Descriptive statistics.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83881-922-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-921-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-923-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcfc52d92f694b0848977a3c11c13d00",bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10454.jpg",keywords:"Agricultural Engineering, Technologies, Application, Sustainable Agriculture, Information Technology in Agriculture, Food Security, Renewable Energies, Precision Farming, Smart Agriculture, Farm Mechanization, Robotics, Post Harvest Technologies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 21st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ahmad is a researcher in the field of agricultural mechanization and agricultural equipment engineering, in-charge of Farm Machinery Design Laboratory at Bahauddin Zakariya University, with expertise in modeling and simulation. He applied for two patents at the national level.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Renowned researcher with a focus on developing energy-efficient heat- and/or water-driven temperature and humidity control systems for agricultural storage, greenhouse, agricultural livestock and poultry applications including HVAC, desiccant air-conditioning, adsorption, Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle), and adsorption desalination.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/338219/images/system/338219.jpg",biography:"Fiaz Ahmad obtained his Ph.D. (2015) from Nanjing Agriculture University China in the field of Agricultural Bioenvironmental and Energy Engineering and Postdoc (2020) from Jiangsu University China in the field of Plant protection Engineering. He got the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan Scholarship for Ph.D. studies, and Post-Doctoral Fellowship from Jiangsu Government, China. During postdoctoral studies, he worked on the application of unmanned aerial vehicle sprayers for agrochemical applications to control pests and weeds. He passed the B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural engineering from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2007. From 2007 to 2008, he was a Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan. Since 2009, he has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, BZ University Multan, Pakistan. He is the author of 33 journal articles. He also supervised 6 master students and is currently supervising 5 master and 2 Ph.D. students. In addition, Dr. Ahmad completed three university-funded projects. His research interests include the design of agricultural machinery, artificial intelligence, and plant protection environment.",institutionString:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"199381",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"muhammad-sultan",fullName:"Muhammad Sultan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199381/images/system/199381.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sultan completed his Ph.D. (2015) and Postdoc (2017) from Kyushu University (Japan) in the field of Energy and Environmental Engineering. He was an awardee of MEXT and JASSO fellowships (from the Japanese Government) during Ph.D. and Postdoc studies, respectively. In 2019, he did Postdoc as a Canadian Queen Elizabeth Advanced Scholar at Simon Fraser University (Canada) in the field of Mechatronic Systems Engineering. He received his Master\\'s in Environmental Engineering (2010) and Bachelor in Agricultural Engineering (2008) with distinctions, from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. He worked for Kyushu University International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) for two years. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University (Pakistan). He has supervised 10+ M.Eng./Ph.D. students so far and 10+ M.Eng./Ph.D. students are currently working under his supervision. He has published more than 70+ journal articles, 70+ conference articles, and a few magazine articles, with the addition of 2 book chapters and 2 edited/co-edited books. Dr. Sultan is serving as a Leading Guest Editor of a special issue in the Sustainability (MDPI) journal (IF 2.58). In addition, he is appointed as a Regional Editor for the Evergreen Journal of Kyushu University. His research is focused on developing energy-efficient heat- and/or water-driven temperature and humidity control systems for agricultural storage, greenhouse, livestock, and poultry applications. His research keywords include HVAC, desiccant air-conditioning, evaporative cooling, adsorption cooling, energy recovery ventilator, adsorption heat pump, Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle), wastewater, energy recovery ventilators; adsorption desalination; and agricultural, poultry and livestock applications.",institutionString:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61175",title:"Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Transition Economies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75812",slug:"trade-openness-and-economic-growth-empirical-evidence-from-transition-economies",body:'The relationship between economic growth and openness remains to be one of the prominent issues in both theoretical and policy context. This issue has gained even more attention in recent years considering the persistent and widespread differences in economic performance among countries, especially among developing countries in the wake of growing international trade integration. Similarly, differences in the catching-up processes among transition economies reflected in the diverse scope, character and the dynamics of their integration into European and global economic structures have remained largely unexplained and subject to different and even opposing views regarding the relative importance of different economic, policy and institutional factors that might explain the differences. This question becomes even more controversial given that transition economies have followed similar economic liberalisation path and pursued trade liberalisation policies right in the early years of transition. In view of this, it comes as no surprise that the benefits of trade liberalisation remained controversial and increasingly debated in international and academic policy discourse.
While trade is considered an important determinant of income and growth, with theoretically well-substantiated channels of welfare transmission trough trade, the effects of trade policy are theoretically less known or are rather ambiguous. Trade integration allows for more efficient allocation of resources through economies of scale and scope as well as through an increased competition. It facilitates knowledge diffusion and technology transfer, all of which affect costs, and productivity patterns that foster technological progress and lead to a greater efficiency. Notwithstanding this, theoretical propositions relating to market and coordination failures including a need for ‘investment coordination’, ‘infant industry argument’, indivisibilities and risks related to investments in (new) technology, technological interdependencies and complementarities, as well as its tacit elements, which hinder its diffusion and knowledge transfer, have all given rise to targeted state intervention predominantly through trade policy and protection of strategic sectors. This is to say that although trade and in particular export-led growth are commonly viewed as important determinant of growth process, trade policy is subject to a lot of controversy. As in line with propositions [1], the effects of trade policy and trade although interrelated are dichotomous and pose conceptually different issues that need to be incorporated in empirical investigation.
The theoretical uncertainty related to the impact of trade policy on trade patterns and changes in technological composition in those patterns led to growing interest in empirical testing of the opposing hypothesis, namely the neoliberal hypothesis which advocates trade liberalisation irrespective of the level of development of an individual country, and an alternative predominantly neo-technological hypothesis which perceives (targeted and temporary) trade protection as response to market imperfections that might be beneficial, depending on the level of technological prowess of an individual country. This theoretical uncertainty is yet associated with mixed and inconclusive empirical evidence on the matter, that is, the impact of trade policy on economic growth.
Given the theoretical basis underpinning the benefits of trade and the mechanism influencing growth performance of individual countries, in this chapter, we highlight the importance of integrating the conceptual framework of trade relations which reflect on the importance of trade policy that is dichotomous from trading as such. This is to say that countries may explore benefits from trading with each other, but that in itself cannot be used as an argument to promote ‘passive’ trade liberalisation policies per se. Put differently, the concept of trade openness should imply ‘neutrality’, which cannot be synonymous with the idea that trade or export intensity of individual country is associated with an individual country’s ‘neutrality’ in this sense. Export orientation of individual country may come as a result of export-led growth strategy and the use of various incentive structures for exporting industries including export subsidies, tax and fiscal privileges. Notwithstanding this, nowadays, ‘trade openness’ has increasingly been measured by trade intensity variables (in view of the difficulties associated with precise measuring of the type of trade orientation or regime followed by individual country), and its meaning has increasingly been incorrectly associated with the notion of ‘free trade’. In light of this discussion, in this chapter, we investigate the effect of distinctive trade measures divided into two broad categories: (1) indicators of trade volumes proxied by the conventional trade intensity variables and (2) indicator of trade policy proxied by trade restrictions on economic growth in the selected transition economies, namely the 10 Central-Eastern European Economies (CEECs-10) including Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. We find that while higher trade volumes enhanced growth performance of these countries, trade liberalisation policy has not been associated with a positive growth performance under period of investigation 1995–2013. This finding has important policy implications discussed in this chapter.
We postulate that these countries provide an important and isolated experimental framework, advantageous to study the impact of trade integration and trade openness (i.e. trade policy regime) on economic growth. First, we highlight the importance of striking similarities relating to the overall transition policy framework, and in particular, the timing and the character of economic policies pursued by the CEECs countries in the course of transition. The policies of economic liberalisation including far-reaching trade liberalisation, modelled in the context of the integration process into the European Union (EU), were implemented following similar time dynamics and sectoral coverage. The pace and character of trade integration (measured by trade volumes and trade intensity) of these countries has, however, been different. Though trade patterns are related to trade policy, they are not the sole function of liberal trade regime per se. In view of this, it is worth mentioning that the theoretical economic growth literature has predominantly been focused on the relationship between trade openness that is on trade policy regime and economic growth, and not on trade volumes per se.
This is to say that CEECs countries pose almost a perfect basis to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation policy in a cross-country framework and when relying on aggregate macroeconomic data. Second, although these countries followed a similar policy pattern, their economic systems are inherently distinctive giving rise to the importance of understanding the differences in the initial conditions of countries—mostly relating to the differences in the level of industrial and technological development among CEECs-10 countries at the beginning of transition—when studying the impact of trade policy on economic growth. The importance of symmetries between trading partners in acquiring benefits from trade integration is well substantiated in the theoretical literature. Third, EU countries present the major trading partner of the selected transition economies, with similar geographical propositions of trade relations with the most developed EU countries, considered important when examining the impact of trade on economic growth in a cross-country analytical framework. Last but not least, empirical evidence on the impact of trade integration in transition economies is rather weak, and we aim to fill in the gap in the existing literature.
This chapter is structured as follows. The next section gives a brief overview of empirical findings and theoretical propositions relating to the impact of trade on economic growth. We discuss the relevance of understanding the broader picture of economic system and its development characteristics when discussing the benefits of trade liberalisation. Section 3 explains the methodological framework of empirical investigation, and in Section 4, we discuss the results and policy implications. Conclusion follows.
Why growth rates differ, and how beneficial is trade liberalisation remains an open and increasingly debated question. Benefits of trade openness to economic growth have been relatively well substantiated in the theoretical growth literature. However, market imperfections and economies of scale have also been considered important in determining those benefits. According to theoretical propositions and endogenous growth theory, asymmetric context of trading partners implies considerable differences in production functions, technology and endowments which may result in the adverse effect of trade openness on countries with inferior technological prowess [2]. Likewise, trade intensity indicators may be misleading proxies of trade openness since they are also determined by the relative importance of external sector of individual country which varies depending on country size, income and geographical propositions.
A large number of studies have dealt with the trade policy issue and attempted to examine the effect of trade policy usually proxied by average tariff rates and indices of non-tariff barriers to trade on economic growth. The problems of inadequate measurement of individual country trade regime and orientation have occupied researchers for many years. The difficulty in measuring trade openness acted as spiritus movens underpinning increasing interest of researchers to develop an ‘ideal’ proxy for trade liberalisation. The increasing interest of researchers has resulted in a number of trade indices that attempt to combine both tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and measure individual country trade orientation (e.g. see [3]).
All things considered, and especially no simple and clear theoretical explanations on the effect of trade restrictions and economic growth, it comes as no surprise that the empirical evidence on the benefits of trade openness measured using various trade policy indices reveals mixed results and inconclusive evidence. A number of studies have analysed the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth relaying on the average tariff rates. Yanikkaya’s study gives rise to the hypothesis that trade restrictions can promote growth [4]. In his study, he finds evidence that trade restrictions in the form of tariffs, as well as trade-related taxes, are positively associated with economic growth relying on a large sample of both developing and developed countries and concludes that the relationship between trade openness and growth is complex and depends on the level of development and the size of the economy of an individual country as consistent with theoretical propositions. Similarly, contrary to the conventional view that trade barriers are distortive and detrimental to growth, Rodriguez and Rodrik have found that the average tariff growth rates positively affect the total factor productivity growth (TFP) for the sample of 46 countries over the 1980–1990 period [1], while Edwards suggests a rather weak relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth [5]. Contrary to these findings, a study by Harission, for example, found a significant and negative effect of tariff rates on economic growth [6].
Notwithstanding the inconsistency in the results obtained from the empirical investigation of the effect of trade restrictions on economic growth, other studies, which rely on trade intensity measures (e.g. export and import to GDP ratio, export to GDP ratio, etc.), by and large reveal evidence on the positive impact of trade on economic growth [7, 8]. However, in this chapter, we argue at length that papers, which attempt to use conventional measures of trade openness, that is, trade intensity ratios as proxy for trade openness, suffer from serious inconsistencies between theoretical propositions and empirical framework designed to test these hypothesis.
Contemporary trade theories integrated in endogenous growth models imply that trade may be beneficial to economic growth with the underlying mechanism of influence relating to increases in economies of scale, technology transfer and knowledge-related externalities, as well as an increased competition. These mechanisms are all expected to positively affect productivity patterns of local firms and industries, rising value added and income. However, these mechanisms or rather a country ability to rip off the benefits of trade are conditional on endogenous nature of technological change and subsequent growth and diversification of industrial production and export base. Essentially, the theoretical framework (extensions of neoclassical trade and growth theories) presupposes that the differences in the levels of industrial development and technological capabilities across countries may well be associated with possible different outcomes of trade openness (in the sense of ‘neutrality’ and passive trade liberalisation across all sectors) on economic growth, depending on the size of the economy, technological proficiency and the degree of industrial diversification [9]. Finally, world trade integration may rise global economic growth rate, but adversely affect individual countries.
The presence of underdeveloped or infant industries with latent (defy) comparative advantage, imperfect markets and endogenous pattern of knowledge accumulation in less developed, transition or developing countries, which are well substantiated in the theoretical growth and development literature [10], may call for a strategic trade policy orientation with the combination of import substitution and export industrialisation trade measures, which, if applied ‘correctly’, may affect comparative advantages of local industries which in turn positively affect economic growth in the long run. As indicated by Rodrik and Rodrigez, higher growth rates seem positively associated with higher tariff rates in the 1990s according to the graphical presentation of data on 66 countries [1]. Moreover, using trade volume and trade intensity indicators as a proxy for trade openness may be entirely misleading. Apart from differences in the size of the economies and the overall level of development proxied by GDP pc (usually incorporated in estimated trade-growth equations), higher export and import shares to GDP may well reflect on a countries’ technological prowess and its industries’ ability to boost growth via exports and/or imports of technology, production-related factor inputs and intermediary products. Essentially, this is to say that increased trade integration and in particular internationalisation through exports may not necessarily be related to government’s exercise of trade-related ‘neutrality principle’. In line with this proposition, Busse and Koniger found that the relationship between trade openness and growth predominantly depends on trade specification [8]. Moreover, they postulate the importance of investigating the relationship in a dynamic framework.
On the other side, as shown by Rodriguez and Rodrik study, trade openness may lead to increases in income but does not cause economic growth in the long run [1]. The same hypothesis has been supported by Brunner [11]. He found that trade openness has a significant positive impact on income but not on economic growth. Hence, a later study by Rigobon and Rodrik after accounting for endogeneity and a country heterogeneity issues on examining the relationship between trade openness and economic growth reveals that trade openness measured as trade share in GDP has a negative effect on economic growth [12].
Overall, trade openness in the sense of ‘neutrality’ or neutral trade orientation of an economy may have a positive impact on economic growth in the short run by an enlarged trade sector, for example, trading-related investments in the economy, boosted imports via increases in income and aggregate demand. However, at the same time, the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in the long run is determined by a host of factors but predominantly by the abilities of local firms and industries to adjust and cope with the international productivity levels and their ability to develop ‘imitative’ and ‘absorptive’ capabilities necessary to internalise economies of scale and knowledge externalities-related trade. The scope of possible ‘crowding-out’ effect on local firms and industries through trade openness is given by the degree of, and the existence of, considerable differences in technologies and endowment of trading partners. If considerable differences are present, trade openness in the form of passive trade liberalisation may lead to ruined potential to build comparative advantage capabilities of local firms/industries. Obviously, although significant in understanding trade openness economic growth nexus, the lost potential of acquiring comparative advantage locally through trade liberalisation is almost impossible to measure or estimate the effect with certainty in a cross-country analysis. Notwithstanding this, the lost potential of trade integration of local industries undermines a sustained economic growth potential in the long run.
All in all, given the theoretical propositions and the empirical evidence, first, we argue that trade openness in the sense of ‘neutral’ trade regime and passive trade liberalisation may not be an optimal policy choice and may adversely affect individual countries in view of persistent differences in technology and endowments across countries. In case the trading occurs between partners that are at different stages of technological and industrial development, the effect of trade openness on economic growth may not be positive and instantaneous. For this purpose, we rely on the trade of CEECs with developed supposedly technologically superior and innovative EU-15 countries, to test the hypothesis on whether trade restrictions (measured by the average tariff rate) have adversely affected economic growth of the group of transition economies. Having said this, we investigate how homogeneous trade liberalisation regime across CEECs countries (there is no variability in the data, i.e. average effective tariff rate applied across CEECs since 1995) has affected the economic growth of transition economies. Second, we investigate the impact of trade openness measured by trade volumes and various trade intensity ratios (e.g. share of exports and imports to GDP, share of exports to GDP, share of imports to GDP). It is worth noticing that these trade intensity variables may be misleading proxy of trade openness per se, following the discussion on theoretical assumptions relating to trade integration and trade openness. Instead, we assume that both exports and imports may have positively affected growth performance in the period under investigation. Although different mechanisms are at work in comprehending the influence of exports and imports on economic growth, both may reflect on an individual country capability to rip off the benefits of increasing trade integration of these countries that is expected to be revealed by higher trade intensity rations. Importantly, following new trade theories and endogenous growth according to which international trade leads to a more efficient use of resources at lower costs and apart from early emphasis on exports, imports of intermediary products, resources and technology are likewise important in acquiring a comparative advantage through trade [4]. For this purpose, we include independently imports and export shares into growth regression. Finally, given the similar policy context and similar economic structure of CEEC economies in terms of size (i.e. small open economies), differences in technology and patterns of industrial development and restructuring should be captured by different growth performances of technologically more advanced versus least-developed transition economies as in line with the catching-up hypothesis. For this purpose, we include dummy variable which depicts the group of least-developed CEE economies into growth regression and examine the relevance of expected higher growth performance of least-developed CEE economies. Finally, we estimate growth equation in an integrated and dynamic framework.
The possible explanation for the observed inconsistency in the empirical results in studies examining the relationship between trade openness and growth reflects on methodological shortcomings and the overall difficulty in developing a proper empirical framework to investigate the impact of trade policy on economic growth. The dynamic and endogenous character of trade and economic growth relationship needs to be integrated in an empirical framework. The importance of incorporating time dynamics in investigating the impact of trade restrictions on economic growth seems worthwhile from a theoretical standpoint. This is to say that trade restrictions may be beneficial to growth if considered (applied) as a temporary phenomenon in relation to building (defy) comparative advantage in specific sector(s). In line with the ‘infant industry argument’, although trade restrictions or protectionist measures may have ambiguous possible impact on economic growth in the short run, the temporary protection of specific sectors may in fact have a positive effect on the sustained growth in the long run via underlying increases in levels of productivity and technological prowess of protected sectors.
Moreover, in empirical growth modelling, one needs to take into account the problems of endogeneity when examining the impact of trade on economic growth. The problems of endogeneity are related to both (1) the proposition of potential reverse causality between economic growth and trade and (2) common unobserved factors of influence that may give rise to positive-biased estimations. Last but not least, researchers do acknowledge that it is difficult to account for the heterogeneous profile of countries when examining the relationship between economic growth and trade using cross-country data. However, as shown by Rodriguez and Rodrik, a positive correlation between trade indicators and economic growth may be due to methodological deficiencies and factors of influence that researchers do not consider [1]. The specificities relating to remarkable technological differences across countries, the differences in size, and specificities relating to regional patterns as well as geographical factors may be crucial in comprehending the relationship relying on a pooled data. Having this in mind, in this study, we emphasise the importance of the similarities in the context of policy and institutional framework of EU integration of CEE countries, and given the problem of endogeneity through omitted variable and reverse causality, we highlight the importance of analysing the relationship between trade openness and economic growth, relying on methods of investigation that accounts for the dynamics of the relationship.
In light of this discussion, we estimate the growth regression using two different estimation methods, namely the fixed effect panel applied by estimating Prais-Winsten-correlated panels corrected standard errors (PSCE) method due to the presence of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, and the dynamic least squares dummy variable (LSDVC) method. The purpose is to elaborate on an in-depth assessment of implications of results obtained when the impact of trade barriers and trade intensity on economic growth is estimated using dynamic (LSDVC) versus static econometric (PCSE) framework. Essentially, in applying PCSE method to account for, among others, the presence of autocorrelation, we lose important dynamic information, and the impact of trade openness on economic growth is estimated relying on averaging data across within group time dimension. For robustness check, and deeper understanding of the relationship, we then estimate the same models relying on a dynamic LSDVC regression.
Specifically, as indicated earlier, we first estimate growth equation using Prais-Winsten-correlated panels corrected standard errors PSCE method. In this analysis, we deeply consider an appropriate estimation method to obtain robust estimates of individual effects in the presence of heteroscedasticity and serial correlation. We treat the problems of encountered heteroscedasticity and serial correlation, with cautiousness. In an attempt to compute heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors and eliminate serial dependence in time series, we follow Plümper et al.’s recommended technique and use a combination of panel-corrected standard errors with Prais-Winsten transformation (AR1) [13]. Furthermore, we test for the cross-sectional dependence in the data and additionally use corrected standard errors across panels as an estimation strategy to avoid spuriousness in the obtained results. This option is possible with using modified PSCE method of estimation that corrects standard errors correlated across panels. For a detailed discussion of econometric problems and the implications of cross-sectionally correlated residuals, see for instance. Importantly, we test for the presence of reverse causality using Granger causality test. Precisely, the results of Granger causality test using LSDV dynamic regression (AH estimator) indicate that the growth variable shift GDPpc(t-1) does not cause Trade Openness in CEE countries in the observed period. Further the results of the Granger test indicate that the null hypothesis that Trade Openness does Granger cause economic growth can be rejected. In short, the assumption that Trade openness affects economic growth is confirmed, while the inverse causality is rejected. In view of this, we believe that the obtained results of PCSE estimations are robust to endogeneity issues that may be caused by inverse causality. The results of Granger causality test are not reported here due to space limitations.
Notwithstanding this, the results of the PCSE estimations may still be subject to simultaneity problems. In order to properly account for the problems of endogeneity and possible inconsistency in parameters obtained due to omitted variable bias, we carry additional robustness test and estimate the dynamic version of the model using LSDVC dynamic regression. In other words, we integrate lagged-dependant variable into growth equation to remedy for the simultaneity bias. Kiviet proposes a bias-corrected LSDV (least squares dummy variables) estimate, by estimating the sample bias from an uncorrected LSDV estimate and using this to remove the inconsistency in the parameter estimates [14]. Essentially, we postulate that this method, which attempts to account for the importance of time dynamics in examining the relationship between trade openness and economic growth and accounts for the simultaneity bias in the data, is an important sensitivity analysis. LSDVC is considered an appropriate method for small samples with a small number of cross-section groups and imbalanced panels, which is consistent with the nature of our dataset. The potential biases in the estimators resulting from endogeneity related to both reverse causality and omitted variable bias are lessened (removed) by incorporating lag-dependant variable in the growth equation to be estimated. Thus, the LSDVC model is our preferred model. Table 3 presents the results of estimated models using both methods of investigation. We compare the results and discuss the robustness of the variables of interest, in the sections to follow.
In line with the theoretical propositions and previous empirical analysis discussed, we specify the following growth equation to be estimated:
where the dependent variable, RGDPpcGit, denotes changes of real GDP per capita (GDPpc) of the country i in the period t; TRateit denotes effectively the applied tariff rate in the country i in the period t; GDPpc denotes log GDP per capita of the country i in the period t-1; DI it—domestic investment of the country i in the period t; GB it denotes government balance (%GDP) of the country i in the period t; Openessit denotes exports and imports share in GDP of the country i in the period t; εit—random error (structure eit depends on whether the model is estimated using OLS, FE or RE model). We also control for individual country effects (CountryDummy) and specific time effect (Time). Importantly, Openness variable in this analysis is measured using three different proxies of trade openness that are integrated individually in growth equations to be estimated due to possible multicollinearity issues indicated by the correlation between trade openness measures (see correlation matrix subsequently). The problem of measurement of trade openness in our analysis is lessened by integrating both trade barrier variable proxied by average tariff rate and using conventional trade intensity indicators X+M/GDP, X/GDP, M/GDP to analyse the relationship between trade and economic growth.
In this research, the independent variable (RGDPpcit) and the convergence variable (lnGDPpc) are measured in USD, and the source of data for these variables is IMF. The latter variable is assumed to capture the convergence influence on a country’s economic growth rate. Along the lines of catching-up hypothesis, there should be a strong tendency for convergence among industrialising economies including transition economies. Therefore, we anticipated a negative and significant effect of the initial income levels on growth rates in CEE countries. However, given the non-significant coefficient obtained on the convergence variable in all estimations, when including its lagged values, we proceed by estimating growth equations using log values of GDPpc in period t, to account for the differences in human capital and technological advancement of CEE countries. The results presented in Table 3 relate to logGDPpc measured as the log of income levels in time t. The tariff rate data are based on World Bank data and computation of effective tariff rate applied. The source of all other variables is EUROSTAT.
Considering the relatively heterogeneous characteristics of CEE countries related to size, scope and structure of the economies considered on one side, and homogeneous characteristics of trade policy, it is postulated that these specificities of the dataset indicate advantageous framework to analyse the impact of trade policy liberalisation on countries with supposedly different industrial structure and levels of technological proficiency. In particular, we emphasise the vital importance of establishing econometric framework for analysing patterns of catching up through trade integration with the more advanced EU countries, in an attempt to investigate how homogeneous trade policy regime has affected transition economies depending on their level of development and technological prowess captured by the dummy variable in the extended growth model. The dummy variable is set to be 1 for the less-developed transition economies namely Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Lithuania, accounting for the differences in the initial conditions and patterns of industrial catching up. Moreover, although trade intensity indicators may fail to accurately capture the effect of trade openness or precisely trade policy regime, in our empirical setting, higher trade intensity ratios are effectively capturing individual country ability to rise economic efficiency and boost technology transfer via increased trade integration with technologically innovative EU countries. Therefore, we expect a positive relationship between trade intensity variables and economic growth. Apart from this, the average tariff rate is incorporated in growth regression to investigate how liberalisation policy has affected growth performance in a general transition and dynamic framework by estimating growth regression relying on LCDVC technique.
Although an ideal measure of trade openness will be an index that takes into account all trade distortion measures as well as all privileged instruments applied to export production to reflect on the concept of ‘neutrality’, the average tariff rate may generally be considered a viable proxy of trade orientation among transition economies. Not only that these countries have relatively weaker institutional and technical capacity and underdeveloped instruments of trade protection by the means of non-tariff barriers to trade compared to high-income EU industrialised countries, but essentially the integration into EU economic structures implied a homogeneous trade-related regulatory framework including the application of the mutual recognition principle when it comes to non-tariff barriers to trade effective as of 1998. In this study, we rely on the average tariff rate as a proxy for trade policy among CEE countries. Considering the graphical presentation of the tariff data, we conclude that CEECs have followed rapid trade liberalisation policies, and homogeneous trade regime has been applied in the context of EU integration. Last but not least, the EU integration process, which implied universal institutional and policy setting and transitory requirements of the EU enlargement, implies systematic reduction in transaction costs often related to national regulatory regimes and rules of doing business. The impact of different regulation on trade can be examined by assuming minimum or no transaction costs across transition economies. Tables 1 and 2 present the descriptive statistics of variables and the correlation matrix among variables, respectively.
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rGDPpc growth | 203 | 3.64 | 4.53 | −14.55 | 13.08 |
Tariff rate | 220 | 2.46 | 1.43 | 1.02 | 6.27 |
GDPpc | 208 | 8744.98 | 6094.11 | 1102.10 | 27501.81 |
Trade to GDP | 190 | 108.18 | 31.57 | 43.7 | 183.4 |
Exports to GDP | 190 | 52.21 | 16.93 | 22.1 | 93.8 |
Imports to GDP | 190 | 55.97 | 15.14 | 20.7 | 89.6 |
GFCF | 190 | 24.51 | 5.15 | 5.4 | 38.4 |
Government deficit/surplus | 188 | −3.27 | 3.07 | −15.1 | 2.9 |
Descriptive statistics.
rGDPpc growth | Tariff rate | GDPpc | Total trade to GDP | Total exports to GDP | Total imports to GDP | Domestic investment (GFCF) | Government deficit/surplus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rGDPpc growth | 1.00 | |||||||
Tariff rate | −0.01 | 1.00 | ||||||
GDPpc | −0.17 | −0.59 | 1.00 | |||||
Trade to GDP | −0.02 | −0.38 | 0.60 | 1.00 | ||||
Exports to GDP | −0.10 | −0.36 | 0.63 | 0.98 | 1.00 | |||
Imports to GDP | 0.06 | −0.39 | 0.55 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.00 | ||
GFCF | 0.25 | −0.11 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 1.00 | |
Gov’t balance | 0.40 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 1.00 |
Correlation matrix.
Table 3 presents the results of the growth equation model estimated using PCSE and LSDVC estimation methods as explained earlier. The three different specifications of the models relate to three distinct measurements of trade openness variables export, import and total trade to GDP indices, as explained. We begin the discussion with Openness and the three distinctive measures of trade intensity. The results of our empirical investigation support the hypothesis that trade volumes are positively associated with growth performance, which is consistent with earlier empirical findings. This is to say that CEE countries, which are more integrated with the EU economies through trade, are likely to grow faster than other supposedly less-integrated countries. Essentially, CEEC seems to have benefited from increasing trade integration in terms of growth rates. All openness variables are significant and positive in all models estimated. The coefficient on openness variable measured as the total trade to GDP (model 1) is 0.079, implying that a 10% increase in trade share will increase GDP pc growth rate by an average of about 8%. The marginal effect of both exports and imports share to GDP is positive and significant and thus estimated at about 0.15 and 0.14, respectively, implying that both export and import positively affect economic growth with a similar magnitude. These results are robust to sensitivity analysis applied using LSDVC econometric framework which accounts for the likelihood of reverse causation between growth and trade volumes emphasised in a number of empirical studies. The obtained coefficients of all trade intensity measures are about the same value in the LSDVC estimations, pointing to the consistent and robust estimate of trade effect on economic growth relying on both estimation techniques.
Model 1 (trade to GDP) | Model 2 (exports to GDP) | Model 3 (imports to GDP) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCSE | LSDVC | PCSE | PCSE | LSDVC | PCSE | LSDVC | |
rGDPpc growth (lag) | .095(.083) | .115(.082) | .08(.99) | ||||
Tariff rate | −.405(2.75) | 1.34**(.073) | −.405(2.75) | .279(2.77) | 1.099(.716) | −.72(2.70) | 1.42**(0.73) |
lnGDPpc | −.77(2.31) | −1.07(2.01) | −.77(.2.31) | −1.49(2.77) | −1.72(1.98) | −.264(2.29) | −.60(−2.04) |
Trade to GDP | .079***(.026) | .076***(.022) | .079***(0.026) | ||||
Exports to GDP | .151***(.052) | .138***(.045) | |||||
Imports to GDP | .149***(.047) | .149***(.042) | |||||
Domestic investment (GFCF) | .451***(.88) | .378**(.082) | .451***(.88) | .534**(.96) | .432**(.090) | .36***(.089) | .311***(.079) |
Government deficit/surplus | .26**(0.74) | .315***(.095) | .26**(0.74) | .24***(0.75) | .31***(0.096) | .277***(.073) | .326***(.094) |
Dummy LD | 4.67**(2.12) | ||||||
R-squared | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.75 | ||||
Wald chi2 Prob > F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
No. of observations | 184 | 184 | 184 |
Results.
***,**,*denotes significance at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are in parentheses.
However, this is not to say that these conventional trade openness measures reflect on trade orientation of CEE countries. These measures have important shortcomings discussed in a number of studies indicated previously in the chapter. Therefore, in this chapter, we do not rely on these measures and do not discuss the impact of these variables in economic growth in the context of trade policy impact.
Instead, the other trade-related variable, namely the Tariff Rate variable, is used to measure the effect of trade restrictions on economic growth in CEE countries. Essentially, the results of our analysis do not support the hypothesis that trade barriers are harmless to economic growth. On the contrary, while the results of PCSE estimations point to the insignificant effect of trade barriers on economic growth, although negatively related to economic growth in Models 1 and 3, the obtained coefficients are highly insignificant with the p-value of over 0.88. The results of the LSDVC estimations are estimated in an attempt to remove simultaneity bias point to, however, a significant and yet positive effect of trade barriers on economic growth. The obtained coefficient is significant at 5% in Models 1 and 3, while it becomes insignificant in Model 2 in which we use export to GDP variable. It is noteworthy to emphasise that the LSDVC estimator has superior properties if compared to static panel estimators when correcting for autocorrelation, and results obtained with respect to dynamic model should implicitly be considered robust to possible simultaneity bias.
Given the inconsistency in the results obtained, it is perhaps safe to conclude that we find no evidence that trade restrictions negatively affected growth performance of transition economies. On the contrary, the results of the dynamic growth model estimations support the hypothesis that trade restrictions may be beneficial to growth performance depending on the symmetries between trading partners. Given the homogeneous trade policy regime among individual countries in our dataset, we conclude that trade liberalisation across CEE countries has not been positively associated with growth performance of CEECs, and we find some evidence that trade restrictions have seemingly had a positive effect on the growth performance of CEEC countries if accounting for the dynamic relationship between economic growth and trade openness.
Finally, the results obtained with respect to dummy variable capturing the growth performance of less-developed CEE countries relative to other CEECs suggest that these countries have been growing faster than other supposedly more developed CEE in the period under investigation. This result is in accordance with the theoretical proposition and the catching-up hypothesis. All other variables enter the growth regression with expected signs and significance, pointing to the importance of macroeconomic stability in the growth process captured by the government balance variable, as well as domestic investments depicted by Gross Fixed Capital Formation.
In this chapter, we investigate the impact of trade openness on economic growth in CEE countries over the 1995–2013 periods (the actual dataset considering the missing observations in the data before 1995 for the trade intensity indicators). Essentially, we use a variety of trade openness measures to deepen our understanding on how trade volumes affect growth performance on one side and how effective has been trade liberalisation policy per se in enhancing the growth performance of CEECs. The results of our empirical investigation provide robust evidence that trade intensity measures are positively associated with economic growth, pointing to the benefits of trade integration through not only exports but also increasing imports from technologically innovative EU countries to less-advanced CEE economies. The results seem not sensitive to simultaneity issues, robustness check and different model specifications applied.
Apart from this, in this chapter, we postulate that trade intensity indicators do not reflect on trade policy regime. Given the particularities of our dataset referring to homogeneous trade policy regime applied among CEE countries in the context of EU integration and the econometric framework used, the effect of trade barriers on economic growth in transition countries proxied by the average tariff rate seems ambiguous. Although the results obtained with respect to the impact of tariff rate on economic growth are not robust to different methods of estimation and sensitivity analysis, we conclude that tariff barriers have not been negatively associated with economic growth in the selected transition countries. Surprisingly, unlike the traditional perception on the negative link between trade barriers and economic growth well substantiated in the empirical literature, we find some evidence that trade barriers may be beneficial to growth performance while relying on a dynamic econometric framework and when removing the possible simultaneity bias. The results of this analysis have important theoretical and policy implications, implying that trade openness and economic growth are not a simple relationship and that its effects depend on differences in the levels of development, size and technological proficiency which seem consistent with the growth and development literature.
Research methodology is the path through which researchers need to conduct their research. It shows the path through which these researchers formulate their problem and objective and present their result from the data obtained during the study period. This research design and methodology chapter also shows how the research outcome at the end will be obtained in line with meeting the objective of the study. This chapter hence discusses the research methods that were used during the research process. It includes the research methodology of the study from the research strategy to the result dissemination. For emphasis, in this chapter, the author outlines the research strategy, research design, research methodology, the study area, data sources such as primary data sources and secondary data, population consideration and sample size determination such as questionnaires sample size determination and workplace site exposure measurement sample determination, data collection methods like primary data collection methods including workplace site observation data collection and data collection through desk review, data collection through questionnaires, data obtained from experts opinion, workplace site exposure measurement, data collection tools pretest, secondary data collection methods, methods of data analysis used such as quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis, data analysis software, the reliability and validity analysis of the quantitative data, reliability of data, reliability analysis, validity, data quality management, inclusion criteria, ethical consideration and dissemination of result and its utilization approaches. In order to satisfy the objectives of the study, a qualitative and quantitative research method is apprehended in general. The study used these mixed strategies because the data were obtained from all aspects of the data source during the study time. Therefore, the purpose of this methodology is to satisfy the research plan and target devised by the researcher.
The research design is intended to provide an appropriate framework for a study. A very significant decision in research design process is the choice to be made regarding research approach since it determines how relevant information for a study will be obtained; however, the research design process involves many interrelated decisions [1].
This study employed a mixed type of methods. The first part of the study consisted of a series of well-structured questionnaires (for management, employee’s representatives, and technician of industries) and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (government bodies, ministries, and industries) in participating organizations. The other design used is an interview of employees to know how they feel about safety and health of their workplace, and field observation at the selected industrial sites was undertaken.
Hence, this study employs a descriptive research design to agree on the effects of occupational safety and health management system on employee health, safety, and property damage for selected manufacturing industries. Saunders et al. [2] and Miller [3] say that descriptive research portrays an accurate profile of persons, events, or situations. This design offers to the researchers a profile of described relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, and industry-oriented perspective. Therefore, this research design enabled the researchers to gather data from a wide range of respondents on the impact of safety and health on manufacturing industries in Ethiopia. And this helped in analyzing the response obtained on how it affects the manufacturing industries’ workplace safety and health. The research overall design and flow process are depicted in Figure 1.
Research methods and processes (author design).
To address the key research objectives, this research used both qualitative and quantitative methods and combination of primary and secondary sources. The qualitative data supports the quantitative data analysis and results. The result obtained is triangulated since the researcher utilized the qualitative and quantitative data types in the data analysis. The study area, data sources, and sampling techniques were discussed under this section.
According to Fraenkel and Warren [4] studies, population refers to the complete set of individuals (subjects or events) having common characteristics in which the researcher is interested. The population of the study was determined based on random sampling system. This data collection was conducted from March 07, 2015 to December 10, 2016, from selected manufacturing industries found in Addis Ababa city and around. The manufacturing companies were selected based on their employee number, established year, and the potential accidents prevailing and the manufacturing industry type even though all criterions were difficult to satisfy.
It was obtained from the original source of information. The primary data were more reliable and have more confidence level of decision-making with the trusted analysis having direct intact with occurrence of the events. The primary data sources are industries’ working environment (through observation, pictures, and photograph) and industry employees (management and bottom workers) (interview, questionnaires and discussions).
Desk review has been conducted to collect data from various secondary sources. This includes reports and project documents at each manufacturing sectors (more on medium and large level). Secondary data sources have been obtained from literatures regarding OSH, and the remaining data were from the companies’ manuals, reports, and some management documents which were included under the desk review. Reputable journals, books, different articles, periodicals, proceedings, magazines, newsletters, newspapers, websites, and other sources were considered on the manufacturing industrial sectors. The data also obtained from the existing working documents, manuals, procedures, reports, statistical data, policies, regulations, and standards were taken into account for the review.
In general, for this research study, the desk review has been completed to this end, and it had been polished and modified upon manuals and documents obtained from the selected companies.
The study population consisted of manufacturing industries’ employees in Addis Ababa city and around as there are more representative manufacturing industrial clusters found. To select representative manufacturing industrial sector population, the types of the industries expected were more potential to accidents based on random and purposive sampling considered. The population of data was from textile, leather, metal, chemicals, and food manufacturing industries. A total of 189 sample sizes of industries responded to the questionnaire survey from the priority areas of the government. Random sample sizes and disproportionate methods were used, and 80 from wood, metal, and iron works; 30 from food, beverage, and tobacco products; 50 from leather, textile, and garments; 20 from chemical and chemical products; and 9 from other remaining 9 clusters of manufacturing industries responded.
A simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to select the representative manufacturing industries and respondents for the study. The simple random sampling ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance for the selection or the chance of getting a response which can be more than equal to the chance depending on the data analysis justification. Sample size determination procedure was used to get optimum and reasonable information. In this study, both probability (simple random sampling) and nonprobability (convenience, quota, purposive, and judgmental) sampling methods were used as the nature of the industries are varied. This is because of the characteristics of data sources which permitted the researchers to follow the multi-methods. This helps the analysis to triangulate the data obtained and increase the reliability of the research outcome and its decision. The companies’ establishment time and its engagement in operation, the number of employees and the proportion it has, the owner types (government and private), type of manufacturing industry/production, types of resource used at work, and the location it is found in the city and around were some of the criteria for the selections.
The determination of the sample size was adopted from Daniel [5] and Cochran [6] formula. The formula used was for unknown population size Eq. (1) and is given as
where n = sample size, Z = statistic for a level of confidence, P = expected prevalence or proportion (in proportion of one; if 50%, P = 0.5), and d = precision (in proportion of one; if 6%, d = 0.06). Z statistic (Z): for the level of confidence of 95%, which is conventional, Z value is 1.96. In this study, investigators present their results with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
The expected sample number was 267 at the marginal error of 6% for 95% confidence interval of manufacturing industries. However, the collected data indicated that only 189 populations were used for the analysis after rejecting some data having more missing values in the responses from the industries. Hence, the actual data collection resulted in 71% response rate. The 267 population were assumed to be satisfactory and representative for the data analysis.
The sample size for the experimental exposure measurements of physical work environment has been considered based on the physical data prepared for questionnaires and respondents. The response of positive were considered for exposure measurement factors to be considered for the physical environment health and disease causing such as noise intensity, light intensity, pressure/stress, vibration, temperature/coldness, or hotness and dust particles on 20 workplace sites. The selection method was using random sampling in line with purposive method. The measurement of the exposure factors was done in collaboration with Addis Ababa city Administration and Oromia Bureau of Labour and Social Affair (AACBOLSA). Some measuring instruments were obtained from the Addis Ababa city and Oromia Bureau of Labour and Social Affair.
Data collection methods were focused on the followings basic techniques. These included secondary and primary data collections focusing on both qualitative and quantitative data as defined in the previous section. The data collection mechanisms are devised and prepared with their proper procedures.
Primary data sources are qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative sources are field observation, interview, and informal discussions, while that of quantitative data sources are survey questionnaires and interview questions. The next sections elaborate how the data were obtained from the primary sources.
Observation is an important aspect of science. Observation is tightly connected to data collection, and there are different sources for this: documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, and participant observations. Observational research findings are considered strong in validity because the researcher is able to collect a depth of information about a particular behavior. In this dissertation, the researchers used observation method as one tool for collecting information and data before questionnaire design and after the start of research too. The researcher made more than 20 specific observations of manufacturing industries in the study areas. During the observations, it found a deeper understanding of the working environment and the different sections in the production system and OSH practices.
Interview is a loosely structured qualitative in-depth interview with people who are considered to be particularly knowledgeable about the topic of interest. The semi-structured interview is usually conducted in a face-to-face setting which permits the researcher to seek new insights, ask questions, and assess phenomena in different perspectives. It let the researcher to know the in-depth of the present working environment influential factors and consequences. It has provided opportunities for refining data collection efforts and examining specialized systems or processes. It was used when the researcher faces written records or published document limitation or wanted to triangulate the data obtained from other primary and secondary data sources.
This dissertation is also conducted with a qualitative approach and conducting interviews. The advantage of using interviews as a method is that it allows respondents to raise issues that the interviewer may not have expected. All interviews with employees, management, and technicians were conducted by the corresponding researcher, on a face-to-face basis at workplace. All interviews were recorded and transcribed.
The main tool for gaining primary information in practical research is questionnaires, due to the fact that the researcher can decide on the sample and the types of questions to be asked [2].
In this dissertation, each respondent is requested to reply to an identical list of questions mixed so that biasness was prevented. Initially the questionnaire design was coded and mixed up from specific topic based on uniform structures. Consequently, the questionnaire produced valuable data which was required to achieve the dissertation objectives.
The questionnaires developed were based on a five-item Likert scale. Responses were given to each statement using a five-point Likert-type scale, for which 1 = “strongly disagree” to 5 = “strongly agree.” The responses were summed up to produce a score for the measures.
The data was also obtained from the expert’s opinion related to the comparison of the knowledge, management, collaboration, and technology utilization including their sub-factors. The data obtained in this way was used for prioritization and decision-making of OSH, improving factor priority. The prioritization of the factors was using Saaty scales (1–9) and then converting to Fuzzy set values obtained from previous researches using triangular fuzzy set [7].
The researcher has measured the workplace environment for dust, vibration, heat, pressure, light, and noise to know how much is the level of each variable. The primary data sources planned and an actual coverage has been compared as shown in Table 1.
Planned versus actual coverage of the survey.
The response rate for the proposed data source was good, and the pilot test also proved the reliability of questionnaires. Interview/discussion resulted in 87% of responses among the respondents; the survey questionnaire response rate obtained was 71%, and the field observation response rate was 90% for the whole data analysis process. Hence, the data organization quality level has not been compromised.
This response rate is considered to be representative of studies of organizations. As the study agrees on the response rate to be 30%, it is considered acceptable [8]. Saunders et al. [2] argued that the questionnaire with a scale response of 20% response rate is acceptable. Low response rate should not discourage the researchers, because a great deal of published research work also achieves low response rate. Hence, the response rate of this study is acceptable and very good for the purpose of meeting the study objectives.
The pretest for questionnaires, interviews, and tools were conducted to validate that the tool content is valid or not in the sense of the respondents’ understanding. Hence, content validity (in which the questions are answered to the target without excluding important points), internal validity (in which the questions raised answer the outcomes of researchers’ target), and external validity (in which the result can generalize to all the population from the survey sample population) were reflected. It has been proved with this pilot test prior to the start of the basic data collections. Following feedback process, a few minor changes were made to the originally designed data collect tools. The pilot test made for the questionnaire test was on 10 sample sizes selected randomly from the target sectors and experts.
The secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone other than the user. This data source gives insights of the research area of the current state-of-the-art method. It also makes some sort of research gap that needs to be filled by the researcher. This secondary data sources could be internal and external data sources of information that may cover a wide range of areas.
Literature/desk review and industry documents and reports: To achieve the dissertation’s objectives, the researcher has conducted excessive document review and reports of the companies in both online and offline modes. From a methodological point of view, literature reviews can be comprehended as content analysis, where quantitative and qualitative aspects are mixed to assess structural (descriptive) as well as content criteria.
A literature search was conducted using the database sources like MEDLINE; Emerald; Taylor and Francis publications; EMBASE (medical literature); PsycINFO (psychological literature); Sociological Abstracts (sociological literature); accident prevention journals; US Statistics of Labor, European Safety and Health database; ABI Inform; Business Source Premier (business/management literature); EconLit (economic literature); Social Service Abstracts (social work and social service literature); and other related materials. The search strategy was focused on articles or reports that measure one or more of the dimensions within the research OSH model framework. This search strategy was based on a framework and measurement filter strategy developed by the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) group. Based on screening, unrelated articles to the research model and objectives were excluded. Prior to screening, researcher (principal investigator) reviewed a sample of more than 2000 articles, websites, reports, and guidelines to determine whether they should be included for further review or reject. Discrepancies were thoroughly identified and resolved before the review of the main group of more than 300 articles commenced. After excluding the articles based on the title, keywords, and abstract, the remaining articles were reviewed in detail, and the information was extracted on the instrument that was used to assess the dimension of research interest. A complete list of items was then collated within each research targets or objectives and reviewed to identify any missing elements.
Data analysis method follows the procedures listed under the following sections. The data analysis part answered the basic questions raised in the problem statement. The detailed analysis of the developed and developing countries’ experiences on OSH regarding manufacturing industries was analyzed, discussed, compared and contrasted, and synthesized.
Quantitative data were obtained from primary and secondary data discussed above in this chapter. This data analysis was based on their data type using Excel, SPSS 20.0, Office Word format, and other tools. This data analysis focuses on numerical/quantitative data analysis.
Before analysis, data coding of responses and analysis were made. In order to analyze the data obtained easily, the data were coded to SPSS 20.0 software as the data obtained from questionnaires. This task involved identifying, classifying, and assigning a numeric or character symbol to data, which was done in only one way pre-coded [9, 10]. In this study, all of the responses were pre-coded. They were taken from the list of responses, a number of corresponding to a particular selection was given. This process was applied to every earlier question that needed this treatment. Upon completion, the data were then entered to a statistical analysis software package, SPSS version 20.0 on Windows 10 for the next steps.
Under the data analysis, exploration of data has been made with descriptive statistics and graphical analysis. The analysis included exploring the relationship between variables and comparing groups how they affect each other. This has been done using cross tabulation/chi square, correlation, and factor analysis and using nonparametric statistic.
Qualitative data analysis used for triangulation of the quantitative data analysis. The interview, observation, and report records were used to support the findings. The analysis has been incorporated with the quantitative discussion results in the data analysis parts.
The data were entered using SPSS 20.0 on Windows 10 and analyzed. The analysis supported with SPSS software much contributed to the finding. It had contributed to the data validation and correctness of the SPSS results. The software analyzed and compared the results of different variables used in the research questionnaires. Excel is also used to draw the pictures and calculate some analytical solutions.
The reliability of measurements specifies the amount to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument [8]. In reliability analysis, it has been checked for the stability and consistency of the data. In the case of reliability analysis, the researcher checked the accuracy and precision of the procedure of measurement. Reliability has numerous definitions and approaches, but in several environments, the concept comes to be consistent [8]. The measurement fulfills the requirements of reliability when it produces consistent results during data analysis procedure. The reliability is determined through Cranach’s alpha as shown in Table 2.
Internal consistency and reliability test of questionnaires items.
K stands for knowledge; M, management; T, technology; C, collaboration; P, policy, standards, and regulation; H, hazards and accident conditions; PPE, personal protective equipment.
Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, i.e., how closely related a set of items are as a group [11]. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. The reliability of internal consistency most of the time is measured based on the Cronbach’s alpha value. Reliability coefficient of 0.70 and above is considered “acceptable” in most research situations [12]. In this study, reliability analysis for internal consistency of Likert-scale measurement after deleting 13 items was found similar; the reliability coefficients were found for 76 items were 0.964 and for the individual groupings made shown in Table 2. It was also found internally consistent using the Cronbach’s alpha test. Table 2 shows the internal consistency of the seven major instruments in which their reliability falls in the acceptable range for this research.
Face validity used as defined by Babbie [13] is an indicator that makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variables, and it is the subjective judgment that the instrument measures what it intends to measure in terms of relevance [14]. Thus, the researcher ensured, in this study, when developing the instruments that uncertainties were eliminated by using appropriate words and concepts in order to enhance clarity and general suitability [14]. Furthermore, the researcher submitted the instruments to the research supervisor and the joint supervisor who are both occupational health experts, to ensure validity of the measuring instruments and determine whether the instruments could be considered valid on face value.
In this study, the researcher was guided by reviewed literature related to compliance with the occupational health and safety conditions and data collection methods before he could develop the measuring instruments. In addition, the pretest study that was conducted prior to the main study assisted the researcher to avoid uncertainties of the contents in the data collection measuring instruments. A thorough inspection of the measuring instruments by the statistician and the researcher’s supervisor and joint experts, to ensure that all concepts pertaining to the study were included, ensured that the instruments were enriched.
Insight has been given to the data collectors on how to approach companies, and many of the questionnaires were distributed through MSc students at Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) and manufacturing industries’ experience experts. This made the data quality reliable as it has been continually discussed with them. Pretesting for questionnaire was done on 10 workers to assure the quality of the data and for improvement of data collection tools. Supervision during data collection was done to understand how the data collectors are handling the questionnaire, and each filled questionnaires was checked for its completeness, accuracy, clarity, and consistency on a daily basis either face-to-face or by phone/email. The data expected in poor quality were rejected out of the acting during the screening time. Among planned 267 questionnaires, 189 were responded back. Finally, it was analyzed by the principal investigator.
The data were collected from the company representative with the knowledge of OSH. Articles written in English and Amharic were included in this study. Database information obtained in relation to articles and those who have OSH area such as interventions method, method of accident identification, impact of occupational accidents, types of occupational injuries/disease, and impact of occupational accidents, and disease on productivity and costs of company and have used at least one form of feedback mechanism. No specific time period was chosen in order to access all available published papers. The questionnaire statements which are similar in the questionnaire have been rejected from the data analysis.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University. Official letters were written from the School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering to the respective manufacturing industries. The purpose of the study was explained to the study subjects. The study subjects were told that the information they provided was kept confidential and that their identities would not be revealed in association with the information they provided. Informed consent was secured from each participant. For bad working environment assessment findings, feedback will be given to all manufacturing industries involved in the study. There is a plan to give a copy of the result to the respective study manufacturing industries’ and ministries’ offices. The respondents’ privacy and their responses were not individually analyzed and included in the report.
The result of this study will be presented to the Addis Ababa University, AAiT, School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. It will also be communicated to the Ethiopian manufacturing industries, Ministry of Labor and Social Affair, Ministry of Industry, and Ministry of Health from where the data was collected. The result will also be availed by publication and online presentation in Google Scholars. To this end, about five articles were published and disseminated to the whole world.
The research methodology and design indicated overall process of the flow of the research for the given study. The data sources and data collection methods were used. The overall research strategies and framework are indicated in this research process from problem formulation to problem validation including all the parameters. It has laid some foundation and how research methodology is devised and framed for researchers. This means, it helps researchers to consider it as one of the samples and models for the research data collection and process from the beginning of the problem statement to the research finding. Especially, this research flow helps new researchers to the research environment and methodology in particular.
There is no “conflict of interest.”
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5238},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10409},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15805}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118373},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d0b747909f95bd54d009ed0838c38f84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"479",title:"Bioorganic Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry",parent:{title:"Analytical Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:86,numberOfWosCitations:94,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitations:99,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8637",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d61b693f14e24d81342f6c36fc5ba32",slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6621",title:"Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Life Sciences Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f56a7cec216143862d31daab30431b44",slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Oana-Maria Boldura and Cornel Baltă",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"641",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7572edde10624ccd785aa13aa74d9fe",slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Kurt Varmuza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/641.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87198",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Varmuza",slug:"kurt-varmuza",fullName:"Kurt Varmuza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33607",doi:"10.5772/31896",title:"Analysis of Chemical Processes, Determination of the Reaction Mechanism and Fitting of Equilibrium and Rate Constants",slug:"analysis-of-chemical-processes-determination-of-the-reaction-mechanism-and-fitting-of-equilibrium-an",totalDownloads:3198,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",fullTitle:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications"},signatures:"Marcel Maeder and Peter King",authors:[{id:"89226",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Maeder",slug:"marcel-maeder",fullName:"Marcel Maeder"},{id:"153800",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"King",slug:"peter-king",fullName:"Peter King"}]},{id:"33614",doi:"10.5772/34148",title:"Chemometrics in Food Technology",slug:"chemometrics-in-food-technology",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",fullTitle:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications"},signatures:"Riccardo Guidetti, Roberto Beghi and Valentina Giovenzana",authors:[{id:"98921",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Guidetti",slug:"riccardo-guidetti",fullName:"Riccardo Guidetti"},{id:"101841",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Beghi",slug:"roberto-beghi",fullName:"Roberto Beghi"},{id:"127538",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Giovenzana",slug:"valentina-giovenzana",fullName:"Valentina Giovenzana"}]},{id:"33609",doi:"10.5772/33265",title:"Experimental Optimization and Response Surfaces",slug:"experimental-optimization-and-response-surfaces",totalDownloads:11830,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",fullTitle:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications"},signatures:"Veli-Matti Tapani Taavitsainen",authors:[{id:"94676",title:"Dr.",name:"Veli-Matti",middleName:null,surname:"Taavitsainen",slug:"veli-matti-taavitsainen",fullName:"Veli-Matti Taavitsainen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63893",title:"Quantitative and Qualitative LC-High-Resolution MS: The Technological and Biological Reasons for a Shift of Paradigm",slug:"quantitative-and-qualitative-lc-high-resolution-ms-the-technological-and-biological-reasons-for-a-sh",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Bertrand Rochat",authors:[{id:"268132",title:"Dr.",name:"Bertrand",middleName:null,surname:"Rochat",slug:"bertrand-rochat",fullName:"Bertrand Rochat"}]},{id:"66038",title:"Aptamers for Diagnostics with Applications for Infectious Diseases",slug:"aptamers-for-diagnostics-with-applications-for-infectious-diseases",totalDownloads:997,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Muslum Ilgu, Rezzan Fazlioglu, Meric Ozturk, Yasemin Ozsurekci\nand Marit Nilsen-Hamilton",authors:[{id:"272293",title:"Dr.",name:"Muslum",middleName:null,surname:"Ilgu",slug:"muslum-ilgu",fullName:"Muslum Ilgu"},{id:"272326",title:"Prof.",name:"Marit",middleName:null,surname:"Nilsen-Hamilton",slug:"marit-nilsen-hamilton",fullName:"Marit Nilsen-Hamilton"},{id:"290213",title:"Mr.",name:"Meric",middleName:null,surname:"Ozturk",slug:"meric-ozturk",fullName:"Meric Ozturk"},{id:"290214",title:"Ms.",name:"Rezzan",middleName:null,surname:"Fazlioglu",slug:"rezzan-fazlioglu",fullName:"Rezzan Fazlioglu"},{id:"290215",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozsurekci",slug:"yasemin-ozsurekci",fullName:"Yasemin Ozsurekci"}]},{id:"60438",title:"Peculiarities of SDS-PAGE of Titin/Connectin",slug:"peculiarities-of-sds-page-of-titin-connectin",totalDownloads:509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",title:"Electrophoresis",fullTitle:"Electrophoresis - Life Sciences Practical Applications"},signatures:"Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev and Zoya A. Podlubnaya",authors:[{id:"243028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Vikhlyantsev",slug:"ivan-vikhlyantsev",fullName:"Ivan Vikhlyantsev"},{id:"243031",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoya",middleName:null,surname:"Podlubnaya",slug:"zoya-podlubnaya",fullName:"Zoya Podlubnaya"}]},{id:"66021",title:"Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation: A Review",slug:"bioanalytical-method-development-and-validation-a-review",totalDownloads:1519,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Mahesh Mukund Deshpande, Veena Sanjay Kasture, Mahalaxmi Mohan\nand Macchindra J. Chavan",authors:[{id:"270956",title:"Mr.",name:"Mahesh",middleName:null,surname:"Deshpande",slug:"mahesh-deshpande",fullName:"Mahesh Deshpande"},{id:"271075",title:"Dr.",name:"Veena",middleName:null,surname:"Kasture",slug:"veena-kasture",fullName:"Veena Kasture"},{id:"271076",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahalaxmi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"mahalaxmi-mohan",fullName:"Mahalaxmi Mohan"},{id:"271077",title:"Dr.",name:"Machhindra",middleName:null,surname:"Chavan",slug:"machhindra-chavan",fullName:"Machhindra Chavan"}]},{id:"61001",title:"Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme Electrophoretic Pattern in Serum and Tissues of Mammalian and Bird Origin",slug:"lactate-dehydrogenase-isoenzyme-electrophoretic-pattern-in-serum-and-tissues-of-mammalian-and-bird-o",totalDownloads:792,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",title:"Electrophoresis",fullTitle:"Electrophoresis - Life Sciences Practical Applications"},signatures:"Dagmar Heinová, Zuzana Kostecká and Eva Petrovová",authors:[{id:"174872",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Petrovova",slug:"eva-petrovova",fullName:"Eva Petrovova"},{id:"216044",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuzana",middleName:null,surname:"Kostecká",slug:"zuzana-kostecka",fullName:"Zuzana Kostecká"},{id:"237340",title:"Prof.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Heinová",slug:"dagmar-heinova",fullName:"Dagmar Heinová"}]},{id:"65007",title:"Characterization of Whole and Fragmented Wild-Type Porcine IgG",slug:"characterization-of-whole-and-fragmented-wild-type-porcine-igg",totalDownloads:577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Claudia Nelson, Raymond Bacala, Baylie Gigolyk, Evelyn Ang, Haley Neustaeter,\nEmy Komatsu, Oleg Krokhin, Dave Hatcher and Hélène Perreault",authors:[{id:"271050",title:"Prof.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Perreault",slug:"helene-perreault",fullName:"Hélène Perreault"},{id:"283187",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Nelson",slug:"claudia-nelson",fullName:"Claudia Nelson"},{id:"283190",title:"Mr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Bacala",slug:"raymond-bacala",fullName:"Raymond Bacala"},{id:"283191",title:"Ms.",name:"Baylie",middleName:null,surname:"Gigolyk",slug:"baylie-gigolyk",fullName:"Baylie Gigolyk"},{id:"283192",title:"Ms.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Ang",slug:"evelyn-ang",fullName:"Evelyn Ang"},{id:"283193",title:"Ms.",name:"Haley",middleName:null,surname:"Neustaeter",slug:"haley-neustaeter",fullName:"Haley Neustaeter"},{id:"283195",title:"MSc.",name:"Emy",middleName:null,surname:"Komatsu",slug:"emy-komatsu",fullName:"Emy Komatsu"},{id:"283196",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Krokhin",slug:"oleg-krokhin",fullName:"Oleg Krokhin"},{id:"283200",title:"Dr.",name:"Dave",middleName:null,surname:"Hatcher",slug:"dave-hatcher",fullName:"Dave Hatcher"}]},{id:"60460",title:"Improving Tribological Behavior of Porous Anodic Film by Electrophoretic Impregnation by a Tio2 Synthesized Nanoparticle",slug:"improving-tribological-behavior-of-porous-anodic-film-by-electrophoretic-impregnation-by-a-tio2-synt",totalDownloads:503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",title:"Electrophoresis",fullTitle:"Electrophoresis - Life Sciences Practical Applications"},signatures:"Koubaa Anouar and Bargui Mansour",authors:[{id:"239347",title:"Mr.",name:"Anouar",middleName:null,surname:"Koubaa",slug:"anouar-koubaa",fullName:"Anouar Koubaa"},{id:"239360",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",middleName:null,surname:"Bargui",slug:"mansour-bargui",fullName:"Mansour Bargui"}]},{id:"33615",title:"Metabolomics and Chemometrics as Tools for Chemo(bio)diversity Analysis - Maize Landraces and Propolis",slug:"metabolomics-and-chemometrics-as-tools-for-chemo-bio-diversity-analysis-maize-landraces-and-propolis",totalDownloads:3007,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",fullTitle:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications"},signatures:"Marcelo Maraschin, Shirley Kuhnen, Priscilla M.M. Lemos, Simone Kobe de Oliveira, Diego A. da Silva, Maíra M. Tomazzoli, Ana Carolina V. Souza, Rúbia Mara Pinto, Virgílio G. Uarrota, Ivanir Cella, Antônio G. Ferreira, Amélia R.S. Zeggio, Maria B.R. Veleirinho, Ivone Delgadillo and Flavia A. Vieira",authors:[{id:"92013",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Maraschin",slug:"marcelo-maraschin",fullName:"Marcelo Maraschin"}]},{id:"65177",title:"Modern Extraction and Cleanup Methods of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Samples of Animal Origin",slug:"modern-extraction-and-cleanup-methods-of-veterinary-drug-residues-in-food-samples-of-animal-origin",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Babra Moyo and Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa",authors:[{id:"282181",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikita",middleName:null,surname:"Tavengwa",slug:"nikita-tavengwa",fullName:"Nikita Tavengwa"},{id:"282292",title:"Ms.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"barbara-moyo",fullName:"Barbara Moyo"}]},{id:"59738",title:"Spontaneous Unexplained Preterm Labor with Intact Membrane: Finding Protein Biomarkers through Placenta Proteome",slug:"spontaneous-unexplained-preterm-labor-with-intact-membrane-finding-protein-biomarkers-through-placen",totalDownloads:568,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",title:"Electrophoresis",fullTitle:"Electrophoresis - Life Sciences Practical Applications"},signatures:"Niu J. Tan, Leona D.J. Daim, Amilia A.M. Jamil, Norhafizah\nMohtarrudin and Karuppiah Thilakavathy",authors:[{id:"195911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Thilakavathy",middleName:null,surname:"Karuppiah",slug:"thilakavathy-karuppiah",fullName:"Thilakavathy Karuppiah"},{id:"232571",title:"MSc.",name:"Tan",middleName:null,surname:"Niu Jin",slug:"tan-niu-jin",fullName:"Tan Niu Jin"},{id:"232577",title:"Dr.",name:"Amilia Afzan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Jamil",slug:"amilia-afzan-mohd-jamil",fullName:"Amilia Afzan Mohd Jamil"},{id:"232580",title:"Dr.",name:"Norhafizah",middleName:null,surname:"Mohtarrudin",slug:"norhafizah-mohtarrudin",fullName:"Norhafizah Mohtarrudin"},{id:"232582",title:"Dr.",name:"Leona Daniela Jeffery",middleName:null,surname:"Daim",slug:"leona-daniela-jeffery-daim",fullName:"Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102796/leonardo-rodrigues",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102796",slug:"leonardo-rodrigues"},fullPath:"/profiles/102796/leonardo-rodrigues",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()