Reliability statistics.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tRecently in 2019, International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) has released the latest version of the “Guidelines for the Utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the Context of System of Systems (SoS) Engineering” to industry for review and comments. The document was developed under the Partner Standards Development Organization cooperation agreement between ISO and IEEE, as it was approved by Council Resolution 49/2007. This document provides guidance for the utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of SoS in many domains, including healthcare, transportation, energy, defense, corporations, cities, and governments. This document treats an SoS as a system whose elements are managerially and/or operationally independent systems, and which together usually produce results that cannot be achieved by the individual systems alone. This INCOSE guide book perceives that SoS engineering demands a balance between linear procedural procedures for systematic activity and holistic nonlinear procedures due to additional complexity from SoS perspectives.
\r\n\tThe objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive reference on Systems-of-Systems Engineering, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis (MS&A) for engineers and researchers in both system engineering and advanced mathematical modeling fields.
\r\n\tThe book is organized in two parts, namely Part I and Part II. Part I presents an overview of SOS, SOS Engineering, SOS Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) and SOS Enterprise (SOSE) Concept of Operations (CONOPS). Part II discusses SOSE MS&A approaches for assessing SOS Enterprise CONOPS (SOSE-CONOPS) and characterizing SOSE performance behavior. Part II focuses on advanced mathematical application concepts to address future complex space SOS challenges that require interdisciplinary research involving game theory, probability and statistics, non-linear programming and mathematical modeling components.
\r\n\tPart I should include topics related to the following areas:
\r\n\t- SOS and SOS Engineering Introduction
\r\n\t- Taxonomy of SOS
\r\n\t- SOS Enterprise (SOSE), SOSE CONOPS, Architecture Frameworks and Decision Support Tools
\r\n\tPart II should address the following research areas:
\r\n\t- SOS Modeling, Simulation & Analysis (SOS M&SA) Methods
\r\n\t- SOS Enterprise Architecture Design Frameworks and Decision Support Tools
\r\n\t- SOS Enterprise CONOPS Assessment Frameworks and Decision Support Tools.
The history of stainless steels begun in the twentieth century with first works of Monnartz (Germany) in 1908 that discovered passivity in Fe-Cr alloys when Cr content reach 12% and introduced the property of “stainlessness” for metallic alloys. Thanks for studies on Cr-Ni-Fe alloys made by Mauer and Strauss (Germany), the first patents were issued in 1912 for two nickel-containing stainless steels. In this way, the history of austenitic stainless steel began. Today the austenitic stainless steel of classic composition 18%Cr, 8%Ni (grade 304 L) is still the most widely used by far in the world. The first commercial melt of austenitic stainless steels was emerged in 1913 due to works of Hary Brearley (G.B.). In 2013, Stainless Steel celebrated its 100 years and was one of the significant materials’ developments in the last century. The stainless steel is still one of the fastest growing materials. The unique characteristic of stainless steel arises from three main factors. The versatility is resulting from high corrosion resistance, excellent low- and high-temperature properties, high toughness, formability, and weldability. The long life of stainless steels has been proven in service in a wide range of environments, together with low maintenance costs compared to other highly alloyed metallic materials. The retained value of stainless steel results from the high intrinsic value (contains expansive alloying elements—nickel) and easy recycling. Stainless steel, especially of austenitic microstructure, plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable development, nowadays so important for further generations [1–3].
The growing consumption of austenitic stainless steels is driven by scientific developments in this field, regarding new grades of improved or optimized properties, studies on corrosion resistance in various environments or microstructural phase transformations ongoing during service or fabrication. The purpose of the book is to present most exciting field of scientific research related to austenitic stainless steels and creep-resistant austenitic alloys. Present chapters deal with different aspects of alloy design. First of all, are associated with the effect of work hardening on microstructure and mechanical properties. One of the most exciting field in austenitic stainless steel development concern studies on work hardening mechanism of Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-based austenitic stainless steels. Understanding the influence of deformation-induced processes on the strain hardening behavior and tensile elongation is essential to the economical design of highly formable austenitic stainless steels. The occurrence of various deformation-induced processes such as deformation-induced ε/α′-martensite formation mechanisms in austenitic steels is governed by the stacking fault energy (SFE). The influence of alloying elements on the SFE of austenitic stainless steels can be deduced from their influence on the Mdγ → α′ temperature. Therefore, relationships giving the compositional dependence of Mdγ → α′ temperature can be used as guidelines for the design of austenitic stainless steels with improved properties [4, 5].
Austenitic stainless steels during austenite to martensite transformation may develop the magnetic response, as martensite is ferromagnetic. Therefore, the martensitic transportation induced by plastic deformation in austenitic stainless steels can also be studied using selected cross effects. The application of the magnetomechanical effect (the Villari effect) and the thermomechanical effect (the Kelvin/Thomson effect) turned out to be particularly useful in this case because, they change significantly with martensite initiation and then accumulation in austenite. This approach gives the opportunity to develop non-destructive methods of investigating the martensite transformation and allows follow and visualizes transformations on-line during the fatigue process, without the necessity to use, for example, roentgenographic or microscopic methods. This method can also be introduced in both laboratory conditions and on real constructions made of metastable austenitic steels [6, 7].
The book chapters discuses also an essential field of studies concerning microstructural phase transformations ongoing during service at high- and low-temperature conditions. The stainless steels are susceptible to secondary precipitates under service. Precipitation of sigma phase represents one of the most potentially dangerous degradation mechanisms in austenitic stainless steels. Understanding the microstructural changes ongoing during long time exposure at elevated temperature lays in the basis of the creep resistance properties of stainless steels. The understanding relation between cold work plastic deformation, mechanical properties including creep and the structural changes with the particular attention to precipitated intermetallic phases during long-term high-temperature exposure is essentials to predict the lifetime of engineering applications. The changes of the structure and mechanical properties is extensively studied both for the base austenitic steels grades in annealed conditional, and after cold bending or welding, that can further accelerate precipitation of sigma phase, supplying more deeper view on observed degradation processes [8–10].
The high-temperature service conditions require creep-resistant alloys of the austenitic or ferritic microstructure. The creep-resistant alloys during service undergo progressive degradation of their microstructure, which results in the changes of functional properties. The main microstructural mechanisms of degradation include the processes of matrix softening, the processes of precipitation and matrix depletion of the interstitial and substitution elements. The precipitation processes ongoing during service plays a significant indicator of microstructure degradation processes. Therefore, such processes are essential in diagnostic of components and equipment in service and make possible to forecast the time of safe operation. The characteristics of secondary phase precipitate occurring in creep-resistant steels, especially most frequently used austenitic creep-resistant grades is essential to the understanding of ongoing degradation processes [11, 12].
Apart from high-temperature applications of creep-resistant austenitic alloys, the austenitic stainless steels are frequently applied in low-temperature service conditions. High toughness at the low-temperature of austenitic stainless grades, in contrast to ferritic or duplex alloys, makes them particularly suitable cryogenic applications. The effect of intergranular precipitation on the low-temperature toughness of nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steels plays an essential role in cryogenic applications. The presence of intergranular nitride precipitates causes a severe decrease in toughness for stainless steels subjected to sort high-temperature cycle. Nitrogen alloyed stainless steels exhibit the presence of intergranular brittle fracture as a result of the grain boundary nitride precipitation. This behavior may be especially crucial during the welding, because of the short aging time for precipitation. The more profound understanding of precipitation processes involves thermodynamic stability and growth kinetics analysis of the precipitated phases, during a high-temperature cycle. For such a purpose, computational thermodynamics and the so-called CALPHAD method wave been frequently applied [13, 14].
The austenitic stainless steels are not free from corrosion problems. The book also deals with most frequently local corrosion phenomena encountered in these alloys. The local corrosion processes like intergranular corrosion (IGC) occurring in stainless steels remains in the interest of science. Therefore, alloy design strategies also focused on alloying of austenitic stainless steels by single or combined addition of nitrogen, molybdenum, and silicon. Based on such alloying principles, many austenitic stainless steels grades can be defined, dedicated to resisting local corrosion in chloride-containing media and nitric acid [15].
Studies on corrosion resistance also include modification of working conditions, thus the introduction of corrosion inhibitors to an acidic environment. The research on corrosion inhibitors is even going in the direction of organic compounds, for example, rosemary oil and aniline that can significantly reduce the corrosion rate of stainless steels in sulfuric acid [16, 17].
Austenitic stainless steels are well weldable, even though different problems have often been reported during the welding operation. These issues are also addressed in the book. Welding of stainless steel using friction welding becomes more interesting nowadays. The problems encountered in friction welding during joining of austenitic stainless steel are very limited when compared to fusion welding process. Therefore such technic can be useful for joining dissimilar metals, for example, joining of austenitic stainless steel and copper base alloys. Evaluation of friction welding parameter and understanding of ongoing metallurgical phenomenon plays a key role in finding the good bond strength between dissimilar metals [18].
Applications of austenitic stainless steels, apart from corrosion environment action, also involve in mechanical loads. The nature and intensity of such loads can be detrimental for each engineering equipment, thus must be determined and studied through basic microstructural mechanisms. The knowledge of their character is crucial in maintaining the required mechanical properties of the elements and the entire system made of stainless steels. The fracture mechanisms, thus reasons of nucleation and propagation of cracks of different size (from micro- to macro-cracks) under low cycle fatigue conditions is essential to modern high-risk systems, like nuclear applications. For this reason, different grades of austenitic steels as prospective materials for structural parts subjected to extreme cyclic loading and severe environmental conditions have been studied. The nucleation of microcracks in the austenitic, fine-grained steels was observed in slip bands and the critical factor in the destruction of the material is assigned to precipitates and grain boundaries. The microcrack propagation process and its correlation with the steel microstructure are also quite disputable. Despite numerous experimental results on alteration of microcrack propagation direction, there is no convincing hypothesis explaining the real reasons for the process [19, 20].
Emotions have attracted a greater level of attention as a critical element of public health in the 21st century. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the Caribbean and the wider world by extension, displaying emotions by males carries a stigma [1, 2, 3]. Emotions are also regarded as the cornerstones of our social worlds, which affect our interactions with others in varied ways [4]; and as such, this issue has prompted intellectual discussions surrounding the relation between emotions and the male population [5]; a focus that looms high, to the extent that it has become of national interest among health professionals and providers for the last ten years in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG).
\nIn part, this hype can arguably be associated with the SVG Education Revolution of 2003, which – under the motto “no one left behind” – has opened countless opportunities for the general population to move on academically in every level of the educational system [6]. The influx of students to secondary schools on one hand, and the radical increase of the number of adults in quest of tertiary level studies on the other, unearthed troubling psychologically and emotionally generated behavioral problems to which both genders succumbed [7, 8]. It also surfaced the demand for counselors, career guidance officers, and psychologists, who were called to aid the breakdown of the gender barriers in the expression of feelings among the male population that existed in the Vincentian society for many years and put emotional issues on the front burner.
\nGeneral social observation in SGV has shown that males who have come to grips with their emotions and are willing to live a life that projects a more liberal way of behaving tend to excel academically, while being less likely to become troublemakers and less prone to having criminal intent. Nowadays, numerous young males have been incarcerated, are abandoning school, have taken to the hills to farm illegal marijuana plants, are seeking comfort in alcoholic beverages, are becoming abusive to their female counterparts, or are admitted to the mental health hospital due to emotional and psychological pressures [9, 10]. This is an escalating occurrence among the male population, while their counterparts (females) are far more willing to show their emotions and are thus, less susceptible to those troubling devices [11, 12, 13].This is particularly true among males incarcerated in SGV Her Majesty’s Prison, who would immediately take on the look of a “seasoned” criminal exhibit little or no remorse in deep contrast to the general empathy.
\nThis backdrop heightens the need for one’s exploration of men’s attitude towards their emotion. There has been a rationale for the choice of these incarcerated males, who “do” masculinity either as a survival technique and an adaptation to imprisonment [14, 15, 16, 17] or as an emotional response to interpersonal rejection [18, 19]. As in other countries, already captured male populations are often regarded as one of the most vulnerable groups in the Vincentian population [20, 21, 22]. This research springs from the co-opt preamble and delves into the stereotypical and tabooed issue of males and their emotions in the Vincentian setting. The present research endeavors to offer an understanding of the general male ethos where their emotions are concerned. It examines the issue from the perspectives of males who are confined or incarcerated seeking seeks to explore aspects related to the general issue of masculinity and emotions, namely: (a) emotions and abuse, (b) crying in relation to emotions (c) family and friends in relation to emotions and (d) suicidal thoughts and emotions.The main objective of this study is to analyze various factors that are associated with emotional and psychological issues relating to males at the correctional institution in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. More specifically, it sought to analyze the emotions males are encountering and ascertain the factors that lead to the emotions that males struggle with. As a means to achieve this, we firstly aimed at identifying emotional issues inmates are uncomfortable to talk about, and finding out levels of family impact on males’ lives in order to determine the coping strategies that have been used by inmates to deal with their emotional issues.
\nThis article intents to weave ideas in relation to the emotive reactions of incarcerated males at the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Correctional Institution. The methodological tools utilized for data collection in this mixed-method study were mainly quantitative (questionnaires) combined with field observations. The particular method was not chosen randomly. Quantitative methodologies allow researchers to evaluate within a more controlled context [23]. The questionnaire covered demographics such as age, type of crime, recidivism, and religion [perceived as an emotion regulator [24]], as well as elements and associated factors aligned with the stated hypotheses that highlight males’ emotions and their behaviors. Finally, along with the collected quantitative data, observation was done based on a two-year pro bono service that the researcher carried out at the facilities and during the sample collection period, and anecdotes were noted.This research sought to generate measurable and testable data based on the aims and objectives, acting as a road map for the study, guiding the researcher to predetermined destinations, and thus gradually adding to the accumulation of human knowledge.
\nTo create a finite structure in line with the aims of the present research mentioned earlier, 4 hypotheses were created and embedded in the questionnaire. The hypotheses were:
Male inmates are struggling to deal with their emotions due to past abuse.
Male inmates who refrain from crying feel uncomfortable to talk about their emotional issues.
\nFamily can positively impact the lives of male inmates.
Male inmates have suicidal thoughts irrespective of any disparity between positive and negative emotions.
Her Majesty’s Prisons (Kingstown and Belle Isle) is the lone correctional institution in St. Vincent and the Grenadines build in 1872. Colonial in nature, the main structure is situated in the heart of Kingstown, in close proximity to the back of the building that houses the House of Assembly and the High Court. In the same premises, there is a library/classroom and a Chapel that has been converted into living quarters. The total population of the Kingston prison facility in December 17, 2018 stood at 472, accommodating mainly those who are on remand and few already sentenced.
\nThe Belle Isle Correctional Facility became operational in April 2012, when some 226 prisoners were transferred there from the Kingstown holding. This institution is built to house 288 inmates, but it is still under construction. It is home to less than 50% of the present total inmates and mainly houses those already been sentenced. It is a modern prison with a conference room, classrooms, and recreation room offering a variety of programmes which incorporate major activities such as art, anger restrain training, tailoring, culinary art, music, agriculture, and welding skills training. Most of these programmes are facilitated by community members, persons who are not particularly affiliated to the institution. The institution also boasts of a small soccer team which occasionally engages with community teams.
\nInmates in both institutions are classified in three categories: Unit A Under 21 years, Unit B First Offenders and Unit C Repeat Offenders. There is a rigid timetable and activities are tailored – breakfast is at 6:30 am; devotion at 8:15 am; lunch is at 11:30 am, recreational activities at 1:00 pm, and total lock down at 5:00 pm. As pertaining to the emotional aspects of inmates, they are served in a professional manner by a psychologist, a counselor, and a welfare officer. Accessible to the institution is also the Mental Health Hospital, which provides contracted consultants and a qualified counselor who visit the institutions once a week to meet with a pre-arranged clientele1.
\nThe inmates at Her Majesty’s Correctional Facilities in Kingstown and Belle Isle served as the sample for the study. An attempt was made in having the entire prison population involved in the data collection process skipping any randomization process; nonetheless, internal developments within the institution itself forced a reversal. Based on the feedback received by the prison administrators, there was always the fear that the support would not be there to complete all 428 inmates at the time. Indeed, half-way through, unforeseen factors, continuous postponements, and resource constrains made it impossible for the prison administration to facilitate my request for the entire prison population to be approached. Unfortunately, there were 7 blocks that were not given the opportunity participate in the research. However, the remaining 3 blocks were randomly selected drawn from an alphabetical labelling system. The stratified randomized sampling (proportional or quota sampling) strategy was adopted. This method of sampling divided the population into strata, and then samples from each stratum were randomly selected. The total number of 150 participants constituted our sample that was collected during the period March–July 2019.Assuming that the entire population could not be reached, this method also allowed for a randomized sampling of the respondents containing minimal systematic bias and therefore being relatively representative of the male population in SVG [25].
\nThe questionnaire was structured in two parts – (I) demographic data and (II) conceptual questions. The latter part was designed to focus on the hypotheses each of which consisted of four questions.
\nSocio-demographic: These questions included continuous variables like age (starting at age 18); length of current sentence (starting at less than 1 year); and recidivism (starting at 1 time, as well as categorical variables such as original household (coded with Nuclear – Single Parent – Extended – Reconstituted – and Sibling); religion (Christian – Muslim – Hindu – Other); and person being closest to (Mother – Father – Sibling – Friend – Nobody). In addition, the variable of type of criminal activity was treated as an open-ended question.
Abuse: Six binary abuse variables were constructed; two for each type of trauma: physical, sexual, and emotional. Dealing with negative emotions was measured by pre-determined categories (namely, “Blame others”, “Blame yourself/Self-hate”, “Avoiding what is happening by drinking, smoking”, and “Withdrawing from others”). Feeling comfortable to talk to other males in prison about emotional issues was constructed from the following experiences: “Most males here share the same struggles”, “We are all on the same level”, “As males we are not as tough and aggressive as we often show”, “There is a greater sense of bonding”, and “There are less chances of being labelled a homosexual”. Inmates were also asked to name whether mental health, relationships, sexual issues, money matters, and/or depression currently affect them the most.
Crying: Crying data, as a means of emotions’ expression, were collected from two types of questions; one focusing on sharing emotional issues and the other on reasons that prevent you from doing so. The frequency of crying was measured on a 1 to 5 Likert scale (with 1 being Never and 5 Always). The reasons that may discourage male prisoners to share their emotions varied from confidentiality and lack of trust to and feelings of embarrassment and people being too judgemental. The response options for males’ thoughts before talking about their emotions were: “Males are not supposed to talk about their emotions”, “Avoidance of acting like a woman”, “Males more focus on toughness and aggression”, “Self-reliance (a man is independent)”, and “Afraid of being labelled a homosexual”.
(Family) bonds: Two close-ended questions dealt with who do male prisoners trust the most and who (in their family) helped them with the emotional issues, when there were such. For both questions, the possible responses were included their mother, their father, their sibling(s), and other (being their uncle/aunt, girlfriend etc). The difficultness of talking about emotions to someone was measured from a 1–5 Likert scale with 1 being Very difficult and 5 being Very Easy. Dealing with their emotions, prisoners chose among the possible answers of “Pray”, “Seek counseling”, “Exercise/sport”, and “Use substances/alcohol”.
Suicidal thoughts: The suicidal thoughts data were collected from two question types: one with regard to the frequency of such thoughts and the other focusing on the “gap” between positive and negative emotions experienced by the male inmates. The frequency was calculated with a Likert scale, with 1 being Very difficult, 2 being Difficult, 3 being Neither difficult nor easy, 4 being Easy, and 5 being Very easy. The same scale was also used for the variable/question “How often do you visit a medical doctor?”. Both positive and negative emotions were also measured on a similar Likert scale (1 = Never, 2 = Almost never, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Almost Always, and 5 = Always).
Permission from the prisons’ authorities was necessary. This process took months to complete and initially, it created many doubts that the prison officials would want to grant such access to conduct the research. Having received permission from the Superintendent of Prisons, a pilot study was carried out few months before the actual administration of the questionnaire. This preliminary study served as a means of refining the final instrument to be used for the survey testing its reliability and validity. The piloting stage also helped in identifying some of the problems that loomed on the horizon, namely the lack of cooperation from some prison officials and the full conceptualization of the content of the questionnaires by some prisoners. Applying the abovementioned sampling techniques, the questionnaires were distributed and collected personally by the researcher on the same day. Amidst many constraints, the collection process initially began to look fruitful. However, there were days visiting the institution realizing that only ten (or no) questionnaires had been completed amidst excuses of being short of staff or that too many other activities are taking place at the same time. Having completed 150 questionnaires after months visiting the institution it was obvious that completing the entire population was an impossible task; and having started collecting the data with that notion in mind, the data collection was ended.
\nThe statistical software SPSS (v.25) was used for all data analysis. In terms of methodology, I used multiple correspondence and regression analyses in order to describe the pattern of relationship between (categorical and binary) variables. Such analyses were meaningful given that a prior measurement of internal consistency (see\n2\nTable 1) provided an overall high-enough3reliability coefficient (α = .812). Multinomial logistic regressions and tests to assess the associated factors with our dependent variables were also run. These were feasible because, despite the relatively small sample (150), the assumptions about the scale of the variables, their linear – parametric (Pearson’s) and non-parametric (Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau-b) – correlations, and homogeneous, normal errors were reasonable. Generally, any related difficulty to discern or recognize possible relevant deviations from assumptions with small samples did not invalidate the test, which remained valid under these assumptions.
\nCronbach’s Alpha (α) | \nN of Items | \n
---|---|
.812 | \n41 | \n
Reliability statistics.
The sample of the present study consisted of 150 male inmates whose age varied from 18 to over 56 years old. Slightly more than half (n = 78, 51.9%) of the participants were 26–40 years old while only 6% of the sample (n = 9) where younger than 20 years old. Nineteen (13%) prisoners were either 21–25 or 41–45 years old and 24 (16%) were over 46 years old (Figure 1). Looking at the type of offense that resulted into their incarceration, the most popular crime was burglary/robbery/theft (n = 36, 24%) closely followed by rape (n = 33, 22%) and (attempted) murder / manslaughter (n = 29, 19.3%). A relatively common offense was assault and cause of physical damage committed by 22 males (14.7%). Other types of offense driving unlicensed car, damage of property, and issues related to child maintenance (n = 17, 11.3%) (Figure 2).
\nBar count of age.
Bar count of type of offense.
Regarding their religious affiliation, the vast majority of the sample (n = 132, 88%), considered themselves to be Christian, followed by those who had no religion (n = 11, 7.3%). Only 3 (2%) males identified themselves as non-Christian, two being Muslim and one in self-search. The length of the sentence they were already given followed the same pattern. 99 inmates (66%) were sentenced with up to 3 years of imprisonment and only 13 (8.7%) were serving sentences longer than 9 years (Figure 3). As far as recidivism is concerned, nearly 40% of the males (n = 57, 38%) admitted that they were incarcerated for the first time and almost all the remaining (n = 81, 54%) had been previously imprisoned 2–5 times (Figure 4).
\nPie chart count of length of current sentence.
Bar count of times of being in prison.
Focusing on the family background of the prisoners, almost 1/3 of them (n = 51, 34%) were coming from single-parent families, while most of the remaining respondents had grown up in either extended (n = 38, 25.3%) or nuclear (n = 22.7%) family environments. The few remaining males were raised either by their sibling(s) (n = 10, 6.7%) or by a guardian, girlfriend or foster parent (n = 6, 4%). Those results matched the males’ responses pertaining to who is being closest to them. Slightly more than half of the participants were feeling their mother as being closest to them (n = 77, 51.3%) whereas only 7 inmates (4.7%) had the same feelings for their father. Almost 10% of the sample (n = 14) expressed their loneliness replying that there is nobody who is emotionally close to them. Other people identified by the inmates as being the closest to them were their (girl)friends, grandparents, guardians or their therapists (Figure 5).
\nPopulation pyramid count person being closest to by original household.
Hypothesis 1 (confirmed): Male inmates are struggling to deal with their emotions due to past abuse.
\nInitially, looking at the abuse patterns among the incarcerated males, almost 79.3%4 (n = 119) males admitted of having at least one experience of physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse in the past. Among those inmates, 15 (10%) also had strong feelings of abandonment and neglect. More specifically, the majority (n = 81, 54%) of males had suffered an emotional abuse in the past, followed by those who were physically (n = 70, 46.7%) or sexually (n = 46, 30.7%) traumatized. Therefore, it was not a coincidence that the participants were predominantly facing sexual or relationship issues (58.7%, n = 88), while 33 of them (22%) were having depression and other mental health problems. Taking into consideration that almost all males (n = 148, 98.7%) were facing negative emotions, in their effort to deal with them, prisoners gave a wide range of responses. The most common way used to deal with their negative emotions was to withdraw from others and seek isolation (n = 101, 67.3%) or try to avoid what is happening by drinking and smoking (n = 82, 54.7%). The second most popular way males used to face their emotional issues was through blaming either themselves (n = 70, 46.7%) or others (n = 38, 25.3%). Only 1 inmate (0.7%) expressed a positive way in dealing with his problems, which was through religion, and more specifically, by talking to Jesus.
\nFocusing on the openness and willingness of prisoners to express their emotional issues with others, the vast majority of them were feeling comfortable doing so, but only with their fellow inmates. The main reason was that males in prison share the same emotional struggles (n = 71, 47.3%), and because they are not as tough and aggressive as they often show (n = 86, 57.3%). In fact, males thought that prison creates a great sense of bonding (n = 59, 39.3%), being all on the same (prison) level (n = 69, 46%). Almost 1/3 of respondents also highlighted that having less chances of being labeled a homosexual (n = 54, 36%) makes it easier for them to talk about their emotions.
\nBased on both parametric and non-parametric correlations, the type of abuse that most participants had suffered was found overall to be significantly correlated with the way they were currently dealing with their negative emotions (p = .000) and whether or not these males were feeling comfortable to talk about their emotional issues to others (p = .000). Looking deeper at those relationships, participants who were struggling to deal with their negative emotions were 9.7 times more likely to blame others (p = .009) and 5.8 times to blame themselves (p = .004) than the minority of prisoners who were not facing any negative emotions. Marginally significant was also the correlation between abuse and avoidance (p = .043), where previously abused inmates were almost 3 times more likely to avoid facing the negative consequences of past experiences than their non-abused counterparts (see\nTable 2).
\nHave you ever been abused?\na\n\n | \nB | \nStd. Error | \nWald | \ndf | \nSig. | \nExp(B) | \n95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | \nUpper Bound | \n|||||||||
Yes | \nFacing negative emotions | \n−.709 | \n1.635 | \n.188 | \n1 | \n.665 | \n.492 | \n.020 | \n12.128 | \n|
Dealing with negative emotions (ref. cat. is “No”) | \n\n | |||||||||
Blaming others | \n2.281 | \n.873 | \n6.825 | \n1 | \n.009 | \n9.790 | \n1.768 | \n54.216 | \n||
Blaming yourself | \n1.768 | \n.622 | \n8.071 | \n1 | \n.004 | \n5.859 | \n1.730 | \n19.839 | \n||
Avoiding what is happening | \n1.097 | \n.542 | \n4.093 | \n1 | \n.043 | \n2.995 | \n1.035 | \n8.667 | \n||
Withdrawing from others | \n.397 | \n.583 | \n.464 | \n1 | \n.496 | \n1.488 | \n.475 | \n4.664 | \n||
Talking to Jesus | \n16.088 | \n2590.495 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.995 | \n9700534.344 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n||
Feeling comfortable talking to other males about emotional issues (ref. cat. is “No”) | \n\n | |||||||||
Most males here share the same emotional struggles like you | \n30.753 | \n3013.793 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.992 | \n22697154630045.258 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n||
You’re all at the same level (in prison) | \n−.519 | \n.591 | \n.771 | \n1 | \n.380 | \n.595 | \n.187 | \n1.895 | \n||
Males are not as tough and aggressive as they often show they are | \n−.147 | \n.541 | \n.074 | \n1 | \n.785 | \n.863 | \n.299 | \n2.492 | \n||
There is a greater sense of bonding when you share your emotions | \n−1.106 | \n.590 | \n3.512 | \n1 | \n.061 | \n.331 | \n.104 | \n1.052 | \n||
There are less chances of being labeled a homosexual if you share your emotions | \n1.202 | \n.629 | \n3.647 | \n1 | \n.056 | \n3.327 | \n.969 | \n11.427 | \n||
“Soft spot” | \n0\nc\n\n | \n. | \n. | \n0 | \n. | \n. | \n. | \n. | \n
Parameter estimates.
The reference category is: No.
Floating point overflow occurred while computing this statistic. Its value is therefore set to system missing.
This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
Hypothesis 2 (partially confirmed): Male inmates who refrain from crying feel uncomfortable to talk about their emotional issues.
\nHow often do you cry? 1/3 of the prisoners responded that they (almost) never cry (n = 52, 34.4%), while almost half of the sample were doing so occasionally (n = 69, 46%). Only 3 males (2%) admitted of crying on a regular basis as a way of venting off their negative emotions (before their incarceration). Once again, these figures were not surprising as the largest segment of the respondents believed that males are not supposed to show or talk about their emotions (n = 98, 65.3%), as an avoidance of acting like a woman and being labeled a homosexual (n = 94, 62.7%). On the contrary, males should be self-reliant/independent (n = 74, 49.3%) and focused on toughness and aggression (n = 89, 59.3%).
\nDigging into the reasons why males refrain from sharing their emotions, the main issue that emerged was that of confidentiality and lack of trust (n = 125, 83.3%). Other, equally important issues were about persons being too judgemental (n = 88, 58.7%), and their subsequent feelings of embarrassment (n = 81, 54%). At the same time, the performance of multinomial regressions showed partial correlations between our dependent and independent variables. More specifically, inmates who were radically refraining from crying were more likely to avoid talking about their emotion issues to others believing that males should be more focussed on toughness and aggression than those prisoners who admitted of crying frequently (p = .027). In the same vein, both groups of participants who were almost never (p = .032) or occasionally (p = .020) expressing their emotions through crying were 3 times more likely not to do so for the same reasons of toughness and aggression as expressed by those who were never crying. An additional reason shared by the males who were almost never or almost always crying for not feeling comfortable to talk about their emotions (either to fellow inmates or to individuals outside of prison) was related to inner fears of being labeled as a homosexual (p = .032) or even perceived as acting like a woman (p = .020) (see\nTable 3).
\nHow often do you cry?\na\n\n | \nB | \nStd. Error | \nWald | \ndf | \nSig. | \nExp(B) | \n95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | \nUpper Bound | \n|||||||||||
Never | \nThinking about certain things before talking about emotions (Ref. cat is “No”) | \n\n | ||||||||||
Males are not supposed to show or talk about their emotions | \n−.023 | \n1.394 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.987 | \n.977 | \n.064 | \n15.014 | \n||||
Avoidance of not acting like a woman | \n−3.863 | \n2.287 | \n2.852 | \n1 | \n.091 | \n.021 | \n.000 | \n1.860 | \n||||
Males are more focused on toughness and aggression | \n−3.927 | \n1.770 | \n4.921 | \n1 | \n.027 | \n.020 | \n.001 | \n.633 | \n||||
Self-reliance (a man is independent) | \n−.191 | \n1.457 | \n.017 | \n1 | \n.895 | \n.826 | \n.048 | \n14.352 | \n||||
Afraid of being labeled as a homosexual | \n2.937 | \n1.750 | \n2.817 | \n1 | \n.093 | \n18.863 | \n.611 | \n582.486 | \n||||
Prefer being alone | \n.534 | \n35.730 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.988 | \n1.705 | \n6.580E-31 | \n4419769202310835500000000000000.000 | \n||||
Almost never | \nThinking about certain things before talking about emotions (Ref. cat is “No”) | \n\n | ||||||||||
Males are not supposed to show or talk about their emotions | \n2.052 | \n.973 | \n4.447 | \n1 | \n.035 | \n7.780 | \n1.156 | \n52.368 | \n||||
Avoidance of not acting like a woman | \n−2.603 | \n1.122 | \n5.381 | \n1 | \n.020 | \n.074 | \n.008 | \n.668 | \n||||
Males are more focused on toughness and aggression | \n−2.914 | \n1.361 | \n4.583 | \n1 | \n.032 | \n.054 | \n.004 | \n.782 | \n||||
Self-reliance (a man is independent) | \n.078 | \n.949 | \n.007 | \n1 | \n.935 | \n1.081 | \n.168 | \n6.942 | \n||||
Afraid of being labeled as a homosexual | \n2.420 | \n1.349 | \n3.218 | \n1 | \n.073 | \n11.251 | \n.799 | \n158.362 | \n||||
Prefer being alone | \n3.267 | \n29.681 | \n.012 | \n1 | \n.912 | \n26.244 | \n1.427E-24 | \n482708551918159960000000000.000 | \n||||
Sometimes | \nThinking about certain things before talking about emotions (Ref. cat is “No”) | \n\n | ||||||||||
Males are not supposed to show or talk about their emotions | \n1.004 | \n.930 | \n1.166 | \n1 | \n.280 | \n2.728 | \n.441 | \n16.870 | \n||||
Avoidance of not acting like a woman | \n−1.979 | \n1.071 | \n3.416 | \n1 | \n.065 | \n.138 | \n.017 | \n1.127 | \n||||
Males are more focused on toughness and aggression | \n−3.100 | \n1.334 | \n5.405 | \n1 | \n.020 | \n.045 | \n.003 | \n.615 | \n||||
\n | \nSelf-reliance (a man is independent) | \n−.518 | \n.912 | \n.322 | \n1 | \n.570 | \n.596 | \n.100 | \n3.559 | \n|||
Afraid of being labeled as a homosexual | \n2.118 | \n1.330 | \n2.535 | \n1 | \n.111 | \n8.316 | \n.613 | \n112.800 | \n||||
Prefer being alone | \n−.802 | \n29.545 | \n.001 | \n1 | \n.978 | \n.448 | \n3.182E-26 | \n6320155164565928000000000.000 | \n||||
Almost always | \nThinking about certain things before talking about emotions (Ref. cat is “No”) | \n\n | ||||||||||
Males are not supposed to show or talk about their emotions | \n1.977 | \n1.087 | \n3.309 | \n1 | \n.069 | \n7.223 | \n.858 | \n60.817 | \n||||
Avoidance of not acting like a woman | \n−2.045 | \n1.191 | \n2.951 | \n1 | \n.086 | \n.129 | \n.013 | \n1.334 | \n||||
Males are more focused on toughness and aggression | \n−2.431 | \n1.430 | \n2.891 | \n1 | \n.089 | \n.088 | \n.005 | \n1.450 | \n||||
Self-reliance (a man is independent) | \n−.051 | \n1.022 | \n.003 | \n1 | \n.960 | \n.950 | \n.128 | \n7.033 | \n||||
Afraid of being labeled as a homosexual | \n3.014 | \n1.402 | \n4.624 | \n1 | \n.032 | \n20.367 | \n1.306 | \n317.669 | \n||||
Prefer being alone | \n2.374 | \n30.906 | \n.006 | \n1 | \n.939 | \n10.735 | \n5.287E-26 | \n2179683110155908300000000000.000 | \n
Parameter estimates.
The reference category is: Always.
This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
Floating point overflow occurred while computing this statistic. Its value is therefore set to system missing.
Hypothesis 3 (not confirmed): Family can positively impact the lives of male inmates.
\nExploring the impact of family on male prisoners, the participants were initially asked to identify who they trust the most. More than half of the sample responded their mother (n = 77, 51.3%). The second most common reply was “nobody” (n = 23, 15.3%), while the remaining responds were mainly scattered among their girlfriend (n = 5, 3.3%), their friends (n = 12, 8%), and eventually their father (n = 9, 6%). In continue, males were asked to mention who has helped them to deal with their emotional problems. Their replies followed to same trend. Again, 34% (n = 51) acknowledged that their mother had done so, but almost 50% of the sample (n = 65) now mentioned that nobody has ever assisted them with their emotional issues.
\nBefore sent to prison or at the beginning of their current sentence, all males operated various ways to deal with their emotions. Few of them (n = 2, 1.4%) were signing and reading, while the majority (n = 81, 54%) sought help from God through praying, and others from psychologists though counseling (n = 65, 43.3%). 66 people (44%) also found exercising or playing a sport helpful in dealing with emotions, while a good number of them (n = 58, 38.7%) used to smoke, drink, and use drugs. Overall, males found it (very) difficult to talk about their emotions (n = 90, 60%) and just 19 (12.7%) of them thought it was (very) easy.
\nLooking at the possible impact of other people on the inmates’ incapacity or unwillingness to share their emotions, no statistical significant correlation was given; hence, hypothesis 3 was not confirmed. As Table 4 shows below, neither family (both nuclear and extended) nor other members from prisoners’ social environment [eg. (girl)friends, therapist] seemed to influence, positively or negatively, the obstacles that males were facing in talking about their emotions to someone (average p = .913). Similarly, it was found that talking about emotions to other people was an insignificantly correlated factor in dealing with emotional issues (average p = .992).
\nTalking about emotions is…\na\n\n | \nB | \nStd. Error | \nWald | \ndf | \nSig. | \nExp(B) | \n95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | \nUpper Bound | \n||||||||
Very difficult | \nTrusting the most | \n\n | |||||||
Mother | \n−1.135 | \n10.356 | \n.012 | \n1 | \n.913 | \n.321 | \n4.922E-10 | \n209873396.257 | \n|
Father | \n−4.469 | \n10.466 | \n.182 | \n1 | \n.669 | \n.011 | \n1.414E-11 | \n9290209.914 | \n|
Friend(s) | \n−3.415 | \n10.396 | \n.108 | \n1 | \n.743 | \n.033 | \n4.653E-11 | \n23214069.590 | \n|
Girlfriend | \n3.211 | \n14.702 | \n.048 | \n1 | \n.827 | \n24.809 | \n7.589E-12 | \n81099178338468.190 | \n|
Wife | \n−4.942 | \n36.888 | \n.018 | \n1 | \n.893 | \n.007 | \n2.852E-34 | \n178885359362352800000000000000.000 | \n|
Cousin | \n8.241 | \n681.515 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.990 | \n3794.900 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n−2.112 | \n10.398 | \n.041 | \n1 | \n.839 | \n.121 | \n1.707E-10 | \n85741671.419 | \n|
Grandmother | \n−2.561 | \n20.299 | \n.016 | \n1 | \n.900 | \n.077 | \n4.070E-19 | \n14663068979522668.000 | \n|
Therapist | \n−3.229 | \n36.897 | \n.008 | \n1 | \n.930 | \n.040 | \n1.553E-33 | \n1009363927852481700000000000000.000 | \n|
Aunt | \n4.003 | \n34.116 | \n.014 | \n1 | \n.907 | \n54.769 | \n4.997E-28 | \n6002842730305803000000000000000.000 | \n|
Guardian | \n3.198 | \n681.659 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.996 | \n24.472 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Helped you to deal with emotional issues | \n\n | ||||||||
Mother | \n4.557 | \n680.661 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.995 | \n95.300 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Father | \n1.904 | \n680.678 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n6.712 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Sibling | \n2.219 | \n680.660 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.997 | \n9.198 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Esteemed person | \n.000 | \n681.576 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Girlfriend | \n5.513 | \n680.696 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.994 | \n247.774 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Wife | \n1.726 | \n680.964 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n5.618 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n6.202 | \n680.662 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.993 | \n493.888 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Difficult | \nTrusting the most | \n\n | |||||||
Mother | \n−.318 | \n10.328 | \n.001 | \n1 | \n.975 | \n.727 | \n1.177E-9 | \n449658085.645 | \n|
Father | \n−5.436 | \n10.464 | \n.270 | \n1 | \n.603 | \n.004 | \n5.393E-12 | \n3518236.928 | \n|
\n | \nFriend(s) | \n−1.408 | \n10.345 | \n.019 | \n1 | \n.892 | \n.245 | \n3.829E-10 | \n156250805.677 | \n
Girlfriend | \n−1.939 | \n14.887 | \n.017 | \n1 | \n.896 | \n.144 | \n3.065E-14 | \n674902371395.648 | \n|
Wife | \n−3.523 | \n35.657 | \n.010 | \n1 | \n.921 | \n.030 | \n1.315E-32 | \n66240196900202480000000000000.000 | \n|
Cousin | \n1.385 | \n657.098 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n3.994 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n−1.391 | \n10.364 | \n.018 | \n1 | \n.893 | \n.249 | \n3.751E-10 | \n165189695.174 | \n|
Grandmother | \n1.352 | \n19.093 | \n.005 | \n1 | \n.944 | \n3.867 | \n2.165E-16 | \n69078467018115992.000 | \n|
Therapist | \n−3.444 | \n35.663 | \n.009 | \n1 | \n.923 | \n.032 | \n1.405E-32 | \n72589450383962740000000000000.000 | \n|
Aunt | \n−1.366 | \n35.655 | \n.001 | \n1 | \n.969 | \n.255 | \n1.142E-31 | \n570455239289069950000000000000.000 | \n|
Guardian | \n2.592 | \n657.098 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.997 | \n13.356 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Helped you to deal with emotional issues | \n\n | ||||||||
Mother | \n3.443 | \n656.131 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.996 | \n31.285 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Father | \n4.196 | \n656.134 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.995 | \n66.434 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Sibling | \n2.190 | \n656.129 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.997 | \n8.934 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Esteemed person | \n.000 | \n657.012 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Girlfriend | \n6.558 | \n656.160 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.992 | \n704.854 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Wife | \n8.615 | \n656.414 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.990 | \n5515.374 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n4.829 | \n656.131 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.994 | \n125.096 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Neither difficult nor easy | \nTrusting the most | \n\n | |||||||
Mother | \n2.686 | \n11.165 | \n.058 | \n1 | \n.810 | \n14.674 | \n4.603E-9 | \n46776121177.218 | \n|
Father | \n−1.399 | \n11.303 | \n.015 | \n1 | \n.902 | \n.247 | \n5.909E-11 | \n1031766470.631 | \n|
Friend(s) | \n.521 | \n11.194 | \n.002 | \n1 | \n.963 | \n1.684 | \n4.985E-10 | \n5687802612.665 | \n|
Girlfriend | \n.305 | \n15.712 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.985 | \n1.356 | \n5.732E-14 | \n32086520315331.360 | \n|
Wife | \n4.894 | \n34.371 | \n.020 | \n1 | \n.887 | \n133.447 | \n7.384E-28 | \n24116473984118280000000000000000.000 | \n|
\n | \nCousin | \n5.741 | \n681.672 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.993 | \n311.483 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n
Nobody | \n.685 | \n11.216 | \n.004 | \n1 | \n.951 | \n1.985 | \n5.631E-10 | \n6993814976.199 | \n|
Grandmother | \n1.098 | \n20.725 | \n.003 | \n1 | \n.958 | \n2.998 | \n6.845E-18 | \n1313386892053417730.000 | \n|
Therapist | \n5.181 | \n34.381 | \n.023 | \n1 | \n.880 | \n177.844 | \n9.654E-28 | \n32762855332909110000000000000000.000 | \n|
Aunt | \n1.729 | \n37.123 | \n.002 | \n1 | \n.963 | \n5.636 | \n1.419E-31 | \n223899845021578750000000000000000.000 | \n|
Guardian | \n11.587 | \n681.528 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.986 | \n107636.035 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Helped you to deal with emotional issues | \n\n | ||||||||
Mother | \n4.933 | \n680.661 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.994 | \n138.858 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Father | \n2.931 | \n680.673 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.997 | \n18.754 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Sibling | \n3.332 | \n680.660 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.996 | \n28.005 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Esteemed person | \n5.268 | \n681.432 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.994 | \n194.075 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Girlfriend | \n9.052 | \n680.690 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.989 | \n8533.501 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Wife | \n7.253 | \n680.974 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.992 | \n1412.559 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n5.829 | \n680.662 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.993 | \n339.912 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Easy | \nTrusting the most | \n\n | |||||||
Mother | \n2.066 | \n11.804 | \n.031 | \n1 | \n.861 | \n7.894 | \n7.073E-10 | \n88101694713.661 | \n|
Father | \n−1.082 | \n11.942 | \n.008 | \n1 | \n.928 | \n.339 | \n2.319E-11 | \n4951929174.890 | \n|
Friend(s) | \n.446 | \n11.800 | \n.001 | \n1 | \n.970 | \n1.561 | \n1.411E-10 | \n17281209496.777 | \n|
Girlfriend | \n4.844 | \n15.803 | \n.094 | \n1 | \n.759 | \n126.971 | \n4.493E-12 | \n3588087231311329.500 | \n|
Wife | \n−.864 | \n41.011 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.983 | \n.421 | \n5.202E-36 | \n34122402905359492000000000000000000.000 | \n|
Cousin | \n−7.420 | \n625.964 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.991 | \n.001 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n−.643 | \n11.952 | \n.003 | \n1 | \n.957 | \n.526 | \n3.524E-11 | \n7836850545.453 | \n|
Grandmother | \n1.633 | \n22.685 | \n.005 | \n1 | \n.943 | \n5.122 | \n2.512E-19 | \n104402003260355310000.000 | \n|
\n | \nTherapist | \n1.715 | \n41.041 | \n.002 | \n1 | \n.967 | \n5.556 | \n6.470E-35 | \n477181474016070200000000000000000000.000 | \n
Aunt | \n2.401 | \n41.019 | \n.003 | \n1 | \n.953 | \n11.034 | \n1.341E-34 | \n908158071886049200000000000000000000.000 | \n|
Guardian | \n−7.950 | \n625.963 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.990 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Helped you to deal with emotional issues | \n\n | ||||||||
Mother | \n−9.734 | \n624.621 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.988 | \n5.922E-5 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Father | \n−8.542 | \n624.624 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.989 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Sibling | \n−13.428 | \n624.624 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.983 | \n1.473E-6 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Esteemed person | \n−12.101 | \n625.847 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.985 | \n5.554E-6 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Girlfriend | \n−8.820 | \n624.658 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.989 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Wife | \n−11.578 | \n625.008 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.985 | \n9.366E-6 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n|
Nobody | \n−9.135 | \n624.621 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.988 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nc\n\n | \n
Parameter estimates.
The reference category is: Very easy
This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
Floating point overflow occurred while computing this statistic. Its value is therefore set to system missing.
Hypothesis 4 (confirmed): Male inmates have suicidal thoughts irrespective of any disparity between positive and negative emotions.
\nSeeking to measure the frequency of suicidal thoughts among the male inmates, a Likert scale question was added. The responses showed that a relatively high proportion of the sample (n = 68, 45.3%) were thinking of committing suicide occasionally (“Sometimes”), and the second highest proportion was these who never had such thoughts (n = 31, 20.7%). Almost the same percentage of people responded that they “Almost always” (n = 21, 14%) or “Almost never” (n = 21, 14%) have suicidal thoughts and only 4.7% (n = 7) have them on regular basis (“Always”). While in prison, males had the opportunity to visit a medical doctor or a psychologist, when needed. Some of them (n = 57, 38%) were finding the access to their service (very) easy, while for others (n = 55, 36.7%) was (very) difficult.
\nMoving from the descriptive statistics to multivariate regressions as an attempt to provide answers to our research questions, the data analysis as shown in Table 5 confirms the initial hypothesis. Male inmates were, indeed, having suicidal thoughts irrespective of the similar frequency of positive or negative emotions they were experiencing. In other words, the frequent thoughts or intentions of male inmates in SVG to commit suicide were not related to the equally frequent positive (eg. joy, hope, kindness) or negative (eg. loneliness, depression, fear) they may have been experiencing.
\nHaving suicidal thoughts\na\n\n | \nB | \nStd. Error | \nWald | \ndf | \nSig. | \nExp(B) | \n95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | \nUpper Bound | \n||||||||
Never | \nNever experiencing … | \n\n | |||||||
Worry (−) | \n38.265 | \n42131.091 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n41512528905990320.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Loneliness (−) | \n−5.139 | \n37807.382 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.006 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Anger (−) | \n−17.882 | \n79534.322 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.713E-8 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Depression (−) | \n−14.205 | \n82741.329 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n6.777E-7 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Rejection (−) | \n24.921 | \n9436.227 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n66533189065.058 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Frustration (−) | \n30.958 | \n24413.461 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n27847338461359.742 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Jealousy (−) | \n21.971 | \n45327.033 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n3483997796.992 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Shame (−) | \n43.908 | \n15195.137 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n11719077213841310000.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Fear (−) | \n−3.601 | \n44078.805 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.027 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Sadness (−) | \n−32.828 | \n20159.582 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n5.531E-15 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Joy (+) | \n44.629 | \n36308.886 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n24096244549266317000.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Forgiveness (+) | \n29.357 | \n45828.959 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n5618462657828.428 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Love (+) | \n28.429 | \n68809.244 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n2221343412505.831 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Thankfulness (+) | \n−46.389 | \n33238.126 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n7.139E-21 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Pride (+) | \n51.398 | \n24718.421 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n20974296918467923000000.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Gladness (+) | \n−72.392 | \n50294.937 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n3.635E-32 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Inspiration (+) | \n−55.492 | \n85436.525 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n7.948E-25 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Hope (+) | \n11.827 | \n63358.506 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n136961.278 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Kindness (+) | \n31.787 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n63787421138352.160 | \n63787421138352.160 | \n63787421138352.160 | \n|
Warmth (+) | \n8.409 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n4485.333 | \n4485.333 | \n4485.333 | \n|
Almost never | \nAlmost never experiencing… | \n\n | |||||||
Worry (−) | \n17.337 | \n62730.027 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n33830667.954 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
\n | \nLoneliness (−) | \n−9.711 | \n34034.477 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n6.059E-5 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n
Anger (−) | \n−1.924 | \n19347.725 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.146 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Depression (−) | \n9.818 | \n23029.240 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n18363.795 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Rejection (−) | \n8.158 | \n34567.475 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n3489.671 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Frustration (−) | \n13.964 | \n16139.542 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n1160449.712 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Jealousy (−) | \n22.533 | \n32665.601 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n6105775901.719 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Shame (−) | \n35.521 | \n46428.161 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n2670030769720042.500 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Fear (−) | \n35.521 | \n46428.161 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n2670030769720042.500 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Sadness (−) | \n17.608 | \n42357.809 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n44381092.351 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Joy (+) | \n1.402 | \n63332.243 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n4.064 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Forgiveness (+) | \n−1.440 | \n57396.565 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.237 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Love (+) | \n.313 | \n16938.360 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.367 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Thankfulness (+) | \n−3.646 | \n33406.056 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.026 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Pride (+) | \n−4.300 | \n32548.244 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.014 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Gladness (+) | \n−21.410 | \n32410.214 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n5.030E-10 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Inspiration (+) | \n−15.599 | \n53537.876 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.681E-7 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Hope (+) | \n−4.277 | \n12318.961 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.014 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Kindness (+) | \n21.446 | \n22120.485 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n2059283298.525 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Warmth (+) | \n−14.930 | \n8827.409 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n3.280E-7 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Sometimes | \nSometimes experiencing… | \n\n | |||||||
Worry (−) | \n25.756 | \n21842.662 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n153345818008.820 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Loneliness (−) | \n−7.627 | \n23144.438 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Anger (−) | \n−7.814 | \n20611.045 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
\n | \nDepression (−) | \n10.880 | \n19572.240 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n53084.629 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n
Rejection (−) | \n2.386 | \n14377.750 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n10.866 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Frustration (−) | \n23.451 | \n6961.863 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.997 | \n15305137329.349 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Jealousy (−) | \n21.023 | \n35452.621 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1350132117.246 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Shame (−) | \n46.349 | \n19147.919 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n134687881868218000000.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Fear (−) | \n.464 | \n17216.104 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.591 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Sadness (−) | \n3.031 | \n13855.955 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n20.726 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Joy (+) | \n−.480 | \n19549.724 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.619 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Forgiveness (+) | \n7.455 | \n24432.265 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1729.107 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Love (+) | \n1.239 | \n26718.325 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n3.452 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Thankfulness (+) | \n9.055 | \n7536.983 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n8560.522 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Pride (+) | \n1.837 | \n10838.583 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n6.278 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Gladness (+) | \n−33.519 | \n28558.496 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n2.772E-15 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Inspiration (+) | \n−8.211 | \n43149.464 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Hope (+) | \n−5.634 | \n11332.098 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.004 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Kindness (+) | \n12.634 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n306728.293 | \n306728.293 | \n306728.293 | \n|
Warmth (+) | \n−16.876 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n4.686E-8 | \n4.686E-8 | \n4.686E-8 | \n|
Almost always | \nAlmost always experiencing… | \n\n | |||||||
Worry (−) | \n20.506 | \n17453.044 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n804770902.727 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Loneliness (−) | \n−1.592 | \n17924.925 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.203 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Anger (−) | \n−2.581 | \n17950.704 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.076 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Depression (−) | \n13.616 | \n23382.990 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n819226.292 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Rejection (−) | \n3.583 | \n6386.837 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n35.979 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
\n | \nFrustration (−) | \n18.653 | \n14439.424 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n126090251.289 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n
Jealousy (−) | \n14.808 | \n29716.579 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n2699157.783 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Shame (−) | \n45.466 | \n21327.045 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n55691661855071380000.000 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Fear (−) | \n5.595 | \n14237.673 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n269.191 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Sadness (−) | \n1.510 | \n24004.762 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n4.529 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Joy (+) | \n.109 | \n9914.736 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.115 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Forgiveness (+) | \n5.222 | \n12493.560 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n185.332 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Love (+) | \n−3.497 | \n15974.687 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.030 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Thankfulness (+) | \n7.421 | \n2682.184 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n1671.232 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Pride (+) | \n−4.543 | \n7817.173 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n.011 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Gladness (+) | \n−33.649 | \n16456.088 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.998 | \n2.436E-15 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Inspiration (+) | \n−16.021 | \n38348.256 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n1.000 | \n1.102E-7 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Hope (+) | \n−7.183 | \n6199.960 | \n.000 | \n1 | \n.999 | \n.001 | \n.000 | \n.\nb\n\n | \n|
Kindness (+) | \n19.455 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n281332174.318 | \n281332174.318 | \n281332174.318 | \n|
Warmth (+) | \n−6.874 | \n.000 | \n. | \n1 | \n. | \n.001 | \n.001 | \n.001 | \n
Parameter estimates.
The reference category is: Always.
Floating point overflow occurred while computing this statistic. Its value is therefore set to system missing.
This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
No empirical research is free of limitations; henceforth, such limitations should be acknowledged prior to any conceptualization of our hypotheses. Initially, it should be noted thatSt. Vincent and the Grenadines – as any given society or nation – has social norms and moral values that might be different or conflicting in another social sphere. It may be possible that some commonality still exists among institutionalized males or even among different nations within the Caribbean region. Though, these elements are not sufficient to ignore the issue of representativeness. Keeping in mind the exceptionally high percentage of the particular men who had experienced emotional and psychological distress in their lives linked to prevalent standards of manliness or masculinity taboos, as well as the regional cultural and ethnical diversity, it would have been scientifically imprecise to claim that the results are generalizable and that the present sample represents an area larger than SVG. In addition, given the relatively small – but randomized – size of the sample and population as well as the nature of the questions, conclusions were drawn with extreme caution. Due to conceptual and structural limitations related to constraints on generalizability, this study could not test complex theoretical models from the existing literature; yet, it helped us formulate more specific hypotheses for more definite future investigation.
\nResearch evidence consistently shows high rates of unresolved issues among incarcerated samples. Our study provided evidence that emotional problems among incarcerated men in SVG is associated with a wide range of relational issues such as refrain from crying, suppression of feelings, lack of strong family bonds, and exposure to past abuse. Although, many respondents had the idea of ending their lives, the intensity of such thoughts varied greatly. There was no clear demarcation between those who embrace positive emotions and those who experience a weaker pull in that direction and vice-versa. Inmates having strong positive emotions also displayed a propensity for negative emotions falling the “sometimes” vacuum. Based on the inmates’ responses, it was feasible to make a definitive statement that inmates find it hard to deal with their negative emotions due to past abuse. There is ample indication to show that sharing or dealing with negative emotions is very difficult for all inmates, either they had suffered an abuse or not. Due to intervening factors, with culture being the main one, crying accounted for one of the reasons why inmates may feel uncomfortable to talk about issues of emotional nature. By observation, those persons who were able to pick the issues that bothered them the most and talk about them were also not afraid of crying.
\nHistorically, research attention has focused on the emotional and psychological needs or problems of incarcerated women (e.g. [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]), not those of men. This study findings call for further action; action to screen for and treat emotion-related traumas among incarcerated men. Treatment for emotional problems and their consequences inside correctional settings is pivotal; especially for incarcerated men – a largely neglected but serially traumatized population [31, 32]. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, a programme whose focus is to address the issue of recidivism, mental health and to overcome behavioral issues, helping inmates to regulate their emotions, develop social skills, and address thinking that can lead to violence and criminality, such as aggressive or antisocial behavior has just gotten under way. The more obvious understanding to stereotypical behaviors is that the society has predetermined the course of males’ emotional reactions. A conceptual “mold” has been created, which has gathered widespread acceptability. As Way [33] argues, the solution lies with exposing the inaccuracies of our gender stereotypes in which human needs and capabilities are given a sex and sexuality. The issue of males being able to reveal their emotions will remain a stigmatized issue unless academics and practitioners are willing to make the issue an urgent one.
\nIn the meantime, helping men to work their way out of the dilemma of having to succumb to “suck it up”, “man it up”, “stop acting like a baby”, “men don’t cry” and other derogative emotive clichés that men have grown to hear and feel and have unwillingly accepted as their mantra, should be society’s target. A viable solution might be recommending a shift in the outdated perception of “Man is Invincible” to “Man is Human Being” adapting the view that behavior that is shadowed by an unhealed wound as not being a gender specific issue, but more a human being issue. Man does not need more shame or stigmas attached to him, for that will certainly work to his disadvantage.
\nFamily environment could play a viable role in desisting such shaming and stigmatization processes. Respondents put high premium on family and family values, as their deep sense of neglect and the limited interaction with their family members acted as a springboard to their delinquency. They were able to talk about how their families’ aloofness and lack of caring created an emotional void inside them. A noticeable absence of family members’ contribution to relationship building is that of the fathers’. Fathers played little or no role in the lives of the respondents. Generally, fathers have played a limited role in the lives of most Caribbean males, due to the high single parent household that are featured [34]. The extent to which this affect males when dealing with situations that warrant much display of strong emotions is relatively unknown.
\nWe should also have a deeper look into the extent, complexity, and motives of those 120 male inmates who admitted of having some form of suicidal ideation in the past. Given the raising numbers of incarcerated men in SVG and the strength of these associations, targeted intervention is critical. To put this issue in context, the changing of our the local society’s beliefs about males social and emotional capacities would never happen overnight, but invariably rely on the combined skills of educators and parents to help cultivate the inert capacities males possess [35]. This study also unearthed stimulating information for more in-depth research. It allowed for the collection of information regarding imprisoned males and their emotions revealing the various components of those motions and their possible inter-relationships. In the meanwhile, it is anticipated that the present study would contribute in fostering a research culture in prisons and at the same time stimulate individuals to address the pressing issues of health and wellness among the male population in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
\nInformed consent was obtained from all individual adult participants included in the study.
\nThe authors have no funding to disclose.
\nAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
\ncruel and violent treatment of a person
\npsychological dysfunction in an individual that is associated with distress or impairment and a reaction that is not culturally expected.
\nstrong feelings deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
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\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
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\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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