Maladaptive behaviors associated with social isolation [17].
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7547",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",title:"Monitoring of Marine Pollution",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Many of the pollutants discharged into the sea are directly or indirectly the result of human activities. Some of these substances are biodegradable, while others are not. This study is devoted to monitoring areas of the environment. Methods assessment is based on monitoring data and an evaluation of the impact of pollution.Surveillance provides a scientific basis for standards development and application. The methodology of marine pollution control is governed by algorithms and models. A monitoring strategy should be put in place, coupled with an environmental assessment concept, through targeted research activities in areas identified at local and regional levels. This concept will make it possible to diagnose the state of "health" of these zones and consequently to correct any anomalies. Monitoring of the marine and coastal environment is based on recent methods and validated after experiments in the field of marine pollution.',isbn:"978-1-83880-812-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-811-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-813-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76739",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"monitoring-of-marine-pollution",numberOfPages:168,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"4700c71016d4ab73a99b22cee68da2fe",bookSignature:"Houma Bachari Fouzia",publishedDate:"June 5th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7547.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8807,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:44,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 1st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 17th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"95997",title:"Dr.",name:"Houma",middleName:null,surname:"Bachari Fouzia",slug:"houma-bachari-fouzia",fullName:"Houma Bachari Fouzia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95997/images/system/95997.jfif",biography:'Houma Bachari Fouzia is a professor of oceanography, marine environment, and remote sensing. She has a PhD from the University of Science and Technology, Houari Boumediene, Algiers. She has a second doctoral degree in Sciences of the Universe and Environment, specializing in remote sensing and geography, from the University of Paris-Est Créteil, France. She has published 50 works in the field of monitoring marine pollution and remote sensing. She is the head of a research team, thesis supervisor of several PhD students working in various disciplines of marine science, such as ecotoxicology, impact studies, and remote sensing, and is the head of the research project \\"The Anthropogenic Impacts on the Marine and Coastal Environment.\\" Prof. Fouzia is also involved in the monitoring of marine environment parameters, contributes to satellite measurements for the modeling of variables, and is a project manager integrating GIS satellite data and in situ measurements for monitoring the quality of coastal waters (modeling of ocean parameters). She has worked on 60 Projects related to graduations and masters on marine environmental science and coastal management.\nProf. Fouzia was a member of the international project MerMex Marine Ecosystems Response in the Mediterranean Experiment 2010–2020 and is currently a member of the European research project Marine Database Management for Algeria and a member of the European research project Seadata, European Infrastructure of Oceanographic Data Management. \nShe is also the team leader of the \\"Ecotoxicology and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Marine Environment\\" Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and a director of the international journal MarineScor, Marine and Coastal Sciences Research.',institutionString:"National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"133",title:"Environmental Pollution",slug:"environmental-pollution"}],chapters:[{id:"66500",title:"Introductory Chapter: Marine Monitoring Pollution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83846",slug:"introductory-chapter-marine-monitoring-pollution",totalDownloads:830,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Houma Fouzia, Boufeniza Redouane Larbi, Adem Amina, Chabi Nacera\nand Bachari Nour El Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66500",authors:[{id:"95997",title:"Dr.",name:"Houma",surname:"Bachari Fouzia",slug:"houma-bachari-fouzia",fullName:"Houma Bachari Fouzia"}],corrections:null},{id:"64603",title:"Detection and Monitoring of Marine Pollution Using Remote Sensing Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81657",slug:"detection-and-monitoring-of-marine-pollution-using-remote-sensing-technologies",totalDownloads:3241,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Sidrah Hafeez, Man Sing Wong, Sawaid Abbas, Coco Y. T. Kwok,\nJanet Nichol, Kwon Ho Lee, Danling Tang and Lilian Pun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64603",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64603",authors:[{id:"225316",title:"Dr.",name:"Sawaid",surname:"Abbas",slug:"sawaid-abbas",fullName:"Sawaid Abbas"},{id:"259861",title:"Ms.",name:"Sidrah",surname:"Hafeez",slug:"sidrah-hafeez",fullName:"Sidrah Hafeez"},{id:"259890",title:"Prof.",name:"Man Sing",surname:"Wong",slug:"man-sing-wong",fullName:"Man Sing Wong"}],corrections:null},{id:"64784",title:"The Hazards of Monitoring Ecosystem Ocean Health in the Gulf of Mexico: A Mexican Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81685",slug:"the-hazards-of-monitoring-ecosystem-ocean-health-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-a-mexican-perspective",totalDownloads:342,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Luis A. Soto, Alejandro Estradas-Romero, Diana L. Salcedo, Alfonso V. Botello\nand Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64784",authors:[{id:"256002",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luis",surname:"Soto",slug:"luis-soto",fullName:"Luis Soto"},{id:"265629",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Estradas-Romero",slug:"alejandro-estradas-romero",fullName:"Alejandro Estradas-Romero"},{id:"265630",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana",surname:"Salcedo",slug:"diana-salcedo",fullName:"Diana Salcedo"},{id:"265631",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"V. Botello",slug:"alfonso-v.-botello",fullName:"Alfonso V. Botello"},{id:"265632",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",surname:"Ponce-Velez",slug:"guadalupe-ponce-velez",fullName:"Guadalupe Ponce-Velez"}],corrections:null},{id:"67227",title:"Sediment and Organisms as Marker for Metal Pollution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85569",slug:"sediment-and-organisms-as-marker-for-metal-pollution",totalDownloads:486,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Ong Meng Chuan and Kamaruzzaman Yunus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67227",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67227",authors:[{id:"136681",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamaruzzaman",surname:"Yunus",slug:"kamaruzzaman-yunus",fullName:"Kamaruzzaman Yunus"},{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong"}],corrections:null},{id:"64674",title:"Nitrogen and Phosphorus Eutrophication in Marine Ecosystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81869",slug:"nitrogen-and-phosphorus-eutrophication-in-marine-ecosystems",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,signatures:"Lucy Ngatia, Johnny M. Grace III, Daniel Moriasi and Robert Taylor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64674",authors:[{id:"246475",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",surname:"Ngatia",slug:"lucy-ngatia",fullName:"Lucy Ngatia"},{id:"256676",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Taylor",slug:"robert-taylor",fullName:"Robert Taylor"},{id:"266289",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Moriasi",slug:"daniel-moriasi",fullName:"Daniel Moriasi"},{id:"269661",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnny",surname:"Grace III",slug:"johnny-grace-iii",fullName:"Johnny Grace III"}],corrections:null},{id:"66333",title:"Decadal Pollution Assessment and Monitoring along the Kenya Coast",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82606",slug:"decadal-pollution-assessment-and-monitoring-along-the-kenya-coast",totalDownloads:470,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Eric Ochieng Okuku, Kiteresi Linet Imbayi, Owato Gilbert Omondi,\nWanjeri Veronica Ogolla Wayayi, Mwalugha Catherine Sezi,\nKombo Mokeira Maureen, Stephen Mwangi and Nancy Oduor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66333",authors:[{id:"257020",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Okuku",slug:"eric-okuku",fullName:"Eric Okuku"},{id:"270103",title:"Ms.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Wanjeri",slug:"veronica-wanjeri",fullName:"Veronica Wanjeri"},{id:"270105",title:"Mr.",name:"Gilbert",surname:"Owato",slug:"gilbert-owato",fullName:"Gilbert Owato"},{id:"270106",title:"Ms.",name:"Maureen",surname:"Kombo",slug:"maureen-kombo",fullName:"Maureen Kombo"},{id:"270107",title:"Ms.",name:"Catherine",surname:"Mwalugha",slug:"catherine-mwalugha",fullName:"Catherine Mwalugha"},{id:"270108",title:"Ms.",name:"Nancy A.",surname:"Oduor",slug:"nancy-a.-oduor",fullName:"Nancy A. Oduor"},{id:"270109",title:"Mrs.",name:"Linet",surname:"Kiteresi",slug:"linet-kiteresi",fullName:"Linet Kiteresi"},{id:"270110",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Mwangi",slug:"stephen-mwangi",fullName:"Stephen Mwangi"}],corrections:null},{id:"64831",title:"Oil Spill Dispersion Forecasting Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81764",slug:"oil-spill-dispersion-forecasting-models",totalDownloads:1069,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Antigoni Zafirakou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64831",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64831",authors:[{id:"255908",title:"Prof.",name:"Antigoni",surname:"Zafirakou",slug:"antigoni-zafirakou",fullName:"Antigoni Zafirakou"},{id:"270470",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Koutitas",slug:"christopher-koutitas",fullName:"Christopher Koutitas"}],corrections:null},{id:"65237",title:"Response of Benthic Foraminifera to Environmental Variability: Importance of Benthic Foraminifera in Monitoring Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81658",slug:"response-of-benthic-foraminifera-to-environmental-variability-importance-of-benthic-foraminifera-in-",totalDownloads:744,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Maria Virginia Alves Martins, Cintia Yamashita,\nSilvia Helena de Mello e Sousa, Eduardo Apostolos Machado Koutsoukos,\nSibelle Trevisan Disaró, Jean-Pierre Debenay and Wânia Duleba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65237",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65237",authors:[{id:"257732",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Virginia Alves",surname:"Martins",slug:"maria-virginia-alves-martins",fullName:"Maria Virginia Alves Martins"},{id:"267737",title:"Dr.",name:"Cintia",surname:"Yamashita",slug:"cintia-yamashita",fullName:"Cintia Yamashita"},{id:"267738",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia Helena De",surname:"Mello E Sousa",slug:"silvia-helena-de-mello-e-sousa",fullName:"Silvia Helena De Mello E Sousa"},{id:"267739",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo Apostolos Machado",surname:"Koutsoukos",slug:"eduardo-apostolos-machado-koutsoukos",fullName:"Eduardo Apostolos Machado Koutsoukos"},{id:"267740",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibelle Trevisan",surname:"Disaró",slug:"sibelle-trevisan-disaro",fullName:"Sibelle Trevisan Disaró"},{id:"267742",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Debenay",slug:"jean-pierre-debenay",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Debenay"},{id:"267743",title:"Prof.",name:"Wânia",surname:"Duleba",slug:"wania-duleba",fullName:"Wânia Duleba"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7224",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06c3095a17bf790c56c71013cc5e3ad6",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Stephen Kudom Donyinah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26196",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen Kudom",surname:"Donyinah",slug:"stephen-kudom-donyinah",fullName:"Stephen Kudom Donyinah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6644",title:"Emerging Pollutants",subtitle:"Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e03aeca8b09510ef11fcf3621a2a996",slug:"emerging-pollutants-some-strategies-for-the-quality-preservation-of-our-environment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8863",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25243b6684e6a441a6bf1f854d49f9e8",slug:"hydrocarbon-pollution-and-its-effect-on-the-environment",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muharrem",surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"59773",slug:"corrigendum-to-systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devi",title:"Corrigendum to: Systematic Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) in the Manufacturing of Protector Devices for the Orofacial System",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/59773.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59773",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59773",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/59773",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/59773",chapter:{id:"56614",slug:"systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devices-for-the-oro",signatures:"Reinaldo Brito e Dias, Neide Pena Coto, Gilmar Ferreira Batalha and\nLarissa Driemeier",dateSubmitted:"January 25th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 31st 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2018",book:{id:"5951",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Leszek A. Dobrzański",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5951.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15880",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzański",slug:"leszek-a.-dobrzanski",fullName:"Leszek A. Dobrzański"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"204968",title:"Dr.",name:"Neide",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Coto",fullName:"Neide Pena Coto",slug:"neide-pena-coto",email:"neidecoto@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"56614",slug:"systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devices-for-the-oro",signatures:"Reinaldo Brito e Dias, Neide Pena Coto, Gilmar Ferreira Batalha and\nLarissa Driemeier",dateSubmitted:"January 25th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 31st 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2018",book:{id:"5951",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Leszek A. Dobrzański",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5951.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15880",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzański",slug:"leszek-a.-dobrzanski",fullName:"Leszek A. Dobrzański"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"204968",title:"Dr.",name:"Neide",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Coto",fullName:"Neide Pena Coto",slug:"neide-pena-coto",email:"neidecoto@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5951",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Leszek A. Dobrzański",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5951.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15880",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzański",slug:"leszek-a.-dobrzanski",fullName:"Leszek A. Dobrzański"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8986",leadTitle:null,title:"Biological Effects of Microplastics on Living Organisms",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe intensive use of plastic materials has noticeably increased during the last century, leading to a rapid increase of animal habitat contamination. The size, widespread distribution and other characteristics (e.g. surface properties) of microplastics make them highly bioavailable to marine organisms, either through direct ingestion, or by trophic transfer from contaminated prey. The uptake and accumulation of nano and micrometric scale plastic particles has been documented in several biological models. However, their adverse effects on physiology as well as on organ and cell functioning are not yet deeply understood. Furthermore, it has been reported that microplastics may absorb aquatic pollutants, enhancing their bioavailability as well as acting as vectors of persistent contaminants distributed in ecosystems. This book aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of toxicity mechanisms from a chemical, biochemical, physiological, behavioral and ecological point of view.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"140aa17a9be27be6afed10abe2613c85",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Alessio Gomiero",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8986.jpg",keywords:"terrestrial organisms, marine organisms, freshwater organisms, microplastic pollution, plastics and leachates toxicity mechanisms, sublethal stress endpoints, target organs, trojan horse effect",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 10th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"217030",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Gomiero",slug:"alessio-gomiero",fullName:"Alessio Gomiero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217030/images/system/217030.jpeg",biography:"Alessio Gomiero holds a PhD in Environmental Science. As Senior Researcher he has contributed with the development of integrated chemical and biological tools to routinely assess the environmental pollution associated to different anthropogenic activities with emphasis on the characterization of chemicals induced adverse effects by cellular and sub cellular endpoints on several marine and freshwater biological models.",institutionString:"Norwegian Research Center AS",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220812",firstName:"Lada",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220812/images/6021_n.jpg",email:"lada@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7479",title:"Plastics in the Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48f6da13cb26718adde3c690bb6fd924",slug:"plastics-in-the-environment",bookSignature:"Alessio Gomiero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217030",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Gomiero",slug:"alessio-gomiero",fullName:"Alessio Gomiero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16783",title:"Adeno Associated Virus Mediated β-Thalassemia Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/20482",slug:"adeno-associated-virus-mediated-thalassemia-gene-therapy",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16783.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16783",totalDownloads:2117,totalViews:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 9th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 2nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 20th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16783",book:{slug:"viral-gene-therapy"},signatures:"Mengqun Tan, Xiaojuan Sun, Zhenqing Liu, Liujiang Song, Jing Tian, Xiaolin Yin and Xinhua Zhang",authors:[{id:"39180",title:"Prof.",name:"Mengqun",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Mengqun Tan",slug:"mengqun-tan",email:"mqtan26@163.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"44756",title:"Dr",name:"Xiaojuan",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Xiaojuan Sun",slug:"xiaojuan-sun",email:"xiaojuan26@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100145",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zhenqing Liu",slug:"zhenqing-liu",email:"liu198642@163.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100146",title:"Dr.",name:"Liujiang",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Liujiang Song",slug:"liujiang-song",email:"mingziduo@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100147",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Jing Tian",slug:"jing-tian",email:"jingtian117@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100148",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolin",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"Xiaolin Yin",slug:"xiaolin-yin",email:"yxl303yy@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100149",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xinhua Zhang",slug:"xinhua-zhang",email:"zxh303@263.net",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"500",title:"Viral Gene Therapy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Viral Gene Therapy",slug:"viral-gene-therapy",publishedDate:"July 20th 2011",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/500.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16775",title:"Retroviral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Mechanism of Integration, Successes in Gene Therapy Trials, Emerging Problems and Potential Solutions",slug:"retroviral-vectors-in-gene-therapy-mechanism-of-integration-successes-in-gene-therapy-trials-emergin",totalDownloads:2354,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed F. Salem, Johanna Smith, Michael Lisanti and Rene Daniel",authors:[{id:"50210",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Daniel",fullName:"Rene Daniel",slug:"rene-daniel"},{id:"73148",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",middleName:null,surname:"Salem",fullName:"Ahmed F. Salem",slug:"ahmed-f.-salem"},{id:"73149",title:"MSc.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Johanna Smith",slug:"johanna-smith"},{id:"73151",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Lisanti",fullName:"Michael Lisanti",slug:"michael-lisanti"}]},{id:"16776",title:"Production of Retroviral and Lentiviral Gene Therapy Vectors: Challenges in the Manufacturing of Lipid Enveloped Virus",slug:"production-of-retroviral-and-lentiviral-gene-therapy-vectors-challenges-in-the-manufacturing-of-lipi",totalDownloads:8618,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ana Rodrigues, Paula M. Alves and Ana Coroadinha",authors:[{id:"32017",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Coroadinha",fullName:"Ana Coroadinha",slug:"ana-coroadinha"},{id:"45242",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Ana Rodrigues",slug:"ana-rodrigues"},{id:"88272",title:"Prof.",name:"Paula M.",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Paula M. Alves",slug:"paula-m.-alves"}]},{id:"16777",title:"Surface Modification of Retroviral Vectors for Gene Therapy",slug:"surface-modification-of-retroviral-vectors-for-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:1883,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christoph Metzner and John Dangerfield",authors:[{id:"39538",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Metzner",fullName:"Christoph Metzner",slug:"christoph-metzner"},{id:"44916",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Dangerfield",fullName:"John Dangerfield",slug:"john-dangerfield"}]},{id:"16778",title:"The Glucocorticoid Receptor in Retroviral Infection",slug:"the-glucocorticoid-receptor-in-retroviral-infection",totalDownloads:1836,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Brian Fouty and Victor Solodushko",authors:[{id:"44470",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Solodushko",fullName:"Victor Solodushko",slug:"victor-solodushko"},{id:"44515",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Fouty",fullName:"Brian Fouty",slug:"brian-fouty"}]},{id:"16779",title:"Adenoviral Vectors: Potential and Challenges as a Gene Delivery System",slug:"adenoviral-vectors-potential-and-challenges-as-a-gene-delivery-system",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Suresh K. Mittal, AnneMarie Swaim and Yadvinder S. Ahi",authors:[{id:"46691",title:"Prof.",name:"Suresh",middleName:"K",surname:"Mittal",fullName:"Suresh Mittal",slug:"suresh-mittal"},{id:"46698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yadvinder",middleName:null,surname:"Ahi",fullName:"Yadvinder Ahi",slug:"yadvinder-ahi"},{id:"46700",title:"Mr.",name:"AnneMarie",middleName:null,surname:"Swaim",fullName:"AnneMarie Swaim",slug:"annemarie-swaim"}]},{id:"16780",title:"Adenovirus-Based Gene Therapy for Cancer",slug:"adenovirus-based-gene-therapy-for-cancer",totalDownloads:2293,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Changqing Su",authors:[{id:"36101",title:"Prof.",name:"Changqing",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Changqing Su",slug:"changqing-su"}]},{id:"16781",title:"Recombinant Adenovirus Vector Infection of Human Dendritic Cells",slug:"recombinant-adenovirus-vector-infection-of-human-dendritic-cells",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"William Adams and Karin Loré",authors:[{id:"38096",title:"Dr.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Loré",fullName:"Karin Loré",slug:"karin-lore"},{id:"39307",title:"BSc",name:"William",middleName:"Cecil",surname:"Adams",fullName:"William Adams",slug:"william-adams"}]},{id:"16782",title:"Harnessing the Potential of Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines",slug:"harnessing-the-potential-of-adenovirus-vectored-vaccines",totalDownloads:1980,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Peter Johannes Holst and Allan Randrup Thomsen",authors:[{id:"49336",title:"Dr",name:"Allan Randrup",middleName:null,surname:"Thomsen",fullName:"Allan Randrup Thomsen",slug:"allan-randrup-thomsen"},{id:"75845",title:"Dr",name:"Peter Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Holst",fullName:"Peter Johannes Holst",slug:"peter-johannes-holst"},{id:"120290",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan P",middleName:null,surname:"Christensen",fullName:"Jan P Christensen",slug:"jan-p-christensen"}]},{id:"16783",title:"Adeno Associated Virus Mediated β-Thalassemia Gene Therapy",slug:"adeno-associated-virus-mediated-thalassemia-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mengqun Tan, Xiaojuan Sun, Zhenqing Liu, Liujiang Song, Jing Tian, Xiaolin Yin and Xinhua Zhang",authors:[{id:"39180",title:"Prof.",name:"Mengqun",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Mengqun Tan",slug:"mengqun-tan"},{id:"44756",title:"Dr",name:"Xiaojuan",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Xiaojuan Sun",slug:"xiaojuan-sun"},{id:"100145",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zhenqing Liu",slug:"zhenqing-liu"},{id:"100146",title:"Dr.",name:"Liujiang",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Liujiang Song",slug:"liujiang-song"},{id:"100147",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Jing Tian",slug:"jing-tian"},{id:"100148",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolin",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"Xiaolin Yin",slug:"xiaolin-yin"},{id:"100149",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xinhua Zhang",slug:"xinhua-zhang"}]},{id:"16784",title:"Comparison of AAV Serotypes for Gene Delivery to Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra",slug:"comparison-of-aav-serotypes-for-gene-delivery-to-dopaminergic-neurons-in-the-substantia-nigra",totalDownloads:5838,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Joanna Korecka, Marijn Schouten, Ruben Eggers, Ayse Ulusoy, Koen Bossers and Joost Verhaagen",authors:[{id:"33045",title:"Prof.",name:"Joost",middleName:null,surname:"Verhaagen",fullName:"Joost Verhaagen",slug:"joost-verhaagen"},{id:"33050",title:"MSc",name:"Joanna",middleName:"Aleksandra",surname:"Korecka",fullName:"Joanna Korecka",slug:"joanna-korecka"},{id:"33051",title:"Dr.",name:"Koen",middleName:null,surname:"Bossers",fullName:"Koen Bossers",slug:"koen-bossers"},{id:"43686",title:"Mr",name:"Marijn",middleName:null,surname:"Schouten",fullName:"Marijn Schouten",slug:"marijn-schouten"},{id:"43687",title:"Mr",name:"Ruben",middleName:null,surname:"Eggers",fullName:"Ruben Eggers",slug:"ruben-eggers"},{id:"90274",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"Ulusoy",fullName:"Ayse Ulusoy",slug:"ayse-ulusoy"}]},{id:"16785",title:"Progress and Challenges in AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy",slug:"progress-and-challenges-in-aav-mediated-gene-therapy-for-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy",totalDownloads:2725,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shin'Ichi Takeda and Takashi Okada",authors:[{id:"32038",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Okada",fullName:"Takashi Okada",slug:"takashi-okada"},{id:"36800",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Shin Takeda",slug:"shin-takeda"}]},{id:"16786",title:"Viral Vectors as Tools to Investigate the Role of Dysregulated Proteins in Nervous System Pathologies: the Case of Acquired Motor Neuropathies",slug:"viral-vectors-as-tools-to-investigate-the-role-of-dysregulated-proteins-in-nervous-system-pathologie",totalDownloads:1487,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carmen R. Sunico and Bernardo Moreno-Lopez",authors:[{id:"44025",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Lopez",fullName:"Bernardo Moreno-Lopez",slug:"bernardo-moreno-lopez"},{id:"45857",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"R. Sunico",fullName:"Carmen R. Sunico",slug:"carmen-r.-sunico"}]},{id:"16787",title:"Designing Lentiviral Gene Vectors",slug:"designing-lentiviral-gene-vectors",totalDownloads:13504,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Oleg Tolmachov, Tanya Tolmachova and Faisal A. Al-Allaf",authors:[{id:"28112",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:"E",surname:"Tolmachov",fullName:"Oleg Tolmachov",slug:"oleg-tolmachov"},{id:"71555",title:"Dr.",name:"Faisal A.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Allaf",fullName:"Faisal A. Al-Allaf",slug:"faisal-a.-al-allaf"},{id:"71556",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Tolmachova",fullName:"Tanya Tolmachova",slug:"tanya-tolmachova"}]},{id:"16788",title:"Gene Regulatable Lentiviral Vector System",slug:"gene-regulatable-lentiviral-vector-system",totalDownloads:4071,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasutsugu Suzuki and Youichi Suzuki",authors:[{id:"30581",title:"Dr.",name:"Youichi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Youichi Suzuki",slug:"youichi-suzuki"},{id:"43634",title:"Mr",name:"Yasutsugu",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Yasutsugu Suzuki",slug:"yasutsugu-suzuki"}]},{id:"16789",title:"Dendritic Cells and Lentiviral Vectors: Mapping the Way to Successful Immuno Gene Therapy",slug:"dendritic-cells-and-lentiviral-vectors-mapping-the-way-to-successful-immuno-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:2216,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cleo Goyvaerts, Grazyna Kochan, David Escors and Karine Breckpot",authors:[{id:"28137",title:"Prof.",name:"Karine",middleName:null,surname:"Breckpot",fullName:"Karine Breckpot",slug:"karine-breckpot"},{id:"45265",title:"Prof.",name:"Cleo",middleName:null,surname:"Goyvaerts",fullName:"Cleo Goyvaerts",slug:"cleo-goyvaerts"},{id:"45266",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Escors",fullName:"David Escors",slug:"david-escors"},{id:"63190",title:"Prof.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kochan",fullName:"Grazyna Kochan",slug:"grazyna-kochan"}]},{id:"16790",title:"Development and Application of HIV Vectors Pseudotyped with HIV Envelopes",slug:"development-and-application-of-hiv-vectors-pseudotyped-with-hiv-envelopes",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Koichi Miyake and Takashi Shimada",authors:[{id:"28494",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Miyake",fullName:"Koichi Miyake",slug:"koichi-miyake"},{id:"120353",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Shimana",fullName:"Takashi Shimana",slug:"takashi-shimana"}]},{id:"16791",title:"Highly Efficient Retrograde Gene Transfer for Genetic Treatment of Neurological Diseases",slug:"highly-efficient-retrograde-gene-transfer-for-genetic-treatment-of-neurological-diseases",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shigeki Kato, Masahito Kuramochi, Kenta Kobayashi, Ken-Ichi Inoue, Masahiko Takada and Kazuto Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"30013",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuto",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Kazuto Kobayashi",slug:"kazuto-kobayashi"},{id:"45708",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeki",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",fullName:"Shigeki Kato",slug:"shigeki-kato"},{id:"45709",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenta",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Kenta Kobayashi",slug:"kenta-kobayashi"},{id:"45779",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken-ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Ken-ichi Inoue",slug:"ken-ichi-inoue"},{id:"45780",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",fullName:"Masahiko Takada",slug:"masahiko-takada"},{id:"94638",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahito",middleName:null,surname:"Kuramochi",fullName:"Masahito Kuramochi",slug:"masahito-kuramochi"}]},{id:"16792",title:"Herpes Simplex Type 1 for Use in Cancer Gene Therapy: Looking Backward to Move Forward",slug:"herpes-simplex-type-1-for-use-in-cancer-gene-therapy-looking-backward-to-move-forward",totalDownloads:2180,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Breanne Cuddington and Karen Mossman",authors:[{id:"33151",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Mossman",fullName:"Karen Mossman",slug:"karen-mossman"},{id:"44238",title:"Prof.",name:"Breanne",middleName:"Palegia",surname:"Cuddington",fullName:"Breanne Cuddington",slug:"breanne-cuddington"}]},{id:"16793",title:"Gene Therapy of Melanoma Using Inactivated Sendai Virus Envelope Vector (HVJ-E) with Intrinsic Anti-Tumor Activities",slug:"gene-therapy-of-melanoma-using-inactivated-sendai-virus-envelope-vector-hvj-e-with-intrinsic-anti-tu",totalDownloads:2116,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasufumi Kaneda, Eiji Kiyohara, Toshihiro Nakajima and Toshimitsu Itai",authors:[{id:"28488",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasufumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneda",fullName:"Yasufumi Kaneda",slug:"yasufumi-kaneda"},{id:"32100",title:"Dr.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kiyohara",fullName:"Eiji Kiyohara",slug:"eiji-kiyohara"},{id:"32101",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nakajima",fullName:"Toshihiro Nakajima",slug:"toshihiro-nakajima"},{id:"70739",title:"Dr",name:"Toshimitsu",middleName:null,surname:"Itai",fullName:"Toshimitsu Itai",slug:"toshimitsu-itai"}]},{id:"16794",title:"Pharmacokinetic Study of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Progress and Challenges",slug:"pharmacokinetic-study-of-viral-vectors-for-gene-therapy-progress-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xianxing Xu, Yang Jingwen and Cheng Yuanguo",authors:[{id:"42478",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Xianxing Xu",slug:"xianxing-xu"},{id:"51927",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanguo",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Yuanguo Cheng",slug:"yuanguo-cheng"},{id:"81776",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingwen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jingwen Yang",slug:"jingwen-yang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5267",title:"Tumor Metastasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0d598a394585f0b00dcc15347e1f89",slug:"tumor-metastasis",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"51889",title:"Hemostatic System in Malignancy: Providing the “Soil” in Metastatic Niche Formation",slug:"hemostatic-system-in-malignancy-providing-the-soil-in-metastatic-niche-formation",signatures:"Elina Beleva, Veselin Popov and Janet Grudeva-Popova",authors:[{id:"185398",title:"Dr.",name:"Elina",middleName:null,surname:"Beleva",fullName:"Elina Beleva",slug:"elina-beleva"},{id:"185444",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhanet",middleName:null,surname:"Grudeva-Popova",fullName:"Zhanet Grudeva-Popova",slug:"zhanet-grudeva-popova"},{id:"185475",title:"Dr.",name:"Veselin",middleName:null,surname:"Popov",fullName:"Veselin Popov",slug:"veselin-popov"}]},{id:"51782",title:"Is Extracellular Matrix a Castle Against to Invasion of Cancer Cells?",slug:"is-extracellular-matrix-a-castle-against-to-invasion-of-cancer-cells-",signatures:"Serdar Altınay",authors:[{id:"185324",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Altınay",fullName:"Serdar Altınay",slug:"serdar-altinay"}]},{id:"51874",title:"Ovarian Cancer Metastasis: A Unique Mechanism of Dissemination",slug:"ovarian-cancer-metastasis-a-unique-mechanism-of-dissemination",signatures:"Anirban K. Mitra",authors:[{id:"185152",title:"Dr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Mitra",fullName:"Anirban Mitra",slug:"anirban-mitra"}]},{id:"51956",title:"Role of Aquaporins in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis",slug:"role-of-aquaporins-in-breast-cancer-progression-and-metastasis",signatures:"Maitham A. Khajah and Yunus A. Luqmani",authors:[{id:"40180",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunus",middleName:null,surname:"Luqmani",fullName:"Yunus Luqmani",slug:"yunus-luqmani"},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah"}]},{id:"51684",title:"Extracellular Vesicles: A Mechanism to Reverse Metastatic Behaviour as a New Approach to Cancer Therapy",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-a-mechanism-to-reverse-metastatic-behaviour-as-a-new-approach-to-cancer-thera",signatures:"Monerah Al Soraj, Salma Bargal and Yunus A. Luqmani",authors:[{id:"185255",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunus",middleName:null,surname:"Luqmani",fullName:"Yunus Luqmani",slug:"yunus-luqmani"},{id:"185459",title:"Dr.",name:"Monerah",middleName:null,surname:"Al Soraj",fullName:"Monerah Al Soraj",slug:"monerah-al-soraj"}]},{id:"51715",title:"Modulation of Gene Expression During Stages of Liver Colonization by Pancreatic Cancer in a Rat Model",slug:"modulation-of-gene-expression-during-stages-of-liver-colonization-by-pancreatic-cancer-in-a-rat-mode",signatures:"Khamael M.K. Al-Taee, Hassan Adwan and Martin R. Berger",authors:[{id:"56407",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Berger",fullName:"Martin Berger",slug:"martin-berger"}]},{id:"51761",title:"Minimal Invasive Surgery of Metastatic Bone Tumor",slug:"minimal-invasive-surgery-of-metastatic-bone-tumor",signatures:"Hyun Guy Kang and San Ha Kang",authors:[{id:"24542",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Hyun Guy Kang",slug:"hyun-guy-kang"},{id:"190939",title:"Ms.",name:"San Ha",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"San Ha Kang",slug:"san-ha-kang"}]},{id:"51880",title:"The Selection Strategy for Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Isolation and Enumeration: Technical Features, Methods, and Clinical Applications",slug:"the-selection-strategy-for-circulating-tumor-cells-ctcs-isolation-and-enumeration-technical-features",signatures:"Jason Chia‐Hsun Hsieh and Tyler Ming‐Hsien Wu",authors:[{id:"182712",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia-Hsun",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Chia-Hsun Hsieh",slug:"chia-hsun-hsieh"}]},{id:"51371",title:"Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor Stem Cells in Breast Cancer by Using Flow Cytometry",slug:"detection-of-circulating-tumor-cells-and-circulating-tumor-stem-cells-in-breast-cancer-by-using-flow",signatures:"Yanjie Hu, Jin’e Zheng and Shiang Huang",authors:[{id:"182055",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiang",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shiang Huang",slug:"shiang-huang"},{id:"185678",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanjie",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Yanjie Hu",slug:"yanjie-hu"},{id:"185679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin’e",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Jin’e Zheng",slug:"jin'e-zheng"}]},{id:"51972",title:"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and its Regulation in Tumor Metastasis",slug:"epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-and-its-regulation-in-tumor-metastasis",signatures:"Tao Sun, Yuan Qin and Wei-long Zhong",authors:[{id:"184913",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Tao Sun",slug:"tao-sun"},{id:"184922",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",fullName:"Yuan Qin",slug:"yuan-qin"},{id:"184923",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Wei-Long Zhong",slug:"wei-long-zhong"}]},{id:"51771",title:"Importance and Detection of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Phenotype in CTCs",slug:"importance-and-detection-of-epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition-emt-phenotype-in-ctcs",signatures:"Joseph W. Po, David Lynch, Paul de Souza and Therese M. Becker\nVI Contents",authors:[{id:"161435",title:"Dr.",name:"Therese",middleName:null,surname:"Becker",fullName:"Therese Becker",slug:"therese-becker"},{id:"182626",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Po",fullName:"Joseph Po",slug:"joseph-po"},{id:"182627",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"De Souza",fullName:"Paul De Souza",slug:"paul-de-souza"},{id:"182628",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",fullName:"David Lynch",slug:"david-lynch"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73295",title:"The Social Isolation Triggered by COVID-19: Effects on Mental Health and Education in Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93886",slug:"the-social-isolation-triggered-by-covid-19-effects-on-mental-health-and-education-in-mexico",body:'\nHumanity has always coexisted with several microorganisms, groups of bacteria and viruses that surround us at all times, with some of these, mainly bacteria, even symbiotic relationships have been established, for example, the various bacterial species that make up the intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, the relationship with viruses has been more conflictive, from adenoviruses that cause respiratory infections, conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis, to the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, pathologies caused by viruses have always been present. In this sense, the occurrence of a new virus that affects humans causes uncertainty. Currently, the COVID-19 disease (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a virus of the coronavirus family, originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 [1]. It is a disease of the respiratory tract that presents with symptoms such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, rhinorrhea, chest pain, and some patients may have diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting [2], it is transmitted from person to person through small particles of contaminated fluids [3] or by contact with contaminated surfaces [4].
\nOn January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern due to COVID-19 [5] and on March 12, 2020, due to the speed of transmission of the disease was declared a pandemic, by this date, 125,000 cases had been reported from 118 countries and territories [6] including Mexico, which was in phase 1 (importation) and reported its first case on February 28, 2020. Due to the spread of the pandemic in Mexico, phase 2 (community dispersal) of the disease began on March 24, 2020, and on March 30, the government declared a national health emergency [7]. The national day of healthy distance was implemented, a national strategic program of actions to mitigate the spread and transmission of the virus that included the suspension of non-essential activities, cancelation of events or meetings of more than 50 people, hygiene measures such as the washing of hands frequently, sneezing or coughing applying the respiratory tag (using the fold of the arm at the elbow level), not shaking hands or kissing and home protection of the entire population [8], however, despite the actions implemented, April 21, 2020, was released phase 3 (epidemic) of the disease [9].
\nAs part of the Mexican government’s strategy to reduce the spread of the virus, since March 14, 2020, the Ministry of Public Education suspended face-to-face education in the classroom [10], and to continue with academic activities, they were implemented new teaching strategies through the use of virtual media and work from home, to conclude the school year, which at the time of suspension had an advance of 73% [11]. However, in Mexico online education has several limitations such as the absence of a computer or lack of access to the internet, which affects the academic achievement of the students. Additionally, the main measures against the pandemic is social distancing and isolation [12], but social isolation added to the uncertainty of progress, the lack of an effective treatment and vaccine, and the prolongation of quarantine have generated negative psychological manifestations such as anger, irritability, aggressiveness, excessive vigilance in the face of possible symptoms of the disease, predisposing the population to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder [13, 14, 15]. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to describe the effects that social isolation has caused mental health and scholar challenges in the Mexican student population.
\nMass confinement at home, lack of social interaction, adaptation to new work and study routines at home and lack of physical activity are stressful changes that affect emotional regulation [16]. Social isolation generates maladaptive behaviors that affect work, family, social and educational relationships (Table 1).
\nBehavioral disturbance | \n|
---|---|
Sadness feelings | \nDifficult to focus | \n
Apathy | \nWishes to die | \n
Indifference | \nMental exhaustion | \n
Ira | \nLoss of interest in daily activities | \n
Cry frequently | \nImpact on decision making | \n
Lack of appetite | \nSocial dysfunction | \n
Difficulty to sleep | \n\n |
Maladaptive behaviors associated with social isolation [17].
In addition to the negative effects associated with social isolation, in people who have been in contact with COVID-19 positive patients, there is an increase in negative feelings such as fear, nervousness, guilt, and sadness compared to people who have not had these contacts [18], possibly due to fear of contagion.
\nIn the Mexican population, it is estimated that up to 50.3% of the population may present psychological distress, 15.7% symptoms of depression, and 22.6% symptoms of anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak [19], and these manifestations are even greater in the female population, they reveal elevated levels of psychological stress, anxiety and depression [19, 20]. In general, it is estimated that the indicators that generate more stress in the Mexican population are that the health system collapses and there are insufficient resources to care for the sick, which also generates episodes of anxiety and uncertainty [20].
\nAdditionally, other studies have revealed that the greatest concerns of the Mexican population center on the possibility of contracting COVID-19, the loss of employment, and the reduction of economic income [21]. According to the international project COVIDSTRESS, the Mexican population has a moderate level of stress, and only 11% of the surveyed population shows high levels, and the data is consistent in stating that the female population is the one with the highest levels, this associated factors such as economic concerns, the risk of contagion of COVID-19, fear of being hospitalized, concern for friends and family who live far away [22], additionally this study also showed that the population showing the highest levels of stress, they are those who have followed the indications of maintaining social isolation, compared to the population that did not make changes in their social life to face the pandemic [22]. Consistently, the Universidad Iberoamericana, AC, through the Research Institute for Development with Equity (EQUIDE) conducted the Monitoring Survey of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Well-being of Mexican Households (ENCOVID-19) to learn how the crisis due to the pandemic has affected the well-being of Mexican households and reported that as of May 2020, 8.4 million people had lost their jobs, were suspended without pay, or could not go out to look for work and of these, 31.4% presented severe anxiety symptoms, mostly women [23], consistent with the studies mentioned above.
\nOn the other hand, there are social groups that are more vulnerable to stress and mental health problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 2), which have even higher levels of anxiety than the general population.
\nVulnerable social groups in Mexico | \n|
---|---|
Population that must be exposed to contagion due to the need for employment | \nPeople with pre-existing mental disorders | \n
Health personnel | \nPeople who lost loved ones to COVID-19 | \n
Older adults | \nPrisoners | \n
Patients with chronic diseases | \nHomeless | \n
Children and adolescents subjected to stressful conditions at home | \nPeople with low income | \n
Social groups vulnerable in Mexico to the negative impacts of COVID-19 on mental health [24].
Mexican university students report that, during the confinement stage, they have suffered headaches, a feeling of lack of control and little satisfaction with carrying out their activities, others suffer from overwhelming, nervousness, bad mood, less activity and feelings of futility and sleep problems [25]. Interestingly, in this population it is men who present higher levels of anxiety; however, women present higher levels of psychosomatic symptoms, insomnia, social dysfunction, depression, and stress [25]. Frustration, high levels of stress and physical and emotional exhaustion are some of the characteristics of the population that changed their daily routine and began to work from home.
\nIt should also be noted that the uncertainty generated by the pandemic is perceived differently, depending on the social strata. Although the fear and stress caused by the pandemic affects the entire population, definitely people in marginalized situations, with low income, in situations of poverty and extreme poverty, see stress situations intensified due to the presence of other factors such as unemployment, violence, lack of access to digital, and medical services among others [26] situations, that make this population especially vulnerable to the effects of mental health generated by the fear of suffering from COVID-19.
\nOn the other hand, people with better economic income and in more favorable social situation can fall into a state of susceptibility and false interpretations of the symptoms, which leads them to carry out irrational behaviors such as frequently attending the health system, excessive hand washing, social withdrawal, and compulsive purchases, for example, antibacterial gel, masks, gloves, and disinfectant soap [27] generating shortages and consequently an increase in the price of these items [28], adding even more stress to the classes less favored social groups who will be unable to access disease prevention supplies.
\nAdded to this, the misinformation generated in social networks, the media, and the false news found on the internet create alarm and concern, and this misinformation is associated with panic purchases of unnecessary medical supplies and drugs [29], which also causes states of stress, and negative emotions and thoughts that put the mental health of the population at risk [30].
\nIn this regard, the Citizen Council for Security and Justice of Mexico City has declared that calls to the psychological support line increased by 40% compared to the records before the pandemic. Most communicating patients express fear and anxiety about contagion and agree that this situation is associated with prolonged periods of social isolation [31]. Some recommendations issued by the Council and other authors, to mitigate the effects on mental health by the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized in Table 3.
\nRecommendations | \n|
---|---|
Recognize the feelings and emotions that alter mental health | \nMaintain frequent contact with friends and family | \n
Seek professional help | \nHave quality sleep | \n
Consult reliable information | \nSleep at the same time and approximately 8 hours | \n
Avoid excess information | \nBe physically active for at least 30 minutes a day | \n
Establish schedules to carry out activities | \nMaintain established mealtimes | \n
Maintain an active routine like the one performed before isolation | \nEat and drink healthy | \n
Limit the use of sources of false information about the pandemic | \nAvoid substances like alcohol or drugs | \n
Keep busy | \nDo recreational activities at home | \n
Perform activities according to their priority | \n\n |
As a strategy of the Mexican government to reduce the spread of the virus, face-to-face classes were suspended, and measures were implemented to continue academic activities applying new teaching strategies through the use of virtual media and work from home [11].
\nThe Ministry of Public Education implemented the project “Learn at Home on TV and Online” during the period of suspension of school activities, it was pointed out that this isolation measure would serve to prevent the spread of the virus and that students would have a learning opportunity in collaboration with the family. Contents ranging from preschool to upper secondary education were transmitted, with information based on the contents of the Free Textbooks provided by the government, and the activities planned by the teachers [34, 35].
\nThe education program “Learn at Home” was broadcast through various open signal television channels and pay television service. The Radio Strategy for Indigenous Communities and Peoples was also implemented, which integrated auditory content for speakers of 15 different languages [36]; and in isolated communities, the National Council for Educational Development (CONAFE) delivered more than 300,000 packages of school supplies to students [37] to promote access to education.
\nIn basic education, which is that which contemplates the minimum knowledge that a person between 6 and 14 years of age must have, booklets were delivered with activities obtained from the textbooks provided by the government, while for secondary education, that which contemplates the knowledge expected in people aged 15 to 18, the strategy consisted of increasing extracurricular tasks concerning the content provided by teachers via virtual or the broadcasts that the government carried out on television, radio frequencies or via the Internet [38].
\nThe universities implemented actions to continue virtually or remotely, therefore the most outstanding actions were the transformation from classroom to virtual teaching, the provision of video graphic resources and videoconferences through digital technologies [39], as well as the implementation of 4 main work modalities [40], whose characteristics are summarized in Table 4.
\nUniversity work modalities | \n|
---|---|
Modality | \nCharacteristics | \n
Teaching-learning | \nGenerate self-study activities Monitoring and evaluation of activities Generate evidence of learning | \n
Investigation | \nActivities for the care of animals, plants, crops, and laboratory supplies Maintenance of equipment and facilities Adequate activities to continue ongoing investigations | \n
Bonding | \nEstablish adequate agreements with third parties to continue or pause field practices, stays in companies and industries, social service, and professional practices | \n
Organization and planning | \nRethink or conclude regulations, study plans, inventories and propose strategies for the resumption of activities | \n
Work modalities implemented in university education during the COVID-19 pandemic [40].
Derived from social isolation associated with the pandemic, the traditional school has changed, the attendance of students in classrooms at a specific time has been replaced by new distance education strategies, which implies that students and teachers make use of technological tools to effectively comply with learning, using digital folders through applications such as Google Drive®, Dropbox®, OneDrive®; establishing communication through social networks such as WhatsApp® or Facebook®; and by giving lectures and virtual seminars through platforms such as ZOOM®, Google Meet®, Microsoft Teams®, Skype®, among others [41, 42]. However, for both teachers and students, social isolation and online and distance education have been a challenge.
\nTeachers are in a process of self-learning of new technologies to create creative and innovative content, putting their imagination to prepare a lecture, develop exercises to reinforce learning, promote student participation through forums and chats, enrich contributions of students, create debates and appropriate conclusions of the topics covered, and to verify the learning obtained, they should propose evaluations based on essays, summaries, projects, oral or written exams, as well as self-evaluations [39, 43, 44]. In this sense, evaluations cause that teachers get concern due to the fear that students consult sources of information to respond correctly and in this way the learning process is not ensured, however, open-book exams are useful and present advantages as to promote creativity, critical thinking and develop the ability to find information and interpret it correctly. Therefore, teachers can view online exams as a useful way for students to substantiate various topics based on bibliographic material and as a part of transforming their teaching-learning processes. [45].
\nOn the other hand, online education presents greatest challenges for students that involve greater responsibility, discipline, perseverance, organization, time planning, autonomy, and self-learning, causing online education to be more demanding than face-to-face education. Although virtual classes could produce a reduction in knowledge caused by lack of effective communication, and exchanging ideas, lack of feedback from teachers, or disinterest by students, as well as physical fatigue [46], students should establish a work plan with daily objectives, prioritize activities, work and rest schedules and interact efficiently with teachers when there are doubts [47].
\nThe success of online and distance education depends on various factors, among which are the profile of the disciplines taught, the educational and academic model of the institution, the socio-economic profile of the students, the profile of the teachers (age, teacher training, digital skills and willingness to change) and financial resources [39] some recommendations for successful distance education are: continue with the usual class schedules, establish 10-minute breaks with students because long sessions are boring or tedious and promote the participation of all students [45].
\nCurrently, students are less physically active, spending more time in front of screens, which deteriorates their sleeping and eating habits, and these negatives effects are exacerbated by social isolation [48]. Social isolation was implemented as a preventive measure to avoid physical contact and reduce the number of infections due to the COVID-19 disease without the intention of affecting social communication, establishing new forms of social interactions, e.g., communication through virtual platforms and social networks, unfortunately the results have been different and isolation it has been presented as a stressful situation that has generated conflicts and an unfavorable environment for young people to function effectively in the new modality of distance study [41].
\nUnfortunately, during the stage of isolation, distance education has generated that students go through situations for which they were not adequately prepared, for example, the difficulty in organizing their time and the lack of the necessary resources to carry out their school activities, added to factors such as family dysfunctions, lack of communication and violence, subjecting them to high levels of stress, frustration, physical and emotional exhaustion [49, 50], which can lead students to develop episodes of anxiety or depression [51].
\nIn this sense, positive emotions such as happiness or joy, hope, inspiration, interest, motivation, enthusiasm, among others, stimulate good brain function, improve concentration capacity, reasoning, memory, and decision-making [52], which influences in good academic performance, while social isolation, anxiety, and depression generate attention and memory problems and affect decision-making [53]. It has been reported that in adolescents with depressive characteristics such as low self-esteem, there is poor academic performance, difficulties in understanding content, antisocial behaviors, and a predisposition to drug abuse [51]. A student who perceives himself as a good student ensures high academic performance, on the contrary, students who make a negative evaluation of themselves avoid academic tasks for fear of failure [54], which generates low academic performance [55], similarly students with symptoms of anxiety and depression are perceived as incompetent affecting academic performance [54, 56].
\nAnxiety, depression, fear, and uncertainty influence the learning process, so it is recommended that teaching be flexible and adapted to the needs of each student [57]. The resilience, motivation and, skills to learn independently of everyone are important factors to obtain the knowledge imparted through the new distance education systems.
\nThe United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in Mexico established some recommendations so that children and adolescents can maintain healthy mental health (Table 5).
\nRecommendations | \n|
---|---|
Learning activities should not exceed 20 min for children and 45 min for adolescents | \nFind ways to keep learning | \n
Establish schedules to carry out activities | \nBe kind to people and yourself | \n
Recognize and not repress emotions | \nTake care of your health by taking preventive measures | \n
Establish communication with friends through virtual means | \nAttend medical attention if necessary | \n
In Mexico, there is great economic, social, and educational inequality, mainly in rural areas [60]. According to the National Survey on the Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households 2019, only 43% of the population has a computer and 56.4% of households have internet access, however, access to such technologies are not equitably distributed between urban and rural areas. 49% of the Mexican population living in urban areas has access to a computer while only 22.1% of the rural population has that access, in urban homes 65.5% have access to the internet while in only 23.4% of rural areas have such access [61]. Social inequality also makes a big difference in access to information technologies, since in people with low economic incomes (<$ 30,016 MXN per quarter) only 20.1% of the population has access to a computer and 19% have access to the internet, in contrast, among people with higher income (> $ 55,495 MXN per quarter), 76.6% have access to a computer and 89.7% of them have internet access [61, 62].
\nAdapting to “online” educational life has been complex, mainly due to the lack of access to computers, tablets, or smartphones, but also because the speed of Internet connection in the country is inefficient [63]. This digital gap in Mexico will lead to great challenges, especially in students who lack self-regulation and self-discipline [64].
\nIn the new educational program implemented in response to the contingency, not all educational institutions nor all teachers have responded in the same way to the demands of online education, for example, private education institutions have greater access to digital environments [65], on the contrary, public schools have to implement other strategies such as teaching classes through open television or radio, private school teachers also have more experience and access to information technologies, the real challenge is that the online education is delivered with the highest possible quality [66] with scarce resources.
\nOn the other hand, some institutions have not shown interest in the face of the pandemic, virtual classes are supported by tasks that are sometimes not reviewed or given feedback, and teachers have lost communication with their students [67]. On the contrary, there are teachers overwhelmed and concerned about sending educational activities, establishing effective communication with their students and trying to ensure that they acquire the best possible knowledge and skills, also there is concern for those students with limited resources who eat in school canteens and who are currently not receiving adequate food [26].
\nAnother limitation of online education is that public institutions are not equipped or have the experience to teach online classes, or teachers are not prepared to do so [68], because there was not adequate training for teachers to integrate the information technologies to the pedagogical experience [69]. However, institutions continue to require teachers to provide evidence of evaluations and work plans to justify compliance with the educational program [67].
\nThere are many shortcomings and inequalities, both in the availability of resources and in the preparation of teachers, at the higher level, there are few universities that have adapted efficiently to the transition to online education, implementing appropriate learning systems and with experienced academic staff [64]. A survey carried out among professors of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the main public institution of university education in the country, indicated that 60% of them have received support from the university to transform their distance activities, 43.3% have problems with the availability of time and class schedules or lack adequate spaces to work remotely, 39.7% indicate they have problems with access to the Internet, computer equipment or have no experience in handling of educational platforms, and 14.9% indicated having affective affections such as sadness, frustration, anxiety or fatigue [70]. In this survey, teachers comment that the biggest problems their students present are that they do not have access to the internet, they lack computer equipment or they do not know educational platforms, lack of time and adequate spaces to work remotely [70].
\nOn the other hand, it has also been reported that students report having a computer at home, but that it is used by more than one member of the family, which makes it difficult to access to the equipment and generates feelings of frustration, anxiety, fear and insecurity [71, 72] given the uncertainty of their professional preparation.
\nOnline education also affects children who have some type of learning disorder, the education given by parents with the help of manuals and instructions by teachers, do not ensure that they are learning and that this remote process is as effective as the learning obtained in person by specialized teachers, causing deterioration in the academic levels of children, with implications for the future [73]. Sometimes parents are not able to guide their children in school tasks because they do not know pedagogical strategies that make it easier for them to explain various topics, or they lack the necessary knowledge simply, on the contrary, if the parents have a high educational level, these difficulties are overcome and doubts are resolved and activities are created to promote learning [50].
\nParents with a higher degree of education have the advantage of being able to support their children in complex procedures, such as mathematical activities, while parents who have no academic training are at a total disadvantage, in addition, the time that parents invest in the education of their children at home is also a factor that influences learning, some parents continue to work from home and others, even with mobility restrictions, must go out to work [65].
\nThe social isolation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has generated behavioral changes such as sadness, apathy, anguish, loss of sleep, anger, fear, among others, these maladaptive behaviors have an impact on the mental health of Mexicans, making them vulnerable to developing various disorders such as anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder, added to this, the population has had to adapt to various activities to continue with social dynamics, such as the case of education, which went from being face-to-face to being taught remotely, this has represented a challenge in a country that seeks to implement measures to provide quality education, considering that Mexico ranks 53 out of 75 countries in terms of quality of the education system, according to the Program for International Student Assessment’s (PISA) with scores below the international average [74].
\nThe new teaching strategies implied migrating to the use of information technologies, this has meant that teachers and students make use of technological tools such as applications and virtual platforms to teach or receive classes.
\nOnline education involves great challenges of responsibility, self-learning, discipline and organization, challenges that impact positively or negatively on student performance, for example, the need to study online forces students to become disciplined and self-taught. However, unlimited access to the internet during virtual classes has several disadvantages because they can deviate from the educational purpose by entering leisure platforms, which causes lack of attention and concentration. Because population inequality in Mexico places at a disadvantage the student population that presents a low socioeconomic level and cannot have access to a computer or the internet, coupled with this demographic conditions, the lack of parental attention or the violent environments at home are factors that do not favor learning.
\nFor these reasons, online education is a strategy that has little chance of being effective in the vulnerable population, so far the impact caused by the limitations that students face is unknown, however, the authorities must consider and plan the strategies to mitigate the effects caused.
\nThe pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused the population to implement prevention measures such as social isolation; however, this causes mental health effects, placing the population in a state of susceptibility to develop various mental disorders such as anxiety or depression. Additionally, social isolation also damage academic performance of students who are currently receiving an education different from the one they are used to, online education, however, there are also other limitations such as lack of a computer and inaccessibility to internet servers, which cause that academic performance to not be satisfactorily developed, strategies must be implemented so that students receive equitably the education that they are entitled to.
\nThis chapter was partially supported by Cátedras CONACYT Grant #1840 (National Council for Science and Technology) to Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz. Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez received fellowships from CONACYT (Reg: 752407).
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL:http://www.intechopen.com/oai/?.
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL:http://www.intechopen.com/oai/?.
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10366},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118187},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0737383fcc202641f59e4a5df02eb509",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5227},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"154",title:"Biomaterials",slug:"biomaterials",parent:{title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"},numberOfBooks:22,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:856,numberOfWosCitations:1618,numberOfCrossrefCitations:719,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2018,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biomaterials",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9574",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"730b237f28a94ddad58ba55ee6ab8811",slug:"biomaterials",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu and Claudia Manuela Da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9574.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6995",title:"Microencapsulation",subtitle:"Processes, Technologies and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09376930370a8a1e60c1ae491a2d7d8d",slug:"microencapsulation-processes-technologies-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Fabien Salaün",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",middleName:null,surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8353",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:"Smart Materials for Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f87a0823e286477e58c1da8b6cd174c",slug:"hydrogels-smart-materials-for-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica and Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6241",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3a944044e8aecbba3bd88fba1bef0b1",slug:"hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6518",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",subtitle:"Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2bbe245f1821a6691cc6d07e5b3462cf",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6518.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:"Sukhadeorao",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6280",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry - New Edition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d45002a20a9496ff80f5c0166d9be33",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry-new-edition",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello and Teresa Musumeci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6141",title:"Polymerization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6253d53d2d87cf7917080428071127f0",slug:"recent-research-in-polymerization",bookSignature:"Nevin Cankaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175645",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",middleName:null,surname:"Çankaya",slug:"nevin-cankaya",fullName:"Nevin Çankaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5922",title:"Materials, Technologies and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fe31fadb436b2596163e60fd63dedbd",slug:"scaffolds-in-tissue-engineering-materials-technologies-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Francesco Baino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188475",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Baino",slug:"francesco-baino",fullName:"Francesco Baino"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3420",title:"Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"381d506a331ddc9ae4d423dea265e0a2",slug:"advances-in-biomaterials-science-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3420.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2300",title:"Microwave Materials Characterization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25921c01ddbac11535ce589c4007a695",slug:"microwave-materials-characterization",bookSignature:"Sandra Costanzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51071",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Costanzo",slug:"sandra-costanzo",fullName:"Sandra Costanzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1508",title:"The Transmission Electron Microscope",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"40719eadb88b36d3aab9d67fbef67fe3",slug:"the-transmission-electron-microscope",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1508.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"23617",doi:"10.5772/24118",title:"Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives",slug:"collagen-vs-gelatine-based-biomaterials-and-their-biocompatibility-review-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:8784,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:143,book:{slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol",authors:[{id:"55577",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Kokol",slug:"vanja-kokol",fullName:"Vanja Kokol"},{id:"61285",title:"BSc",name:"Selestina",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgieva",slug:"selestina-gorgieva",fullName:"Selestina Gorgieva"}]},{id:"32974",doi:"10.5772/34448",title:"Thermal Sprayed Coatings Used Against Corrosion and Corrosive Wear",slug:"thermal-sprayed-coatings-used-against-corrosion-and-corrosive-wear",totalDownloads:21641,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:63,book:{slug:"advanced-plasma-spray-applications",title:"Advanced Plasma Spray Applications",fullTitle:"Advanced Plasma Spray Applications"},signatures:"P. Fauchais and A. Vardelle",authors:[{id:"100195",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Vardelle",slug:"vardelle",fullName:"Vardelle"},{id:"100197",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Fauchais",slug:"pierre-fauchais",fullName:"Pierre Fauchais"}]},{id:"16199",doi:"10.5772/17020",title:"Characterization and Properties of Chitosan",slug:"characterization-and-properties-of-chitosan",totalDownloads:33830,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:59,book:{slug:"biotechnology-of-biopolymers",title:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers",fullTitle:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers"},signatures:"Elson Santiago de Alvarenga",authors:[{id:"27012",title:"Dr",name:"Elson Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"de Alvarenga",slug:"elson-santiago-de-alvarenga",fullName:"Elson Santiago de Alvarenga"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64746",title:"HyStem®: A Unique Clinical Grade Hydrogel for Present and Future Medical Applications",slug:"hystem-a-unique-clinical-grade-hydrogel-for-present-and-future-medical-applications",totalDownloads:2601,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"hydrogels-smart-materials-for-biomedical-applications",title:"Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Hydrogels - Smart Materials for Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Thomas I. Zarembinski and Aleksander Skardal",authors:[{id:"262573",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Zarembinski",slug:"thomas-zarembinski",fullName:"Thomas Zarembinski"},{id:"270426",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Skardal",slug:"aleksander-skardal",fullName:"Aleksander Skardal"}]},{id:"58222",title:"Spray Drying: An Overview",slug:"spray-drying-an-overview",totalDownloads:4549,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry-new-edition",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials - Physics and Chemistry - New Edition"},signatures:"Daniel Santos, Ana Colette Maurício, Vitor Sencadas, José\nDomingos Santos, Maria H. Fernandes and Pedro S. Gomes",authors:[{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício"},{id:"161695",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Domingos",slug:"jose-domingos",fullName:"José Domingos"},{id:"215518",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"daniel-santos",fullName:"Daniel Santos"},{id:"215519",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitor",middleName:null,surname:"Sencadas",slug:"vitor-sencadas",fullName:"Vitor Sencadas"},{id:"215799",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"pedro-gomes",fullName:"Pedro Gomes"},{id:"215800",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"maria-helena-fernandes",fullName:"Maria Helena Fernandes"}]},{id:"43739",title:"Biofabrication of Tissue Scaffolds",slug:"biofabrication-of-tissue-scaffolds",totalDownloads:8454,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:45,book:{slug:"advances-in-biomaterials-science-and-biomedical-applications",title:"Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications",fullTitle:"Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Ning Zhu and Xiongbiao Chen",authors:[{id:"160401",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiongbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xiongbiao-chen",fullName:"Xiongbiao Chen"}]},{id:"57279",title:"Thermoplastic Foams: Processing, Manufacturing, and Characterization",slug:"thermoplastic-foams-processing-manufacturing-and-characterization",totalDownloads:2228,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"recent-research-in-polymerization",title:"Polymerization",fullTitle:"Recent Research in Polymerization"},signatures:"Mihrigul Altan",authors:[{id:"209557",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mihrigul",middleName:null,surname:"Altan",slug:"mihrigul-altan",fullName:"Mihrigul Altan"}]},{id:"65140",title:"Microbial Bioremediation and Different Bioreactors Designs Applied",slug:"microbial-bioremediation-and-different-bioreactors-designs-applied",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Memory Tekere",authors:[{id:"231753",title:"Prof.",name:"Memory",middleName:null,surname:"Tekere",slug:"memory-tekere",fullName:"Memory Tekere"}]},{id:"57833",title:"Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism",slug:"emulsion-polymerization-mechanism",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"recent-research-in-polymerization",title:"Polymerization",fullTitle:"Recent Research in Polymerization"},signatures:"Abdelaziz Nasr Moawed Bakr El-hoshoudy",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"}]},{id:"59720",title:"Chitosan-Based Green and Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel",slug:"chitosan-based-green-and-sustainable-corrosion-inhibitors-for-carbon-steel",totalDownloads:745,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Chandrabhan Verma, Arumugam Madhan Kumar, Mohammad\nAbu Jafar Mazumder and Mumtaz Ahmad Quraishi",authors:[{id:"207838",title:"Prof.",name:"Mumtaz",middleName:null,surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mumtaz-quraishi",fullName:"Mumtaz Quraishi"},{id:"229278",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Madhan Kumar",slug:"arumugam-madhan-kumar",fullName:"Arumugam Madhan Kumar"},{id:"229279",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrabhan",middleName:null,surname:"Verma",slug:"chandrabhan-verma",fullName:"Chandrabhan Verma"},{id:"239861",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"mohammad-mazumder",fullName:"Mohammad Mazumder"}]},{id:"23634",title:"Biopolymers as Wound Healing Materials: Challenges and New Strategies",slug:"biopolymers-as-wound-healing-materials-challenges-and-new-strategies",totalDownloads:12177,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:37,book:{slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Ali Demir Sezer and Erdal Cevher",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"},{id:"129634",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Cevher",slug:"erdal-cevher",fullName:"Erdal Cevher"}]},{id:"60238",title:"Chitosan and Xyloglucan-Based Hydrogels: An Overview of Synthetic and Functional Utility",slug:"chitosan-and-xyloglucan-based-hydrogels-an-overview-of-synthetic-and-functional-utility",totalDownloads:913,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra, Jaime López-Cervantes, Dalia I. Sánchez-\nMachado and Ana Sanches-Silva",authors:[{id:"190199",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia I.",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Machado",slug:"dalia-i.-sanchez-machado",fullName:"Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado"},{id:"241596",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana M.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Ibarra1",slug:"diana-m.-martinez-ibarra1",fullName:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra1"},{id:"241597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"241599",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sanches-Silva",slug:"ana-sanches-silva",fullName:"Ana Sanches-Silva"}]},{id:"63420",title:"Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: An Interdisciplinary Overview",slug:"stimuli-responsive-hydrogels-an-interdisciplinary-overview",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"hydrogels-smart-materials-for-biomedical-applications",title:"Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Hydrogels - Smart Materials for Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Sudipta Chatterjee and Patrick Chi-leung Hui",authors:[{id:"19338",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Chi Leung",slug:"hui-chi-leung",fullName:"Hui Chi Leung"},{id:"267430",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"sudipta-chatterjee",fullName:"Sudipta Chatterjee"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biomaterials",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/105376/stanko-geic",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"105376",slug:"stanko-geic"},fullPath:"/profiles/105376/stanko-geic",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()