Antioxidant activity of different bamboo species.
\r\n\tThis book aims to expose the recent advances in the research and development of chemical and biochemical processes to obtain bio-based chemical compounds and fuels from glycerol.
\r\n\r\n\tChapters dealing with the synthesis and characterization of catalysts (single and mixed hydroxides and oxides, supported catalysts, zeolites, heteropolyacids, pillared-clays, and metal-organic frameworks) and biocatalysts (novel microbial and fungi cultures, immobilized cells, immobilized enzymes, and nanobiocatalysts) to carry out the conversion of glycerol, as well as their testing in discontinuous and continuous stirred reactors, fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed, bubble column, airlift and membrane (bio)reactors are welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will comprise, but will not be limited to, the homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions of glycerol such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, partial oxidation, steam- and dry-reforming, glycerol to hydrocarbon fuels and aromatics, (trans)esterification, etherification, halogenation, ammoxidation, as well as supercritical, and photocatalytic processes.
\r\n\r\n\tAdditionally, we hope to cover the bioprocessing of glycerol, including microbial and fungal fermentation and enzymatic reactions to obtain C2-C4 alcohols, diols, hydrogen, methane, organic acids, dihydroxyacetone, biopolymers, and others.
\r\n\tThe book will also deal with the engineering aspects of glycerol processing, such as chemical equilibrium of glycerol reactions, reaction kinetics, (bio)reactor modeling, as well as process simulation and optimization of process variables and reactors.
Bamboos are described as one of the most important renewable, easily obtained, and valuable of all forest resources. Bamboo species have been known and used by human kind since the beginning of civilization; its use as building materials can be traced back to the pre-ceramic period 9500 years ago, while relics from bamboo mats and baskets were dated at 3300-2800 BC [1]. In Asian countries, their leaves are used as a food wrapping material to prevent food deterioration since ancient times, besides using the culms as a construction material. In this region, bamboo leaves are described in the traditional medicine for treating hypertension, arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and certain forms of cancer. These therapeutic properties are most likely mediated by their antioxidant capacity.
These plants form a large subfamily of the grasses (
Bamboos have a large ecological amplitude in response to canopy disturbances and can become super dominant species after opening in natural or anthropic origin. In addition, they have a very rapid growth from the stem base to the top of the plant [7]. Currently, bamboo species are considered as one of the most available forest resources. In tropical and subtropical areas, bamboos represent approximately 20–25% of the total biomass, which contributes to their status as one of the most important renewable resources [8]. Considered a rapid atmospheric carbon sink, bamboo has also physical and mechanical properties that make it suitable to be used in the development of products normally produced with native wood or from reforestation, such as construction components, furniture industry, cables for agricultural tools, panels, and plates, among others.
Bamboo species share some common characteristics of their phenolic composition with other grasses. They contain several glycosylated flavones whose aglycones are represented by apigenin, luteolin, and tricin [9, 10, 11]. This is also the case in, for example, durum wheat (
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a result of normal cell metabolism; however, once the oxidative processes start to be predominant over the antioxidant, the imbalance called “oxidative stress” can be harmful to human body [16]. Oxygen’s reactivity, which is under normal conditions, permits the high-energy electron transfer allowing the formation of big quantities of adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) by the oxidative phosphorylation and jeopardizes the cells of living organisms by attacking molecules such as proteins, lipids, or DNA [17]. Free radicals created in this process cause various genetic changes causing cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, and other disorders [18]. Plants provide an abundant source of the substances with biological activity. In case of antioxidant protection, flavonoids stand for one of the most efficient molecules combating the oxidative stress.
There are two terms describing the antioxidant efficacy: “antioxidant activity” and “antioxidant capacity,” and they have different meanings. The prior expresses the kinetics of a reaction between an antioxidant and the prooxidant or radical scavenging activity, and the latter one measures the thermodynamic conversion efficiency of the reaction. The analytical methods to evaluate antioxidant activity may be divided into electron transfer (ET)-based and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based methods. ET-based methods utilize the process of the reduction in the oxidative component by the antioxidant, which leads to the change in color that can be observed [19]. Within this group, we can specify: DPPH (2,2-di(4-
The majority researchers working with bamboo-derived products use DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods or the combination of those to evaluate the antioxidant effect of their samples, when ORAC is less common. Values are expressed in the percentage of the radical inhibition, IC50, which is an inhibitory concentration (concentration needed to deactivate 50% of the radical formation) or Trolox equivalents. Table 1 demonstrates the results grouped by the method and unit used by the authors, and Table 2 shows IC50 against DPPH of the compounds isolated from the bamboo species.
Bamboo species | Sample | DPPH | ABTS | FRAP | ORAC | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential oil | 2.85* | [21] | ||||
Essential oil | 4.44* | |||||
Essential oil | 3.82* | |||||
Essential oil | 4.93* | |||||
Leaf ethanol | 119.51 | 25.65 | 92.08 | 5.79 | [22] | |
Leaf hydromethanolic | 137.37 | 16.30 | 85.73 | 6.18 | ||
Leaf ethyl acetate | 117.68 | 19.66 | 51.88 | 2.73 | ||
Leaf dichloromethane | 190.73 | 37.21 | 89.69 | 6.05 | ||
Culm ethanol | 181.92 | 39.51 | 62.02 | 4.20 | ||
Culm hydromethanolic | 413.80 | 47.22 | 108.50 | 9.33 | ||
Culm ethyl acetate | 244.85 | 33.25 | 51.22 | 3.47 | ||
Culm dichloromethane | — | 60.69 | 27.92 | 1.22 | ||
Culm hexane | 296.94 | 94.77 | 145.80 | 9.10 | ||
Leaf ethanol | — | [23] | ||||
Branch ethanol | 350.60 | |||||
Inner culm at 1 m height ethanol | 373.80 | |||||
Inner culm at 5 m height ethanol | 88.50 | |||||
Rhizome ethanol | 171.50 | |||||
Leaf water | 306.70 | |||||
Branch water | 179.50 | |||||
Inner culm at 1 m height water | 231.90 | |||||
Inner culm at 5 m height water | 198.30 | |||||
Rhizome water | 266.70 | |||||
Shoot methanol | 3600.00 | [24] | ||||
Shoot chloroform | 4000.00 | |||||
Shoot ethyl acetate | 800.00 | |||||
Shoot butanolic | 700.00 | |||||
Shoot water | 4700.00 | |||||
Essential oil | 5.29* | [25] | ||||
Essential oil | 6.50* | |||||
Essential oil | 7.53* | |||||
Essential oil | 4.99* | |||||
Shoot methanol | 3400.00 | [24] | ||||
Shoot Chloroform | 2300.00 | |||||
Shoot ethyl acetate | 400.00 | |||||
Shoot butanolic | 800.00 | |||||
Shoot water | 5300.00 | |||||
Leaf butanolic | 51.00 | [9] |
Antioxidant activity of different bamboo species.
Values recalculated from μL/mL to μg/mL, assuming that the density of an essential oil is approximately 0.9 g/mL.
ABTS—scavenging ABTS(2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical effect; DPPH—scavenging DPPH (2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl)radical effect; FRAP—ferric reducing antioxidant power; all the values in the table are the—IC50 [μg/mL]—inhibitory concentration, concentration needed to diminish the production the radical/oxidized product by 50%; ORAC—oxygen radical absorbance capacity.
Bamboo species | Part of the plant | Isolated compound | DPPH (IC50) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Isoorientin | 9.5 | [9] | |
Isoorientin 2-O-α-l-rhamnoside | 34.5 | |||
Apigenin 6-C-β-d-xylopyranosyl-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside | 161.5 | |||
Leaves | 3-O-(3′-methylcaffeoyl) quinic acid | 16.00 | [26] | |
5-O-caffeoyl-4-methylquinic acid | 8.8 | |||
3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid | 6.9 |
Antioxidant activity of isolated compounds of bamboos.
DPPH—scavenging DPPH (2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical effect; IC50—inhibitory concentration, concentration needed to diminish the production of DPPH radical by 50% [μM].
The most popular method (also as per the number of results included in Table 1) is the certainty DPPH radical scavenging test. IC50 is a unit that is easy to compare because it gives an idea of the concentration, which is necessary to decrease the radical formation by 50%. The values obtained for different species of bamboo varied between 51 μg/mL for
Two from the chosen authors [10, 26] described the results for two Asian bamboo species:
The results expressed in IC50 for the DPPH and other methods such as ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC varied due to different mechanisms of action between prooxidant and antioxidant molecules. An ethyl acetate fraction from a Brazilian bamboo,
Trolox equivalents received by two methods: DPPH and FRAP were also compared, and it was found that in case of
In general, bamboos were classified as good antioxidants, which can be related to their high flavonoid and phenol contents [27]. The scavenging activity against superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical of some methanol and hot water extracts from a bamboo powder, used in Japan for different purposes, was higher than the ones received for the control—α-tocoferol and ascorbic acid [28]. A polysaccharide-rich extract from
Few studies of the functional antioxidant activity with correlated health effect were described in the literature as well. The lignophenol derivatives obtained from a wood mixture containing bamboo
Quality and safety of various products can be affected by the presence of microorganisms; therefore, antimicrobial substances are widely used in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In cosmetics, preservatives protect the formulation during the production and the use by the consumers [36]. In the food industry, these additives can improve organoleptic characteristics of food, such as color, smell, and taste, in addition to the protection of food during production, storage, and consumption [37]. The growing microbial resistance to existing drugs has generated the need for the pharmaceutical industry to search for new molecules that can be used as preservatives, antibiotics, and disinfectants [38]. This factor associated with the toxicity of certain additives [39] and the consumer appeals for the reduction in synthetic substances [40], encourage the search for alternative solutions. The complexity and molecular diversity of natural products make them an interesting source of new molecules [41].
The antimicrobial capacity of bamboo species was evaluated through several methodologies, resulting in different units for the presentation of the results. In Table 3, results are shown as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is the lowest concentration that is able to completely inhibit microbial growth.
Bamboo species | Product | Microorganism | MIC (μg/mL) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2,6-Dimethoxy- | 400 | [42] | ||
200 | ||||
400 | ||||
400 | ||||
800 | ||||
200 | ||||
800 | [43] | |||
25 | ||||
10 | ||||
25 | ||||
800 | ||||
800 | ||||
Chloroform/methanol extract (bark) | 10,000 | [44] | ||
5000 | ||||
10,000 | ||||
10,000 | ||||
Chloroform/methanol extract (bark) | 50,000 | [44] | ||
2000 | ||||
Essential oil | 31.76* | [21] | ||
31.76* | ||||
Ethanol extract (outer culm) | 400 | [23] | ||
Hot water extract (leaf) | 1200 | [23] | ||
Hot water extract (branch) | 1400 | |||
Hot water extract (inner culm) | >16,000 | |||
Essential oil | 31.76* | [21] | ||
22.23* | ||||
Essential oil | 31.76* | |||
22.23* | ||||
Essential oil | 31.76* | |||
45.24* |
Antimicrobial activity of bamboo extracts—MIC.
Concentration calculated considering the density value 0.9.
The lower the MIC values, the more potent the substance is. To be considered as promising antimicrobial agents, natural products must have MICs below 100 μg/mL [39]. Therefore, the essential oils of
In Table 4, the species were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Three different extracts of each species were compared. All of them presented similar inhibition zones, around 7 mm. The wider inhibition zones were presented by the ethanolic extract of
Bamboo species | Product | Inhibition zone (mm) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone extract | 7.2 | 9.3 | [44] | |
Ethanol extract | 7.6 | 7.2 | ||
Hot water extract | 7.4 | 7.4 | ||
Acetone extract | 6.6 | 7.0 | ||
Ethanol extract | 9.8 | 9.3 | ||
Hot water extract | 7.3 | 7.3 | ||
Acetone extract | 7.5 | 6.9 | ||
Ethanol extract | 7.5 | 7.8 | ||
Hot water extract | 7.2 | 10.7 |
Antimicrobial activity of bamboo extracts—inhibition zone.
Symbol | Diameter (mm) | Classification |
---|---|---|
− | <10 | No activity |
+ | 10–15 | Activity |
++ | 15–20 | Good activity |
+++ | >20 | Very good activity |
Interpretation of inhibition zones [47].
The search for bioactive compounds is not limited only to the compounds produced by a plant species. Microorganisms hosted in plant tissues and organs have become a new source of useful metabolites for the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries [45, 46]. Found in various parts of plants (roots, stems, leaves, and barks), endophytic fungi colonize various species [47], and the relationship between the endophytic fungi and the host plant may be advantageous since many of them improve the growth and protect the plant against pathogens [46].
Using the agar diffusion method, some authors evaluated the antimicrobial activity of fungal strains isolated from bamboos. The antimicrobial potential of the strains was evaluated against human pathogens, and in Table 6, it is possible to find the main results. Isolate 130 from
Bamboo species | Isolate no. | Ref. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
106 | + | + | − | − | NT | NT | ++ | − | [45] | |
120 | +++ | +++ | + | − | NT | NT | +++ | ++ | ||
127 | − | + | + | + | NT | NT | + | − | ||
128 | + | + | − | − | NT | NT | + | + | ||
130 | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | NT | NT | +++ | + | ||
B09 | + | + | − | − | NT | NT | ++ | − | [47] | |
B34 | − | + | + | + | NT | NT | + | − | ||
B35 | + | + | − | − | NT | NT | + | + | ||
B38 | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | NT | NT | +++ | + | ||
ZZZ816 | +++ | +++ | + | − | NT | NT | +++ | + | ||
FB16 | NT | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | NT | [46] | |
FB43 | NT | − | ++ | ++ | + | + | − | NT | ||
FB06 | NT | ++ | ++ | − | + | − | + | NT | ||
FB21 | NT | − | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | NT |
Antimicrobial activity of fungal isolates.
NT—not tested.
One of the studies also evaluated the activity of fermentation products of fungal strains of
Isolate no. | Inhibition zone (mm) | Ref. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FB16 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 10.29 | 12.46 | 8.8 | 16 | [46] |
FB43 | — | 10.6 | 8.95 | 7.6 | 7.52 | — | |
FB06 | 8.66 | 9.1 | — | 7.84 | — | 7.66 | |
FB21 | — | 8.7 | 8.64 | 7.52 | 7.77 | 8.69 |
Antimicrobial activity of fermentation products of fungal isolates from
—: not active.
Despite the search for new substances with the ability to inhibit microbial growth, the presence of microorganisms is not always harmful. In some cases, certain microorganisms may contribute to human health, such as the human intestinal microbiota. It is composed of more than 400 bacterial species, and bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are the main ones [48]. They help in the digestion and synthesize bioactive compounds, besides preventing diseases, avoiding the growth of pathogenic microorganisms [49]. Through the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics, it is possible to maintain the balance of these intestinal bacteria. Probiotics are supplements containing the microorganisms of interest. Nondigestible carbohydrates that undergo fermentation by intestinal microbes are called prebiotics [48, 49].
Prebiotic activity was evaluated in bamboo shoots, since they are a rich source of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides [50]. The polysaccharides isolated from the shoots of
Chinese traditional medicine has described the use of different parts of bamboos, such as leaves and rhizomes, to treat many diseases. Nowadays, scientific studies have demonstrated that bamboo extracts have excellent biological efficacy regarding their antioxidant activity. Theoretically, this activity might also be related for the treatment of diverse pathologies, such as resistance to free-radical, cardiovascular protection against neurodegenerative diseases, anticancer, and many others.
Bamboo shavings are a sort of Chinese traditional medicine that can be obtained from different bamboo species by scraping off the coating from bamboo stems, cutting the stems into slices, and binding them together by drying in shadowy places. A triterpenoid-rich extract of bamboo shavings was obtained from
Bamboo extracts used as dietary supplement demonstrated a protective effect on the development of induced breast cancer by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). A crude hydroethanolic extract from
Bamboo vinegar, a natural liquid derived from the condensation produced during bamboo charcoal production, a pyrolyzate product, has been used in agriculture and used as a food additive. This liquid is composed mainly by water and acetic acid, but it also contains a variety of phenolic compounds. A vinegar preparation produced from
Besides the usual secondary metabolites, aqueous bamboo extracts contain many amino acids and polysaccharides that have not been investigated for their biological activities. Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase involved in different blood pressure regulating mechanisms. A peptide enriched
Most of the bamboo applications are related to the paper, textile, and construction industries, due to its high fiber contents. For this reason, scientists have been isolating and characterizing bamboo hemicelluloses since the 1970s. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides found in plant cell walls that are characterized by being neither cellulose nor pectin and by having β-(1 → 4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Some of these polysaccharides are known to have an immunomodulatory activity. Hemicelluloses isolated from
Although bamboo has been used for centuries by the Traditional Chinese Medicine, this is still a group of plant under investigated regarding its medicinal properties. In Asian countries, such as China, Korea, and Japan, among others, the most used species have already been studied regarding their biological properties and chemical composition. On the other hand, in Southern American countries, where a huge bamboo diversity is available, very little has been done to access its medicinal properties.
Several species have shown an important antioxidant potential demonstrating that they can be applied in the treatment of different diseases such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and several other ailments involving oxidative processes. Additionally, besides the usual secondary metabolites, bamboo extracts may contain biologically active peptides and polysaccharides. The combined effect of these macromolecules with polyphenols and other metabolites may lead to multiple biological effects, such as antifree radical, antiaging, antifatigue, antibacteria, antivirus, and as a functional dietary supplement, cosmetic ingredient, and food additive.
The authors wish to thank CAPES and CNPq for the scholarships granted.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
In electro rheological (ER fluids) the additive particles are kept in suspension in a dielectric fluid which is non-conducting. The Dielectric fluid, i.e., the Carrier fluid has high electrical resistivity and has a low viscosity like silicon oil, olive oil, hydrocarbons, etc. The additive particles which are mixed in the carrier fluids are mainly polymers, alumina silicates, metal oxides silica, etc. These additive particles commonly have low particles size which allows the carrier fluid to maintain low viscosity when the external electric field is not applied. In ER fluid the additive particles size range remains in 0.1–100 μm in the carrier fluid. Without any external electric field these fluids stays in liquid condition as soon as the external electric field is applied the ER fluid changes from liquid to solid by viscosity change of the fluid. In Electro rheological (ER) fluids a suspension of particles are present in a non-conducting fluid. The commonly used liquid i.e. hydrocarbon or silicon oil for suspension are low viscous and have high resistivity. Suspension particles are mainly polymers, alumina, silicates, metal oxides etc. These particles are present is very low concentration so that the viscosity of the suspending fluid remains low without application of the applied electric field. The suspension particles are dielectrics of size 0.1–100 μm. In absence of the electric field the particles exhibits properties like fluid and as the electric field is applied the particles behaves like solid. These fluids which change its physical properties like viscosity due to application of electric field are called electro rheological (ER) fluids or smart fluids. Types of ER or Smart fluids: (a) Electro Rheological (ER) Fluids—electric field changes the physical properties of the fluid, (b) Magneto Rheological (MR) Fluids—magnetic fields changes the physical properties of the fluid, (c) Positive Electro Rheological (ER) Fluids—by application of the electric field the viscosity increases and (d) Negative Electro Rheological studied by Ko et al. [1] (ER) Fluids—by application of electric field the viscosity decreases. These ER fluids are one kind of smarts fluids. One of the most easily made ER fluid is adding corn flour in silicon oil or vegetable oil.
\nWhen the electric field is applied on the ER fluid the suspension particles gets polarized and form a thick chain which is parallel to the electric field between the two electrodes. The thickness of the polarized suspension particles between the two electrodes is directly proportional to the intensity of the electric field. The rheological properties of the suspension depend on its change in structure. The more yield stress of the fluid is obtained from the particle columnar structure. When the electric field is removed the suspension particles polarization gets lost and the loose there structure and roam freely in the fluid which in turn reduces the viscosity. The period of returning from the solid state to the liquid state is few milliseconds upon removing the electric field. The material for electrorheological fluid is a superfine suspension of dielectric small particles which react to the applied electric field resulting in changing in the rheological properties of the ER fluid. There are three operational modes of the ER fluid which are as follows: (a) Flow mode—in this mode the electrodes are mounted and fixed and by controlling the motion of the flow the vibrational control is achieved, (b) Shear Mode—in this mode the vibrational control is achieved by varying the shear force here one electrode is fixed and the other is free for rotation and (c) Squeeze Mode—in this mode the space between the electrodes is changed which presses the ER fluid results with a normal force.
\nIn electro rheological fluids there is a large reversible change in the colloidal suspension rheological properties when subjected to the external electric field. Lots of studies are present in which the principle and the uses of the electrorheological fluid are presented by many researchers across the globe. Another property of the ER fluids is that the response time of the ER fluid is very quick for the applied electric fields so the band width is thick. \nFigure 1\n represents the effect of ER fluid particles when application of electric field. For this interesting property the ER fluid has more demand is carious technological applications like smart structure, shock absorbers, engine mount and machine mount. The yield stress of the ER fluid can also be varied by introduction of the external electric field that is why it is also known as functional fluid. Winslow [2] patented the invention of the ER fluid. This ER effect is introduced in state of art automobile. The ER effect was first invented in 1942 by Winslow [2] after that the details understanding of the EF effect took lots of time and then to find the suitable solution for the ER fluid effect took further more time. The properties which delays and stops the ER fluid in few application fields are temperature stability, yield stress and power consumption. Particles size, carrier fluid properties, density, temperature and additives of the ER fluids plays a vital role for most of the properties changes of the ER fluids.
\n(a) Dispersing particles without electric field, (b) dispersing particles with electric field.
There is a limit up to which the dispersing particles can be mixed with the fluid because by increasing the concentration of the dispersing particles volume fraction the electrorheological effect of the solution increases which also causes few problems. As increasing the concentration of the dispersing particle after a certain concentration limit the particles started settling down which cause a problem another problem which arises is the zero field viscosity increment. The viscosity is linked with the temperature i.e. the viscosity decreases when the temperature is increased. Temperature also decreases the dynamic yield strength. Mainly the change in the yield strength occurs due to relative permittivity and the conductivity of particle and also the chemical components of the fluid. Less amount of voltage approx. 1–4 KV/mm is needed for producing ER effect in the solution. 10–6 to 10–3 amp/cm2 is the minimum needed current density for the ER effect. For calculating the power consumption of the suitable ER fluid the measurement of the current density are needed. Dynamic yield stress is one of the important ER fluid property, this stress is the maximum amount of stress required to flow the liquid when the electric field is applied. 100 Pa to 3 KPa is the range of the dynamic yield stress in current ER fluid. The comparison of the various ER fluids are still now difficult as because the standard testing procedure and the state for the fluid is not yet available properly and due to the dependency of the ER fluids on its dispersing particles and the fluid used combinations. For practical applications of the ER fluid the fluid must meet the desired criteria which are (a) Current density 4.0 KV/mm DC less than 10 μA/cm2, (b) dynamic yield stress 4.0 KV/mm <3.0 KPa, (c) Zero field viscosity 0.1–0.3 Pas, i.e., 1–3 Poise, (d) Operational temp range −25°C to +125°C, (e) dielectric breakdown strength >50 KV/mm2, (f) particle size 10 μm, (g) response time < millimeter, (h) Density 1–2 g/cm3, (i) maximum energy density 0.001 Joule/cm3, (j) power supply 2–5 KV@ 1–10 mA, (k) Any conductive surface material, (l) any opaque or transparent, and (m) physically and chemically stable with low conductivity and high breakdown voltage.
\nFor shear loading state applications usually the ER materials are used. The relationship between the ER material and the share are shown in the \nFigure 2\n. In the year 1949 Winslow [2] invented the post-yield appearance of the ER effect. During that time the materials which behave like changing in viscosity were called electro-viscous fluids as their effective or actual viscosity changes were noticeable macroscopically. Many years after it was investigated that with the change in the applied electric field the apparent or the effective viscosity ʋ remains constant, only the noticeable change was found out was the yield stress of the Bingham plastic suspension. This is shown in \nFigure 2\n. Ideal plastic fluids are also another name given to the Bingham plastics, i.e., this fluid does not have viscosity (zero viscosity). A formula representing the shear stress exceeds the yield stress of the material is given by τ = τy + ϑγ, where τ represents Shear stress, τy represents Yield Stress and ϑγ represents Shear Strain. The behavior of the ER material the comparison of the post yield behavior still not investigated. With increasing in the electric field the shear yield stress increases while the yield strain remains 1% for almost all fields. The reaction of the ER fluid on electric field is shown in \nFigure 3\n.
\nSmart fluid characterization (a) without electric field and (b) with electric field.
Reaction of the ER fluid when external electric field is applied.
The ER fluids which are available in the markets are very costly so here are few lists of combinations of the additive particles with the fluid to prepare the cost effective ER fluid. With suitable proportions and amount of the additive particle we can achieve the desired ER fluid as per our need. Various carrier fluids are aldehyde, grease, ketones, kerosene, aroclor, castor oil, chloroform, mineral oil, olefins, olive oil, dielectric oil, diphenyl sebacate, various ethers, resin oil, transformer oil, silicon oil etc. Various additive particles for the ER fluid are alfa silica, alginic acid, alumina, alfa methylacrylate, mannitol, boron, macrocel-C, carbon, cellulose, charcoal, chlorides, dyes, gypsum, micronized mica, nylon powder, olefins, porhin, pyrogenic silica, quartz, rubber, silica gel, etc. [3].
\nER fluid preparation procedure are very simple and mostly all the ER fluids are prepared by this manner the following procedure is used for preparing the ER fluids: (a) The desired powder is chosen and same particle powder size particles are required for the ER fluid dispensing particle, (b) the chosen powder must be passed through size sieve for all the particles same and must be weighted on the weighing machine, (c) the powder is poured in glass container and desired amount of the ER fluid is poured in the glass container which contains the powder of uniform size and are stirred continuously until the powder mixed with the fluid completely, (d) the mixture of the powder and the fluid are stirred for 2 h by glass rod or magnetic starrer at a constant RPM to get a uniform homogenous mixture, (e) the mixed solution is passed to a vane pump five times to get a good result homogenous solution and (f) this process should be followed for other ER solution preparation [3].
\nThe testing of the ER fluid is necessary for selecting of the desired ER fluid for the desired application. The following tests are mainly used (a) Temperature test, (b) breakdown test, (c) viscosity test and (d) sedimentation test.
\nThe electrorheological fluids which are totally dependent on the applied electric fields are used in resistive force creation and damping. Examples of applications are active vibration suppression and motion control. Wang et al. [4] have presented the uses of ER fluids in microfluidics [5]. Various industries like automobiles industries are demanding modified ER fluids with more efficiency Gurka et al. [6] introduced ER-Fluid RheOil®3.0 which improves the sedimentation and re-dispersing behavior. Brennan et al. [7] studied and distinguished the two classes of the ER dampers, first one acts by shearing the stationary fluid and the second one acts by pumping the ER fluid [5]. The two classes are described in details below. Most of the dampers of smart fluids have three common components, i.e., a cylinder, cylinder valve housing and a piston. The vibrating structure kinetic energy can be controlled and dissipated by providing either electric or magnetic field in the valve. In the ER damping process two types of frictions are used they are viscous and coulomb friction [8]. The columbic force denotes the friction acting when two surfaces comes in contact to each other like friction of bearing and hinges friction. Friction is independent to the body velocity, i.e., it is constant. To push fluids through narrow obstructive passage viscous friction comes into play these exists in valves and orifices and is body velocity dependent. The viscous friction and the columbic friction summation is the actuation friction which is denoted in \nFigure 4\n. These frictions have good effects also in the damping machines. The transmission of the vibration to the device is possible by dry sealing friction. For sensitive instruments small vibrations can cause poor accuracy [9]. Bad effect of the friction is also present in the system when the force applied is near to overwhelm the static friction this is known as motion of stick–slip.
\nActuator friction (a) friction columbic, (b) friction viscous, and (c) total friction.
At a near to zero velocity the stick–slip motion happens like an unexpected motion of jerking. Naturally, kinetic friction coefficient in between the two surfaces is smaller than the static friction coefficient. When the given force is more to overwhelm than the static friction then the friction decreases from static to dynamic. Because of this sudden decrease of the friction there will be a sudden velocity jump movement. To show this effect the system of two degree of freedom is taken.
\nIn this type of mode of ER damper there are one or two parallel electrodes which can move parallel to each other and is always perpendicular to the electric field applied so that the fluid can have uniform shear and the ER fluid is present in between the two electrodes. From \nFigure 5a\n c and l are the breath and length of the electrode and j is the electrodes gap. Here E is given voltage, F is net damping force and V is the relative velocity of the electrodes. Two forces are acting in this ER damper (a) Active force Fc because of ER effect and (b) Passive force Fy due to the fluid viscosity. Fy, i.e., the passive force is always present and directly linked with the viscosity of the fluid as well as the damper geometric properties. During application of the electric field a force Fc (because of creation of particles suspension lining up between the electrodes) i.e. static force which is needed to overwhelmed so that the motion can occur [10]. The force Fc is product of area of electrode and the yield strength of the fluid and does not depend on the electrode plate velocity. The net force F of damping of this ER damper is the sum of two components of force. The main aim of this ER damper is to give large ratio of off-field to on-field damping by force ratios Fy and Fc. Because of this large ratio gives various responses by ER unit with changing voltage.
\nModes of operation: (a) shear, (b) valve, and (c) squeeze.
In this type of mode the ER fluid is pressed between the two electrodes as given in \nFigure 5b\n. Because of this the ER fluid is exposed to tensile, compression as wells as shear. In the absence of the given electric field if the ER fluid is pressed it behaves like Newtonian fluid. There is a pressure drop AP occurs at flow rate volume Q. This pressure change in between the valve is because of the velocity of the ER fluid. Moreover, during the presence of the electric field, yield stress is generated by the ER fluid which results more pressure drop between the electrodes plates length. The net damping force is summation of two force components of this type of ER damper. In this type of mode the device effectiveness is the across valves pressure drop with or without the effect of ER [10].
\nThe electrorheological fluids which are totally dependent on the applied electric fields are used in resistive force creation and damping. Examples of applications are active vibration suppression and motion control. L. Wang et al. [4] have presented the uses of ER fluids in microfluidics. Various industries like automobiles industries are demanding modified ER fluids with more efficiency Gurka et.al [6] introduced ER-Fluid RheOil®3.0 which improves the sedimentation and re-dispersing behavior. Brennan et al. [7] studied and distinguished the two classes of the ER dampers, first one acts by shearing the stationary fluid and the second one acts by pumping the ER fluid. The two classes are described in details below.
\nIn this mode the gap between the electrodes are changed and the ER fluid is pressed or squeezed by the force acting normally. \nFigure 5c\n represents the squeezing mode of the ER fluid.
\nER fluids have wide applicability, economic benefit, social benefit high performance for these advantages these smart fluids will find path in various engineering applications in various technological fields. Without any doubt we can say in the future ER technology is going to rule various applications in engineering technological fields. As soon as this technology is accepted then it will be a revolution in both economy and society. From all these advantages of the ER fluids we can predict that in the near future the ER fluids will be used in various technological fields as given below.
\nScientists and Engineers can develop new kind of parts that can easily fulfill the needs of the motor vehicles using the technology of ER. Like for example ER technology used for cooling engine i.e. speed fan clutch of the motor vehicle, shock absorber, brake having break torque controlled, system for suspensions by damping controlled etc., These components using ER technologies will have less wear and tear, more performance, less cost, prolong life service, controlled easily, easy to produce by microcomputer, fast response, high sensitivity.
\nThe valves which are used nowadays for control of pressure and flow rate control can be replaced by ER technology in the future. Because ER technology valves will have no or less movable parts, simple easy structure, low cost, prolong service life, no mechanical processing, minimal tear and wear and electronical control of pressure and rate of flow. For this reasons ER technology will rule the hydraulic industry in the near future.
\nBy utilizing the benefits of the ER technology engineers can produce new type of rotational sealing controlled devices for face the challenges of the magnetic fluid sealing and rubber fluid sealing. Because of the pros like good effect of sealing, minimal tear and wear, less magnetic field and prolong life of service.
\nIn robotic industries nowadays for flexible joints are being controlled by hydro-electric control devises instead of ER fluidic joints technology which can perform much better function than the hydraulic-electric control. Engineers are designing and manufacture flexible joints which will have less volume, fast response time, minimal wear as well as tear, nimble, and which can be easily controlled by micro-computers. ER fluids can provide all these advantages over the hydraulic-electric controls.
\nThere are various commercial uses of the ER fluids and many uses are still undiscovered, in automotive industries the ER fluids are used in clutches, seat dampers, shock absorber, engine mount etc. Many other applications of the ER fluids are listed as follows: (a) Fluid flow via thin channel, (b) for friction instruments clutches, (c) servomechanism for impact and vibrator instruments, (d) pick-pick applications, (e) damping isolator, (f) automobile damping, (g) mounts for engine, (h) power transmission in robots, (i) machine tool artificial intelligence, etc. This list is not the final list because still now many uses of the ER fluid in various fields are yet to discover.
\nRheological characterization is done to identify the change in viscosity of the ER fluid with respect to the shear rate at various electric fields. Garcia et al. [11] have studied the rheological properties of the ER fluid by using ARES rheometer by using parallel plate diameter 50 mm diameter electrode with 1 mm gap between them. High voltage amplifier was used to supply the DC voltage.
\nTo study the permittivity and the power factor of the ER fluid the dielectric properties characterization are done. Rejon et al. [12] describes the method of measuring the dielectric properties of the ER fluid. They used guard ring capacitors and high resistor meter. DC high voltages were used for the test.
\nThe structural changes of the ER field during and before the DC voltage was studied by Rejon et al. [13]. The studied the microscopic structure of the ER fluid by microscope. They studied the microstructural changes of the ER fluid at different DC applied voltages from 0.5 to 2.5 KV/mm.
\nER fluids have lots of interesting properties which attracts them in various applications fields among the various important properties of the ER fluid lies fast reaction, precise controllability and easy boundary between the electrical and mechanical input output power. Because of these interesting properties of the ER fluid the ER fluid is used in motion control and will be used in various applications fields in the near years to come. ER fluids characteristics in most advanced way is briefly described below as given in latest reports: (a) When external electric field is given ER effect is seen by change in viscosity of the carrier fluid from liquid to solid as the viscosity of the liquid increases and after removal of the electric field solid to liquid viscosity decreases making the liquid less thick like the initial state, (b) the process in which the ER fluid changes its state from liquid to solid upon application of the electric field must be reversible, i.e., it should return back to its original state (liquid state) as soon as the external electric field is removed. Viscosity change must be less step, (c) upon application of the electric field the transition of the liquid state to the solid state must be very fast, i.e., 5–10 s, (d) and liquid to solid transition must be only possible by electric field only and not by any other means. By all these characteristics of the ER fluid the ER fluid can be connected with the modern technological applications. This technology is one newly type of future challenge as its attractive properties are being used broadly, which can bring a big change in industries. The main component of the ER technology is the ER fluid which should bring in the technological applications like dampers of ER fluids which is a best solution for control of vibrations.
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\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
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\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar"},{id:"79411",title:"Phospholipid Based Nano Drug Delivery Systems of Phytoconstituents",slug:"phospholipid-based-nano-drug-delivery-systems-of-phytoconstituents",totalDownloads:121,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101040",abstract:"The development of phytochemistry and phyto-pharmacology has enabled elucidation of composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant constituents. However phytoconstituents are poorly absorbed due to their low aqueous solubility, large molecular size and poor membrane permeability when taken orally. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems can be used to improve the dissolution rate, permeability and stability of these phytoconstituents. The current chapter aims to present the extraction of phytoconstituents, their identifications, and development/utilization of phospholipid based nano drug delivery systems (PBNDDS). The content of the chapter also provides characteristic features, in-vitro, in-vivo evaluations and stability performance of PBNDDS. The results from the UHPLC and GC-MS showed different phytoconstituents in the extracted samples with quantitative value. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data showed PBNDDS of different phytoconstituents in the range of 50–250 nm with PDI value of 0.02–0.5, which was also confirmed by the electron microscopic data. Phytoconstituents loading or entrapment for PBNDDS was in the range of 60–95%. PBNDDS exhibited better in-vitro and in-vivo performance with improved Physico-chemical stability.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Hossain Shariare and Mohsin Kazi"},{id:"79292",title:"Aliphatic Polyester Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"aliphatic-polyester-nanoparticles-for-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:109,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100977",abstract:"Drug delivery systems using aliphatic polyester nanoparticles are usually prepared via an emulsion process. These nanoparticles can control drug release and improve pharmacokinetics. Aliphatic polyesters are linear polymers containing ester linkages, showing sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation. The byproducts then promote autocatalytic degradation. These byproducts could enter the Krebs cycle and be eliminated from the body, resulting in the high biocompatibility of these nanoparticles. The properties of these polyesters are linked to the drug release rate due to biodegradation, i.e., polymer crystallinity, glass transition temperature, polymer hydrophobicity, and molecular weight (MW), all of which relatively influence hydrolysis. Mathematical equations have been used to study the factors and mechanisms that affect drug dissolution compared to experimental release data. The equations used as models for predicting the kinetics of drug release include the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Aliphatic polyester-based controlled drug delivery has surrounded much of the current activity in the estimation parameters of nanoparticles and stimulated additional research. Polymeric nanoparticles have potential in a wide range of applications, such as in biotechnology, vaccine systems, and the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal of this chapter is to discuss aliphatic polyester nanoparticles as drug carrier systems.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Narumol Kreua-ongarjnukool, Nopparuj Soomherun, Saowapa Thumsing Niyomthai and Sorayouth Chumnanvej"},{id:"78844",title:"Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery System to Colon Cancer",slug:"targeted-nano-drug-delivery-system-to-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:123,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100059",abstract:"Cancer has been considered as the most cause of death in world. Employing of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems provide a platform for delivering drugs with increasing the anti-cancer efficacy, enhancing bioavailability of drugs, reducing side effects, enhancing the circulation half-life of drugs, improving the distribution of drugs and overcoming drug resistance. A number of nanocarriers have been studied as drug delivery systems for improving the treatment of cancer including liposomes, micelle, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC). In order to enhance recognition and internalization of nanocarriers by the target tissues, their surfaces can be modified with targeting ligands such as integrins, transferrin, folic acid, polysaccharides and antibodies. In this chapter, we are going to introduce the targeted nanocarriers for improving the cytotoxic action of drugs with further attempt of decreasing dose to achieve higher anticancer activity. Targeted nanocarriers would provide a promising therapeutic approach for cancer.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Eskandar Moghimipour and Somayeh Handali"},{id:"78619",title:"Strategies to Develop Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Smart Drug Delivery",slug:"strategies-to-develop-cyclodextrin-based-nanosponges-for-smart-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:128,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100182",abstract:"In recent years, the development of various cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs) has gained great importance in the controlled and-or targeted release of drugs due to their versatility and simple preparation. In this chapter, an introduction of different administration routes is explained. Further, different ways to obtain CD-NSs and their classification are shown with a brief explanation of the characterization of the inclusion complexes. Finally, illustrative examples in diverse processes or diseases will be reviewed and explained to demonstrate the potential of CD-NSs. Therefore, this division will serve to compile information on CD-NSs in recent years and to illustrate to readers how to generate and apply different derivatives of interest.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Gjylije Hoti, Silvia Lucia Appleton, Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo, Claudio Cecone, Adrián Matencio, Francesco Trotta and Fabrizio Caldera"},{id:"78313",title:"Smart Drug-Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current, Future Perspectives",slug:"smart-drug-delivery-systems-in-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-current-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:204,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99641",abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by cellular infiltration in synovium causing joint destruction and bone erosion. The heterogeneous nature of the disease manifests in different clinical forms, hence treatment of RA still remains obscure. Treatments are limited owing to systemic toxicity by dose-escalation and lack of selectivity. To overcome these limitations, Smart drug delivery systems (SDDS) are under investigation to exploit the arthritic microenvironment either by passive targeting or active targeting to the inflamed joints via folate receptor, CD44, angiogenesis, integrins. This review comprehensively deliberates upon understanding the pathophysiology of RA and role of SDDSs, highlighting the emerging trends for RA nanotherapeutics.",book:{id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg"},signatures:"Largee Biswas, Vikas Shukla, Vijay Kumar and Anita Kamra Verma"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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