Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1310",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Topics in Cancer Survivorship",title:"Topics in Cancer Survivorship",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cancer is now the leading cause of death in the world. In the U.S., one in two men and one in three women will be diagnosed with a non-skin cancer in their lifetime. Cancer patients are living longer than ever before. For instance, when detected early, the five-year survival for breast cancer is 98%, and it is about 84% in patients with regional disease. However, the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is very distressing. Cancer patients frequently suffer from pain, disfigurement, depression, fatigue, physical dysfunctions, frequent visits to doctors and hospitals, multiple tests and procedures with the possibility of treatment complications, and the financial impact of the diagnosis on their life. This book presents a number of ways that can help cancer patients to look, feel and become healthier, take care of specific symptoms such as hair loss, arm swelling, and shortness of breath, and improve their intimacy, sexuality, and fertility.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-894-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6754-9",doi:"10.5772/1779",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"topics-in-cancer-survivorship",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"6ea3485c7d116f29327e36b78c5e9e6f",bookSignature:"Ravinder Mohan",publishedDate:"January 27th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1310.jpg",numberOfDownloads:33410,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"58197",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"ravinder-mohan",fullName:"Ravinder Mohan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58197/images/3669_n.jpg",biography:"Ravinder Mohan, MD, PhD teaches and practices family medicine in Virginia and also works as a hospitalist physician. He became interested in research on health-related quality of life in Belgium, where he followed clinical outcomes in heart surgery patients. He later used similar methods in Virginia, to evaluate the quality of life of patients who had knee arthritis, and subsequently of patients before and after treatment of localized prostate cancer. \nDr. Mohan’s research has been published in over 35 high-impact factor peer-reviewed journals and he has also contributed to chapters in five books.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1075",title:"Breast Oncology",slug:"breast-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"26732",title:"Living With and Beyond Cancer: New Challenges",doi:"10.5772/24959",slug:"living-with-and-beyond-cancer-new-challenges",totalDownloads:1441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Neel Bhuva, Sonia P. Li and Jane Maher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26732",authors:[{id:"60606",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",surname:"Maher",slug:"jane-maher",fullName:"Jane Maher"},{id:"95825",title:"Dr.",name:"Neel",surname:"Bhuva",slug:"neel-bhuva",fullName:"Neel Bhuva"},{id:"95826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia P",surname:"Li",slug:"sonia-p-li",fullName:"Sonia P Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"26733",title:"Body Image and Cancer",doi:"10.5772/22201",slug:"body-image-and-cancer",totalDownloads:3026,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hanne Konradsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26733",authors:[{id:"46762",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanne",surname:"Konradsen",slug:"hanne-konradsen",fullName:"Hanne Konradsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"26734",title:"Changes in Body Image in Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer",doi:"10.5772/24628",slug:"changes-in-body-image-in-women-with-early-stage-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Brenda L. Den Oudsten, Alida F.W. Van der Steeg, Jan A. Roukema and Jolanda De Vries",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26734",authors:[{id:"58604",title:"Dr.",name:"Brenda",surname:"Den Oudsten",slug:"brenda-den-oudsten",fullName:"Brenda Den Oudsten"},{id:"58606",title:"Dr.",name:"Alida",surname:"Van Der Steeg",slug:"alida-van-der-steeg",fullName:"Alida Van Der Steeg"},{id:"58607",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Anne",surname:"Roukema",slug:"jan-anne-roukema",fullName:"Jan Anne Roukema"},{id:"58608",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolanda",surname:"De Vries",slug:"jolanda-de-vries",fullName:"Jolanda De Vries"}],corrections:null},{id:"26735",title:"Surgical Prevention of Arm Lymphedema in Breast Cancer Treatment",doi:"10.5772/25163",slug:"surgical-prevention-of-arm-lymphedema-in-breast-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Corradino Campisi, Corrado C. Campisi and Francesco Boccardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26735",authors:[{id:"62319",title:"Prof.",name:"Corradino",surname:"Campisi",slug:"corradino-campisi",fullName:"Corradino Campisi"},{id:"113221",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Boccardo",slug:"francesco-boccardo",fullName:"Francesco Boccardo"}],corrections:null},{id:"26736",title:"Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/24861",slug:"chemotherapy-induced-alopecia",totalDownloads:2587,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Sudjit Luanpitpong and Yon Rojanasakul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26736",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26736",authors:[{id:"52705",title:"Prof.",name:"Yon",surname:"Rojanasakul",slug:"yon-rojanasakul",fullName:"Yon Rojanasakul"},{id:"60008",title:"BSc.",name:"Sudjit",surname:"Luanpitpong",slug:"sudjit-luanpitpong",fullName:"Sudjit Luanpitpong"}],corrections:null},{id:"26737",title:"Sexuality and Intimacy in the Context of Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25063",slug:"sexuality-and-intimacy-in-the-context-of-cancer",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"J. M. Ussher, J. Perz, E. Gilbert, Y. Hawkins and W. K. T. Wong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26737",authors:[{id:"61526",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",surname:"Ussher",slug:"jane-ussher",fullName:"Jane Ussher"},{id:"61527",title:"Dr.",name:"Janette",surname:"Perz",slug:"janette-perz",fullName:"Janette Perz"},{id:"61528",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilee",surname:"Gilbert",slug:"emilee-gilbert",fullName:"Emilee Gilbert"},{id:"61529",title:"Dr.",name:"W.K.",surname:"Wong",slug:"w.k.-wong",fullName:"W.K. Wong"},{id:"98712",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasmin",surname:"Hawkins",slug:"yasmin-hawkins",fullName:"Yasmin Hawkins"}],corrections:null},{id:"26738",title:"Cancer-Associated Immune Deficiency: A Form of Accelerated Immunosenescence?",doi:"10.5772/24367",slug:"cancer-associated-immune-deficiency-a-form-of-accelerated-immunosenescence-",totalDownloads:1787,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Chia-Ming Chang, Chien-Liang Wu and Yen-Ta Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26738",authors:[{id:"56930",title:"Dr.",name:"Yen-Ta",surname:"Lu",slug:"yen-ta-lu",fullName:"Yen-Ta Lu"},{id:"57589",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia-Ming",surname:"Chang",slug:"chia-ming-chang",fullName:"Chia-Ming Chang"},{id:"96197",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Liang",surname:"Wu",slug:"chien-liang-wu",fullName:"Chien-Liang Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"26739",title:"Physical Activity and Cancer: It is Never Too Late to Get Moving!",doi:"10.5772/24510",slug:"physical-activity-and-cancer-it-s-never-too-late-to-get-moving-",totalDownloads:1127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Duclos Martine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26739",authors:[{id:"57846",title:"Prof.",name:"Martine",surname:"Duclos",slug:"martine-duclos",fullName:"Martine Duclos"}],corrections:null},{id:"26740",title:"The Role of Exercise in Cancer Survivorship",doi:"10.5772/23625",slug:"the-role-of-exercise-in-cancer-survivorship",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Karen Y. Wonders",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26740",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26740",authors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}],corrections:null},{id:"26741",title:"Nutritional Supplements for Cancer-Associated",doi:"10.5772/23713",slug:"lipid-replacement-therapy-for-restoring-mitochondrial-function-reducing-cancer-associated-fatigue-an",totalDownloads:1423,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Garth L. Nicolson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26741",authors:[{id:"53324",title:"Prof.",name:"Garth",surname:"Nicolson",slug:"garth-nicolson",fullName:"Garth Nicolson"}],corrections:null},{id:"26742",title:"The Relationships Between Stress Reduction Induced by Bedside Mindfulness Program and Mental Health Status",doi:"10.5772/24471",slug:"looking-for-evidence-for-efficacy-of-mindfulness-on-mood",totalDownloads:1837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ando Michiyo, Kira Haruko and Ito Sayoko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26742",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26742",authors:[{id:"57596",title:"Prof.",name:"Michiyo",surname:"Ando",slug:"michiyo-ando",fullName:"Michiyo Ando"},{id:"59415",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sayoko",surname:"Ito",slug:"sayoko-ito",fullName:"Sayoko Ito"},{id:"99009",title:"MSc.",name:"Haruko",surname:"Kira",slug:"haruko-kira",fullName:"Haruko Kira"}],corrections:null},{id:"26743",title:"Rehabilitation in Cancer Survivors: Interaction Between Lifestyle and Physical Activity",doi:"10.5772/24896",slug:"rehabilitation-in-cancer-survivors-interaction-between-lifestyle-and-physical-activity",totalDownloads:1036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Raoul Saggini and Menotti Calvani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26743",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26743",authors:[{id:"60231",title:"Prof.",name:"Raoul",surname:"Saggini",slug:"raoul-saggini",fullName:"Raoul Saggini"}],corrections:null},{id:"26744",title:"Fertility Preservation for Pre-Pubertal Girls and Young Female Cancer Patients",doi:"10.5772/24932",slug:"fertility-preservation-of-pre-pubertal-girls-and-young-female-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"R. Gerritse, L. Bastings, C.C.M. Beerendonk, J.R. Westphal, D.D.M. Braat and R. Peek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26744",authors:[{id:"60485",title:"Dr.",name:"Renne",surname:"Gerritse",slug:"renne-gerritse",fullName:"Renne Gerritse"},{id:"60534",title:"Dr.",name:"Catharina",surname:"Beerendonk",slug:"catharina-beerendonk",fullName:"Catharina Beerendonk"},{id:"60535",title:"MSc",name:"Lobke",surname:"Bastings",slug:"lobke-bastings",fullName:"Lobke Bastings"},{id:"60536",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",surname:"Westphal",slug:"johan-westphal",fullName:"Johan Westphal"},{id:"60537",title:"Prof.",name:"Didi",surname:"Braat",slug:"didi-braat",fullName:"Didi Braat"},{id:"60538",title:"Dr",name:"Ron",surname:"Peek",slug:"ron-peek",fullName:"Ron Peek"}],corrections:null},{id:"26745",title:"Human Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation as Fertility Reserve",doi:"10.5772/22644",slug:"human-ovarian-tissue-cryopreservation-as-fertility-reserve",totalDownloads:1690,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Elena Albani, Graziella Bracone, Sonia Di Biccari, Domenico Vitobello, Nicola Fattizzi and Paolo Emanuele Levi-Setti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26745",authors:[{id:"48540",title:"BSc",name:"Elena",surname:"Albani",slug:"elena-albani",fullName:"Elena Albani"},{id:"59958",title:"MSc",name:"Graziella",surname:"Bracone",slug:"graziella-bracone",fullName:"Graziella Bracone"},{id:"59959",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Di Biccari",slug:"sonia-di-biccari",fullName:"Sonia Di Biccari"},{id:"59960",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo Emanuele",surname:"Levi-Setti",slug:"paolo-emanuele-levi-setti",fullName:"Paolo Emanuele Levi-Setti"},{id:"95579",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",surname:"Vitobello",slug:"domenico-vitobello",fullName:"Domenico Vitobello"},{id:"95582",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Fattizzi",slug:"nicola-fattizzi",fullName:"Nicola Fattizzi"}],corrections:null},{id:"26746",title:"Lung Cancer in Elderly",doi:"10.5772/20364",slug:"approach-to-lung-cancer-in-the-elderly-population",totalDownloads:1819,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Anne Dagnault and Jean Archambault",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26746",authors:[{id:"38590",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Dagnault",slug:"anne-dagnault",fullName:"Anne Dagnault"},{id:"50486",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Archambault",slug:"jean-archambault",fullName:"Jean Archambault"}],corrections:null},{id:"26747",title:"Prediction of Postoperative Lung Function",doi:"10.5772/23628",slug:"prediction-of-postoperative-lung-function",totalDownloads:5110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Seung Hun Jang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26747",authors:[{id:"52875",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung Hun",surname:"Jang",slug:"seung-hun-jang",fullName:"Seung Hun Jang"}],corrections:null},{id:"26748",title:"Patients’ Survival Expectations Before Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment by Treatment Status",doi:"10.5772/39067",slug:"patients-survival-expectations-before-localized-prostate-cancer-treatment-by-treatment-status",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ravinder Mohan, Hind Beydoun, Myra L. Barnes-Ely, LaShonda Lee, John W. Davis, Raymond Lance and Paul Schellhammer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26748",authors:[{id:"58197",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",surname:"Mohan",slug:"ravinder-mohan",fullName:"Ravinder Mohan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1312",title:"Advances in Cancer Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc1cad15f23e313cd067e7e7b4511005",slug:"advances-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Ravinder Mohan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1312.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58197",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",surname:"Mohan",slug:"ravinder-mohan",fullName:"Ravinder Mohan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5231",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"Leading-edge Diagnostic Procedures and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99ab241dee1141397af0cc73d25cb2f1",slug:"prostate-cancer-leading-edge-diagnostic-procedures-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Ravinder Mohan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5231.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58197",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",surname:"Mohan",slug:"ravinder-mohan",fullName:"Ravinder Mohan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"329",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:"Carcinogenesis, Cell Growth and Signalling Pathways",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf7902b7672e9142e56de2289bcaa5a",slug:"breast-cancer-carcinogenesis-cell-growth-and-signalling-pathways",bookSignature:"Mehmet Gunduz and Esra Gunduz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46056",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Gunduz",slug:"mehmet-gunduz",fullName:"Mehmet Gunduz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1278",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:"Focusing Tumor Microenvironment, Stem cells and Metastasis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd2df7c338f309db645c7c183571f6a8",slug:"breast-cancer-focusing-tumor-microenvironment-stem-cells-and-metastasis",bookSignature:"Mehmet Gunduz and Esra Gunduz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46056",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Gunduz",slug:"mehmet-gunduz",fullName:"Mehmet Gunduz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1277",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:"Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c0bc3b171254b2a3f7d52bee5c559aa",slug:"breast-cancer-current-and-alternative-therapeutic-modalities",bookSignature:"Esra Gunduz and Mehmet Gunduz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61074",title:"Prof.",name:"Esra",surname:"Gunduz",slug:"esra-gunduz",fullName:"Esra Gunduz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2883",title:"Oncogene and Cancer",subtitle:"From Bench to Clinic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba08b50f799acf44d8d2f0f0c6c2e768",slug:"oncogene-and-cancer-from-bench-to-clinic",bookSignature:"Yahwardiah Siregar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137622",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahwardiah",surname:"Siregar",slug:"yahwardiah-siregar",fullName:"Yahwardiah Siregar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1276",title:"Targeting New Pathways and Cell Death in Breast Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1541edf35e439e637938657d6ac482b",slug:"targeting-new-pathways-and-cell-death-in-breast-cancer",bookSignature:"Rebecca L. Aft",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45492",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",surname:"Aft",slug:"rebecca-aft",fullName:"Rebecca Aft"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1279",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb213b69670bbf5c4c6ab643bb13c4d4",slug:"breast-cancer-recent-advances-in-biology-imaging-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Susan J. Done",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1279.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51859",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",surname:"Done",slug:"susan-done",fullName:"Susan Done"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5431",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:"From Biology to Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d90527637742a2483c1d96d5a5f7cc02",slug:"breast-cancer-from-biology-to-medicine",bookSignature:"Phuc Van Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5431.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28799",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Phuc Van",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuc-van-pham",fullName:"Phuc Van Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4549",title:"A Concise Review of Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"defcba71c9acb69a0f9c99264c4856c5",slug:"a-concise-review-of-molecular-pathology-of-breast-cancer",bookSignature:"Mehmet Gunduz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4549.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38384",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Gunduz",slug:"mehmet-gunduz",fullName:"Mehmet Gunduz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65669",slug:"corrigendum-to-aedes-what-do-we-know-about-them-and-what-can-they-transmit",title:"Corrigendum to: Aedes: What Do We Know about Them and What Can They Transmit?",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65669.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65669",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65669",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65669",chapter:{id:"63773",slug:"aedes-what-do-we-know-about-them-and-what-can-they-transmit-",signatures:"Biswadeep Das, Sayam Ghosal and Swabhiman Mohanty",dateSubmitted:"May 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 7th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8122",title:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",slug:"vectors-and-vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Sara Savić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8122.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"63773",slug:"aedes-what-do-we-know-about-them-and-what-can-they-transmit-",signatures:"Biswadeep Das, Sayam Ghosal and Swabhiman Mohanty",dateSubmitted:"May 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 7th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8122",title:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",slug:"vectors-and-vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Sara Savić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8122.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8122",title:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",slug:"vectors-and-vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Sara Savić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8122.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8201",leadTitle:null,title:"Markov Model",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f807c02d8c5d057353e1567316145d6",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8201.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 8th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20141",title:"People, Plants, and Pollinators: The Conservation of Beargrass Ecosystem Diversity in the Western United States",doi:"10.5772/24990",slug:"people-plants-and-pollinators-the-conservation-of-beargrass-ecosystem-diversity-in-the-western-unite",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20141.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20141",totalDownloads:2181,totalViews:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 17th 2010",dateReviewed:"June 13th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20141",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20141",book:{slug:"the-importance-of-biological-interactions-in-the-study-of-biodiversity"},signatures:"Susan Charnley and Susan Hummel",authors:[{id:"60879",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Charnley",fullName:"Susan Charnley",slug:"susan-charnley",email:"scharnley@fs.fed.us",position:null,institution:null},{id:"62102",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Hummel",fullName:"Susan Hummel",slug:"susan-hummel",email:"shummel@fs.fed.us",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1365",title:"The Importance of Biological Interactions in the Study of Biodiversity",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Importance of Biological Interactions in the Study of Biodiversity",slug:"the-importance-of-biological-interactions-in-the-study-of-biodiversity",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Jordi Lopez Pujol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1365.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57105",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",middleName:null,surname:"López-Pujol",slug:"jordi-lopez-pujol",fullName:"Jordi López-Pujol"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20134",title:"Bacterial Biodiversity in Natural Environments",slug:"bacterial-biodiversity-in-natural-environments",totalDownloads:3265,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ricardo C. Guerrero-Ferreira and Michele K. Nishiguchi",authors:[{id:"58070",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiguchi",fullName:"Michele Nishiguchi",slug:"michele-nishiguchi"},{id:"61856",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"C.",surname:"Guerrero-Ferreira",fullName:"Ricardo Guerrero-Ferreira",slug:"ricardo-guerrero-ferreira"}]},{id:"20135",title:"Host-Plant Specialisation and Diurnal Dynamics of the Arthropod Community Within Muhlenbergia robusta (Poaceae)",slug:"host-plant-specialisation-and-diurnal-dynamics-of-the-arthropod-community-within-muhlenbergia-robust",totalDownloads:2030,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Víctor López-Gómez and Zenón Cano-Santana",authors:[{id:"62618",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor",middleName:null,surname:"López-Gómez",fullName:"Víctor López-Gómez",slug:"victor-lopez-gomez"}]},{id:"20136",title:"Global Impact of Mosquito Biodiversity, Human Vector-Borne Diseases and Environmental Change",slug:"global-impact-of-mosquito-biodiversity-human-vector-borne-diseases-and-environmental-change",totalDownloads:3642,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Sylvie Manguin and Christophe Boëte",authors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin"},{id:"98400",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Boëte",fullName:"Christophe Boëte",slug:"christophe-boete"}]},{id:"20137",title:"Exotic Insects in Italy: An Overview on Their Environmental Impact",slug:"exotic-insects-in-italy-an-overview-on-their-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:2686,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Costanza Jucker and Daniela Lupi",authors:[{id:"56386",title:"Dr.",name:"Costanza",middleName:null,surname:"Jucker",fullName:"Costanza Jucker",slug:"costanza-jucker"},{id:"61348",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Lupi",fullName:"Daniela Lupi",slug:"daniela-lupi"}]},{id:"20138",title:"Invasion, Evenness, and Species Diversity in Human-Dominated Ecosystems",slug:"invasion-evenness-and-species-diversity-in-human-dominated-ecosystems",totalDownloads:1969,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Eyal Shochat and Ofer Ovadia",authors:[{id:"57029",title:"Dr.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Shochat",fullName:"Eyal Shochat",slug:"eyal-shochat"},{id:"59605",title:"Dr.",name:"Ofer",middleName:null,surname:"Ovadia",fullName:"Ofer Ovadia",slug:"ofer-ovadia"}]},{id:"20139",title:"Change in Bacterial Diversity After Oil Spill in Argentina",slug:"change-in-bacterial-diversity-after-oil-spill-in-argentina",totalDownloads:2753,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Graciela Pucci, María Cecilia Tiedemann, Adrián Acuña and Oscar Pucci",authors:[{id:"58714",title:"Dr.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Pucci",fullName:"Graciela Pucci",slug:"graciela-pucci"},{id:"60287",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Acuña",fullName:"Adrian Acuña",slug:"adrian-acuna"},{id:"60288",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Pucci",fullName:"Natalia Pucci",slug:"natalia-pucci"},{id:"97556",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Tiedemann",fullName:"Maria Cecilia Tiedemann",slug:"maria-cecilia-tiedemann"}]},{id:"20140",title:"Human Impacts on Marine Biodiversity: Macrobenthos in Bahrain, Arabian Gulf",slug:"human-impacts-on-marine-biodiversity-macrobenthos-in-bahrain-arabian-gulf",totalDownloads:5235,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Humood Naser",authors:[{id:"50322",title:"Dr.",name:"Humood",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",fullName:"Humood Naser",slug:"humood-naser"}]},{id:"20141",title:"People, Plants, and Pollinators: The Conservation of Beargrass Ecosystem Diversity in the Western United States",slug:"people-plants-and-pollinators-the-conservation-of-beargrass-ecosystem-diversity-in-the-western-unite",totalDownloads:2181,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susan Charnley and Susan Hummel",authors:[{id:"60879",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Charnley",fullName:"Susan Charnley",slug:"susan-charnley"},{id:"62102",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Hummel",fullName:"Susan Hummel",slug:"susan-hummel"}]},{id:"20142",title:"Sown Wildflower Strips – A Strategy to Enhance Biodiversity and Amenity in Intensively Used Agricultural Areas",slug:"sown-wildflower-strips-a-strategy-to-enhance-biodiversity-and-amenity-in-intensively-used-agricultur",totalDownloads:2698,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Christine Haaland and Mats Gyllin",authors:[{id:"61640",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Haaland",fullName:"Christine Haaland",slug:"christine-haaland"},{id:"110520",title:"Dr.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Gyllin",fullName:"Mats Gyllin",slug:"mats-gyllin"}]},{id:"20143",title:"Combining Historical and Ecological Knowledge to Optimise Biodiversity Conservation in Semi-Natural Grasslands",slug:"combining-historical-and-ecological-knowledge-to-optimise-biodiversity-conservation-in-semi-natural-",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eva Gustavsson, Anna Dahlström, Marie Emanuelsson, Jörgen Wissman and Tommy Lennartsson",authors:[{id:"58642",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Gustavsson",fullName:"Eva Gustavsson",slug:"eva-gustavsson"},{id:"60608",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Emanuelsson",fullName:"Marie Emanuelsson",slug:"marie-emanuelsson"},{id:"97947",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Dahlström",fullName:"Anna Dahlström",slug:"anna-dahlstrom"},{id:"97948",title:"Dr.",name:"Jörgen",middleName:null,surname:"Wissman",fullName:"Jörgen Wissman",slug:"jorgen-wissman"},{id:"97949",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",middleName:null,surname:"Lennartsson",fullName:"Tommy Lennartsson",slug:"tommy-lennartsson"}]},{id:"20144",title:"Landowners’ Participation Behavior on the Payment for Environmental Service (PES)",slug:"landowners-participation-behavior-on-the-payment-for-environmental-service-pes-",totalDownloads:1595,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wan-Yu Liu",authors:[{id:"56738",title:"Prof.",name:"Wan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Wan-Yu Liu",slug:"wan-yu-liu"}]},{id:"20145",title:"Impact of Charcoal Production on Biodiversity in Togo (West Africa)",slug:"impact-of-charcoal-production-on-biodiversity-in-togo-west-africa-",totalDownloads:3612,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jérémie Kokou Fontodji, Honam Atsri, Kossi Adjonou, Aboudou Raoufou Radji, Adzo Dzifa Kokutse, Yaovi Nuto and Kouami Kokou",authors:[{id:"50015",title:"Prof.",name:"Kokou",middleName:null,surname:"Kouami",fullName:"Kokou Kouami",slug:"kokou-kouami"}]},{id:"20146",title:"Infectious Diseases, Biodiversity and Global Changes: How the Biodiversity Sciences May Help",slug:"infectious-diseases-biodiversity-and-global-changes-how-the-biodiversity-sciences-may-help",totalDownloads:2257,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Serge Morand",authors:[{id:"59258",title:"Dr.",name:"Serge",middleName:null,surname:"Morand",fullName:"Serge Morand",slug:"serge-morand"}]},{id:"20147",title:"Protected Areas: Conservation Cornerstones or Paradoxes? Insights from Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Africa and Southeastern Europe",slug:"protected-areas-conservation-cornerstones-or-paradoxes-insights-from-human-wildlife-conflicts-in-afr",totalDownloads:2236,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Brandon P. Anthony and Alina Szabo",authors:[{id:"50324",title:"Dr.",name:"Brandon",middleName:null,surname:"Anthony",fullName:"Brandon Anthony",slug:"brandon-anthony"},{id:"51191",title:"MSc.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Szabo",fullName:"Alina Szabo",slug:"alina-szabo"}]},{id:"20148",title:"Human Wildlife Conflicts in Southern Africa: Riding the Whirl Wind in Mozambique and in Zimbabwe",slug:"human-wildlife-conflicts-in-southern-africa-riding-the-whirl-wind-in-mozambique-and-in-zimbabwe",totalDownloads:5095,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Sébastien Le Bel, Amon Murwira, Billy Mukamuri, René Czudek, Russell Taylor and Mike La Grange",authors:[{id:"53182",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Le Bel",fullName:"Sébastien Le Bel",slug:"sebastien-le-bel"},{id:"62561",title:"Dr.",name:"Russell",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",fullName:"Russell Taylor",slug:"russell-taylor"},{id:"62562",title:"Dr.",name:"Amon",middleName:null,surname:"Murwira",fullName:"Amon Murwira",slug:"amon-murwira"},{id:"62563",title:"Dr.",name:"Billy",middleName:null,surname:"Mukamuri",fullName:"Billy Mukamuri",slug:"billy-mukamuri"},{id:"62564",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Czudek",fullName:"René Czudek",slug:"rene-czudek"}]},{id:"20149",title:"The Cultural Weight of Nature: The Intra and Inter-Institutional Conflicts About Biodiversity and Ethnicity in Chile and Mexico",slug:"the-cultural-weight-of-nature-the-intra-and-inter-institutional-conflicts-about-biodiversity-and-eth",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. Silva Rivera, B. Contreras-Ruiz Esparza and E. Parraguez-Vergara",authors:[{id:"54329",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Tejeda-Cruz",fullName:"Cesar Tejeda-Cruz",slug:"cesar-tejeda-cruz"},{id:"61805",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras-Esparza",fullName:"Beatriz Contreras-Esparza",slug:"beatriz-contreras-esparza"},{id:"61807",title:"MSc.",name:"Elvis Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Parraguez-Vergara",fullName:"Elvis Antonio Parraguez-Vergara",slug:"elvis-antonio-parraguez-vergara"}]},{id:"20150",title:"Biodiversity and the Human Factor – The Need to Overcome Humankind’s Addiction to Growth",slug:"biodiversity-and-the-human-factor-the-need-to-overcome-humankind-s-addiction-to-growth",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Philip Lawn",authors:[{id:"61022",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Lawn",fullName:"Philip Lawn",slug:"philip-lawn"}]},{id:"20151",title:"Mobilizing Community Capitals to Support Biodiversity",slug:"mobilizing-community-capitals-to-support-biodiversity",totalDownloads:1898,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cornelia Butler Flora",authors:[{id:"54242",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Flora",fullName:"Cornelia Flora",slug:"cornelia-flora"}]},{id:"20152",title:"Biodiversity on Stone Artifacts",slug:"biodiversity-on-stone-artifacts",totalDownloads:3979,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Oana Adriana Cuzman, Piero Tiano, Stefano Ventura and Piero Frediani",authors:[{id:"62424",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Cuzman",fullName:"Oana Adriana Cuzman",slug:"oana-adriana-cuzman"},{id:"62464",title:"Dr.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Tiano",fullName:"Piero Tiano",slug:"piero-tiano"},{id:"62465",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",fullName:"Stefano Ventura",slug:"stefano-ventura"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73183",title:"Disparity in Peri-Urbanisation Process in Lagos, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93530",slug:"disparity-in-peri-urbanisation-process-in-lagos-nigeria",body:'
Peri-urbanisation in Lagos State is spearheaded by many actors often with conflicting interest [1]. The pattern and rate of land conversion from agricultural land use to residential and other land uses at the peripheral does not have corresponding infrastructure. Imbalance in changes in the peri-urban interface of most developing countries poses several challenges to planning and ultimately leads to a distortion in urban policy [2]. Urban transition in Lagos peri-urban interface is traceable to many factors, some of which include socio-demography, linkages to the metropolises, availability of basic services, availability and affordability of housing for the low income migrants and the state government policy on land use.
While the conversion of land at the peripheral of cities can enhance the provision of housing and space for industrial expansion [3], interactions of many forces at the peri-urban interface determine the sustainability. Primarily, the heterogeneous population makes it difficult for an effective community participation in the development of basic services [4, 5]. Urban quality of life is a function of participative planning and, this is greatly influenced by the socio-demography of the migrants which are mostly of the low income group in the periphery [6].
Urban form is a major determining factor in the extent and pattern of expansion. The dispersed nature of peri-urban settlements in most developing countries encourages government’s disparity in infrastructure development. This is a major factor influencing the peri-urbanisation process in developing countries. Lack of urban compactness constitutes an economic burden in terms of providing basic services [7]. Isolated settlements from the urban core suffer from lack of infrastructure due to distance and the financial implications. Ease of commuting also encourages rapid expansion in cities’ periphery [1]. Investigation by Adedire and Iweka [8] shows that effective linkages through different means of transportation are a catalyst in the development of metropolitan fringe. The expansion of settlements is in response to extent of linkages [9].
This study seeks to fill the gap in research on peri-urbanisation process in Lagos periphery. Some research works have been carried out on land use changes, rural-urban linkages and environmental quality in Nigerian peri-urban settlements [1, 10, 11, 12]. But none of these researches had assessed the disparity in the transition trends and the implications on the urban quality of life in Lagos peri-urban. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the causes of disparity in peri-urbanisation process in Lagos, Nigeria.
One of the accompanying negative effects of urbanisation in developing countries is outward expansion of built up area and conversion of agricultural lands into residential and industrial uses [13]. The peri-urban expansion is part of a wider urbanisation process; it is the consequence of urbanisation [14]. Urbanisation in Lagos State, Nigeria has attached to it, peri-urbanisation which is an urban-driven transition in the territory outside the metropolitan regions or urban core [15].
The peri-urbanisation process is mostly in response to growth in population and spatial demand for industrial and economic activities. It is the gradual transformation of rural land to urban as a result of physical and human interactions [16]. The basic distinguishing factors between the rural, peri-urban and urban are population, built up density, infrastructure, administration, boundaries and economies [17]. Spatial morphology of rural-urban region includes the urban core, urban inner area, the suburban area, urban periphery, and rural hinterland [18].
Notable transformations in the peri-urban include socio-demographic, morphological, cultural, economic and functional changes [19]. The urban periphery in most developing countries, allows multi-dimensional development. It accommodates industrial activities due to the limited land area in the city centre and also provides a means of housing for the urban population [20]. In addition, peri-urban settlements also serve as a major provider of housing for urban population in highly populated cities in developing countries [7, 20, 21].
With high population growth rate and continuous rural-urban drift in most developing countries, housing deficit becomes a critical challenge [22]. This creates a seized opportunities in real estate development in creating well planned towns in the peri-urban. Therefore, peri-urban settlements in African nations are emerging with massive investment in housing development and infrastructure development because of the possibility of lower houses price of housing, large living space and a better environment. In addition, location of housing in the peri-urban is enhanced by transport, accessibility to employment and services. This is partially responsible for the growth of peri-urban settlements in Lagos [1, 8].
Drivers of housing expansion in the peri-urban are perceived infrastructural development, improved socio-economic activities and development of the tourism sector [23]. With improvement in transportation and the rising household incomes, which enhances more vehicle ownership, housing development in African peri-urban settlements is also increased [19]. Also the decline in urban environmental quality influences residential development in cities’ periphery of developing countries [6]. Improved transport infrastructure has aided the spread of most peri-urban radially in all directions. Transport and communications are key factors in addition to infrastructure in facilitating and encouraging urban-rural migration regarded as counter urbanisation [10, 24].
In addition, the relocation of economic activity to peri-urban zones of most developing nations gradually leads to pull factors in terms of opportunity to engage in small industry, property investment, and improved urban quality, cheaper land for housing and improved infrastructure. Locational benefits are enabled by closeness to places of work, which is made achievable by improved transportation and the presence of public and private institutions, also commercial ventures [25].
The roles of different actors also inform the type and extent of urban transition in the peri-urban. Notable actors are local farmers, peri-urban residents, entrepreneurs, property developers and government institutions [26]. Entrepreneurs represent the demand side of the land market due to the spatial demand for commercial and industrial activities. The supply and demand of land market is controlled by property developers having greater hold on monetary and political powers, and in return influencing changes in the interface. They fill in the gap created by laxity of government in terms of formal control [26].
To compare and contrast the peri-urbanisation process in Lagos State, Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki are selected as case studies. Ikorodu represents the highly urbanised peri-urban in Lagos in terms of residential development and population growth while Ibeju-Lekki represents the least urbanised peri-urban in Lagos in term of population growth and housing development. Ikorodu is located in the North East of Lagos State along the Lagos lagoon and situated at a distance of approximately 36 km north of Lagos. It occupies a land area of about 345 km2. It is situated at approximately latitude 6°36′ North and longitude 3°30′ East. Ikorodu had an enumerated population of 535,619. The sample frame constitutes the existing buildings in the peri-urban. Ibeju-Lekki local government area is approximately 75 km long and about 20 km wide and has a land area of about 646 km2, which equals one quarter of the total land mass of Lagos State. It is situated at approximately latitude 40°15′ North latitude 40°17′ North and longitude 13,015′ East and 13,020′ East. According to the National Population Commission [27] census, Ibeju-Lekki had a population of 117,481 out of Lagos State’s total of 9,113,605 (Figure 1).
Map of Lagos State showing the case studies. Source: Field work (2017).
Primary and secondary data for this study were extracted from the responses in the questionnaire, analysis of observation chart and the analysis of the spatial data. Quantitative data include the drivers of urban expansion, residents’ demography, locational convenience and commuting frequency. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive method. Spatial data that is, satellite images were acquired from Google Earth while shape-files of the study areas were extracted from the state government’s archive. Analogue spatial data were converted to digital and brought into ArcGIS environment in to reference them geographically.
It can be observed in Figures 2a, b and 3a, b and that both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki have experienced noticeable spatial expansion in terms of residential development between years 2006 and 2016. Ikorodu could be seen to have developed more in areal extent than Ibeju-Lekki as shown by Figure 3 that greater percentage of the latter is still undeveloped. Ikorodu has less undeveloped area of land mass having experienced a surge in housing development within the study timeline. Urban expansion in both locations is motivated by different factors. Analysis of agricultural and residential land use in the study areas is presented in Table 1.
(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ikorodu study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).
(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ibeju-Lekki study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).
Land use | Pre-1980 | 1980–2000 | 2000 | 2002 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ikorodu | ||||
Agricultural | — | 18,236.94 | 17,268.72 | 21,084.94 |
Residential | 622.23 | 8799.78 | 12,492.33 | 17, 972.62 |
Other land uses | 36,321.19 | 9906.70 | 7182.36 | 7885.85 |
Ibeju-Lekki | ||||
Agricultural | 54,774.96 | 20,804.16 | 46,109.26 | — |
Residential | — | 4049.27 | 6932.13 | 11,243.00 |
Other land uses | 1830.06 | 31,751.60 | 3563.63 | 45,362.02 |
Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.
Other land uses: civic, commercial, business, conservation, water catchment, marshlands, fishing port, forest and wild palm trees, industrial, institutional, new ocean terminal, parks, open space, recreation and tourism, water body.
Source: Lagos State Ministry of Lands (2005).
Prior to 1980, peripheral settlements in the study areas were predominantly green areas used mainly for agriculture, conservation, water catchment, forest and wild palm trees as shown by the analysis in Table 1. In Ikorodu, between years 1980 and 2000, agriculture became the major player in land use with gradual land conversion for residential purpose taking 8799.78 and 4049.27 hectares in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki respectively. Residential land use continued to rise exponentially from 622.23 hectares in the year preceding 1980 to 17,972.62 hectares in 2002. Till date, agriculture and residential land uses have been the major forces behind the peri-urbanisation process in Ikorodu. The increase in residential land use in Ikorodu peri-urban is as a result of housing deficit in the neighbouring metropolitan area like Ikeja (the capital of the host state, Lagos). A gradual push into the peri-urban settlements by the saturation of core metropolitan Lagos due to rapid population growth and as a result of rural-urban drift led to residential development in all Lagos peri-urban settlements from year 1980.
The growth pattern in Ibeju-Lekki differs in terms of land use from that of Ikorodu. It has less land conversion. Also, residential land use in Ibeju-Lekki is not pronounced until 1980 when usage increased to 4049.27 hectares, and subsequently 6932.13 and 11,243.00 hectares in the year 2000 and year 2002 respectively. Peri-urbanisation in Ibeju-Lekki is a response to the development of the highways. Pioneering towns like Awoyaya and Abijo developed as a result of their closeness to the metropolitan centre of Lagos Island. Linear settlements grew along the major highways while the growth of the inner periphery was in response to land speculation. With land reclassification and government acquisition of land for development, infrastructure limited was necessary thus aiding the opening of the inner periphery for mixed use development. Residential segregation and residents’ socio-demography influenced the settlement patterns. Various types of settlements also grew in response topography, culture and political reasons.
From the perception of the residents, different factors were driving urban expansion in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki periphery as analysed in Table 2. The major factors driving urban expansion in Ikorodu are low cost of living 20.8%, land affordability 18.2%, employment 16.1%, improved urban quality 12.9%, workplace location, and property investment. Ikorodu is known to house various institutions both private and public thus creating a haven for employment. In terms of land affordability, in comparison to the excessive cost of land in Lagos urban centre, Ikorodu provide good workplace and residential location at affordable cost. Other less important drivers are road accessibility, secured land tenure, cost of transportation, education and closeness to kinsmen. Peri-urbanisation process is driven by different principal factors in Ibeju-Lekki. In this periphery, major causes of the expansion in the study area are land affordability 27.3%, workplace location 14.8%, improved urban quality 15% and property investment 14.2%. Also vital to the growth of Ibeju-Lekki are employment and closeness to kinsmen. Government-led and private developer-led housing developments in the study area are on the increase because of the improved urban quality in Ibeju-Lekki.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Drivers of expansion | N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % |
Land affordability | 69 | 18.2 | 100 | 27.3 |
Low cost of living | 79 | 20.8 | 29 | 7.9 |
Workplace location | 43 | 11.3 | 54 | 14.8 |
Improved urban quality | 49 | 12.9 | 55 | 15 |
Employment | 61 | 16.1 | 29 | 7.9 |
Study | 7 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.8 |
Good and accessible road network | 3 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.5 |
Low cost of transportation | 10 | 2.6 | 1 | 0.3 |
Secured land tenure | 14 | 3.7 | 15 | 4.1 |
Property investment | 38 | 10 | 52 | 14.2 |
Closeness to kinsmen | 16 | 4.2 | 26 | 7.1 |
Drivers of expansion in the study areas.
Data from the National Population Commission [27] census analysed in Table 3 shows a huge leap in housing development in both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki local government areas from the year 2006. Ikorodu local government has witnessed a more residential land conversion than Ibeju-Lekki. Housing developments in Ikorodu was 52,819 units in 2006, and 89,609 units in 2016 as obtained in the surface counting of selected 18 peri-urban settlements in Ikorodu. In Ibeju-Lekki local government, as noted by the National population Commission [27], a total of 7701 housing units were acknowledged in 2006 while during the surface counting of residential developments aided by aerial photographs during the field work in September, 2016, 11,746 units of housing were noted in the selected 16 peri-urban settlements in Ibeju-Lekki. In comparison to the urban core, individuals have access to affordable lands for housing and economic-related developments in the peri-urban and this is a major pull factor for peri-urbanisation in both cases.
In the expansion of periphery settlements, linkages play a huge role. This comes in terms of interconnectivity between metropolises and the rural areas. Good commuting encourages a pull of urban population to the city periphery for residential and industrial development. The commuting patterns of the respondents in the case studies as presented in Table 4 shows 38.8% of Ikorodu residents commute daily to the city, 36.1% on a weekly basis and 25.1% as the need arises. This reflects good level of linkage between Ikorodu periphery and the surrounding urban areas. The commuting hour shows 31.1% of the residents spend less than 30 minutes for daily commuting to work, 30.6% spend about 1 hour, 13.5% show a commuting time of 1 hour, 30 minutes, 16.6% spend between 1 and 2 hours, 5.8% spend 3 hours and other unspecified commuting time is about 1.6%. Residents’ purpose of commuting to the city shows 54.4% of the respondents’ population commute to the city for work, 23.2% for groceries, 20.3% for supply of their medium scale businesses and 0.6% for other needs.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % | |
Frequency of commuting | ||||
Daily | 147 | 39 | 125 | 34.2 |
Weekly | 137 | 36 | 122 | 33.3 |
Others (specify) | 95 | 25 | 116 | 31.7 |
Average time of commuting | ||||
Less than 30 minutes | 118 | 31 | 57 | 15.6 |
31–60 minutes (1 hour) | 116 | 31 | 129 | 35.2 |
61–90 minutes (1 and half hours) | 51 | 14 | 90 | 24.6 |
91–120 minutes (2 hours) | 63 | 17 | 38 | 10.4 |
121–180 minutes (3 hours) | 22 | 5.8 | 51 | 13.9 |
Unknown | 9 | 2.4 | 1 | 0.3 |
Purpose of commuting | ||||
Work | 206 | 54 | 156 | 42.6 |
Groceries | 88 | 23 | 111 | 30.3 |
Supply for business | 77 | 20 | 99 | 27 |
Others | 8 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
Commuting patterns in the study areas.
Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ibeju-Lekki, 34.2% of the respondents’ population travel to the urban centres daily, 33.3% commute to the city centre weekly and 31.4% travel as the needs arise. The highest commuting time to and from places of work daily in Ibeju-Lekki peri-urban is 3 hours while the least commuting time is 30 minutes. 35.2% spends an average of 60 minutes (1 hour) daily commuting, 24.6% spend 90 minutes, 15.6% spends less than 30 minutes, 14.2% spends almost 180 minutes (3 hours) while 10.4% spend an average of 120 minutes (2 hours) commuting daily. 42.6% of the respondents travel for work related purpose, 30.3% travel to either the city centre and neighbouring peri-urban for groceries while 27% travel to the city centre for supply of materials for their enterprises.
Convenience is vital in the expansion of cities ‘periphery’. Factors like closeness to work, closeness to market or the central business district, and availability of public transport were considered in the study areas.
Good public transportation system exists in Ikorodu as shown in Table 5 and Figure 4. Among the respondents, 83.9% have access to good transport system while 15.6% do not. In Ibeju-Lekki, 22.1% of household heads lack good public transportation due to their residential location in the inner periphery. This is translated to high cost of transportation for residents without personal vehicles in such areas as shown by observation during the field survey. However, 77.6% indicated good public transportation at their disposal.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % |
Availability of public transport | ||||
Yes | 318 | 83.9 | 284 | 77.6 |
No | 59 | 15.6 | 81 | 22.1 |
Unknown | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 |
Closeness to work | ||||
Yes | 276 | 72.8 | 314 | 85.8 |
No | 102 | 26.9 | 52 | 14.2 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Closeness to CBD | ||||
Yes | 273 | 72 | 315 | 86.1 |
No | 104 | 27.4 | 51 | 13.9 |
Unknown | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
Analysis of locational convenience in the case studies.
Source: Field survey (2017).
Road networks and transportation system in Ikorodu periphery. Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ikorodu, good accessibility to work is enhanced by the strategic locations of most institutions and the efficient distribution of government organisations around both primary and secondary roads. 72.8% of the respondents’ population were privileged to have good proximity to their works while 26.9% were not as presented in Table 5. In Ibeju-Lekki, a greater percentage of the respondents have good workplace location than in Ikorodu. 85.8% indicated locational benefits while 14.2% are were negatively affected by their residential location in relation to places of work. These findings gives strength to Alonso’s access trade off model which states that the choice of residential location in periphery settlements could offer an opportunity lost and opportunity cost. A trade-off exists between cheaper land in the peri-urban and the hours of commuting (Figure 5).
Workplace locations in Ikorodu periphery. Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ikorodu periphery, 72.0%, a reasonable size of the respondents had residential location advantage by virtue of their proximity to the central business districts, but 27.4% were disadvantaged. 86.1% of respondents in Ibeju-Lekki periphery were close to the central business district while 13.9% were not close to the central business district leading to increased commuting to the city.
There have been phenomenal changes in land use and land cover of Nigerian peripheral interface. New towns outside the metropolises of developing countries undergo expansion due to population growth and housing deficits in the urban areas. The spatial transformation is mostly accompanied with encroachment into the surrounding agricultural land. The study areas in this study are experiencing conversion in land use but differ in pattern and extent. Findings show generally that the major factors influencing peri-urbanisation are land affordability, improved road network and the emergence of gated exclusive housing developments by private developers in the peri-urban areas.
There exist disparity in the peri-urbanisation process in the study areas and this could be attributed to many factors, among which are the level of the linkages, locational convenience (both for workplace and residential development), people’s socio-demography and the government housing policy. The degree of establishment of each of these variables in the study areas determines the rapidity of the peri-urbanisation process. The wider land conversion experienced in Ikorodu is traceable to the presence of these variables in the periphery.
Availability of good transportation network is a motivation for living in the suburb. Locational benefit is a huge pull factor to the peripheral for residential developments. The commuting pattern shows the interdependencies between the periphery and urban centres, mostly for socio-economic purposes. This corroborates the findings of [1]. Most peri-urban residents work in the city centre while having residential location in the metropolitan fringe. Both locations however have good proximity to the Central Business District. Also the ability of housing providers to put locational convenience into consideration would promote balanced development.
Linkages show that the peri-urban cannot function in isolation. The first case study, Ikorodu has been subjected to rapid changes due to locational convenience and availability of public transportation. The frequency of commuting in Ikorodu is more than that of Ibeju-Lekki. Findings show work-related activities as the major reason for commuting to the urban centre in Ikorodu peri-urban. Commuting time from the peri-urban to the city centre for various activities is longer in Ibeju-Lekki than Ikorodu and this could be attributed to the nature of the settlements that are mostly dispersed.
Also improved infrastructure and concentrated development of institutions in Ikorodu are major contributors to the rapid expansion of the peri-urban interface. The peri-urbanisation process is usually slowed down where there is dearth of infrastructure and socio-economic institutions. It can be concluded that equality in infrastructure development will limit disparity in peri-urbanisation process. Prior studies by Binns et al. [11] and Lawanson et al. [1] have shown that Lagos as a rapidly urbanising region is not exempted from the peri-urbanisation phenomenon.
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\nIMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nLITHUANIA
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nSWITZERLAND
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nLITHUANIA
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nSWITZERLAND
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n