Corrosion rate and efficiency of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 absence and presence of
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
The process of deposition of oxide layer on the surface of metals is called corrosion. It usually occurs when metal is exposed to moisture or water and gases such as dioxygen, dihydrogen, dichloride, hydrogen sulfide. It is a spontaneous chemical reaction with a slow rate. It usually occurs over days or weeks, and as a result of corrosion, the refined metal is turned into a more stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. The net worth of the corrosion prevention industry was estimated to be around $2.5 trillion (USD) in 2018 and is expected to cross $3.0 trillion (USD) by 2022, as per the National Association of Corrosion Engineers [1, 2]. The electrochemical phenomenon of degradation of material over course of time due to exposure toward the environment is called corrosion. Common types of corrosion for rusting of steel and internal polymeric pipeline are wet corrosion and dry corrosion [3]. In today’s world, corrosion is no longer merely a chemical degradation of metals, but also of semiconductive materials, insulating materials, and polymeric materials after exposure to the environment. It is a surface phenomenon, where at the material surface formed oxide or hydroxide or sulfide layer [4].
Mild steel is a low-priced material with properties that are suitable for most general engineering applications. That’s why it is high in demand, but it contains very poor corrosion resistance. Corrosion produces very harmful effects on commercial industries such as paper mills, oil, and gas construction, and electronics used in a multitude of processes. When materials and structures are attacked by corrosion, they lose many of their useful properties. Some useful tools and machinery made from metal can become useless because of corrosion, many disaster situations such as chemical plant leaks, bridges can collapse and oil or gas pipelines can break and can produce a dangerous effect on the life of human beings. They also produce economical losses. Acid pickling is used for removing the impurities, scale, and sludge deposits on the metal surface. Acid pickling contains strong acid due to this, that process may cause a great economic loss. In the presence of inhibitors, the rate of acidic attack decreases on the metallic surface and it prevents metallic corrosion [5]. Decades of years many organic inhibitors, for example, phosphate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, amidoethyl imidazolines, as well as an inorganic inhibitor, for example, sulfate of Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn are being used. Corrosion of steel has been inhibited by them. These types of inhibitors are generally costly and toxic and they might be harmful to the living organisms that is why the study of eco-friendly and non-toxic green inhibitors is important to prevent steel from corrosion nowadays. Natural corrosion inhibitors are biodegradable, non-toxic eco-friendly, and low cost. Phytochemical substances obtained from plants that reduce corrosion reaction rates are termed inhibitors. The plant extract is organic in its nature, and it contains secondary-metabolized compounds such as alkaloids, amino acids, pigment, and flavonoids etc behave like inhibitors.
These types of natural products contain N, O, S, and multiple bonds so that their lone pair electrons or pi-electrons are adsorbed on the metal surface and form a protective layer to prevent metal from corrosion.
The experimental outcomes come from weight-loss study and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies and to support a better understanding of the adsorption of phytochemicals, computational studies were needed to operate. The quantum chemical calculations have been performed as a part of computational studies. It is well known that plant extract contains more than one phytochemical constituent. In this computational evaluation, we chose the phytochemicals present in the plant extract. The selected molecules or phytochemicals have been operated using density functional theory (DFT) using Gaussian 09 program. To decide the intensity and interaction properties of phytochemicals molecules on the metal surface Fe (110), Monte Carlo (MC), and molecular dynamics (MD) have been carried out.
Corrosion is a surface process where the oxide layer is formed on the surface of the metal. There is various types of corrosion such as oxidation corrosion, corrosion by other gases such as Cl2, SO2, H2S, NO
Corrosion in water pipeline.
Most of the metals that we humans commonly use are unstable in the atmosphere as they were obtained from respective ores by artificial reduction through a chemical process. Thus, such metals undergo a reaction very easily to get converted into a stable form. The chemical reactions that do not require any external medium or reagent like energy or catalyst to proceed but occur on their own are called as spontaneous reactions. For spontaneous reactions, the formed products are more stable than reactants. The value for change in Gibb’s free energy is always negative, and change in enthalpy is also negative, while the change in entropy is positive for such reactions.
The reactions in which oxidation and reduction both occur simultaneously are called as redox reactions. Corrosion also involves a redox reaction in which one specie or metal or part of the metal is oxidized and it acts as an anode, while the other specie or metal or part of the metal is reduced and acts as a cathode. At anode loss of electrons takes place and loss of mass occurs, while at cathode gain of electron takes place and deposition of corrosion products occurs.
The most primitive corrosion is where anodic oxidation reactions involve a pure iron when it is exposed to a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid. The reaction occurs with the formation of bubble violently. It is given as follows:
Another example is the exposure of iron toward moisture or water (Figure 2).
Anode and cathode formation.
Some other reactions involve in the formation of anode and cathode that leads to corrosion are given below.
Examples of anode reactions:
An examples of cathode reaction:
Corrosion reactions are often electrochemical in nature. The reaction is time-consuming and may take few weeks to months to occur, it is a time and temperature-dependent reaction.
If corrosion reactions occur in aqueous media, then they are similar to that of Leclanche cell. As shown in Figure 3, a zinc container act as an anode, it gets oxidized. Graphite rod coated with carbon and MnO2 paste acts as a cathode, it gets reduced, whereas both anode and cathode are joined by means of NH4Cl and ZnCl2 paste that serves the role of electrolyte. The greater the flow of electrons, the greater is the corrosion of the zinc electrode [7, 8].
Dry cell components.
When two dissimilar metals come in direct contact with each other and an electrolytic substance is present between them, then dissimilar electrode cells are formed. It is basically a Galvanic cell, for example, we have a Daniel cell in which zinc and copper are in contact. In daily life, a copper pipe connected to a steel pipe provides an example of this type of corrosion cell. This cell is also referred to as galvanic coupling cell, the less noble metal becomes the anode whereas others act as a cathode (Figure 4).
Daniel cell.
When two similar electrodes dipped in solutions of different compositions come in contact, then concentration cells are formed. The electrode dipped in dilute solution acts as an anode, while the electrode that is in contact with concentrated solution acts as a cathode (Figure 5).
Concentrated cell.
When two similar electrodes exposed to different aeration conditions come in contact with one another, then differential aeration cells are formed. The electrode exposed to lesser aeration conditions will act as an anode, while the electrode exposed to higher aeration conditions will act as a cathode. This type of corrosion is very common and is responsible for the significant economic loss (Figure 6) [9, 10].
Differential aeration cell.
Natural corrosion inhibitors reduced or controlled the rate of corrosion by the addition of a natural product in cleaning or pickling solution. It reduces the rate of corrosion either by inhibiting oxidation at the anode or inhibiting reduction at the cathode, or both. It forms a protective layer at the metal surface, either by physical (means electrostatic attraction between natural product and metal surface) adsorption or chemisorption (means coordination bonds between natural product and metal surface).
Studies of natural corrosion inhibitors are one of the methods for protecting metal from corrosion. So here I am discussing a specific plant
The
(a)
The soxhlet apparatus is used for plant extraction. Fresh
In this work, for weight loss measurement and electrochemical impedance studies a piece of 1 cm2 dimension is taken as a sample. These samples were mechanically polished with emery paper of different grades and subsequently cleaned with acetone, once again clean distilled water before inserting them into the pickling or cleaning solution. Here for study of
Soxhlet apparatus.
Desiccators.
The best method for this measurement is the ASTM standard G 31–72 [13]. In this method, all measurements are carried out at room temperature in the thermostat. Here minimum three times repeating the same measurement for the average value. The weight loss values, surface coverage (θ), inhibition efficiency (η%), and corrosion rate (CR) are shown in Table 1 at different concentrations of
Inhibitor concentration (mg/L) | Efficiency (IE %) | Surface coverage Θ | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 11.33 ± 0.12 | — | — |
100 | 3.67 ± 0.17 | 67.55 | 0.6755 |
200 | 3.08 ± 0.28 | 72.74 | 0.7274 |
300 | 2.42 ± 0.37 | 78.59 | 0.7859 |
400 | 1.89 ± 0.21 | 83.27 | 0.8327 |
500 | 1.55 ± 0.31 | 86.31 | 0.8631 |
600 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 88.08 | 0.8808 |
Corrosion rate and efficiency of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 absence and presence of
where,
From the above data, it is clear that the concentration of
An electrochemical workstation is used for the electrochemical measurement. The workstation is made up of three electrodes: (a) the working electrode of metal which works like anode (b) saturated calomal electrode as the reference electrode work like cathode, and (c) platinum electrode as the counter electrode for collect current. In this measurement, metal or alloy was immersed in cleaning or pickling solutions and different concentrations of
In Figure 10 shown Nyquist plot explained that 600 mg/L
Nyquist plot of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution in the absence and presence of
where,
From Table 2, it is clear that maximum inhibition efficiency of 89.87% was obtained at 600 mg/L of
Concentration of inhibitor (mg/L) | Efficiency (IE %) | Θ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 15.71 | 37.60 | 1.22 | 269.49 | 0.57 | — | — |
100 | 49.98 | 12.88 | 0.65 | 247.43 | 0.67 | 68.56 | 0.6856 |
200 | 72.58 | 9.46 | 1.63 | 232.19 | 0.68 | 78.35 | 0.7835 |
300 | 76.40 | 9.46 | 2.26 | 220.21 | 0.73 | 79.43 | 0.7943 |
400 | 104.60 | 7.22 | 0.78 | 211.34 | 0.82 | 84.98 | 0.8498 |
500 | 117.09 | 6.64 | 1.18 | 205.05 | 0.88 | 86.58 | 0.8658 |
600 | 155.13 | 6.64 | 1.68 | 155.15 | 0.91 | 89.87 | 0.8987 |
EIS parameters of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 without and at different concentrations of
Adsorbate | EHOMO | ELUMO | ΔEL-H | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydroxycinnamic acid | −6.226 | −1.996 | 4.230 | 1.996 | 6.226 | 4.111 | 2.115 | 0.1676 |
Kaempferol | −6.005 | −2.000 | 4.005 | 2.000 | 6.005 | 4.002 | 2.002 | 0.2042 |
The HOMO and LUMO energies (eV), ELUMO-EHOMO energy gap (ΔEL-H), electron affinity (
For the evaluation of electronic features of
The B3LYP/6-311G** optimized geometry, HOMO, and LUMO of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds.
Electronic level calculations (i.e., DFT) were performed so as to obtain insights into the reactive sites of hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol molecules. The optimized hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol geometries resulted from chemical DFT calculations are plotted in Figure 11. For these energy-minimized geometries, the analysis of frontier orbitals was done as these orbitals play a crucial role in donor-acceptor interactions of inhibiting extract molecules. The HOMO and LUMO pictures of hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol are provided in Figure 11. As displayed, the phenyl ring, carbonyl/hydroxyl O atoms, and ethylene bond of hydroxylcinnamic acid appeared in the role of HOMO implying their strong electron supplying affinity toward a potential electron acceptor, for instance metal atoms containing unoccupied orbitals. According to the LUMO plot, all carbon and oxygen atoms of hydroxylcinnamic acid contributed to LUMO distribution, which is a signification of their tendency for getting electrons provided by filled orbitals of metal atoms. In the case of the kaempferol compound, it is seen that the HOMO placed over the entire aromatic heterocyclic skeleton and on the other hand the carbon as well as oxygen atoms behaved as reactive LUMO locations. As a consequence, the kaempferol component is able to involve in electronic interactions (i.e., donor-acceptor) with the metal surface through the donation of electrons (lone pair in hydroxyl/carbonyl O and π electrons of heterocycles) and receiving of electrons from filled iron orbitals by its C and O atoms. The eigenvalues of HOMO/LUMO and the energetic gap of frontier orbitals were examined, and the quantitative results are tabulated in Table 3 for hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol. From this table, it is evident that the kaempferol species have higher EHOMO and lower ELUMO in comparison with the other compound (i.e., hydroxylcinnamic acid). These results suggest the stronger electron donation and receiving capacity of kaempferol. In addition, the optimized kaempferol molecule owned a lower energetic gap (ΔEL-H), an observation reflecting better electron sharing and subsequent stronger corrosion inhibition manner of this compound of
The electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions of studied molecules are summarized in Figure 12. From the given pictures, it is obvious that the electrophilic nature of hydroxylcinnamic acid is graphically distributed on benzene ring and double bond of carbon atoms (with a rich source of π electrons) and heteroatom of O (owing lone pair electrons). These electrons could be donated to an appropriate acceptor of electrons like metal atoms that are composed of empty orbitals. Moreover, similar to LUMO distribution, almost all carbon atoms along with three O heteroatoms are the most reactive sites for nucleophilic behavior clarifying electron getting affinity of these atomic sites. Also, the electrophilic interactions of equilibrated kaempferol compound could likely happen
The simulated Fukui indices of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds.
The hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol adsorption and their interactions with the substrate (i.e., steel) were examined applying molecular simulations. These atomic simulations include Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD). For the representation of steel substrate in these simulations, the frequently applied iron surface Fe (110) was used. The thickness, vacuum region, and periodic replication of this surface were set as 1.5 nm, 4 nm, and (14 × 14), respectively. To examine the adsorption preference of extract components, which are output from DFT calculations, on the iron substrate the MC-based simulation was carried out by adsorption Locator module (Materials Studio software). The MC simulations convergency was controlled with a level of fine. The last cell with the lowest potential energy generated by MC was the starting simulation box of the next modeling, that is, MD. For performing this simulation in solution phase-like experiments, water molecules were also added to the MC-generated cell. Thereafter, an optimization of 20,000 steps and NVT MD simulation of 1 ns were successively performed
Simulations at molecular scale namely MC and MD were conducted for the analysis of the ability of
The final snapshots of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds over Fe (110) surface obtained from MC and MD simulations.
This chapter covers the corrosion problem and due to corrosion worldwide loss. This chapter discusses the importance of mild steel and discusses corrosion as a spontaneous electrochemical process. This chapter also explains of formation of different type of cells, due to different types of conditions, then start electrochemical corrosion process at the anode. In this chapter, I have discussed new developments as an example of natural corrosion inhibitor
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The process of deposition of oxide layer on the surface of metals is called corrosion. It usually occurs when metal is exposed to moisture or water and gases such as dioxygen, dihydrogen, dichloride, hydrogen sulfide. It is a spontaneous chemical reaction with a slow rate. It usually occurs over days or weeks, and as a result of corrosion, the refined metal is turned into a more stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. The net worth of the corrosion prevention industry was estimated to be around $2.5 trillion (USD) in 2018 and is expected to cross $3.0 trillion (USD) by 2022, as per the National Association of Corrosion Engineers [1, 2]. The electrochemical phenomenon of degradation of material over course of time due to exposure toward the environment is called corrosion. Common types of corrosion for rusting of steel and internal polymeric pipeline are wet corrosion and dry corrosion [3]. In today’s world, corrosion is no longer merely a chemical degradation of metals, but also of semiconductive materials, insulating materials, and polymeric materials after exposure to the environment. It is a surface phenomenon, where at the material surface formed oxide or hydroxide or sulfide layer [4].
Mild steel is a low-priced material with properties that are suitable for most general engineering applications. That’s why it is high in demand, but it contains very poor corrosion resistance. Corrosion produces very harmful effects on commercial industries such as paper mills, oil, and gas construction, and electronics used in a multitude of processes. When materials and structures are attacked by corrosion, they lose many of their useful properties. Some useful tools and machinery made from metal can become useless because of corrosion, many disaster situations such as chemical plant leaks, bridges can collapse and oil or gas pipelines can break and can produce a dangerous effect on the life of human beings. They also produce economical losses. Acid pickling is used for removing the impurities, scale, and sludge deposits on the metal surface. Acid pickling contains strong acid due to this, that process may cause a great economic loss. In the presence of inhibitors, the rate of acidic attack decreases on the metallic surface and it prevents metallic corrosion [5]. Decades of years many organic inhibitors, for example, phosphate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, amidoethyl imidazolines, as well as an inorganic inhibitor, for example, sulfate of Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn are being used. Corrosion of steel has been inhibited by them. These types of inhibitors are generally costly and toxic and they might be harmful to the living organisms that is why the study of eco-friendly and non-toxic green inhibitors is important to prevent steel from corrosion nowadays. Natural corrosion inhibitors are biodegradable, non-toxic eco-friendly, and low cost. Phytochemical substances obtained from plants that reduce corrosion reaction rates are termed inhibitors. The plant extract is organic in its nature, and it contains secondary-metabolized compounds such as alkaloids, amino acids, pigment, and flavonoids etc behave like inhibitors.
These types of natural products contain N, O, S, and multiple bonds so that their lone pair electrons or pi-electrons are adsorbed on the metal surface and form a protective layer to prevent metal from corrosion.
The experimental outcomes come from weight-loss study and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies and to support a better understanding of the adsorption of phytochemicals, computational studies were needed to operate. The quantum chemical calculations have been performed as a part of computational studies. It is well known that plant extract contains more than one phytochemical constituent. In this computational evaluation, we chose the phytochemicals present in the plant extract. The selected molecules or phytochemicals have been operated using density functional theory (DFT) using Gaussian 09 program. To decide the intensity and interaction properties of phytochemicals molecules on the metal surface Fe (110), Monte Carlo (MC), and molecular dynamics (MD) have been carried out.
Corrosion is a surface process where the oxide layer is formed on the surface of the metal. There is various types of corrosion such as oxidation corrosion, corrosion by other gases such as Cl2, SO2, H2S, NO
Corrosion in water pipeline.
Most of the metals that we humans commonly use are unstable in the atmosphere as they were obtained from respective ores by artificial reduction through a chemical process. Thus, such metals undergo a reaction very easily to get converted into a stable form. The chemical reactions that do not require any external medium or reagent like energy or catalyst to proceed but occur on their own are called as spontaneous reactions. For spontaneous reactions, the formed products are more stable than reactants. The value for change in Gibb’s free energy is always negative, and change in enthalpy is also negative, while the change in entropy is positive for such reactions.
The reactions in which oxidation and reduction both occur simultaneously are called as redox reactions. Corrosion also involves a redox reaction in which one specie or metal or part of the metal is oxidized and it acts as an anode, while the other specie or metal or part of the metal is reduced and acts as a cathode. At anode loss of electrons takes place and loss of mass occurs, while at cathode gain of electron takes place and deposition of corrosion products occurs.
The most primitive corrosion is where anodic oxidation reactions involve a pure iron when it is exposed to a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid. The reaction occurs with the formation of bubble violently. It is given as follows:
Another example is the exposure of iron toward moisture or water (Figure 2).
Anode and cathode formation.
Some other reactions involve in the formation of anode and cathode that leads to corrosion are given below.
Examples of anode reactions:
An examples of cathode reaction:
Corrosion reactions are often electrochemical in nature. The reaction is time-consuming and may take few weeks to months to occur, it is a time and temperature-dependent reaction.
If corrosion reactions occur in aqueous media, then they are similar to that of Leclanche cell. As shown in Figure 3, a zinc container act as an anode, it gets oxidized. Graphite rod coated with carbon and MnO2 paste acts as a cathode, it gets reduced, whereas both anode and cathode are joined by means of NH4Cl and ZnCl2 paste that serves the role of electrolyte. The greater the flow of electrons, the greater is the corrosion of the zinc electrode [7, 8].
Dry cell components.
When two dissimilar metals come in direct contact with each other and an electrolytic substance is present between them, then dissimilar electrode cells are formed. It is basically a Galvanic cell, for example, we have a Daniel cell in which zinc and copper are in contact. In daily life, a copper pipe connected to a steel pipe provides an example of this type of corrosion cell. This cell is also referred to as galvanic coupling cell, the less noble metal becomes the anode whereas others act as a cathode (Figure 4).
Daniel cell.
When two similar electrodes dipped in solutions of different compositions come in contact, then concentration cells are formed. The electrode dipped in dilute solution acts as an anode, while the electrode that is in contact with concentrated solution acts as a cathode (Figure 5).
Concentrated cell.
When two similar electrodes exposed to different aeration conditions come in contact with one another, then differential aeration cells are formed. The electrode exposed to lesser aeration conditions will act as an anode, while the electrode exposed to higher aeration conditions will act as a cathode. This type of corrosion is very common and is responsible for the significant economic loss (Figure 6) [9, 10].
Differential aeration cell.
Natural corrosion inhibitors reduced or controlled the rate of corrosion by the addition of a natural product in cleaning or pickling solution. It reduces the rate of corrosion either by inhibiting oxidation at the anode or inhibiting reduction at the cathode, or both. It forms a protective layer at the metal surface, either by physical (means electrostatic attraction between natural product and metal surface) adsorption or chemisorption (means coordination bonds between natural product and metal surface).
Studies of natural corrosion inhibitors are one of the methods for protecting metal from corrosion. So here I am discussing a specific plant
The
(a)
The soxhlet apparatus is used for plant extraction. Fresh
In this work, for weight loss measurement and electrochemical impedance studies a piece of 1 cm2 dimension is taken as a sample. These samples were mechanically polished with emery paper of different grades and subsequently cleaned with acetone, once again clean distilled water before inserting them into the pickling or cleaning solution. Here for study of
Soxhlet apparatus.
Desiccators.
The best method for this measurement is the ASTM standard G 31–72 [13]. In this method, all measurements are carried out at room temperature in the thermostat. Here minimum three times repeating the same measurement for the average value. The weight loss values, surface coverage (θ), inhibition efficiency (η%), and corrosion rate (CR) are shown in Table 1 at different concentrations of
Inhibitor concentration (mg/L) | Efficiency (IE %) | Surface coverage Θ | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 11.33 ± 0.12 | — | — |
100 | 3.67 ± 0.17 | 67.55 | 0.6755 |
200 | 3.08 ± 0.28 | 72.74 | 0.7274 |
300 | 2.42 ± 0.37 | 78.59 | 0.7859 |
400 | 1.89 ± 0.21 | 83.27 | 0.8327 |
500 | 1.55 ± 0.31 | 86.31 | 0.8631 |
600 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 88.08 | 0.8808 |
Corrosion rate and efficiency of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 absence and presence of
where,
From the above data, it is clear that the concentration of
An electrochemical workstation is used for the electrochemical measurement. The workstation is made up of three electrodes: (a) the working electrode of metal which works like anode (b) saturated calomal electrode as the reference electrode work like cathode, and (c) platinum electrode as the counter electrode for collect current. In this measurement, metal or alloy was immersed in cleaning or pickling solutions and different concentrations of
In Figure 10 shown Nyquist plot explained that 600 mg/L
Nyquist plot of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution in the absence and presence of
where,
From Table 2, it is clear that maximum inhibition efficiency of 89.87% was obtained at 600 mg/L of
Concentration of inhibitor (mg/L) | Efficiency (IE %) | Θ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 15.71 | 37.60 | 1.22 | 269.49 | 0.57 | — | — |
100 | 49.98 | 12.88 | 0.65 | 247.43 | 0.67 | 68.56 | 0.6856 |
200 | 72.58 | 9.46 | 1.63 | 232.19 | 0.68 | 78.35 | 0.7835 |
300 | 76.40 | 9.46 | 2.26 | 220.21 | 0.73 | 79.43 | 0.7943 |
400 | 104.60 | 7.22 | 0.78 | 211.34 | 0.82 | 84.98 | 0.8498 |
500 | 117.09 | 6.64 | 1.18 | 205.05 | 0.88 | 86.58 | 0.8658 |
600 | 155.13 | 6.64 | 1.68 | 155.15 | 0.91 | 89.87 | 0.8987 |
EIS parameters of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 without and at different concentrations of
Adsorbate | EHOMO | ELUMO | ΔEL-H | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydroxycinnamic acid | −6.226 | −1.996 | 4.230 | 1.996 | 6.226 | 4.111 | 2.115 | 0.1676 |
Kaempferol | −6.005 | −2.000 | 4.005 | 2.000 | 6.005 | 4.002 | 2.002 | 0.2042 |
The HOMO and LUMO energies (eV), ELUMO-EHOMO energy gap (ΔEL-H), electron affinity (
For the evaluation of electronic features of
The B3LYP/6-311G** optimized geometry, HOMO, and LUMO of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds.
Electronic level calculations (i.e., DFT) were performed so as to obtain insights into the reactive sites of hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol molecules. The optimized hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol geometries resulted from chemical DFT calculations are plotted in Figure 11. For these energy-minimized geometries, the analysis of frontier orbitals was done as these orbitals play a crucial role in donor-acceptor interactions of inhibiting extract molecules. The HOMO and LUMO pictures of hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol are provided in Figure 11. As displayed, the phenyl ring, carbonyl/hydroxyl O atoms, and ethylene bond of hydroxylcinnamic acid appeared in the role of HOMO implying their strong electron supplying affinity toward a potential electron acceptor, for instance metal atoms containing unoccupied orbitals. According to the LUMO plot, all carbon and oxygen atoms of hydroxylcinnamic acid contributed to LUMO distribution, which is a signification of their tendency for getting electrons provided by filled orbitals of metal atoms. In the case of the kaempferol compound, it is seen that the HOMO placed over the entire aromatic heterocyclic skeleton and on the other hand the carbon as well as oxygen atoms behaved as reactive LUMO locations. As a consequence, the kaempferol component is able to involve in electronic interactions (i.e., donor-acceptor) with the metal surface through the donation of electrons (lone pair in hydroxyl/carbonyl O and π electrons of heterocycles) and receiving of electrons from filled iron orbitals by its C and O atoms. The eigenvalues of HOMO/LUMO and the energetic gap of frontier orbitals were examined, and the quantitative results are tabulated in Table 3 for hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol. From this table, it is evident that the kaempferol species have higher EHOMO and lower ELUMO in comparison with the other compound (i.e., hydroxylcinnamic acid). These results suggest the stronger electron donation and receiving capacity of kaempferol. In addition, the optimized kaempferol molecule owned a lower energetic gap (ΔEL-H), an observation reflecting better electron sharing and subsequent stronger corrosion inhibition manner of this compound of
The electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions of studied molecules are summarized in Figure 12. From the given pictures, it is obvious that the electrophilic nature of hydroxylcinnamic acid is graphically distributed on benzene ring and double bond of carbon atoms (with a rich source of π electrons) and heteroatom of O (owing lone pair electrons). These electrons could be donated to an appropriate acceptor of electrons like metal atoms that are composed of empty orbitals. Moreover, similar to LUMO distribution, almost all carbon atoms along with three O heteroatoms are the most reactive sites for nucleophilic behavior clarifying electron getting affinity of these atomic sites. Also, the electrophilic interactions of equilibrated kaempferol compound could likely happen
The simulated Fukui indices of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds.
The hydroxylcinnamic acid and kaempferol adsorption and their interactions with the substrate (i.e., steel) were examined applying molecular simulations. These atomic simulations include Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD). For the representation of steel substrate in these simulations, the frequently applied iron surface Fe (110) was used. The thickness, vacuum region, and periodic replication of this surface were set as 1.5 nm, 4 nm, and (14 × 14), respectively. To examine the adsorption preference of extract components, which are output from DFT calculations, on the iron substrate the MC-based simulation was carried out by adsorption Locator module (Materials Studio software). The MC simulations convergency was controlled with a level of fine. The last cell with the lowest potential energy generated by MC was the starting simulation box of the next modeling, that is, MD. For performing this simulation in solution phase-like experiments, water molecules were also added to the MC-generated cell. Thereafter, an optimization of 20,000 steps and NVT MD simulation of 1 ns were successively performed
Simulations at molecular scale namely MC and MD were conducted for the analysis of the ability of
The final snapshots of kaempferol and hydroxycinnamic acid compounds over Fe (110) surface obtained from MC and MD simulations.
This chapter covers the corrosion problem and due to corrosion worldwide loss. This chapter discusses the importance of mild steel and discusses corrosion as a spontaneous electrochemical process. This chapter also explains of formation of different type of cells, due to different types of conditions, then start electrochemical corrosion process at the anode. In this chapter, I have discussed new developments as an example of natural corrosion inhibitor
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
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The goal of this chapter is, firstly, to provide a historical prospective study of QD-LEDs applications in display and lighting technologies, secondly, to present the most recent improvements in this field, and finally, to discuss about some current directions in QD-LEDs research that concentrate on the realization of the next-generation displays and high-quality lighting with superior color gamut, higher efficiency, and high color rendering index.",book:{id:"5746",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Anca Armăşelu",authors:[{id:"189080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Armăşelu",slug:"anca-armaselu",fullName:"Anca Armăşelu"}]},{id:"70813",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90951",title:"Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Design, Fabrication, Energy Harvesting, and Portable-Wearable Applications",slug:"triboelectric-nanogenerators-design-fabrication-energy-harvesting-and-portable-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Scavenging energy from our day-to-day activity into useful electrical energy be the best solution to solve the energy crisis. This concept entirely reduces the usage of batteries, which have a complex issue in recycling and disposal. For electrical harvesting energy from vibration energy, there are few energy harvesters available, but the fabrication, implementation, and maintenances are quite complicated. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) having the advantage of accessible design, less fabrication cost, and high energy efficiency can replace the battery in low-power electronic devices. TENGs can operate in various working modes such as contact-separation mode, sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and free-standing mode. The design of TENGs with the respective operating modes employed in generating electric power as well as can be utilized as a portable and wearable power source. The fabrication of triboelectric layers with micro-roughness could enhance the triboelectric charge generation. The objective of this chapter is to deal with the design of triboelectric layers, creating micro structured roughness using the soft-lithographic technique, fabrication of TENGs using different working modes, energy harvesting performance analysis, powering up commercial devices (LEDs, displays, and capacitors), and portable-wearable applications.",book:{id:"8539",slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree Purusothaman, Gaurav Khandelwal and Sang-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"},{id:"226214",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagamalleswara Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Alluri",slug:"nagamalleswara-rao-alluri",fullName:"Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri"},{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"},{id:"313713",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkateswaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthan",slug:"venkateswaran-vivekananthan",fullName:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan"},{id:"313714",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuvasree",middleName:null,surname:"Purusothaman",slug:"yuvasree-purusothaman",fullName:"Yuvasree Purusothaman"},{id:"313715",title:"Mr.",name:"Gaurav",middleName:null,surname:"Khandelwal",slug:"gaurav-khandelwal",fullName:"Gaurav Khandelwal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72277",title:"Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Introduction and Applications",slug:"surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-introduction-and-applications",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Scattering of light by molecules can be elastic, Rayleigh scattering, or inelastic, Raman scattering. In the elastic scattering, the photon’s energy and the state of the molecule after the scattering events are unchanged. Hence, Rayleigh scattered light does not contain much information on the structure of molecular states. In inelastic scattering, the frequency of monochromatic light changes upon interaction with the vibrational states, or modes, of a molecule. With the advancement in the laser sources, better and compact spectrometers, detectors, and optics Raman spectroscopy have developed as a highly sensitive technique to probe structural details of a complex molecular structure. However, the low scattering cross section (10−31) of Raman scattering has limited the applications of the conventional Raman spectroscopy. With the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in 1973 by Martin Fleischmann, the interest of the research community in Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method has been revived. This chapter aims to familiarize the readers with the basics of Raman scattering phenomenon and SERS. This chapter will also discuss the latest developments in the SERS and its applications in various fields.",book:{id:"10073",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar, Anamika Das and Chandra Shakher Pathak",authors:null},{id:"55768",title:"Quantum Dot-Based Light Emitting Diodes (QDLEDs): New Progress",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes-qdleds-new-progress",totalDownloads:2571,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In recent years, the display industry has progressed rapidly. One of the most important developments is the ability to build flexible, transparent and very thin displays by organic light emitting diode (OLED). Researchers working on this field try to improve this area more and more. It is shown that quantum dot (QD) can be helpful in this approach. In this chapter, writers try to consider all the studies performed in recent years about quantum dot-based light emitting diodes (QDLEDs) and conclude how this nanoparticle can improve performance of QDLEDs. In fact, the existence of quantum dots in QDLEDs can cause an excellent improvement in their efficiency and lifetime resulted from using improved active layer by colloidal nanocrystals. Finally, the recent progresses on the quantum dot-based light emitting diodes are reviewed in this chapter, and an important outlook into challenges ahead is prepared.",book:{id:"5746",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Neda Heydari, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi, Wooje Han and\nHyung-Ho Park",authors:[{id:"199095",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"hyung-ho-park",fullName:"Hyung-Ho Park"},{id:"202100",title:"Dr.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Heydari",slug:"neda-heydari",fullName:"Neda Heydari"},{id:"202684",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghorashi",slug:"seyed-mohammad-bagher-ghorashi-ghorashi",fullName:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi Ghorashi"},{id:"209683",title:"Mr.",name:"Wooje",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"wooje-han",fullName:"Wooje Han"}]},{id:"70813",title:"Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Design, Fabrication, Energy Harvesting, and Portable-Wearable Applications",slug:"triboelectric-nanogenerators-design-fabrication-energy-harvesting-and-portable-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Scavenging energy from our day-to-day activity into useful electrical energy be the best solution to solve the energy crisis. This concept entirely reduces the usage of batteries, which have a complex issue in recycling and disposal. For electrical harvesting energy from vibration energy, there are few energy harvesters available, but the fabrication, implementation, and maintenances are quite complicated. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) having the advantage of accessible design, less fabrication cost, and high energy efficiency can replace the battery in low-power electronic devices. TENGs can operate in various working modes such as contact-separation mode, sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and free-standing mode. The design of TENGs with the respective operating modes employed in generating electric power as well as can be utilized as a portable and wearable power source. The fabrication of triboelectric layers with micro-roughness could enhance the triboelectric charge generation. The objective of this chapter is to deal with the design of triboelectric layers, creating micro structured roughness using the soft-lithographic technique, fabrication of TENGs using different working modes, energy harvesting performance analysis, powering up commercial devices (LEDs, displays, and capacitors), and portable-wearable applications.",book:{id:"8539",slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree Purusothaman, Gaurav Khandelwal and Sang-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"},{id:"226214",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagamalleswara Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Alluri",slug:"nagamalleswara-rao-alluri",fullName:"Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri"},{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"},{id:"313713",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkateswaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthan",slug:"venkateswaran-vivekananthan",fullName:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan"},{id:"313714",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuvasree",middleName:null,surname:"Purusothaman",slug:"yuvasree-purusothaman",fullName:"Yuvasree Purusothaman"},{id:"313715",title:"Mr.",name:"Gaurav",middleName:null,surname:"Khandelwal",slug:"gaurav-khandelwal",fullName:"Gaurav Khandelwal"}]},{id:"56681",title:"Valley Polarized Single Photon Source Based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Quantum Dots",slug:"valley-polarized-single-photon-source-based-on-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Photonic quantum computer, quantum communication, quantum metrology, and optical quantum information processing require a development of efficient solid‐state single photon sources. However, it still remains a challenge. We report theoretical framework and experimental development on a novel kind of valley‐polarized single‐photon emitter (SPE) based on two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) quantum dots. In order to reveal the principle of the SPE, we make a brief review on the electronic structure of the TMDCs and excitonic behavior in photoluminescence (PL) and in magneto‐PL of these materials. We also discuss coupled spin and valley physics, valley‐polarized optical absorption, and magneto‐optical absorption in TMDC quantum dots. We demonstrate that the valley‐polarization is robust against dot size and magnetic field, but optical transition energies show sizable size‐effect. Three versatile models, including density functional theory, tight‐binding and effective k⋅p method, have been adopted in our calculations and the corresponding results have been presented.",book:{id:"5746",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Fanyao Qu, Alexandre Cavalheiro Dias, Antonio Luciano de Almeida\nFonseca, Marco Cezar Barbosa Fernandes and Xiangmu Kong",authors:[{id:"99666",title:"Prof.",name:"Fanyao",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"fanyao-qu",fullName:"Fanyao Qu"}]},{id:"58480",title:"Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) Under Immersion Lithography",slug:"optical-proximity-correction-opc-under-immersion-lithography",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As advanced technology nodes continue scaling down into sub-16 nm regime, optical microlithography becomes more vulnerable to process variations. As a result, overall lithographic yield continuously degrades. Since next-generation lithography (NGL) is still not mature enough, the industry relies heavily on resolution enhancement techniques (RETs), wherein optical proximity correction (OPC) with 193 nm immersion lithography is dominant in the foreseeable future. However, OPC algorithms are getting more aggressive. Consequently, complex mask solutions are outputted. Furthermore, this results in long computation time along with mask data volume explosion. In this chapter, recent state-of-the-art OPC algorithms are discussed. Thereafter, the performance of a recently published fast OPC methodology—to generate highly manufactured mask solutions with acceptable pattern fidelity under process variations—is verified on the public benchmarks.",book:{id:"6124",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Ahmed Awad, Atsushi Takahashi and Chikaaki Kodaman",authors:[{id:"220602",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Nassouh",surname:"Awad",slug:"ahmed-awad",fullName:"Ahmed Awad"},{id:"227583",title:"Prof.",name:"Atushi",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",slug:"atushi-takahashi",fullName:"Atushi Takahashi"},{id:"227584",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kodama",slug:"chikaaki-kodama",fullName:"Chikaaki Kodama"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"751",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 1st, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82622",title:"Contemporary Geographical Gerontology: Reconciling Space and Place in Population Ageing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105863",signatures:"Hamish Robertson",slug:"contemporary-geographical-gerontology-reconciling-space-and-place-in-population-ageing",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hamish",surname:"Robertson"}],book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82610",title:"Perspective Chapter: The Role of Learning Styles in Active Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105964",signatures:"Armando Lozano-Rodríguez, Fernanda Inez García-Vázquez and José Luis García-Cué",slug:"perspective-chapter-the-role-of-learning-styles-in-active-learning",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81909",title:"Educational Paradigm with Ubuntu Mindset: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104929",signatures:"George Frempong and Raavee Kadam",slug:"educational-paradigm-with-ubuntu-mindset-implications-for-sustainable-development-goals-in-education",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82243",title:"The Language that Grade R Students Use to Achieve the Envisaged Mathematics Outcomes, a South African Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105446",signatures:"Shakespear M. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"