Available genotypes for abiotic stress tolerance in pearl millet.
\r\n\tAnimal food additives are products used in animal nutrition for purposes of improving the quality of feed or to improve the animal’s performance and health. Other additives can be used to enhance digestibility or even flavour of feed materials. In addition, feed additives are known which improve the quality of compound feed production; consequently e.g. they improve the quality of the granulated mixed diet.
\r\n\r\n\tGenerally feed additives could be divided into five groups:
\r\n\t1.Technological additives which influence the technological aspects of the diet to improve its handling or hygiene characteristics.
\r\n\t2. Sensory additives which improve the palatability of a diet by stimulating appetite, usually through the effect these products have on the flavour or colour.
\r\n\t3. Nutritional additives, such additives are specific nutrient(s) required by the animal for optimal production.
\r\n\t4.Zootechnical additives which improve the nutrient status of the animal, not by providing specific nutrients, but by enabling more efficient use of the nutrients present in the diet, in other words, it increases the efficiency of production.
\r\n\t5. In poultry nutrition: Coccidiostats and Histomonostats which widely used to control intestinal health of poultry through direct effects on the parasitic organism concerned.
\r\n\tThe aim of the book is to present the impact of the most important feed additives on the animal production, to demonstrate their mode of action, to show their effect on intermediate metabolism and heath status of livestock and to suggest how to use the different feed additives in animal nutrition to produce high quality and safety animal origin foodstuffs for human consumer.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-404-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-403-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-405-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",keywords:"Technological Feed Additives, Feed Industry, Quality of Compound Feed, Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoter, Product Quality, Additive Enzymes, Digestibility of Nutrients, NSP Enzymes, Farm Animals, Livestock, Immunity, Microbiome",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 10th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Emeritus from the University of Debrecen, Hungary who authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited 3 books. Member of various committees and chairman of the World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.jpg",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus of animal nutrition at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. From 1984 to 1985 he worked at the Agricultural University in Wageningen and in the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition in Lelystad (the Netherlands). He also worked at the Agricultural University of Vienna in the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition (Austria) and in the Oscar Kellner Research Institute in Rostock (Germany). From 1988 to 1992, he worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition (Agricultural University in Wageningen). In 1992 he obtained a PhD degree in animal nutrition from the University of Wageningen.He has authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters). He edited 3 books and 14 international conference proceedings. His total number of citation is 407. \r\nHe is member of various committees e.g.: American Society of Animal Science (ASAS, USA); the editorial board of the Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A- Animal Science (Norway); KRMIVA, Journal of Animal Nutrition (Croatia), Austin Food Sciences (NJ, USA), E-Cronicon Nutrition (UK), SciTz Nutrition and Food Science (DE, USA), Journal of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology (NJ, USA), Current Research in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences (USA). From 2015 he has been appointed chairman of World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).\r\nHis main research areas are related to pig and poultry nutrition: elimination of harmful effects of heat stress by nutrition tools, energy- amino acid metabolism in livestock, relationship between animal nutrition and quality of animal food products (meat).",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"14672",title:"MIMO Beamforming Network Having Polarization Diversity",doi:"10.5772/14186",slug:"mimo-beamforming-network-having-polarization-diversity",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/14672.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14672",totalDownloads:2183,totalViews:107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 19th 2010",dateReviewed:"October 1st 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/14672",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/14672",book:{slug:"mimo-systems-theory-and-applications"},signatures:"Kadir M.F. A., Suaidi M.K. and Aziz M. Z. A.",authors:[{id:"17092",title:"Mr",name:"Muhammad Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Kadir",fullName:"Muhammad Faiz Abdul Kadir",slug:"muhammad-faiz-abdul-kadir",email:"muhammadfaiz.abdulkadir@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"21232",title:"Mr",name:"Mohamad Zoinol",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Aziz",fullName:"Mohamad Zoinol Abd Aziz",slug:"mohamad-zoinol-abd-aziz",email:"mohamadzoinol@utem.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"21348",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Kadim",middleName:null,surname:"Suaidi",fullName:"Mohamad Kadim Suaidi",slug:"mohamad-kadim-suaidi",email:"kadim@utem.edu.my",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"78",title:"MIMO Systems",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",fullTitle:"MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications",slug:"mimo-systems-theory-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 4th 2011",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/78.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14687",title:"Advanced MIMO Techniques: Polarization Diversity and Antenna Selection",slug:"advanced-mimo-techniques-polarization-diversity-and-antenna-selection",totalDownloads:6276,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kosai Raoof, Maha Ben Zid, Nuttapol Prayongpun and Ammar Bouallegue",authors:[{id:"17622",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosai",middleName:null,surname:"Raoof",fullName:"Kosai Raoof",slug:"kosai-raoof"},{id:"21590",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuttapol",middleName:null,surname:"Prayongpun",fullName:"Nuttapol Prayongpun",slug:"nuttapol-prayongpun"},{id:"21591",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Zid",fullName:"Maha Ben Zid",slug:"maha-ben-zid"},{id:"24223",title:"Prof.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Bouallegue",fullName:"Ammar Bouallegue",slug:"ammar-bouallegue"}]},{id:"14690",title:"Geometrical Detection Algorithm for MIMO Systems",slug:"geometrical-detection-algorithm-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2154,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Z. Y. Shao, S. W. Cheung and T. I. Yuk",authors:[{id:"19790",title:"Ms.",name:"Z.Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Z.Y. Shao",slug:"z.y.-shao"},{id:"21229",title:"Dr.",name:"T.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Yuk",fullName:"T.I. Yuk",slug:"t.i.-yuk"},{id:"21461",title:"Dr.",name:"S.W.",middleName:null,surname:"Cheung",fullName:"S.W. Cheung",slug:"s.w.-cheung"}]},{id:"14688",title:"Joint LS Estimation and ML Detection for Flat Fading MIMO Channels",slug:"joint-ls-estimation-and-ml-detection-for-flat-fading-mimo-channels",totalDownloads:2390,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam and Hossein Saremi",authors:[{id:"20644",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar Shirvani",middleName:null,surname:"Moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam"},{id:"21264",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Saremi",fullName:"Hossein Saremi",slug:"hossein-saremi"}]},{id:"14682",title:"Semi-Deterministic Single Interaction MIMO Channel Model",slug:"semi-deterministic-single-interaction-mimo-channel-model",totalDownloads:2168,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arghavan Emami-Forooshani and Sima Noghanian",authors:[{id:"10353",title:"Prof.",name:"Sima",middleName:null,surname:"Noghanian",fullName:"Sima Noghanian",slug:"sima-noghanian"},{id:"21368",title:"PhD.",name:"Arghavan",middleName:null,surname:"Emami-Forooshani",fullName:"Arghavan Emami-Forooshani",slug:"arghavan-emami-forooshani"}]},{id:"14683",title:"Another Interpretation of Diversity Gain of MIMO Systems",slug:"another-interpretation-of-diversity-gain-of-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shuichi Ohno and Kok Ann Donny Teo",authors:[{id:"21065",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Shuichi Ohno",slug:"shuichi-ohno"},{id:"21066",title:"Mr.",name:"Kok Ann Donny",middleName:null,surname:"Teo",fullName:"Kok Ann Donny Teo",slug:"kok-ann-donny-teo"}]},{id:"14678",title:"Rate-Adaptive Information Transmission over MIMO Channels",slug:"rate-adaptive-information-transmission-over-mimo-channels",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco Zoffoli, Jerry D. Gibson and Marco Chiani",authors:[{id:"13525",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerry D.",middleName:null,surname:"Gibson",fullName:"Jerry D. Gibson",slug:"jerry-d.-gibson"},{id:"21017",title:"PhD.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Zoffoli",fullName:"Marco Zoffoli",slug:"marco-zoffoli"},{id:"21018",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Chiani",fullName:"Marco Chiani",slug:"marco-chiani"}]},{id:"14689",title:"Analysis of MIMO Systems in the Presence of Co-channel Interference and Spatial Correlation",slug:"analysis-of-mimo-systems-in-the-presence-of-co-channel-interference-and-spatial-correlation",totalDownloads:1810,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dian-Wu Yue and Qian Wang",authors:[{id:"21525",title:"Dr.",name:"Dian-Wu",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",fullName:"Dian-Wu Yue",slug:"dian-wu-yue"},{id:"21529",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qian Wang",slug:"qian-wang"}]},{id:"14684",title:"Cellular MIMO Systems",slug:"cellular-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei Peng",authors:[{id:"21456",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Wei Peng",slug:"wei-peng"}]},{id:"14679",title:"MIMO-THP System with Imperfect CSI",slug:"mimo-thp-system-with-imperfect-csi",totalDownloads:2348,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"H. Khaleghi Bizaki",authors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki"},{id:"17343",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki"}]},{id:"14675",title:"Analysis and Design of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding for Multiuser MIMO Systems",slug:"analysis-and-design-of-tomlinson-harashima-precoding-for-multiuser-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2179,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiang Chen, Min Huang,Ming Zhao, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang",authors:[{id:"12257",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jing Wang",slug:"jing-wang"},{id:"16883",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xiang Chen",slug:"xiang-chen"},{id:"19962",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Min Huang",slug:"min-huang"},{id:"19963",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao"},{id:"19964",title:"Prof.",name:"Shidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Shidong Zhou",slug:"shidong-zhou"}]},{id:"14681",title:"Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Determine Transmit and Receive Weights for MIMO Systems",slug:"iterative-optimization-algorithms-to-determine-transmit-and-receive-weights-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Osamu Muta, Takayuki Tominaga, Daiki Fujii, and Yoshihiko Akaiwa",authors:[{id:"20746",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Muta",fullName:"Osamu Muta",slug:"osamu-muta"}]},{id:"14692",title:"Beamforming Based on Finite-Rate Feedback",slug:"beamforming-based-on-finite-rate-feedback",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pengcheng Zhu, Lan Tang, YanWang and Xiaohu You",authors:[{id:"18132",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengcheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Pengcheng Zhu",slug:"pengcheng-zhu"},{id:"21417",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Lan Tang",slug:"lan-tang"},{id:"21418",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yan Wang",slug:"yan-wang"},{id:"21423",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohu",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Xiaohu You",slug:"xiaohu-you"}]},{id:"14680",title:"Computationally Efficient Symbol Detection Schemes in Multi-Device STBC-MIMO Systems",slug:"computationally-efficient-symbol-detection-schemes-in-multi-device-stbc-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1499,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel C. Lee and Muhammad Naeem",authors:[{id:"17712",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Daniel Lee",slug:"daniel-lee"}]},{id:"14691",title:"Analysis and Mitigation of Phase Noise in Centralized/De-centralized MIMO Systems",slug:"analysis-and-mitigation-of-phase-noise-in-centralized-de-centralized-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1826,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei Zhang, Xiujun Zhang, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang",authors:[{id:"12257",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jing Wang",slug:"jing-wang"},{id:"12256",title:"PhD.",name:"Shidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Shidong Zhou",slug:"shidong-zhou"},{id:"20426",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang"},{id:"21667",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiujun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiujun Zhang",slug:"xiujun-zhang"}]},{id:"14693",title:"A List Based Detection Technique for MIMO Systems",slug:"a-list-based-detection-technique-for-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"SaiRamesh Nammi",authors:[{id:"17003",title:"PhD.",name:"SaiRamesh",middleName:null,surname:"Nammi",fullName:"SaiRamesh Nammi",slug:"sairamesh-nammi"}]},{id:"14686",title:"Narrowband Interference Suppression in MIMO Systems",slug:"narrowband-interference-suppression-in-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:2179,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Poulkov, Miglen Ovtcharov, Georgi Iliev and Zlatka Nikolova",authors:[{id:"18206",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Poulkov",fullName:"Vladimir Poulkov",slug:"vladimir-poulkov"},{id:"21534",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Iliev",fullName:"Georgi Iliev",slug:"georgi-iliev"},{id:"21535",title:"Dr.",name:"Miglen",middleName:null,surname:"Ovtcharov",fullName:"Miglen Ovtcharov",slug:"miglen-ovtcharov"},{id:"21536",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zlatka",middleName:null,surname:"Valkova-Jarvis",fullName:"Zlatka Valkova-Jarvis",slug:"zlatka-valkova-jarvis"}]},{id:"14673",title:"Fundamentals for a Pragmatic MIMO Performance Evaluation",slug:"fundamentals-for-a-pragmatic-mimo-performance-evaluation",totalDownloads:1293,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shirook M. Ali",authors:[{id:"18703",title:"Dr.",name:"Shirook M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Shirook M. Ali",slug:"shirook-m.-ali"}]},{id:"14672",title:"MIMO Beamforming Network Having Polarization Diversity",slug:"mimo-beamforming-network-having-polarization-diversity",totalDownloads:2183,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kadir M.F. A., Suaidi M.K. and Aziz M. Z. A.",authors:[{id:"17092",title:"Mr",name:"Muhammad Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Kadir",fullName:"Muhammad Faiz Abdul Kadir",slug:"muhammad-faiz-abdul-kadir"},{id:"21232",title:"Mr",name:"Mohamad Zoinol",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Aziz",fullName:"Mohamad Zoinol Abd Aziz",slug:"mohamad-zoinol-abd-aziz"},{id:"21348",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Kadim",middleName:null,surname:"Suaidi",fullName:"Mohamad Kadim Suaidi",slug:"mohamad-kadim-suaidi"}]},{id:"14685",title:"VLSI Implementation of Least Square Channel Estimation and QPSK Modulation Technique for 2×2 MIMO System",slug:"vlsi-implementation-of-least-square-channel-estimation-and-qpsk-modulation-technique-for-2-2-mimo-sy",totalDownloads:3085,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sudhakar Reddy Penubolu and Ramachandra Reddy Gudheti",authors:[{id:"16911",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakara",middleName:"Reddy",surname:"Penubolu",fullName:"Sudhakara Penubolu",slug:"sudhakara-penubolu"}]},{id:"14676",title:"Efficient Implementation of MIMO Decoders",slug:"efficient-implementation-of-mimo-decoders",totalDownloads:3258,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad S. Khairy, Mohamed M. Abdallah and S. E.-D. Habib",authors:[{id:"18087",title:"Prof.",name:"Serag E.D.",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",fullName:"Serag E.D. Habib",slug:"serag-e.d.-habib"},{id:"21543",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad S.",middleName:null,surname:"Khairy",fullName:"Muhammad S. Khairy",slug:"muhammad-s.-khairy"},{id:"21544",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",fullName:"Mohamed M. Abdallah",slug:"mohamed-m.-abdallah"}]},{id:"14677",title:"MIMO System Implementation for WSN Using Xilinx Tools",slug:"mimo-system-implementation-for-wsn-using-xilinx-tools",totalDownloads:2837,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wael M El-Medany",authors:[{id:"911",title:"Dr.",name:"Wael M.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Medany",fullName:"Wael M. El-Medany",slug:"wael-m.-el-medany"}]},{id:"14674",title:"Experimental Evaluation of MIMO Coded Modulation Systems: are Space-Time Block Codes Really Necessary?",slug:"experimental-evaluation-of-mimo-coded-modulation-systems-are-space-time-block-codes-really-necessary",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco J. Vázquez Araújo, José A. García-Naya, Miguel González-López, Luis Castedo and Javier Garcia-Frias",authors:[{id:"4116",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"García-Naya",fullName:"José A. García-Naya",slug:"jose-a.-garcia-naya"},{id:"20183",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Castedo",fullName:"Luis Castedo",slug:"luis-castedo"},{id:"21732",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez Araújo",fullName:"Francisco J. Vázquez Araújo",slug:"francisco-j.-vazquez-araujo"},{id:"21733",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"González-López",fullName:"Miguel González-López",slug:"miguel-gonzalez-lopez"},{id:"21734",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"García-Frías",fullName:"Javier García-Frías",slug:"javier-garcia-frias"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5480",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",subtitle:"A Physical Layer Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da8d6b0a60a9c1ad989e111fde79785c",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"52817",title:"Analysis of Candidate Waveforms for 5G Cellular Systems",slug:"analysis-of-candidate-waveforms-for-5g-cellular-systems",signatures:"Ayesha Ijaz, Lei Zhang, Pei Xiao and Rahim Tafazolli",authors:[{id:"189754",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Pei Xiao",slug:"pei-xiao"},{id:"189921",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayesha",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",fullName:"Ayesha Ijaz",slug:"ayesha-ijaz"},{id:"189928",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang"},{id:"190297",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahim",middleName:null,surname:"Tafazolli",fullName:"Rahim Tafazolli",slug:"rahim-tafazolli"}]},{id:"52919",title:"Waveform Design Considerations for 5G Wireless Networks",slug:"waveform-design-considerations-for-5g-wireless-networks",signatures:"Evren Çatak and Lütfiye Durak‐Ata",authors:[{id:"19414",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfiye",middleName:null,surname:"Durak-Ata",fullName:"Lutfiye Durak-Ata",slug:"lutfiye-durak-ata"},{id:"189749",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Çatak",fullName:"Evren Çatak",slug:"evren-catak"}]},{id:"52893",title:"Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Filter Bank Multi‐Carrier (FBMC)‐ Based 5G Networks with Estimated Channel State Information (CSI)",slug:"spectral-efficiency-analysis-of-filter-bank-multi-carrier-fbmc-based-5g-networks-with-estimated-chan",signatures:"Haijian Zhang, Hengwei Lv and Pandong Li",authors:[{id:"188778",title:"Prof.",name:"Haijian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haijian Zhang",slug:"haijian-zhang"},{id:"195140",title:"MSc.",name:"Hengwei",middleName:null,surname:"Lv",fullName:"Hengwei Lv",slug:"hengwei-lv"},{id:"195141",title:"MSc.",name:"Pandong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Pandong Li",slug:"pandong-li"}]},{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak"}]},{id:"53333",title:"Physical-Layer Transmission Cooperative Strategies for Heterogeneous Networks",slug:"physical-layer-transmission-cooperative-strategies-for-heterogeneous-networks",signatures:"Syed Saqlain Ali, Daniel Castanheira, Adão Silva and Atílio Gameiro",authors:[{id:"5130",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Castanheira",fullName:"Daniel Castanheira",slug:"daniel-castanheira"},{id:"30839",title:"Prof.",name:"Adão",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Adão Silva",slug:"adao-silva"},{id:"38908",title:"Prof.",name:"Atilio",middleName:null,surname:"Gameiro",fullName:"Atilio Gameiro",slug:"atilio-gameiro"},{id:"188913",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Saqlain",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Syed Saqlain Ali",slug:"syed-saqlain-ali"}]},{id:"52936",title:"Achievable Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency of Large‐ Scale Distributed Antenna Systems",slug:"achievable-energy-efficiency-and-spectral-efficiency-of-large-scale-distributed-antenna-systems",signatures:"Wei Feng, Ning Ge and Jianhua Lu",authors:[{id:"11528",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Wei Feng",slug:"wei-feng"},{id:"191379",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Ning Ge",slug:"ning-ge"},{id:"195085",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianhua",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jianhua Lu",slug:"jianhua-lu"}]},{id:"52922",title:"Energy Efficiency for 5G Multi-Tier Cellular Networks",slug:"energy-efficiency-for-5g-multi-tier-cellular-networks",signatures:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan and Moon Ho Lee",authors:[{id:"171897",title:"Dr.",name:"Moon Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Moon Ho Lee",slug:"moon-ho-lee"},{id:"190233",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Hashem Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan",slug:"md.-hashem-ali-khan"}]},{id:"53332",title:"Beamforming in Wireless Networks",slug:"beamforming-in-wireless-networks",signatures:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi",authors:[{id:"190600",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mohammad-Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Golbon-Haghighi",fullName:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-golbon-haghighi"}]},{id:"52937",title:"Superallocation and Cluster‐Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in 5G Cognitive Radio Network",slug:"superallocation-and-cluster-based-cooperative-spectrum-sensing-in-5g-cognitive-radio-network",signatures:"Md Sipon Miah, Md Mahbubur Rahman and Heejung Yu",authors:[{id:"189976",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Sipon",middleName:null,surname:"Miah",fullName:"Md Sipon Miah",slug:"md-sipon-miah"},{id:"189978",title:"Dr.",name:"Heejung",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Heejung Yu",slug:"heejung-yu"},{id:"194759",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md Mahbubur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Dr. Md Mahbubur Rahman",slug:"dr.-md-mahbubur-rahman"}]},{id:"53156",title:"Selective Control Information Detection in 5G Frame Transmissions",slug:"selective-control-information-detection-in-5g-frame-transmissions",signatures:"Saheed A. Adegbite and Brian G. Stewart",authors:[{id:"189077",title:"Dr.",name:"Saheed",middleName:null,surname:"Adegbite",fullName:"Saheed Adegbite",slug:"saheed-adegbite"},{id:"189199",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",fullName:"Brian Stewart",slug:"brian-stewart"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73995",title:"Management of Abiotic Stress in Forage Crops",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93852",slug:"management-of-abiotic-stress-in-forage-crops",body:'\nIn the agricultural context, stress has been defined as the conditions in which plants are prevented from fully expressing their genetic potential for growth, development, reproduction, and, ultimately, crop productivity [1]. Abiotic stress negatively affects the livelihoods of farmers and their families, the sustainability of livestock, as well as national economies and food security. Forages are generally described as plants and its parts consumed by domestic livestock. Forage plays a key role in rearing ruminants and protecting the environment. Apart from serving as the primary source of food for domestic and wild animals, forages also contribute to human civilization in different ways like protecting soil through crop over and fertility by addition of organic matter. It also provides habitat for wild animals. In the biological soil–plant–animal system, forage is highly demanded by livestock. Escalation in the human population in the coming decades will put the higher burden on land for food crops and fiber production. As a result, we may face forced forage cultivation in those areas having poorer soils regarding fertility and management [2]. The water use for irrigation is incredibly high and this trend could increase considerably in the future leading to shortage of water availability [3]. For perennial forage and natural vegetation, the ability to survive during adverse environmental periods is a life saving feature. A survival strategy plays a more important role than a growth strategy to improve the sustainability of forage production, especially in extreme environmental conditions [4]. Forage crop production is largely affected by abiotic factors related stress such as drought, salinity, etc. There is need to adopt various conventional and genetic approaches to improve stress tolerance of forage crops.
\nCurrently, India faces a critical imbalance in its natural resource base: around 18 percent of humans and 15 percent of the world’s animal population are only served by 2.4 percent of the geographical area, 1.5 percent of forests and pastures, and 4.2 percent of water resources [5]. The three main sources of forage supply in India are crop residues, cultivated forage, and forage from common property resources such as forests, permanent pastures, and pastures. Due to the multiplicity of forage crops produced in different seasons and regions, the surplus and deficit in different regions, the non-commercial nature of crops and forage production with minimal inputs from degraded and marginal land, there has been a large gap in the availability and need for forage. Currently, the country faces a net deficit of 35.6 percent of green forage, 10.95 percent of residues from dry crops, and 44 percent of concentrated ingredients for animal feed [6]. Supply and demand for the forage scenario are presented in \nFigure 1\n. Furthermore, in the case of forage, regional and seasonal deficiencies are more important than national deficiencies, since it is not economical to transport forage over long distances. Furthermore, the available forages are of low quality and deficient in available energy, protein, and minerals. Farmers maintain large herds of animals to compensate for low productivity, adding pressure on forage and other natural resources [7]. Almost two-thirds of the total cost of animal production is due to food and fodder. Consequently, any attempt to improve the availability of food and fodder and save the cost of food would result in better remuneration for farmers. The area under cultivated forage is only 8.4 million hectares and has been static for the past two decades. The potential for further increases seems very small due to demographic pressure for food crops. Recent crop diversification, where cash crops replace traditional cereal crops, especially coarse grains, is likely to have an impact on the availability of crop residues for animal production [8]. Likewise, the productivity of certain important cultivated forages is highly variable. Among Kharif forages, sorghum, corn, cowpea, Napier-bajra hybrid, and guinea they have a wide range. However, during rabi, the choice is limited to oats, alfalfa, and berseem. Emphasis should be placed on new area-specific crops that can break down yield barriers and meet the challenges of the food deficit.
\nDeficient trend of fodder crop concerning future demand. *IGFRI vision, 2050.
The tropical climate is cursed by higher temperatures and radiation that limit the growth and development of plants. High temperatures cause burns, sunburn, and discoloration of the leaves, reducing plant growth [9]. Limiting growth, metabolism, and performance potential due to exposure to a temperature below or above the thermal threshold for optimal biochemical, physiological, and morphological development is called thermal stress [10]. Plants are classified into psychophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic according to their tolerance to low, medium, and high temperatures [1]. The adversity of heat stress varies with the duration, stage, and intensity of stress [11]. Increased heat stress adversely affects the spikelets number, the number of florets per plant in rice crop, and the seeds in forage crop like sorghum [12]. It also reduces quality due to reduced production of oil, starch, and protein [13]. Stress at low temperatures causes wilting, bleaching, darkening, necrosis, and death of plants [1]. Approximately 15percent of arable land is said to be affected by frost stress [14].
\nAbout 28 percent of the world’s land is too dry for agricultural support [15]. The estimated annual yield loss due to extraction in the tropics is almost 17 percent [16]. Increasing the draft with the changing climate scenario leads to a decrease in plant physiology, growth, and reproduction [17]. The moisture deficit causes greater transpiration and reduces the availability of water from the roots of the plants [18], which tends to balance the water on the negative side that affects growth, the relationship between nutrients and water, photosynthesis and assimilation of sharing and, ultimately, performance [19]. The stress response plan in plants varies according to the species according to its stages and other growth factors [20]. High-temperature stress affects enzyme activity, cell division in plants [21] and also changes the growth period and distribution of crops [22].
\nHeavy metals are those metals that have a specific weight greater than 5 g cm−3 or an atomic mass greater than 20 and are generally toxic even at low concentrations [23]; some of heavy elements or metals are cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), etc. Heavy metal contamination in the soil is mainly due to human activities such as mining, smelting, intensive agricultural practices, fuel production, electroplating, etc. [24] and may also be due to natural processes such as soil erosion, excessive weathering of rocks and minerals, and volcanic eruption. Among heavy metals, some have known physiological functions in the plant system called non-essential heavy metals, namely arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and selenium. (Sc) and some are involved in different physiological functions of plants as a cofactor of enzymatic reactions [25] or role in redox reactions [26] called essential heavy metals, namely cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni).
\nCrops are said to be subject to salt stress when they cannot express their full genetic potential in terms of growth, development, and reproduction, since the salinity of the soil exceeds the critical level [27] and dissolved salts in the soil and irrigation water vary from place to place [28]. The detrimental effect of soils affected by salt may be due to a high concentration of salt in the soil solution, i.e. osmotic effects or a high concentration of specific ions such as sodium or chloride that can damage sensitive crops, i.e. a specific ionic effect. The harmful effect of saline soil is due to the concentration of soluble salt, while the harmful effects of sodium soil are due to deterioration of the physical state of the soil [29]. The harmful effect of salt stress may be due to a specific ionic effect, that is, Na+ and Cl− [30] or to interact with other dynamics of mineral nutrients [31].
\nSeveral mineral elements contribute to the growth and development of a plant, 17 of which are called essential nutrients according to the essentiality criteria defined by Arnon and Stout. Since mineral nutrition is discipline independent of plant physiology [32, 33] divide essential minerals into four groups according to their biological structures and metabolic functions. There is some nutritional stress (deficiency or excess) reported by various scientists in different plants. Nitrate plays pivotal role cytokinin biosynthesis and transport, and a higher level of nitrate (NO3−) inhibits root growth and the root: shoot ratio [34]. Phosphorus deficiency limits the lengthening of the primary roots and improves the formation of lateral roots, decreases the proportion of the dry weight of the roots of the shoots [35], reduces the leaves [36] and affects the reproductive organs formation [37], plants with potassium deficiency (K+) are sensitive to lodging and airflow [38]. A sulfur deficiency decreased the net photosynthesis and the hydraulic conductivity of the roots [39], the reduction in the dry weight ratio of the roots of the shoots [40], an alteration in the metabolism of carbohydrates followed by an induced accumulation of starch [41].
\nModerate stress in water deficit plants reduces photosynthesis which is accompanied by closing of stoma [42]. Measurement of the photosynthetic response and the activity of the ribosose bisphosphate carboxylase vifro (RUBISCO) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) exposed to an increasing water deficit and found evidence of adverse osmotic effects [43].
\nThe digestibility of legumes and their fiber have been largely affected by water availability [44, 45]. Drought affects the forage composition and quality by altering plant maturity and ratio of leaf mass to stem mass [46].
\nWater availability highly affects the forage seedlings growth and maturity [47]. Seminal roots support seedlings for a short time. Seminal root system absorbs by the hydraulic conductivity of the suboptoptic internode. Redmann and Qi (1992) found that the diameter of the xylem vessels in warm-season grass seedlings that emerged from different planting depths and length of suboptoptic internode plays an important role in transport of water from the root to the shoot and reducing hydraulic conductivity.
\nClimate change has become a serious threat to life on earth. There is also a global trend of increased storms on most lands. Glaciers are continuously melting, while daily high temperature with heat waves became more common [48]. Coping with climate variability is becoming a major challenge for human civilization. Higher seasonal variability regarding the distribution of precipitation, extreme events of temperature, and precipitation cause damage to crops and raise serious concerns about agricultural production. Among adverse weather events, drought is the major factor to directly affect the population. A warmer climate with increasing climatic variability will increase the risk of climatic extremes. Meteorological data analyzed over 5 decades from CRIDA’s Gunegal research farm, a typical rain region, showed low precipitation. Climate change is likely to affect the forage production and nutritional food security for domestic animals. Long-term rainfall data in India indicate that rainfed areas experience 3 to 4 years of drought in every 10 years. Of these, one or two of it occur in severe form [49].
\nSorghum with its persistent green character, well developed root system, higher water-use efficiency and epicuticular wax represents a good system for studying physiological features related to drought tolerance. Depending on stress development at any growth stage, sorghum shows a stress response before flowering and after flowering, respectively. All these different responses are affected by various genetic processes [50]. Pre-flowering stress affects plant biomass, panicle size, kernel quantity, and grain yield [51], whereas posttesthetic dryness leads to premature senescence of leaves and stems, lodging and the reduction of seed size [52]. Post-synthesis drought also increases plant sensitivity to biotic stress, such as charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and fusarium stem rot (Fusarium moniliforme) [52]. For drought tolerance before flowering, six distinct genomic regions were Recombinant inbred sorghum lines (RIL) derived from the cross between the genotypes Tx7078 (tolerant before flowering, sensitive to post-flowering) and B35 (sensitive to pre-flowering, tolerant after flowering) [53]. The response to dryness after flowering is associated with the persistent green character of sorghum. Staying green is essentially the retention of the surface of mature green leaves (GLAM). Maintaining the remaining green character during the grain filling phase under stress conditions of soil water deficit constitutes an important element of drought tolerance [54].
\nEpicuticular wax (EW) forms a glaucous upper coating that is visible on many cultivated plants called waxy bloom. Species, organ, stage of development, and environmental conditions are all those things that affect buildup of wax. Composition and structure of epicuticular wax is very diverse which is considered a potential useful trait and has been related to resistance against different adverse environmental conditions [55]. Sorghum differs from other field crops in its ability to produce sufficient amount of EW that is placed on the leaf blade as well as leaf sheath generally during pre-flowering and stages of maturity. Sorghum leaf sheath bloom is composed of large amount of free fatty acids with a 16 to 33 carbon chain length [56].
\nTwo traits named osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity have been related with drought tolerance mechanisms. Osmotic adjustment has been associated with sustained performance under water limiting conditions in many crops and is an inherited characteristic. Two major independent genes namely OA1 and OA2 in sorghum have been reported to control Osmotic adjustment inheritance.
\nSorghum from the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa [57] is well adapted to warm growing conditions. Cool temperatures at the beginning of the growing season are therefore an important limitation for the growth of temperate sorghum areas [58]. Cross developed from local Chinese races, ShanQui Red (SQR, cold-tolerant), and SRN39 (cold-sensitive) was used for QTL analysis of early-season cold yields on sorghum [59].
\nBajra [Pennisetum glaucum] is a C4 plant with very high photosynthetic efficiency. Bajra also have high dry matter production capacity. It is generally cultivated under the most adverse agroclimatic conditions, where other crops such as sorghum and corn do not stand well.
\nPearl millet germplasm screening helped in the development of highly advanced breeding techniques, an improvement in the population, including OPVs, genetic pools and compounds, possible parental hybrids, and accessions of the high-throughput genetic material of cereals and forages, presumably with a high degree of salt tolerance (\nTable 1\n).
\nAbiotic stress | \nGenotypes | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
Drought | \nCZP 9802; 863B and PRLT 2/89-33ICMP 83,720 | \n[60] | \n
Heat | \nH77/833–2, H77/29–2 and CVJ 2–5–3-1-3, 77/371XBSECT CP1 | \n[61] | \n
Salinity | \n33, 10,876 and 10,878 (Sudan), 18,406 and 18,570 (Namibia), and ICMV93753 and ICMV 94474 (India); 863-B, CZI 98–11, CZI 9621, HTP 94/54 | \n[62] | \n
Available genotypes for abiotic stress tolerance in pearl millet.
Soils in the areas where pearl millet is grown are often poor infertility because they contain a small amount of organic matter (0.05–0.40percent) due to low ground cover, coarse soil texture, and prevailing high temperatures [63]. Soils also contain low to moderate levels of available phosphorus (10–25 kg ha−1). This problem was mainly solved through nutrient management. The possibilities of genetic improvement for the efficient use of nutrients are increasingly explored in some cultures [64]. Only recently has strategic research been launched at ICRISAT in the West and Central Africa region to identify QTL to increase the efficiency of phosphorus and examine the stability of its expression across genetic environments.
\nCorn forage (Zea mays L.) has become an important component of ruminant rations in recent years. It is the only crop among non-leguminous forages that combines better nutritional quality. With a large amount of biomass [65]. Although the crop has great adaptability [66], it is the least tolerant of abiotic stress among cereals. Drought, salinity, and high temperatures are among the major abiotic stresses that negatively impact corn production in most regions of global corn production [67]. Soils with saline stress are present on all continents and in almost all climatic conditions. However, its distribution is relatively more extensive in arid and semi-arid regions than in humid regions [68]. Mohammed and Mohammed 2019 stated that the appropriate genotype based on stress selection is the inexpensive and manageable stress method based on salt, water, and heat or combined form and also concluded that the reduction in stress performance would be reduced to 20–40 parents.
\nThe cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important legumes cultivated by subsistence farmers for human and animal consumption, mainly in the semi-arid regions of Africa and Brazil. In Africa, it is used for the livelihood of millions of people in the semi-arid regions of the West and Center [69] and is considered the most important grain legume crop in the sub-Saharan region.
\nCowpea is relatively drought tolerant. Despite this feature, however, drought can cause a considerable loss of performance. Efforts have been made to select the cowpea genetic material to identify lines with better drought tolerance than currently available varieties. According to Watanabe et al. [70], certain lines of genetic material, in particular, TVu 11,979 and TVu 14,914, were consistently very drought tolerant under real field conditions. Drought can occur at the beginning of the season, mid-season, or the crop development stage. Studies have shown that cowpea plants can show drought tolerance in the vegetative stage [71] and the reproductive stage [32]. Some cowpea lines exhibit a green persistence feature, also called delayed leaf senescence (DLS), which can help plants tolerate terminal and mid-season drought [32].
\nIn cowpea plants, overexpression of the CPRD 8, CPRD12, CPRD14, CPRD22 and CPRD46 genes that confer tolerance to water stress [72], as well as the production of VusAPX genes connected to VucAPX, VupAPX and VutAPX of antioxidant enzymes [73], it is reported, in addition to the expression of the high level of the PvP5CS gene associated with the production of proline, an amino acid that fulfills the function of osmotic adjustment between species during drought.
\nClimate and soil determine many plant adaptations and the ecogeographic distribution of species and ecotypes show differences in physiology and development patterns that provide good evidence of adaptation mechanisms. Plants respond to environmental change as individuals through phenotypic plasticity and in populations through the selection and associated evolutionary processes. Determining the genetics underlying adaptation processes is not always easy because environmental factors can be complex or poorly defined. However, extreme environmental pressures, such as heavy metal contamination from the soil or harsh winter conditions [74] can produce detectable genetic changes. Multiple genes may be responsible for a response to a certain factor, or the same gene may be involved in different adaptive responses specific genetic interactions can be in a state of change or become fixed, limiting the possibilities for future evolution. Phenotypic plasticity acts as a buffer to prevent excessive gene flow in response to short-term changes.
\nGenetic improvement of forages through the selection of conventional plants is slow because most forage species are self-incompatible, limiting inbreeding to concentrate the desired genes to be used in the rapid development of new cultivars. Genetic transformation allows the direct introduction of desirable genes, thus offering new opportunities for forage molecular selection. Like many other crops, drought tolerance is an important goal in improving alfalfa. Since cuticle waxes play a central role in limiting the breathable loss of water from the plant surface, the genetic engineering of plant waxes is expected to eventually increase tolerance to environmental stress in crops such as agronomic importance [75].
\nExtensive hybridization with relative species followed by introgression of chromosomes and/or chromosome fragments has been considered an effective means of transferring salt and other stress tolerance genes to target species to extend the gene pool. Intergeneric hybrids between species of Lolium (Ryegrass) and Festuca (Fescue) have attracted much attention from forage breeders. Rye grasses are considered ideal grasses due to their fast establishment, their ability to resist intense grazing, their good palatability, and their high nutritional value [76].
\n\nAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely cultivated in temperate and tropical regions for green forage, hay, silage, and grass. As a perennial forage plant, alfalfa is a fairly hardy species and has a relatively high level of drought tolerance compared too many other legume forage plants [77]. Alfalfa’s increased drought tolerance is due in part to deeper roots and the ability to extract more available water from the root zone [78]. Detection of salt-sensitive proteins in two contrasting alfalfa cultivars using a comparative proteome approach revealed two new proteins, NAD synthetase, and biotin carboxylase-3, as being salt sensitive. These results provide new information on alfalfa salt stress tolerance [79]. The effects of rhizobia strains on the amino acid composition of alfalfa under salt stress indicate that proline, glutamine, arginine, GABA, and histidine accumulate significantly in salt-stressed nodules, suggesting increased production of amino acids associated with osmoregulation, nitrogen storage, or energy metabolism to counteract salt stress [80] is a widely allogeneous forage legume species distributed worldwide due to its wide range of climate adaptation [81]. But it is less drought tolerant than other temperate perennial forage legumes due to its shallow root system and its inability to effectively control transpiration [82]. Biochemical studies have indicated that when white clover was stressed by a water deficit, De novo synthesis of amino acids, including proline, has increased in both leaves and roots [83]. This phenomenon may serve as an adaptive response during the first days of drought since the transient increase in amino acid concentration has been followed by a decrease in protein synthesis that slows plant growth.
\n\nCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) growing in a variety of environments from tropical to arid/semi-arid regions, increased tolerance to drought and heat would be desirable. The cowpeas (Vigna marina) that grow on sandy beaches in the tropical and subtropical regions closest to the sea have the potential to be a source of genes for breeding salt-tolerant cultivars. Chankaew et al., [84] first reported QTL mapping for salt tolerance in the Vigna marina, and multiple internal mapping consistently identified an important QTL that can explain 50 percent of the phenotypic variation. The flanking marker can facilitate the transfer of salt tolerance of this subspecies in related Vigna cultures.
\nSorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is one of the important forage crops for high agricultural production and good nutritional value for animals. Nutrient requirements for growing sorghum are high; they are grown for forage, in part from organic sources, and are supplemented primarily with inorganic fertilizers. The growth, development, and biological yield of crops affected by balanced fertilization have shown positive effects. Micronutrients increase crop productivity and also maintain soil health. A very small amount is required. Soil application of micronutrients is preferable for what is desired. Choudhary et al. [85] observed that the combined application of micronutrients, that is, a considerably higher yield of cereals, stems, and organic, is obtained through a soil + leaf application. The results showed a significant increase in grain yield (14.15 and 12.13 percent), biological yields (11.37 and 9.31 percent), and in stem yield (10.75 and 8.60 percent) and through the combined spraying of soil and foliar on the soil and foliar application, respectively.
\nPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is one of the main millet crops in arid and semi-arid areas. Weather. Due to the drought-tolerant nature, it grows well in poor sandy soils. Sustainable production of pearl millet can be achieved through the balanced use of nutrients in crops with the fusion of organic and inorganic sources. Intensive farming is followed in the current system, most farmers use high-yielding whole crop varieties, ultimately a significant removal of nutrients from the soil in recent years, and the consumption of fertilizers has remained well less than the elimination one. So that the qualitative and quantitative improvement of the crop yield goes through mineral fertilization and that its quality can be improved through adequate practices of nutrient management and soil cultivation [86].
\nThe third most important cereal crop is maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide and India. It is cultivated in temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is the most important cereal for animal feed. In India, 45 percent of maize production is used in various forms of staple foods [87]. Corn, rice, and wheat are estimated to provide at least 30percent of food calories to more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries. The demands for animal feed and biofuels can be met by increasing maize production [88]. The application of micronutrients can be carried out in several ways, such as seed treatment, soil and foliar application [89], which depends on the characteristics of the soil and the climate of the region. Corn productivity can be improved by applying Zn and B to the soil.
\nCowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a legume and is used as a forage crop that is grown during the Kharif season, requiring only an initial dose of nitrogen (15–25 kg N ha−1). Most nitrogen requirements are met by symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The strong application of NPK fertilizers has led to micronutrient deficiencies in many parts of the country. To achieve high yields and maintain them over the years, it becomes highly relevant to predict emerging nutrient deficiencies and to develop appropriate breeding technologies. Balanced fertilization is inevitable to increase the productivity of the crop. Among the micronutrients, Zn, Fe, B, Mn, and Mo significantly improved yield, and micronutrient foliar spray is economical on legumes.
\nIntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
",metaTitle:"STM Publishing and Free Peer Reviewed Articles | IntechOpen",metaDescription:"IntechOpen’s scientific advisors support the STM publishing team by offering their editorial input, ensuring a consistent output of free peer reviewed articles.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"scientific-advisors",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"8"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10582",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9177ff0e61198735fb86a81303259d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10582.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb239599406f0b731bbfd62c1c8dbf3f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10697",title:"Raman Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6e2bfc19cc9f0b441890f24485b0de80",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marianna V. Kharlamova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"285875",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna V.",surname:"Kharlamova",slug:"marianna-v.-kharlamova",fullName:"Marianna V. Kharlamova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10699",title:"Foams",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9495e848f41431e0ffb3be12b4d80544",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Caniato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"312499",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Caniato",slug:"marco-caniato",fullName:"Marco Caniato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10700",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9448d83caa34d90fd58464268c869a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10700.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Modern Sample Preparation Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348186",title:"Dr.",name:"Massoud",surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:8},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1282",title:"Robot Vision",slug:"psychology-digital-image-processing-robot-vision",parent:{title:"Digital Image Processing",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics-digital-image-processing"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitations:82,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"psychology-digital-image-processing-robot-vision",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3595",title:"Vision Systems",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"vision_systems_applications",bookSignature:"Goro Obinata and Ashish Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3595.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131538",title:"Prof.",name:"Goro",middleName:null,surname:"Obinata",slug:"goro-obinata",fullName:"Goro Obinata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"358",doi:"10.5772/4994",title:"A Practical Toolbox for Calibrating Omnidirectional Cameras",slug:"a_practical_toolbox_for_calibrating_omnidirectional_cameras",totalDownloads:4123,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Davide Scaramuzza and Roland Siegwart",authors:null},{id:"370",doi:"10.5772/5006",title:"Stereo Vision Based SLAM Issues and Solutions",slug:"stereo_vision_based_slam_issues_and_solutions",totalDownloads:4581,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"D.C. Herath, K.R.S. Kodagoda and G. Dissanayake",authors:null},{id:"367",doi:"10.5772/5003",title:"Algebraic Reconstruction and Post-Processing in Incomplete Data Computed Tomography: from X-rays to Laser Beams",slug:"algebraic_reconstruction_and_post-processing_in_incomplete_data_computed_tomography__from_x-rays_to_",totalDownloads:2972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Alexander B. Konovalov, Dmitry V. Mogilenskikh, Vitaly V. Vlasov and Andrey N. Kiselev",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"364",title:"New Types of Keypoints for Detecting Known Objects in Visual Search Tasks",slug:"new_types_of_keypoints_for_detecting_known_objects_in_visual_search_tasks",totalDownloads:1802,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Andrzej Sluzek and Saiful Islam",authors:null},{id:"352",title:"3D Cameras: 3D Computer Vision of Wide Scope",slug:"3d_cameras__3d_computer_vision_of_wide_scope",totalDownloads:4199,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Stefan May, Kai Pervoelz and Hartmut Surmann",authors:null},{id:"362",title:"Omnidirectional Vision-Based Control from Homography",slug:"omnidirectional_vision-based_control_from_homography",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Youcef Mezouar, Hicham Hadj Abdelkader and Philippe Martinet",authors:null},{id:"356",title:"Image Magnification Based on the Human Visual Processing",slug:"image_magnification_based_on_the_human_visual_processing",totalDownloads:2609,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Sung-Kwan Je, Kwang-Baek Kim, Jae-Hyun Cho and Doo-Heon Song",authors:null},{id:"368",title:"AMR Vision System for Perception, Job Detection and Identification in Manufacturing",slug:"amr_vision_system_for_perception__job_detection_and_identification_in_manufacturing",totalDownloads:2392,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Sarbari Datta and Ranjit Ray",authors:null},{id:"369",title:"Symmetry Signatures for Image-Based Applications in Robotics",slug:"symmetry_signatures_for_image-based_applications_in_robotics",totalDownloads:2178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Kai Huebner and Jianwei Zhang",authors:null},{id:"348",title:"Extraction of Roads From Out Door Images",slug:"extraction_of_roads_from_out_door_images",totalDownloads:2318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Alejandro Forero Guzman and Carlos Parra",authors:null},{id:"354",title:"Optical Correlator based Optical Flow Processor for Real Time Visual Navigation",slug:"optical_correlator_based_optical_flow_processor_for_real_time_visual_navigation",totalDownloads:3207,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Valerij Tchernykh, Martin Beck and Klaus Janschek",authors:null},{id:"366",title:"Robot Vision in the Language of Geometric Algebra",slug:"robot_vision_in_the_language_of_geometric_algebra",totalDownloads:3257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"Gerald Sommer and Christian Gebken",authors:null},{id:"370",title:"Stereo Vision Based SLAM Issues and Solutions",slug:"stereo_vision_based_slam_issues_and_solutions",totalDownloads:4580,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"vision_systems_applications",title:"Vision Systems",fullTitle:"Vision Systems: Applications"},signatures:"D.C. Herath, K.R.S. Kodagoda and G. Dissanayake",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"psychology-digital-image-processing-robot-vision",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/103498/jose-rafael-barboza-gudino",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"103498",slug:"jose-rafael-barboza-gudino"},fullPath:"/profiles/103498/jose-rafael-barboza-gudino",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()