\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Tarach, Andrzej Nowakowski, Maria Klatka, Elżbieta Czekajska-Chehab, Andrzej Drop, Beata Chrapko and Janusz Klatka",authors:[{id:"115905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Sagan",fullName:"Dariusz Sagan",slug:"dariusz-sagan"},{id:"118241",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Tarach",fullName:"Jerzy Tarach",slug:"jerzy-tarach"},{id:"118251",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Nowakowski",fullName:"Andrzej Nowakowski",slug:"andrzej-nowakowski"},{id:"118259",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Klatka",fullName:"Maria Klatka",slug:"maria-klatka"},{id:"118260",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Drop",fullName:"Andrzej Drop",slug:"andrzej-drop"},{id:"118264",title:"Prof.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Klatka",fullName:"Janusz Klatka",slug:"janusz-klatka"},{id:"119841",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Czekajska-Chehab",fullName:"Elzbieta Czekajska-Chehab",slug:"elzbieta-czekajska-chehab"},{id:"119843",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Chrapko",fullName:"Beata Chrapko",slug:"beata-chrapko"}]},{id:"28651",title:"Pulmonary Transplantation and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury",slug:"pulmonary-transplantation-and-ischemia-reperfusion-injury",signatures:"Ashish K. 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Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78974",title:"Dermatoscopic Features of Basal Cell Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100390",slug:"dermatoscopic-features-of-basal-cell-carcinoma",body:'Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), most frequently observed in fair-skinned individuals. BCCs originate from the pluripotent cells of the bulge region of the hair shaft and the interfollicular epidermis. Even though BCCs rarely metastasize, they are locally invasive and destructive, and thus if not treated on time, present a therapeutic challenge. There are five main clinicopathologic types of BCC, specifically, superficial, nodular, pigmented, morpheaform, and fibroepithelial (also familiar as fibroepithelioma of Pinkus) [1].
Regarding epidemiology, the incidence of BCC correlates well with geographic location, with the southern hemisphere and regions closer to the equator having higher incidence. The average amount of annual exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has insignificant correlation with the incidence of BCCs. Additionally, fair skin phototypes and increasing age are also well correlated with the incidence of BCC [1, 2]. The median age for acquiring BCC is 68. However, the development of BCC is mostly related to skin color, with white populations being particularly prone to the development of BCC. Moreover, men have a higher risk for acquiring BCC than women, although the rise in BCC among younger women has been noted lately. According to the American Cancer Society, currently, the incidence of BCCs is on the rise by more than 10% per year in the United States. Similar increases in incidence have been observed worldwide over the last two decades [3, 4].
The risk factors for developing BCC are environmental exposures, phenotypic characteristics, genetic traits, and immunosuppression. UVR is the most significant risk factor, particularly intermittent intense episodes of UV exposure and sunburns early in life [4, 5]. Among phenotypic traits, fair skin pigmentation, light hair and eye color, and poor tanning ability are the most common risk factors for BCC [5]. Furthermore, indoor tanning usage, chronic immunosuppression, and to a certain degree long-term photochemotherapy (PUVA) as well as ionizing radiation influence the risk for BCC development [6, 7, 8]. Additionally, chronic immunosuppression may increase the risk for BCC [9]. Some inherited diseases such as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome, Rombo syndrome, and oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) carry a great risk for developing BCC at an early age [10, 11]. Specific gene polymorphisms in regions responsible for pigmentary traits, such as melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), the human homolog of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), and tyrosinase (TYR), are additionally associated with an increased risk for BCC [12].
Pathogenetically, UVR induces mutations in several tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes that consequently lead to BCC formation [13, 14]. Mutations in genes causing hyperactivation of the hedgehog (HH) protein family pathway, including PTCH1 receptor, SMO signal transducer, and GLI transcription factors, are strongly associated with BCC development [15, 16]. Furthermore, the TP53 tumor suppressor gene is also linked to BCC formation. The PTCH1 and TP53 are considered UV signature mutations due to the strong association with UVR-induced mutagenesis [13, 16].
Almost 70% of BCCs arise on the face and 15% on the trunk, while they rarely develop in the genital area [17]. The diagnosis of BCC is based upon clinical examination and dermatoscopy findings and finally confirmed by histopathological analysis. Since dermatoscopic features of BCC strongly assist the clinical diagnosis of BCC, clinicians must be familiar with typical dermatoscopic findings of various subtypes of BCC [17, 18, 19].
The most significant vascular dermatoscopic feature is arborizing vessels. More than three decades ago, arborizing vessels were described as the main feature of BCC, with high diagnostic accuracy and predictive value of over 90% [21]. However, arborizing vessels are not limited to BCC but to any fast-growing lesions such as cysts and tumors, including benign skin tumors.
Various attempts to categorize dermatoscopic features for particular BCC subtypes have been described. Most of the studies focus on the vascular pattern in different forms of BCC. As mentioned before, besides the role in diagnosing BCC, dermatoscopy is of great value in management strategy, evaluation of response to non-ablative therapies, and margin detection before surgical excision. Regarding the management strategy of treatment, the first step is to distinguish between superficial and non-superficial BCC as it determines further management decision, with non-surgical treatments considered the first-line option for sBCC, while surgical excision being the standard for nodular BCC (nBCC) and Mohs micrographic surgery representing optimal choice for more invasive infiltrative forms of BCC [22, 23]. Superficial BCC is characterized by an optimal response to non-ablative therapies, such as imiquimod and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The authors Urech et al. reveal that dermatoscopic findings of erosions or ulcerations strongly predict a favorable response to imiquimod [24]. The pigment-related structures can act as a competitive light-absorbing factor, significantly reducing the response rate of the tumor to PDT. This observation leads to the exclusion of PDT as a treatment option in the presence of pigmented features [25]. In monitoring the outcome of non-ablative therapeutic modalities, dermatoscopic disappearance of pigmented structures, ulceration, and arborizing telangiectasias are indicators of complete tumor clearance.
Further monitoring is recommended to recognize early post-treatment reappearance of BCC-specific structures. However, the detection of white or red structureless areas and superficial fine telangiectasia does not provide explicit information on the possible presence of residual disease since these features might also appear as a result of treatment-induced skin atrophy [26].
In the non-superficial BCC, dermatoscopy is used in presurgical excision margins marking since it can detect a sub-clinical tumor expansion by revealing disease-related features in peripheral areas of clinically healthy skin.
Nodular BCC clinically manifests as a flesh-colored papule or nodule with a smooth surface typically located in the face region (Figure 1A–C). This subtype of BCCs is the most common and comprises approximately 60–80% of all cases of BCCs [1, 22, 27]. NBCCs usually have a pearly appearance and visible arborizing telangiectasias, while their border is raised compared to the central part of the lesion. This elevated rolled border is one of the critical clues to diagnosis. Additional clinical feature of nodular BCC is ulceration, hence the terms “rodent ulcer” or “phagedenic ulcer” for describing the ulcerating forms of nBCC. In contrast to sBCC, which often emerges on the trunk, nBCCs usually arise in the head and neck area, especially on the cheeks, nose, nasolabial folds, forehead, and eyelids, although they may develop in any hair-bearing area of the skin [1, 2, 22, 28]. The clinical differential diagnosis of non-ulcerated nBCC lesions includes adnexal neoplasms, fibrous papules, intradermal melanocytic nevi, amelanotic melanoma, sarcoidosis, cutaneous tuberculosis, and foreign body granulomas. Regarding ulcerating nBCC, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and keratoacanthomas are potential differential diagnoses [29].
(A) Left: nodular BCC clinically presented as a pink-colored nodule with a smooth surface. Right: dermatoscopy revealed small arborizing vessels (black arrows), blue-gray globules (circle), and scale due to ulceration (red arrow). (B) Left: nodular BCC may clinically manifest as a growing pink nodule. Right: the hallmark of nodular BCC is arborizing vessels. Be careful, vessels like this may blanch out if you press down hard on the lesion. (C) Left: skin-colored papule on the nose of the patient. Right: arborizing vessels identifiable as larger bright red stem vessels that branch into thinner branches (arrows) and gray-brown ovoid nests (square) are the most distinguishable features of nodular BCC.
NBCC is considered low-risk BCC; hence, standard surgical excision with 4-mm clinical margins with postoperative margin evaluation or electrodessication and curettage (EDC) are the two available treatment options according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). EDC is an alternative therapeutic modality for patients who may not tolerate surgery or prefer this non-surgical treatment option [23].
Dermatoscopy findings of nBCC include arborizing vessels, large blue-gray ovoid nests, multiple blue-gray dots/globules, and ulcerations (Figure 1A–C). Among the latter, classical arborizing vessels are the most distinguishable feature of nodular BCC (Figure 1A–C), easily identifiable as larger bright red stem vessels that branch into thinner branches [28]. Arborizing vessels correspond to dilated tumor vessels in the superficial dermis. Although the pigmentation features are the hallmark of pigmented BCC, they may be present in nodular BCC as well. The most common pigmentation feature of non-sBCC is blue-gray ovoid nests (Figure 1A and C). Blue-gray ovoid nests are pigmented structures that histopathologically represent pigmented tumor nests invading the dermis. It is worth noting that nBCCs generally appear more pigmented in contrast to sBCCs. In nBCCs, blue-gray pigmentation usually arises in the center of the lesion, whereas maple leaf-like areas, spoke-wheel areas, and concentric structures are closer to the peripheral part of the lesion [30]. Ulcerations are structureless, red to black-red areas in parts of epidermal loss (Figure 1A). In some cases, nBCC can even present with shiny white areas and rainbow patterns that occur when the polarized light illuminates vascular structures of the tumor. Further dermatoscopic findings of nBCC include milia-like cysts and multiple aggregated yellow-white globules [31].
Histopathology of nBCC consists of large, round islands of basaloid keratinocytes that extend from the epidermis to the dermis. The nuclei form palisades at the periphery of the lesions, in addition to a lack of central nuclear organization. In some larger tumor islands, necrosis leads to the development of cystic spaces. As a result of ulceration, an adjacent inflammatory infiltrate develops. Additionally, mucin pools may form in cystic or nodulocystic BCCs [32, 33].
In conclusion, the most specific dermatoscopic features of nodular BCC are arborizing vessels together with ulcerations, while some nodular BCCs additionally present with pigmented structures such as blue-gray ovoid nests. The surgery remains the cornerstone of the therapy of nBCC.
The superficial basal cell carcinoma clinically presents as well-circumscribed slightly scaly, shiny, red- to pink-colored non-firm macule, patch, or thin plaque (Figure 2A and B). The diameter of the tumor can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Additionally, the pigmented forms of sBCC may have a variable degree of spotty brown to black pigmentation (Figure 2C and D). Larger sBCC may also exhibit atrophic areas of hypopigmentation [1]. The central part of sBCC often appears atrophic in contrast to the pearly elevated border. The sBCC is locally destructive as it grows gradually and horizontally over time, reaching several centimeters in diameter if not treated. Induration, ulceration, and nodule all rarely appear as a result of the deeper invasion [2].
(A) Left: superficial BCC clinically presented as well-circumscribed red- to pink-colored patch. Right: superficial BCC with short fine telangiectasias (arrows), small brown-gray dots (circles), and white-red structureless areas. (B) Left: well-circumscribed slight scaly, pink-colored macule. Right: arborizing vessels with ramification (black arrows) and multiple yellowish structureless areas representing small ulcerations covered with crust (red arrows). (C) Left: clinical presentation of superficial pigmented BCC. Right: the more experienced dermatoscopist will recognize the leaf-like structures (red circles) and concentric structures (white circles), structures corresponding to dermo-epidermal pigmentation. (D) Left: BCC exhibiting the various amounts of pigment and scale. Right: the dermatoscopic features of superficial BCC are maple leaf-like areas (red circles) and shiny white, red structureless areas (stars) throughout the lesion. In contrast, blue-gray ovoid nests (square) point to the diagnosis of an infiltrative variant of BCC.
SBCC is the second most common subtype of BCC developing in approximately 15% of all BCCs. The predilection sites for sBCCs are the trunk and extremities. Often multiple sBCC may occur in one individual [22]. It is important to distinguish sBCC from other BCCs because of the different treatment strategies available for this entity. Currently, depending on the individual clinical presentation, standard surgical excision with postoperative margin evaluation or electrodessication and curettage (EDC) are the treatments of choice for low-risk sBCC, while topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5% imiquimod are second-line treatment modalities [23, 34]. The differential diagnosis for sBCC includes actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and solitary lichenoid keratosis, in addition to inflammatory diseases such as nummular eczema, psoriasis, and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Regarding histopathology, sBCC is marked by foci of palisading basaloid cells connecting in a net-like pattern and extending to the papillary dermis [18, 29].
The diagnosis of sBCC is based upon typical clinical features together with dermatoscopic findings and histopathological analysis. Dermatoscopy facilitates the differentiation of sBCC from other BCCs. The main dermatoscopic features of superficial BCC are maple-leaf-like areas, short fine superficial telangiectasias, shiny white-red structureless areas, concentric structures, spoke-wheel areas, and multiple small erosions [29, 35]. However, among the latter, the most positive predictive patterns of sBCC are multiple small erosions and maple leaf-like areas together with short fine superficial telangiectasias (Figure 2A and B). Under dermatoscopy, short fine telangiectasias appear as fine vascular structures with length up to 1 mm, and only a few branches or commonly, no branching at all [35].
Recently dotted vessels have been described in sBCC located on lower extremities. As the dotted vessels are also a feature of Bowen disease, other features such as white shiny blotches/strands and superficial fine telangiectasia (SFT) should be considered when diagnosing sBCC in this anatomical region [36].
Furthermore, maple-leaf-like areas can be visualized as brown or gray/blue bulbous, leaf-like projections that never arise from the pigmented network or nearby confluent pigmented areas (Figure 2C and D). Histopathologically, they correspond to pigmented tumor islands that interconnect with lobular extensions. Multiple small erosions are frequently seen in sBCC and they appear as small brown-red to yellow crusts (Figure 2B) covering the areas of epidermal loss [30, 37].
Another finding in sBCC is spoke-wheel areas that resemble radial arrays that join at the darker center. They are consistent with tumor nests arising and connecting to the epidermis with finger-like projections and centrally located pigment. The areas of diffuse dermal and tumor fibrosis appear as opaque white to red-colored areas under dermatoscopy, and these are called white-red structureless areas, also familiar as milky-pink areas [38, 39, 40]. In addition, short white streaks also correspond to dermal fibrosis and are more commonly seen in sBCCs. Recently, a new dermatoscopic feature of sBCC named negative maple leaf-like areas (NMLLA) has been described. NMLLA are round non-pigmented well-defined bulbous projections similar to maple leaf-like areas on the white-colored background. These areas represent non-pigmented tumor nests at the dermo-epidermal junction and are usually associated with sBCC in the trunk region [41].
Furthermore, loosely arranged, well-defined focused fine brown-to-gray dots can also represent an unspecific feature of sBCC. They correlate with pigment deposition at the dermo-epidermal junction or melanophages in the papillary dermis [42].
Finally, negative predictive patterns of sBCC are ulceration, blue-gray ovoid nests, and arborizing vessels. These findings are suggestive of non-sBCCs subtypes. Among the listed criteria, blue-gray ovoid nests strongly support the diagnosis of infiltrative non-sBCC, which is especially relevant in differentiating clinically flat pigmented lesions. The blue-gray color results from pigment deposition deeper in the dermis, whereas brown pigment corresponds to melanin accumulation at the dermo-epidermal junction [39].
Some authors also suggest clinical subdivision of sBCC to patch, patch-to-plaque, and plaque forms, as more palpable forms of BCC often exhibit dermatoscopic features of nodular BCC (nBCC) [43]. Another helpful finding, highly suggestive of sBCC is multiple small erosions in clinically flat lesions [44].
In brief, pigmented sBCC is defined by patterns corresponding to dermo-epidermal pigmentation, particularly maple leaf-like areas, spoke-wheel, and concentric structures, with the absence of blue-gray ovoid nests, arborizing vessels and ulceration [30]. By adhering to the latter, the diagnosis of sBCC can be made with the sensitivity of 81.9% and specificity of 81.8%. On the contrary, non-pigmented sBCC demonstrates superficial short fine telangiectasia, multiple small erosions, and translucent-to-opaque shiny white-red structureless areas. Dermatoscopy is a reliable method for distinguishing sBCC from other BCCs, and neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. Adding current dermatoscopy algorithms to clinical practice is of crucial importance for making the correct prebiopsy diagnosis [29, 35].
Pigmented BCC is a variant of basal cell carcinoma that histologically exhibits increased melanin pigmentation. It is clinically presented as a nodular pigmented lesion or pigmented macule (Figure 3A–E). However, around 30% of BCCs that are clinically classified as non-pigmented reveal pigmented features under dermatoscopy; thus, the pigment-related structures may be found in all BCC subtypes, both superficially and non-superficially [30, 45]. Based on histopathology correlation, features representing pigment at the dermo-epidermal junction, such as maple-leaf-like areas, spoke-wheel areas, concentric structures, and focus dots, are in brown and appear more frequently in the superficial and infiltrating variant of BCC (Figure 3B and D). In contrast, features representing pigment in deeper layers of the dermis such as blue-gray ovoid nests and blue-gray globules are in blue or gray, and they are characteristic of the nodular subtype of BCC [37, 39, 45]. Multiple blue-gray globules are defined as numerous, loosely arranged round to oval, well-circumscribed structures similar but smaller than the ovoid nest (Figure 3A, C, and E). They histopathologically correlate with small tumor nests in the papillary or/and reticular dermis. On the other hand, large blue/gray ovoid nests are well-circumscribed, confluent, or near-confluent pigmented or elongated areas, more prominent than globules and not intimately connected to a pigmented tumor body (Figure 3A, C, and E). Regarding pathophysiology, they correspond to large tumor nests with pigment aggregates invading the dermis. Blue-gray blotches together with arborizing vessels represent pathognomonic findings of pigmented basal cell carcinoma. In-focus dot terms describe loosely arranged, well-defined small brown-gray dots, which appear sharply in focus. They correspond to small tumor aggregates in the superficial dermis or at the dermo-epidermal junction, although they may also represent free pigment deposits or melanophages at the junction. Maple leaf-like areas are translucent brown-to-gray/blue peripheral bulbous extensions, mainly localized on the lesion’s periphery that never arises from a pigmented network or adjacent confluent pigmented areas (Figure 3B). Histologically, they represent pigmented nests at the dermo-epidermal junction and in the superficial papillary dermis. Spoke-wheel areas are well-circumscribed radial projections, usually tan but sometimes blue or gray, meeting at an often darker (dark brown, black, or blue) central axis. They are a rare dermatoscopic feature, highly specific for BCC. Occasionally radial projections are not clearly defined, and they appear as globular structures with a darker center. In such cases, we call them concentric structures [37, 39, 45]. Heavily pigmented BCCs may show dermatoscopic features associated with melanocytic lesions, such as brown globules, a blue-white veil and peppering. It is not always possible to distinguish melanoma from BCC with dermatoscopy; therefore in that clinical setting, the correct management decision is more relevant than the diagnosis (Figure 3E).
(A) Left: BCC clinically presented as firm pigmented papule. Right: pigmented basal cell carcinoma with arborizing vessels (arrows) and blue-gray ovoid nests (squares). (B) Left: clinical presentation of pigmented BCC. Right: this pigmented BCC shows the so-called maple leaf-like features (red circles). (C) Left: nodular pigmented BCC clinically presented as firm pigmented papule. Right: the heavily pigmented BCC with large blue-gray blotches (squares), blue-gray ovoid nests, and globules (circle) and arborizing vessels at the periphery of the lesion (arrow). (D) Left: clinical examination revealed small pigmented papule. Right: dermatoscopic picture of classic BCC with spoken wheel structures at the periphery (white circles) and fine arborizing telangiectasia (black arrows) in the middle of the lesion. (E) Left: unusual localization of BCC at labia major. Right: atypical presentation of nodular pigmented BCC with large blue-gray areas, ulceration covered by crust (red arrow), and milia-like cysts (triangles). This nodular BCC is hardly distinguishable from nodular melanoma.
Infiltrative BCC is an aggressive and recurrent BCC variant that constitutes 5–10% of the BCCs. It is a histologic variant characterized by invasive growth patterns with clinically indistinct borders. This subtype of BCC is more aggressive and requires wider surgical margins or Mohs surgery, in contrast to non-infiltrative variants such as nodular or superficial BCC, which are commonly treated with standard surgical excision. The most common dermatoscopy features that point to infiltrating growth of BCC are arborizing vessels, fine telangiectasia, shiny white structureless areas, ulceration, and whitish background. Vessels found in the infiltrative variant of BCC are more delicate and more scattered, with fewer branches than nodular subtypes. A pigmented subtype of infiltrative BCC can exhibit blue-gray ovoid nests or multiple blue-gray in-focus dots [28, 37]. The novel dermatoscopic feature linked to the infiltrative form of BCC is called a circumferential stellate pattern. It is defined as a geometric star-shaped pattern extending outward from the circumferential peripheral edge of the tumor and identified by white lines, vessels, or uneven skin surface morphology [46].
Morpheaform BCC is an uncommon variant of BCC in which tumor cells induce proliferation of fibroblasts within the dermis and an increased collagen deposition with sclerosis that clinically resembles a scar. The histologic extent often exceeds the clinical impression, leading to high recurrence rates after standard excision. Morheaform BCC displays dermatoscopic features at a later stage of development than other subtypes of BCCs [47]. Approximately 75% of tumors show a structureless hypopigmented porcelain area. Arborizing vessels are expected in morpheaform BCC, and they tend to have less evident branching. This subtype of BCC is rarely pigmented, but when they are, dermoscopy shows blue-gray ovoid nests [36]. If pink-white areas and fine arborizing vessels are seen in high-risk zones such as the nose, cheek, and periauricular area, clinician should consider a diagnosis of sclerodermiforme BCC.
Another uncommon variant of BCC is fibroepithelial BCC. Fibroepithelial BCC, also known as Pinkus tumor, clinically appears as erythematous, flesh-colored dome-shaped papule or plaque. Differential diagnoses include benign skin lesions such as dermal nevus, fibroma, seborrheic keratosis, and even malignant tumors such as amelanotic melanoma [48]. Dermatoscopy patterns seen in fibroepithelioma of Pinkus are fine arborizing vessels that have less evident ramification and are smaller in caliber in contrast to telangiectasia seen in other forms of BCC accompanied by white streaks under polarized dermatoscopy that are called crystalline structures similar to those in other forms of BCC. Pigmented variants show brown-gray structureless areas and blue-gray dots. Other common but unspecific findings are milia-like cysts and ulceration [48, 49].
Basosquamous carcinoma (BsC) is a controversial entity and has both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. BsC combines histopathologic and dermoscopic characteristics of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) [1]. Like SCC, BsC is more locally invasive and aggressive, and metastasizes more often than other forms of BCC. Dermatoscopy features comprise both features of BCC and SCC. Therefore, besides arborizing vessels, ulceration, and blood crust that are standard features of BCC, BsC is characterized by keratin masses, surface scaling, and white structureless areas, and dermoscopic features are mainly seen in SCC [27].
The nevoid BCC that typically develops in Gorlin-Goltz patients together with palmar pits may show blue-gray dots, globules, or nests and arborizing vessels at the periphery.
Micronodular basal cell carcinoma is a histopathological term that applies to BCCs in which smaller aggregations of basaloid cells infiltrate the dermis. They have destructive behavior, with subclinical spread and high rates of recurrence. Only a few studies have specifically analyzed dermatoscopic features of micronodular BCCs. The main features were truncated vessels and multiple blue-gray globules [42].
BCCs with a linear appearance are sporadic, sometimes seen in association with different histological subtypes. The most frequently affected sites are the periorbital area and the neck. The linear subtype of BCC may show any dermatoscopic features associated with BCC in general.
Generally observing, classic arborizing vessels are typically found in a nodular variant of BCC, while short fine telangiectasia points forward the superficial form of BCC. Structures associated with pigment could be roughly divided into two categories based on melanin deposition. All dermatoscopic subtypes of BCC can exhibit various amounts of pigment. Maple leaf-like areas, spoke-wheel areas, concentric structures, and in-focus dots indicate the presence of melanin at the dermo-epidermal junction and are a feature of superficial BCC. On the other hand, large blue-gray ovoid nests and multiple blue-gray dots and globules correspond to melanin at the dermal level. They are the characteristic of a non-superficial variant of BCC. Spoke-wheel areas are a rare dermatoscopic feature, but they are highly particular for BCC. Ulceration represents a loss of epidermis and portion of the dermis and is primarily seen in nodular lesions. Ulcerated areas are frequently covered with coagulated blood or crust, sometimes making it difficult for further dermatoscopic review. Multiple small erosions are the characteristic of a superficial variant of BCC, and they are smaller than ulcerations and clinically observed as a yellowish crust.
Diagnosis of BCC is not established on a single dermatoscopy feature, but rather on the coexistence of several dermatoscopic features together with clinical presentation. Histopathology essentially yields the final and decisive diagnosis. Besides a prominent position in diagnosis, dermatoscopy holds an essential role in managing BCC, significantly improving the treatment and post-treatment outcome assessment, possessing a beneficial role during all the stages of BCC management.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. 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Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27589,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. 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Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",abstract:"This chapter examines the impact of board elements on CSR spending by private commercial banks in an emerging economy, considering Bangladesh as a case. In doing so, we collected necessary data from the annual reports of 30 commercial banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, covering the period 2007–2020. In addition, we reviewed the patterns of CSR spending by commercial banks to understand the CSR universe in Bangladesh. We adopted the OLS model with two-way clustering to measure the effects of board elements on CSR spending. Our results confirm that factors, such as independent directors and board size, have a significant and positive relationship with CSR expenditures, while board gender deters the same. Also, board meetings do not have any significant connection with CSR spending. For control variables, factors, such as firm size and leverage, tend to promote the CSR spending of commercial banks, while profitability has no such relationship. As for the sectoral distribution of CSR funds, we found that although the absolute amount of CSR expenditures by banks has increased substantially over the years, they are primarily limited to health, education, natural disasters, and humanitarian activities. These findings are expected to have significant policy implications.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra"},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",abstract:"Today, green human resource management (GHRM) has become a key business strategy where HRM plays an active role in the ongoing green movement. Thus, the topic of GHRM is of growing interest among management scholars. However, despite the theoretically important role of GHRM, relatively small number of research has been discovered so far about how GHRM, in companies striving to achieve environmental sustainability, could help them gain a green competitive advantage (GCA). Thus, based on the resource-based view (RBV) arguments, the main objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual model of the relationship between GHRM and green competitive advantage through green knowledge, green values, and green commitment. This model is expected to provide a strategic map that could be utilized by the practitioners and managers so that GHRM implementation can be more effective in contributing to green competitive advantage. Overall, the present article extends knowledge on the resource-based view by contributing to the literature on GHRM and its interactions with the main assets that lead to green competitive advantage.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli"},{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",abstract:"Project-based learning and future-based pedagogy are important and effective tools for teaching and learning in the twenty-first century. They are especially suited to instilling social activism among students, which is extremely valuable in today’s multicultural society. This study examined the impact of such learning among Arab and Jewish students and teachers in Israel. Following a collaborative program on social activism, in which students from different sectors worked together via digital platforms and face-to-face encounters, the impact of the program and its pedagogical tools were examined. The program, called Living in a Multicultural Society, reflects the mosaic of different people and communities, living side by side yet separated by religion, culture, and language. Through this program, students who may not have otherwise met worked together to learn, research, and create. This study was conducted using the mixed-method approach, whereby the qualitative data were gathered via interviews, and the quantitative data were collected through questionnaires. The findings show that this project-based learning program led to significant encounters, understandings, and co-operations between different sectors, and to meaningful end-products relating to social activism. This study enhances the concept that significant pedagogical processes increase students’ motivation, in-depth learning, and outcomes.",book:{id:"11481",title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg"},signatures:"Anat Raviv"},{id:"81785",title:"Social Distancing Disbanding Learner Groupings: A Case on Language Development",slug:"social-distancing-disbanding-learner-groupings-a-case-on-language-development",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104893",abstract:"Information sharing is a fundamental aspect in learning an unfamiliar, yet, an additional language, with specific regards to reading comprehension. Language teachers are faced with a task to monitor development, performance, and effectiveness in learner reading proficiencies. This chapter aims to measure if disbanding learner groupings as per the social distancing protocols brought about by COVID-19 restrictions has any impact on language enhancement. Henceforth, there are limited suggestions by literature in relation to disbanding learner groupings, yet improved reading proficiency is one of the crucial language aspects to be mastered for one to be a successful scholar. Nonetheless, this chapter aims to provide teaching strategies applied by English language teachers to necessitate transmitted learning in accordance with information sharing as learners are dependent on one another for language enhancement, thus leading to academic achievement.",book:{id:"10912",title:"Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10912.jpg"},signatures:"Bulelwa Makena and Thandiswa Mpiti"},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",abstract:"The chapter presents an overview of management models starting with self-assessment (ISO 9004) and continuing with the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model. Stakeholders’ analysis and their needs and expectations diagnostic are the baseline for building sustainable businesses. Sustainability and excellence are connected, and particular details of these approaches’ implementation are presented. Partnership development appears a key principle in the EFQM model. Based on companies’ strategies analysis, a simplified model may be proposed in order to support business survival in changing environments. Some guidelines to allow assessment of excellence fundamentals implementation are given. Based on experience and without seeing as exhaustive, a summary sheet of possible approaches and deployments is given. This may be used as a practical tool to connect actions implemented in organizations with the excellence model enablers, so as to facilitate assessment to explore the performance maturity level. The same sequence of Plan-Do-Check-Act relates approaches stated by ISO 26000 and sustainability initiatives. Embedding excellence and sustainability into business strategic objectives allows the management to define the framework for competitive continuous improvement.",book:{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg"},signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai"},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",abstract:"Blockchain technology is a public ledger that stores data in a chain of blocks which can radically improve the quality of our records from “records that might be trustworthy” to “records that trust is absolute”. This chapter explores one area that blockchain technology can radically transform but has not yet received significant attention. We evaluate the suitability of applying blockchain technology for corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. We demonstrate that blockchain technology is suitable in the context of CSR reporting since there is a strong need for an immutable common database shared among various stakeholders with potential trust issues. We also argue that blockchain technology does not completely eliminate existing trusted third parties such as governments, international organizations that provide CSR reporting standards, major CSR reporting assurance companies and major CSR infomediaries. In particular, blockchain technology can be used as a platform that integrates all traditional trusted third parties, transforms their functions, and reduces their drawbacks for advancing CSR reporting. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. 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\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
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