. Head ache, belly ache…) | New, unfamiliar, aberrant sensations: difficult verbal description (i.e. burning, electrical…) |
Normal neurological examination: response and aggression correspond | Hypo / hypersensitivity: response and aggression do not correspond | |
Treatment | Effective: conventional analgesia | Partially effective: antiepileptics, antidepressants |
Differences between nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
Adapted from Serra Catafau, Treatise on neuropathic pain (Adapted from SGADOR Handbook).
The balance between arousal and inhibition of the somatosensory system is dynamic and is influenced by context, behaviors, emotions, expectations, and pathology. In NP this equilibrium is broken and a loss in inhibitory currents has been demonstrated, with dysfunction in the mechanisms of production and release of GABA, a decrease in μ-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia, and less receptivity to opioids in the spinal neurons. In summary, the neuronal pathological process changes in the course of injury and its pathophysiological mechanisms are evolutionary. The mechanisms that trigger NP produce:
Local inflammation
Glia cell activation
Changes in neuronal plasticity of nociceptive pain-transmitting pathways
Acute pain is an experience, usually of sudden onset, of short duration in time and with remission parallel to the cause that produces it. There is a close temporal and causal relationship with tissue injury or nociceptive stimulation caused by disease. Its duration ranges from a few minutes to several weeks. Acute pain has been attributed a “protective” function, its presence acts by preventing the individual from developing behaviors that may increase the injury or leads him to adopt those that minimize or reduce its impact. The fundamental emotional response is anxiety, with less involvement of other psychological components. Its characteristics offer important help in establishing the etiological diagnosis and selecting the most appropriate treatment. Its presence follows a classic treatment scheme such as Pain-Symptom. The most common causes of acute pain are:
Visceral pain
Gastrointestinal
Biliary
Urological
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Nervous system
Pancreatic
Gynecological
Muscle Skeletal Pain
Arthropathies
Chest wall pain
Fractures
Costochondritis
Tendinitis
Oral pain
Burn pain
Postoperative pain
Chronic pain extends beyond the tissue injury or organic involvement with which, initially, there was a relationship. It can also be related to the persistence and repetition of episodes of acute pain, with the progression of the disease, with the appearance of complications thereof and with degenerative changes in bone and musculoskeletal structures. Examples of this are cancer, secondary pathological fractures, osteoarthritis, postherpetic neuralgia, etc.
Chronic pain does not prevent or avoid damage to the body. Both their nature and their intensity show great variability over time, in many cases the complaints are perceived as disproportionate to the underlying disease. The most frequent repercussions in the psychological sphere involve anxiety, anger, fear, frustration or depression, which, in turn, contribute to further increasing pain perception. The socio-family, labor and economic repercussions are multiple and generate important changes in the lives of the people who suffer from it and their families: disability and dependency. The need to use drugs to relieve pain becomes a potential risk factor for use, abuse and self-prescription, not only of analgesics, but also tranquilizers, antidepressants and other drugs.
In its management, in addition to the physical aspects of pain, the other components, emotional, affective, behavioral and social, must be taken into account. The treatment scheme is complicated, we are facing the Pain-Syndrome (Table 2).
Acute Pain | Chronic pain | |
---|---|---|
Purpose | Initial-biological | Initial-destructive |
Duration | Temporary | Persistent |
Generator mechanism | Unifactorial | Multifactorial |
Affected component | Organic+++Psychic+ | Organic+Psychic+++ |
Organic response | Adrenergic: raise in heart rate, arterial hypertension, sweating, pupillary dilation | Vegetative: anorexy, constipation, less lybid, insomnia |
Affective component | Anxiety | Depression |
Physical exhaustion | No | Yes |
Therapeutic goal | Cure | Relief and adaptation |
Differences between acute and chronic pain.
All surgical intervention is associated with acute postsurgical pain (APSP) whose intensity decreases during the first days and weeks, in parallel with the tissue repair process. However, sometimes this pain lasts longer than is reasonable in relation to the surgical procedure. This fact can lead to the appearance of severe and disabling chronic pain syndromes, frequently associated with certain surgical procedures.
The definition of chronic postoperative pain (CPSP) does not find a consensus among the different authors in the literature reviewed. The most commonly used definition continues to be that of McRae [20, 21] based on the following aspects:
pain with a minimum duration of two months after a surgical procedure
after excluding other etiologies of pain
ruled out any pre-existing cause of pain (Figure 3).
Temporal evolution of postsurgical pain (adapted from Woolf and salter, science 2000; 288: 1765 [22]).
CPSP originates from the injury to the nerves and tissues inherent in the surgical process. During the immediate postsurgical period appears the breakthrough pain limited to the surgical site and its vicinity and develops through the direct activation of nociceptors, the inflammatory process and, in some cases, of direct nerve injury [23]. For this reason, the patient will present pain in the area of the surgical scar (primary hyperalgesia) and around it (secondary hyperalgesia). These changes are usually reversible and the normal sensitivity of the nociceptive system will then be restored. This type of pain, APSP, has a known beginning and an end in direct relation to tissue repair. In addition, it responds effectively to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, and minor or major opioids.
In the event of nerve injury during surgery, the neuropathic component of pain can immediately develop and persist in the absence of any noxious peripheral stimuli or ongoing peripheral inflammation [24]. The prerequisite for the development of CPSP is an injury to the major nerves that run through the surgical site. However, in a small group of patients, an ongoing inflammatory response may help maintain inflammatory pain and lead to a CPSP, such as that occurs after inguinal mesh hernia repair [25]. During progression from APSP to CPSP after inguinal hernia surgery:
7% of patients present severe acute pain the first 24 h;
14% of patients present subacute pain that could last until 8 weeks after surgery;
12% of patients present CPSP that could last until 12 months after surgery (80% of whom present Neuropathic component)
The incidence of chronic pain after inguinal hernia surgery rates from 5–63%, with an estimated incidence of severe chronic pain (VAS > 4) between 2% and 4%.
Inguinal hernia surgery can trigger a post-herniorrhaphy chronic inguinal pain syndrome, which can occur in up to 10% of the interventions performed [21].
The symptoms of postherniorrhaphy neuropathic inguinodynia consist of pain, paresthesias, allodynia (sensation of pain in the presence of non-harmful stimuli such as touch or pressure), pain radiating to the scrotal area, labia majora of the vagina and Scarpa’s triangle. This symptomatology also worsens with walking or hyperextension of the hip and decreases with decubitus and flexion of the thigh. These last aspects of the symptomatology make us see that the affectation of the nervous tract is the main actor of the chronic pain postherniorrhaphy [26].
There are three types of causes for the appearance of this painful syndrome:
Non-neuropathic
Reaction of the periosteum of the pubis
Keloid scar formation
Direct pressure exerted by bent or wrinkled prosthetic material (mesh) [27].
Neuropathic
Fibrosis of the perineurium of the nerves that run along the inguinal path (ilioinguinal nerve and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve)
Compression of these by suture material, staples or prosthetic material
Direct injury to the nervous tract in a complete or incomplete manner. It can be produced by traction, direct cutting with a scalpel, or excessive thermocoagulation.
Peripheral sensitization involves lowering the discharge threshold from the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor. The molecules released in response to tissue damage and the activation of cells in the environment such as keratinocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, platelets or the nociceptor itself, are called inflammatory soup (Substance P, calcitonin gene receptor protein [CGRP], quinines, amines, prostaglandins, growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, ATP, protons, etc.). These molecules induce morphological and functional changes in the neuron, which consequently generate an increase in the expression of structures such as the Na2+ channels and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 [TRPV1]; or molecules such as neuropeptides, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]. The interaction of these molecules with the different membrane receptors initiates an activation cascade of intracellular second messengers that modify the firing capacity of the cell, the final consequence being a greater capacity to respond to stimuli. This circumstance translates clinically into the following processes: hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain.
Spontaneous pain can be caused by:
An abnormal response to stimuli that normally do not cause harm (arterial heartbeat, increased temperature)
Ectopic discharges from the damaged nociceptor itself
Those produced by surrounding healthy fibers in response to the release of TNFα by damaged Schwann cells
At present, it is proposed a new state of the nociceptor, called “priming”, in which, a sensitized nociceptor, after a few hours will have a normal response to physiological stimuli, but will have an increased response to stimuli derived from inflammation. This state lasts for weeks and the hyperalgesic response to inflammatory agents is greater, which could be a possible explanation for the maintenance of chronic pain.
In a situation in which nociceptive information continues to be sent from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the nociceptive neuron itself sends, from its soma (without the need for external stimulation) substance P and peptide related to the calcitonin gene (PRCG). These substances bind to neutrophils, mast cells and basophils, and release pro-inflammatory molecules: cytosines, bradykinins, histamines, cyclooxygenases, prostaglandins, eicosanoids and nerve growth factor (NGF). All this “inflammatory soup” produces changes in pH, release of ATP from injured cells, synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO), etc., which induces amplification of the signal towards the spinal cord and higher centers and causes what is known as peripheral sensitization, which contributes in a very important manner to the maintenance of chronic pain.
If the nociceptive impulses are of great intensity or are sustained over time, plastic changes occur in the neurons of the posterior horn that facilitate the transmission of the nociceptive impulse. These changes in functionality are called central sensitization and cause specific clinical manifestations. It may represent the anatomical and physiological substrate to the fact of persistence of pain in the absence of peripheral nociceptive impulses in chronic pain, since the state of hyper-reactivity of the system would allow to explain the autonomous activity of the system in the absence of peripheral stimulus. In general terms, the following changes can be considered, which can all occur simultaneously or simply manifest some of them:
Disinhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by release of the Mg2+ ion at the first medullary synapse
Access of peripheral Aβ fibers to the nociceptive system. It is one of the causes of the phenomenon of allodynia
Dysregulation of the GABAergic system of inhibitory interneurons, which finally produces an alteration in the current of the Cl− channel.
Activation of the glia with the release of pro-analgesic substances
Alteration of the regulatory capacity of the downstream system
There is also the release of glutamate, which binds to specific receptors, which are not expressed in situations of acute pain. When activated, they contribute not only to depolarize the postsynaptic neuron, but also to generate a series of intracellular changes, which will increase the nociceptive signal. In response to peripheral sensitization, the primary afferent pathways also release substance P, resulting in an increase in signal. In situations of chronic pain there is also a reorganization of the neuronal structure: axonal collateral branches appear that increase the amount of nociceptive afferent signal.
On the other hand, a loss of efficacy of the inhibition produced by the descending pathways has been described, with a decrease in the release of endogenous opioids, and even cellular degeneration of those descending neurons, which indirectly also increases the nociceptive signal that is send to higher centers.
All these changes greatly amplify and sustain the nociceptive signal produced in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, producing what is known as central sensitization.
The main clinical manifestations of nervous sensitization are hyperalgesia and allodynia phenomena, with the consequent increase in the extension of the painful area.
The presence of sensitization leads to the appearance of vicious circles in which there is a continuous sending of the afferent signal from the periphery to the brain centers in the absence of stimuli that generate them. This sustained stimulation leads to adaptive changes in the brain, such that the brain remains active even in the absence of noxious peripheral stimulus.
This continuous brain overexcitation conditions the effectiveness of the integrative pain response of the higher centers and the inhibitory descending pathway, in such a way that there is no inhibition proportional to the ascending amplified stimulus and the pain becomes chronic. This “centralizing” effect of the neuronal sensitization of nociceptors is one of the most relevant chronifying factors in the postoperative period of surgeries that present moderate to severe acute pain, that is not adequately controlled.
The type of pain, its location, duration and intensity determine the pharmacological approach (Figure 4).
Drugs that target peripheral sensitization: such as topical capsaicin (i.e. 8% capsaicin patch); topical lidocaine (i.e. 5% lidocaine patch); NSAIDs; paracetamol and local anesthetics.
Drugs that target central sensitization: such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); tapentadol; tramadol; opioids; calcium channel ligands; adjuvants; tricyclic antidepressants; anticonvulsants and COX-2.
Pharmacological approach to chronic pain.
Blocking the pain signal before it reaches the central nervous system prior to surgery will prevent the development of central sensitization. The times that include the first consultation, the referral to the specialist, the decision of surgical treatment, the pre-anesthetic consultation and the appointment for surgery would favor peripheral and central sensitization if pain is not controlled, making the pain chronic and making it independent of the injury.
Using aggressive perioperative analgesia (antihyperalgesics, regional blocks, and multimodal analgesia) during the peri-surgical period could reduce the incidence of CPSP (Figure 5).
Perioperative analgesia.
Chronic pain is common after hernia surgery. Patients with pain before the operation benefit from surgery, but some patients who have no pain before hernia repair surgery develop significant groin pain later. Watchful waiting has proven to be safe [28] and profitable [29] in patients with asymptomatic inguinal hernia. It is a theme of debate whether surgery is appropriate in asymptomatic hernias and possibly in some other interventions as well.
CPSP is a common entity in interventional procedures today. Progress continues in the standardization of prevention and treatment strategies for this delicate problem in the technical and organizational sphere.
The improvement efforts aim to:
Early identification of patients with preoperative pain who need intervention.
Avoid delaying this intervention as far as possible, and if there is a delay, provide adequate pain management until the time of surgery.
At the time of the intervention, determine the least invasive and most appropriate surgical technique for the pathology.
Implement the most appropriate perioperative anesthetic and analgesic techniques for the patient.
Once intervened, individualize postoperative analgesia so that APSP is as low as possible, thus avoiding, as far as possible, chronic pain.
Thanks to Merche and Eduardo, for giving me the opportunity to study without worrying about anything else. To Monica, for her patience in preparing this chapter and to Alaitz and Inhar, for their fun distractions.
I declare that I have no conflict of interests.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6091426454b1c484f4d38efc722d6dd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"52",title:"Genetic Epidemiology",slug:"genetic-epidemiology",parent:{title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:22,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"genetic-epidemiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2556",title:"Methylation",subtitle:"From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab598a9444e1ee2f8ad04109f1cb898d",slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Anica Dricu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106758",title:"Prof.",name:"Anica",middleName:null,surname:"Dricu",slug:"anica-dricu",fullName:"Anica Dricu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38950",doi:"10.5772/51774",title:"The Methylation of Metals and Metalloids in Aquatic Systems",slug:"the-methylation-of-metals-and-metalloids-in-aquatic-systems",totalDownloads:2019,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Robert P. Mason",authors:[{id:"152418",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Mason",slug:"robert-mason",fullName:"Robert Mason"}]},{id:"38530",doi:"10.5772/51691",title:"Host-Mimicking Strategies in DNA Methylation for Improved Bacterial Transformation",slug:"host-mimicking-strategies-in-dna-methylation-for-improved-bacterial-transformation",totalDownloads:2064,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hirokazu Suzuki",authors:[{id:"152236",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hirokazu",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirokazu-suzuki",fullName:"Hirokazu Suzuki"}]},{id:"38575",doi:"10.5772/51419",title:"Circulating Methylated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection",slug:"circulating-methylated-dna-as-biomarkers-for-cancer-detection",totalDownloads:3086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongchuan Jin, Yanning Ma, Qi Shen and Xian Wang",authors:[{id:"40131",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xian-wang",fullName:"Xian Wang"},{id:"163999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"hongchuan-jin",fullName:"Hongchuan Jin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38575",title:"Circulating Methylated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection",slug:"circulating-methylated-dna-as-biomarkers-for-cancer-detection",totalDownloads:3086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongchuan Jin, Yanning Ma, Qi Shen and Xian Wang",authors:[{id:"40131",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xian-wang",fullName:"Xian Wang"},{id:"163999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"hongchuan-jin",fullName:"Hongchuan Jin"}]},{id:"38950",title:"The Methylation of Metals and Metalloids in Aquatic Systems",slug:"the-methylation-of-metals-and-metalloids-in-aquatic-systems",totalDownloads:2019,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Robert P. Mason",authors:[{id:"152418",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Mason",slug:"robert-mason",fullName:"Robert Mason"}]},{id:"38180",title:"Bifunctional Prokaryotic DNA-Methyltransferases",slug:"bifunctional-prokaryotic-dna-methyltransferases",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Dmitry V. Nikitin, Attila Kertesz-Farkas, Alexander S. Solonin and Marina L. Mokrishcheva",authors:[{id:"151694",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitin",slug:"dmitri-nikitin",fullName:"Dmitri Nikitin"},{id:"152806",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Kertesz-Farkas2",slug:"attila-kertesz-farkas2",fullName:"Attila Kertesz-Farkas2"},{id:"152807",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Solonin",slug:"alexander-solonin",fullName:"Alexander Solonin"},{id:"152808",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Mokrishcheva",slug:"marina-mokrishcheva",fullName:"Marina Mokrishcheva"}]},{id:"38530",title:"Host-Mimicking Strategies in DNA Methylation for Improved Bacterial Transformation",slug:"host-mimicking-strategies-in-dna-methylation-for-improved-bacterial-transformation",totalDownloads:2064,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hirokazu Suzuki",authors:[{id:"152236",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hirokazu",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirokazu-suzuki",fullName:"Hirokazu Suzuki"}]},{id:"41211",title:"Messenger RNA Cap Methylation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, a Prototype of Non‐Segmented Negative‐Sense RNA Virus",slug:"messenger-rna-cap-methylation-in-vesicular-stomatitis-virus-a-prototype-of-non-segmented-negative-se",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Jianrong Li and Yu Zhang",authors:[{id:"153206",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianrong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jianrong-li",fullName:"Jianrong Li"}]},{id:"40284",title:"Deciphering Protein Arginine Methylation in Mammals",slug:"deciphering-protein-arginine-methylation-in-mammals",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Ruben Esse, Paula Leandro, Isabel Rivera, Isabel Tavares de Almeida, Henk J Blom and Rita Castro",authors:[{id:"151778",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"rita-castro",fullName:"Rita Castro"}]},{id:"39269",title:"DNA Methylation in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"dna-methylation-in-the-pathogenesis-of-head-and-neck-cancer",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Zvonko Magić, Gordana Supić, Mirjana Branković-Magić and Nebojša Jovic",authors:[{id:"40933",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Supic",slug:"gordana-supic",fullName:"Gordana Supic"},{id:"153134",title:"Prof.",name:"Zvonko",middleName:null,surname:"Magic",slug:"zvonko-magic",fullName:"Zvonko Magic"},{id:"162918",title:"Prof.",name:"Nebojsa",middleName:null,surname:"Jovic",slug:"nebojsa-jovic",fullName:"Nebojsa Jovic"},{id:"162919",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Brankovic-Magic",slug:"mirjana-brankovic-magic",fullName:"Mirjana Brankovic-Magic"}]},{id:"41250",title:"Breaking the Silence: The Interplay Between Transcription Factors and DNA Methylation",slug:"breaking-the-silence-the-interplay-between-transcription-factors-and-dna-methylation",totalDownloads:2570,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Byron Baron",authors:[{id:"100140",title:"Dr.",name:"Byron",middleName:null,surname:"Baron",slug:"byron-baron",fullName:"Byron Baron"}]},{id:"41225",title:"Diverse Domains of (Cytosine-5)-DNA Methyltransferases: Structural and Functional Characterization",slug:"diverse-domains-of-cytosine-5-dna-methyltransferases-structural-and-functional-characterization",totalDownloads:2372,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"A. Yu. Ryazanova, L. A. Abrosimova, T. S. Oretskaya and E. A. Kubareva",authors:[{id:"152990",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kubareva",slug:"elena-kubareva",fullName:"Elena Kubareva"},{id:"153059",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ryazanova",slug:"alexandra-ryazanova",fullName:"Alexandra Ryazanova"},{id:"153060",title:"Ms.",name:"Liudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Abrosimova",slug:"liudmila-abrosimova",fullName:"Liudmila Abrosimova"},{id:"153063",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Oretskaya",slug:"tatiana-oretskaya",fullName:"Tatiana Oretskaya"}]},{id:"41210",title:"DNA Methylation, Stem Cells and Cancer",slug:"dna-methylation-stem-cells-and-cancer",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Anica Dricu, Stefana Oana Purcaru, Alice Sandra Buteica, Daniela Elise Tache, Oana Daianu, Bogdan Stoleru, Amelia Mihaela Dobrescu, Tiberiu Daianu and Ligia Gabriela Tataranu",authors:[{id:"106758",title:"Prof.",name:"Anica",middleName:null,surname:"Dricu",slug:"anica-dricu",fullName:"Anica Dricu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"genetic-epidemiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/105650/mahmoud-goodarz-naseri",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"105650",slug:"mahmoud-goodarz-naseri"},fullPath:"/profiles/105650/mahmoud-goodarz-naseri",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()