Baseline parameters of the study groups.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4499",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",title:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gynecology is frequently changing due to extensive implementation of high technology in both, the diagnosis and management of gynecologic problems. General gynecologists, gynecologic endocrinologists, infertility specialists, gynecologic endoscopists, and gynecologic oncologists will find attractive, new information in this book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1736-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7227-7",doi:"10.5772/58510",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"contemporary-gynecologic-practice",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"64c41c45c40504082457d94565dcb68f",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",publishedDate:"February 4th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4499.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26891,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 22nd 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 20th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 9th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 8th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 8th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",middleName:"M.M.",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/29304/images/1698_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Atef Darwish graduated from Assiut School of Medicine in 1985 with an excellent grade with first class honors. He got his Master degree in 1989 with Excellent degree. Between 1992-1994, he spent 2 years at the Endoscopic Unit of Ulm University, Germany. Thereafter, he received his Medical Doctorate in 1995 through a combined program between the University of Ulm, Germany and the University of Assiut, Egypt with Excellent degree. He joined the Endoscopy Unit of Villach University Hospital in Austria, the Assisted Reproduction Unit in Düsseldorf University Hospital in Germany and the reproductive biology and minimally invasive surgery unit in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Clevland, Ohio, USA. Currently, he is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University since July 2005. Moreover, he is a consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology in three hospitals and he is the moderator and lecturer of many endoscopic societies. \nHe authored an internationally registered undergraduate book, presented 59 presentations in national and international meetings, delivered a lot of lectures in Egypt, some Arabian countries and the USA and published more than 40 papers in international medical journals, and 7 papers in national journals. He received some congress prizes and awards due to his work in the field of reproductive medicine since 1995. He is a reviewer of many international journals and an associate editor of two of them. \nIn 2009, he got a PhD degree in the reproductive medicine at the University of Utrichet, The Netherlands.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1069",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility"}],chapters:[{id:"47926",title:"Endoscopic Explanation of Unexplained Infertility",doi:"10.5772/59948",slug:"endoscopic-explanation-of-unexplained-infertility",totalDownloads:2583,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Atef Darwish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47926",authors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],corrections:null},{id:"47706",title:"Overview of Gynaecological Emergencies",doi:"10.5772/59107",slug:"overview-of-gynaecological-emergencies",totalDownloads:4504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dagogo Semenitari Abam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47706",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47706",authors:[{id:"171756",title:"Dr.",name:"Abam",surname:"Dagogo",slug:"abam-dagogo",fullName:"Abam Dagogo"}],corrections:null},{id:"47450",title:"Biomarkers of Ectopic Pregnancy-Present and Future",doi:"10.5772/58954",slug:"biomarkers-of-ectopic-pregnancy-present-and-future",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Soundravally Rajendiren and Pooja Dhiman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47450",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47450",authors:[{id:"171571",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundravally",surname:"Rajendiran",slug:"soundravally-rajendiran",fullName:"Soundravally Rajendiran"},{id:"171770",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",surname:"Dhiman",slug:"pooja-dhiman",fullName:"Pooja Dhiman"}],corrections:null},{id:"48078",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/59591",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani and Samira Behboudi-Gandevani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48078",authors:[{id:"171267",title:"Prof.",name:"Fahimeh",surname:"Ramezani Tehrani",slug:"fahimeh-ramezani-tehrani",fullName:"Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani"}],corrections:null},{id:"47428",title:"Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia by ReducingInsulin Resistance and Cysticercosis Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/58953",slug:"treatment-of-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-by-reducinginsulin-resistance-and-cysticercosis-induced-",totalDownloads:2127,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Alan Sacerdote and Gül Bahtiyar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47428",authors:[{id:"69298",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",surname:"Bahtiyar",slug:"gul-bahtiyar",fullName:"Gul Bahtiyar"},{id:"171410",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan",surname:"Sacerdote",slug:"alan-sacerdote",fullName:"Alan Sacerdote"}],corrections:null},{id:"47443",title:"Screening Methods for Gynaecological Cancers",doi:"10.5772/58947",slug:"screening-methods-for-gynaecological-cancers",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"T.K. Nyengidiki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47443",authors:[{id:"171742",title:"Dr.",name:"Nyengidiki",surname:"Tamunomie",slug:"nyengidiki-tamunomie",fullName:"Nyengidiki Tamunomie"}],corrections:null},{id:"47419",title:"From the Ovary to the Fallopian Tube: A History of Ovarian Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/58945",slug:"from-the-ovary-to-the-fallopian-tube-a-history-of-ovarian-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"G. Chene, G. Lamblin, K. Le Bail-Carval, P. Chabert, J.D. Tigaud and G. Mellier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47419",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47419",authors:[{id:"37320",title:"Prof.",name:"Gautier",surname:"Chene",slug:"gautier-chene",fullName:"Gautier Chene"}],corrections:null},{id:"47444",title:"Past, Present and Future Perspectives on the Management of Endometrial Cancer— A Comprehensive Review",doi:"10.5772/58946",slug:"past-present-and-future-perspectives-on-the-management-of-endometrial-cancer-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Abu-Zaid and Ismail A. Al-Badawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47444",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47444",authors:[{id:"36424",title:"Prof.",name:"Ismail",surname:"Al-Badawi",slug:"ismail-al-badawi",fullName:"Ismail Al-Badawi"},{id:"173093",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abu-Zaid",slug:"ahmed-abu-zaid",fullName:"Ahmed Abu-Zaid"}],corrections:null},{id:"47603",title:"Endometrial Cancer Prevention with Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System",doi:"10.5772/59211",slug:"endometrial-cancer-prevention-with-levonorgestrel-releasing-intrauterine-system",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Dirk Wildemeersch, Maciej Jóźwik and Marcin Jóźwik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47603",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47603",authors:[{id:"70456",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Wildemeersch",slug:"wildemeersch",fullName:"Wildemeersch"}],corrections:null},{id:"47445",title:"Monochorionic Twin Pregnancy— Potential Risks and Perinatal Outcomes",doi:"10.5772/58951",slug:"monochorionic-twin-pregnancy-potential-risks-and-perinatal-outcomes",totalDownloads:3783,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Julio Elito Júnior, Eduardo Félix Martins Santana and Gustavo Nardini Cecchino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47445",authors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."},{id:"171791",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Santana",slug:"eduardo-santana",fullName:"Eduardo Santana"},{id:"171792",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Cecchino",slug:"gustavo-cecchino",fullName:"Gustavo Cecchino"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"916",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3b5ce6116c6a12bd51e828ecbdf8dab",slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecb5e49241a0c218206e413b562a4909",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1821",title:"Basic Gynecology",subtitle:"Some Related Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a608bf8be6e7033af826c48b0833f86",slug:"basic-gynecology-some-related-issues",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2977",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4839b21e329663783593933587485387",slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",bookSignature:"Atef M.M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5901",title:"Testes and Ovaries",subtitle:"Functional and Clinical Differences and Similarities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a58d754113b9ce21f745d181a689b8e9",slug:"testes-and-ovaries-functional-and-clinical-differences-and-similarities",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5409",title:"Fertility-oriented Female Reproductive Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a01175c857cd700e350a0145e488e16",slug:"fertility-oriented-female-reproductive-surgery",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2575",title:"Prolactin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"338ea99a4e29b28d7463a976a301711b",slug:"prolactin",bookSignature:"György M. Nagy and Bela E. Toth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145362",title:"Prof.",name:"György M.",surname:"Nagy",slug:"gyorgy-m.-nagy",fullName:"György M. Nagy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3206",title:"Success in Artificial Insemination",subtitle:"Quality of Semen and Diagnostics Employed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a50fd2eb2e5decc46ec7e7aa8fc9722e",slug:"success-in-artificial-insemination-quality-of-semen-and-diagnostics-employed",bookSignature:"Alemayehu Lemma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"771",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b89fb9267c4f3bd8ef2336164dd3a63c",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome",bookSignature:"Srabani Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/771.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119661",title:"Dr.",name:"Srabani",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"srabani-mukherjee",fullName:"Srabani Mukherjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"936",title:"Amenorrhea",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0683f99f4a59138c60b51411f046b97d",slug:"amenorrhea",bookSignature:"Amar Chatterjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/936.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"amar-chatterjee",fullName:"Amar Chatterjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66063",slug:"corrigendum-to-introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",title:"Corrigendum to: Introductory Chapter: Historical Perspective and Brief Overview of Insulin",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66063.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66063",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66063",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66063",chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]},book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9484",leadTitle:null,title:"Glucagon",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'
\r\n\tGlucagon is one of the pancreatic hormones. It plays different and significant roles in the human body. Their functions include protections against damages of glucose homeostasis, in particular against hypoglycemia. It influences and regulates not only metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Glucagon is also involved in the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, as well as it regulates also energy homeostasis. On the other hand, disturbances in functions, synthesis and/or secretion of glucagon may cause several pathologies such as obesity and hepatic steatosis. Impairment functions of this hormone may have influence, direct or indirect, on the development of diabetes mellitus, "a progressive worldwide epidemic". Presented examples of glucagon\'s role in human health and diseases suggest a very important role of this hormone. Therefore, knowledge of this hormone, its functions, regulations, secretions, etc seems to be very significant. This book will be written by a scientist with expertise in the study of glucagon.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book describes a series of up-to-date topics about physiological and pathological processed that occurred in the functions of glucagon. By presenting a clear and exhaustive review of the correlation between synthesis and secretion of glucagon and health/disease, it is expected to draw more attention from biomedical scientists, physicians, pharmacologists, physiologists, and students to dedicate their research in uncovering the role of hormonal regulation, especially glucagon, in human health and diseases.
',isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2fce59d7d576c75b80cbdd2e271fe54",bookSignature:"Dr. Leszek Szablewski",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9484.jpg",keywords:"Pancreatic Hormones, Glucagon and Glucose Homeostasis, Regulation of Glucagon Synthesis, Regulation of Glucagon Secretion, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Characteristics of Glucagon, Glucagon Signaling Pathway, Hyperglucagonemia, Glucagonoma, Glucagon Resistance, Hepatic Steatosis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220812",firstName:"Lada",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220812/images/6021_n.jpg",email:"lada@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6d19b59871b430fbcfc4bd297e242d",slug:"glucose-homeostasis",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6581",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85899eab2d8b01653e1297b168c470d7",slug:"adipose-tissue",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7061",title:"Blood Glucose Levels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71d38173067c610b03c51dec97dd031d",slug:"blood-glucose-levels",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71090",title:"Effect of Aromatase Inhibitors versus Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction in Infertile Women with Ovulatory Dysfunction (PCO)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90270",slug:"effect-of-aromatase-inhibitors-versus-clomiphene-citrate-for-ovulation-induction-in-infertile-women-",body:'Many controversies surround the treatment of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Before any intervention is initiated, pre-conceptional counselling should be provided emphasizing the importance of lifestyle, especially weight reduction and exercise in overweight women, smoking, and alcohol consumption [1].
The recommended first-line treatment for ovulation induction remains the anti-estrogen clomiphene citrate (CC). Recommended second-line intervention, should CC fail to result in pregnancy, is either exogenous gonadotropins or laparoscopic ovarian surgery (LOS). The use of exogenous gonadotropins is associated with increased chances for multiple pregnancies, and, therefore, intense monitoring of ovarian response is required. Laparoscopic ovarian surgery alone is usually effective in less than 50% of women, and additional ovulation induction medication is required under those circumstances. Recommended third-line treatment is in vitro fertilization (IVF) [1].
Aromatase inhibitors aromatase inhibitors act not only by decreasing circulating levels of estrogen, but also by directly blocking local estrogen production in the breast tumor.
In premenopausal women, it causes an increase in gonadotropin secretion because of the reduced negative feedback of estrogen to the pituitary.
It also leads to ovarian stimulation, an increase in ovarian size, which may result in ovarian cysts in premenopausal females [2].
Kafy and Tulandi [3] found that letrozole in a dose of 5 mg daily for 5 days is associated with a thicker endometrium and a better pregnancy rate. It is as effective as gonadotropin but yet less expensive. Moreover, induction of ovulation with FSH injections is carried with relative risks of multiple gestations and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [4]. The benefit of the use of aromatase inhibitors has not yet been proven in large studies [5].
Gregoriou et al. [6] stated that ovarian stimulation with letrozole is associated with acceptable pregnancy rates compared with gonadotropin with significant less cost, risks, and patient inconvenience. In addition, suggests that clomiphene suppresses endometrial receptivity more than letrozole, and they concluded that letrozole might be an appropriate drug for ovulation induction. Fortunately, Badawy et al. [7] documented safety of letrozole and clomiphene citrate for both the mother and fetuses.
Yet, the benefit of the use of aromatase inhibitors has not yet been proven in large studies, and further randomized-controlled studies are warranted to define more clearly the efficacy and safety of letrozole in human reproduction.
Condition phase: Infertility due to anovulation.
Intervention: Patients were assigned to the letrozole or clomiphene citrate. Patients were enrolled and followed-up. The Ethics Committee of the King Abdulaziz University Hospital approved this study. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Study design: Treatment, randomized, double-blind, efficacy study comparing letrozole versus clomifene citrate for ovulation induction.
Setting: A university teaching hospital.
Primary outcome measures: Ovulation rate, number of growing and mature follicles during treatment, serum estradiol level, serum progesterone level, endometrial thickness.
Secondary outcome measures: Hyperstimulation, miscarriage rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and ectopic pregnancy trial population: 44 infertile females were assigned to the study according to certain inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria
Age: 25–40, BMI < 30.
Infertility due to anovulation.
No recent (within 3 months) treatment for induction of ovulation.
Normal semen analysis.
Proven patency of at least one fallopian tube.
Had no other pelvic pathology.
Exclusion criteria
Inability to give informed consent
Hypersensivity to letrozole or clomiphene citrate
Excess prolactin levels
Other causes of infertility
Absence of any inclusion criteria.
This double-blind randomized-controlled trial was conducted in 44 infertile patients attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah over a period of 1 year. Forty-four infertile women, aged between 25 and 40 years with infertility for 2 years or more, of unprotected coitus without conception in patients who have never conceived before, because of anovulation related to PCOS, were recruited for study after obtaining informed consents from the couples. PCOS diagnosis required the presence of two of three criteria, i.e., oligomenorrhea and/or anovulation, clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Couples with any other significant subfertility factor in either of the partner detected by pre-recruitment investigations were not included in this study. The Ethics Committee of the King Abdulaziz University Hospital approved this study.
All patients were screened for the hormonal profile, including the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, estradiol, a pelvic ultrasound for confirmation of polycystic changes in the ovary, hysterosalpingography to determine tubal patency, Semen analysis in the patient’s partner to rule out malefactor.
Computer-assisted randomization was done and concealment was ensured. The candidates were randomly divided into two groups. Patients were allocated to either group (I), where patients received 5 mg of letrozole once daily (Femara®, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), or group (II), where patients received 100 mg of CC once daily (Clomid®, Sanofi Aventis, France), for 5 days starting on day 3 of menses, for the first, second, and third month. Follow-up of ovulation and endometrial thickness was monitored by transvaginal ultrasonographic folliculometry by the same operator by the same observer. Timed intercourse was advised 24 h after measuring dominant follicle of >18 mm till 12 h post ovulation.
Subjects returned to the clinic on stimulation day 12 for blood sampling to analyze estradiol and were undergone transvaginal sonography to document on the number of follicles (Note: Stimulation day 1 equals the first day of study drug).
Blood sampling was repeated on stimulation day 21 for the analysis of serum progesterone. Ovulation was confirmed by a progesterone level 10 ng/mL. If the results of the progesterone test indicate that the patient has not ovulated, the subject was brought back 1–2 days later for a repeat progesterone test. Also, ultrasound for assessment of the thickness of the endometrium was done.
In ovulatory cycles, a pregnancy test was performed 3 days post missed period. Subjects with a positive pregnancy test were supplemented with micronized progesterone vaginally. Participants were evaluated for three courses of intervention.
Subjects may be allowed to continue for up to two additional treatment cycles if they failed to achieve clinical pregnancy in their first treatment cycle, and did not experience other mandatory withdrawal condition. A follow-up visit was arranged for each group every month at the second day of menstruation until 3 months after recruitment or at any time during the trial if the pregnancy was achieved.
The data were analyzed with the Statistical Program SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics comprised the mean and standard deviation (SD), analytical statistics comprised the t-test to make comparisons between independent quantitative means, and the Anova test to make comparisons between the different groups. P value < 0.05 was significant. Pearson correlation was done between different parameters.
Results obtained during the term of the project and data analysis. Patients were randomized so as, 24 women of mean age (30.2 ± 4.3) years received letrozole; whereas, 20 women of mean age (29.8 ± 4.7) years received clomiphene citrate. Group (I) had a body mass index of (28.2 ± 2.1); whereas, group (II) had a body mass index of (27.4 ± 2.2). There was no significant difference between the groups as regard age or body mass index (P > 0.05) (Table 1) and the baseline hormonal profiles of the two groups (Table 2).
Age | BMI | |
---|---|---|
Letrozole (n = 24) | 30.2 ± 4.3 | 28.2 ± 2.1 |
Clomiphene citrate (n = 20) | 29.8 ± 4.7 | 27.4 ± 2.2 |
Significance | NS | NS |
Baseline parameters of the study groups.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
FSH | LH | TSH | Prolactin | Estradiol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IU/ml | mlU/ml | ulU/m | mlU/L | pmol/L | |
Letrozole (n = 24) | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 4.1 ± 2.4 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 2.6 | 53.1 ± 11.4 |
Clomiphene citrate (n = 20) | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 50.9 ± 15 |
Significance | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Baseline hormonal parameters of the study groups.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
There was no significant statistical difference between letrozole group and the clomiphene citrate group concerning the following hormones: serum FSH day 2 (5.5 ± 1.9 versus 5.9 ± 1.5 IU/ml), serum LH day 2 (4.1 ± 2.4 versus 4.4 ± 2.3 mIU/ml), and serum E2 day 2 (53.1 ± 11.4 versus 50.9 ± 15 pmol/L).
The primary outcome measures were a number of mature follicles and endometrial thickness (in mm); secondary outcome measures were the pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate. The number of follicles showed no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference between the groups (5.8 ± 3.6 for Group I versus 3.2 ± 3.3 in Group II) in cycle I. Endometrial thickness showed no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference (9.07 ± 0.3 for Group I versus 4.08 ± 0.3 cm for Group II) (Table 3).
Estradiol | Progesterone | Follicles | Endometrium | Pregnancy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pmol/L | mol/L | Number | Thickness (cm) | Rate | |
Letrozole (n = 24) | 4.5 ± 455.7* | 47.6 ± 34.4 | 4.5 ± 4.5 | 1.1.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 |
CC (n = 20) | 2.5 ± 2127.6 | 62.2 ± 62.8 | 3.6 ± 3.6 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
Significance | 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.820 | 0.724 | 0.030 |
Effect of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate on estradiol, progesterone, no. of follicles and endometrial thickness in cycle 1.
CC = clomiphene citrate.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
The mean number of follicles reaching >18 mm was significantly higher in patients who received letrozole (4.5 ± 4.5) than in those receiving clomiphene citrate (3.6 ± 3.6), although this difference was found non-significant. Letrozole and clomiphene citrate showing no significant difference (P > 0.05) as regards the endometrial thickness (1.1 ± 0.2 versus 1.2 ± 0.2) (Table 3). There is an insignificant difference between clomiphene citrate and letrozole as regard endometrial thickness and number of follicles through the 3 cycles. Clomiphene citrate significantly increased estradiol and progesterone levels compared to letrozole in cycle 1 and cycle 3 (Tables 3–5).
Estradiol | Progesterone | Follicles | Endometrium | Pregnancy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pmol/L | mol/L | Number | Thickness (cm) | Rate | |
Letrozole (n = 24) | 4.2 ± 656.7* | 39.6 ± 31.1 | 5.8 ± 3.6* | 1.07 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 |
CC (n = 20) | 1.5 ± 904.5 | 48.9 ± 57.1 | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 1.08 ± .3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 |
Significance | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 0.81 | 0.02 |
Effect of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate on estradiol, progesterone, no. of follicles and endometrial thickness in cycle 2.
CC = clomiphene citrate.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
Estradiol | Progesterone | Follicles | Endometrium | Pregnancy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pmol/L | mol/L | Number | Thickness (cm) | Rate | |
Letrozole (n = 24) | 3.9 ± 349.09 | 36.8 ± 26 | 5.1 ± 4.8 | 1.05 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 |
CC (n = 20) | 4.08 ± 5443.4 | 51.3 ± 68.5 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 1.09 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.2 |
Significance | 0.007 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.10 | NS |
Effect of Letrozole versus clomiphene citrate on estradiol, progesterone, no. of follicles and endometrial thickness in cycle 3.
CC = clomiphene citrate.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
A comparison of the number of pregnancies achieved in the groups showed insignificant statistical difference (P < 0.05). No multiple pregnancies occurred in both groups (Table 6).
No. of pregnancy | Miscarriage | |
---|---|---|
Letrozole (n = 24) | 4 | 0 |
Clomiphene citrate (n = 20) | 3 | 0 |
Significance | 0.49 | NS |
Effect of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate on number of pregnancies pregnancy and miscarriages in the 3 cycles.
Significant change: P < 0.05.
Anova between the 3 cycles revealed that there is no significant difference between estradiol, progesterone levels, number of follicles, and endometrial thickness. Post Hoc Tests also revealed insignificant differences between the outcomes in the 3 cycles.
Detailed scientific discussions of the results obtained during the term of the project, and related past results obtained in the field of this research area. Although clomiphene citrate is considered the first-line drug for ovulation induction in women with PCOS, a significant proportion of women do not respond to this treatment [8]. Letrozole, a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, is suggested for ovulation induction [9].
Letrozole initiates ovulation by decreasing the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen in the ovary. The inhibition of estrogen production, in turn, increases GnRH release and pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis [10]. Clomiphene citrate acts by blocking the negative feedback of endogenous estrogen at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and promoting an increase in the pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. However, clomiphene citrate has an antagonistic effect on the endometrium and may reduce endometrial thickness [11].
The results of this prospective randomized study showed that letrozole was as effective as clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation with an insignificant change in the number of mature follicles and endometrial thickness. Atay et al. [8] reported that letrozole and clomiphene citrate were effective for ovulation induction in PCOS, but in contrast to the present study, they found greater endometrial thickness in the letrozole group.
In the present study, clomiphene citrate significantly increased estradiol and progesterone levels compared to letrozole in cycle one and cycle 3. Badawy et al. [7] found that levels of serum estradiol and progesterone were statistically significantly higher in the clomiphene citrate group compared to letrozole.
The hormonal changes could be explained by clomiphene citrate (CC) binds to estrogen receptors (ERs) for an extended period of time due to its structural similarity to estrogen. This will deplete ER concentrations. The antiestrogenic effect on the hypothalamus and the pituitary is believed to be the main mechanism of action for ovarian stimulation. Depletion of hypothalamic ERs prevents correct interpretation of circulating estrogen levels; estrogen concentrations are falsely perceived as low leading to reduced estrogen-negative feedback on GnRH production and subsequent increased gonadotropin (FSH and LH) secretion. The rise of FSH promotes growth of ovarian follicles and ovulation in anovulatory women. It is believed that the hypothalamus is the main site of action because in normally ovulatory women, CC treatment was found to increase GnRH pulse frequency [12].
Letrozole block estrogen-negative feedback, without depletion of ERs as occurs with CC. Inhibition of aromatization will block estrogen production from all sources and release the hypothalamic/pituitary axis from estrogenic negative feedback. The resultant increase in gonadotropin secretion will stimulate growth of ovarian follicles [13].
Letrozole in patients with PCOS is as effective as clomiphene citrate in inducing ovulation; letrozole had a comparable effect to clomiphene citrate on endometrial thickness and number of follicles.
We thank Amani Al-Mars, Laila Al-Tonesy, Hala Al-Tayeb, and Amina Saleh for their contribution in collecting data.
The authors of this paper report no conflicts of interest.
For a long time, central aortic pressure (CAP) and brachial artery pressure were considered the same by clinicians. However, blood pressures in the proximal aorta and brachial artery are different due to wave reflection, the systolic blood pressure (SBP), and pulse pressure (BP) increase from the aorta to periphery, while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean artery pressure (MAP) just decrease 1–2 mmHg toward the peripheral arteries [1, 2, 3].
\nCAP is a better indicator of central hemodynamic stress that is propagated to the peripheral vasculature and target organs, such as the brain and kidneys [4]. Peripheral vasculature and target organs are directly exposed to CAP instead of brachial blood pressure. Measurement of CAP can provide more clinically useful information about cardiovascular system beyond brachial blood pressure. First, recent evidence suggested that CAP may be more strongly related to cardiovascular outcomes [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. For example, central pressure has been shown to have a closer correlation with surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease [6]. Second, CAP responds differently to certain drugs from brachial blood pressure [16, 17, 18]. For example, Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) which is frequently cited as an example of differential effects of interventions on central and peripheral pressure [16] demonstrated that CAP provides a superior measure of hemodynamic load on the heart and central organs. Besides hypertension, CAP also provides insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.
\nInvasive measurement of CAP is considered the “gold standard,” while this method is unsuitable for use in routine screening of large populations or clinical diagnosis. In recent years, there is increasing interest in noninvasive measurement of CAP, evidenced by multiple methods proposed and more and more devices commercialized. This chapter discussed current methodologies and devices for CAP estimation.
\nThe arterial tree is made up of dispensable tubes, which transfers the blood from the heart to the periphery. Along these tubes, blood pressure wave, generated by the heart, transmits to the periphery (forward wave) and is reflected back (reflected/backward wave). At different sites along the arterial tree, the forward and reflected waves meet at different times of a cardiac cycle, forming different blood pressure waveforms. This explains the difference in pulse wave contour along the arterial tree. The determinant of the time when the forward and reflected waves meet is the pulse wave velocity (the speed at which the pressure wave transmits in arterial tube). Pulse wave velocity is determined by arterial stiffness, which does not change much in brachial artery with aging or among subjects. This lays the theoretical foundation of using generalized transfer function to estimate aortic pulse wave from radial/brachial pulse wave. Whereas, it does change in central arteries with aging, hypertension, and exercise among subjects, which leads many researchers to seek accurate and practicable adaptive or individualized methods to estimate CAP.
\nApplanation tonometry was applied to the measurement of arterial pressure waveforms and has been used ever since. It flattens the arterial wall with a flat pressure sensor, eliminating the tangential pressures and exposing the sensor to the pressure within the artery [19]. The most widely used device employing this method is the Millar applanation tonometry (Millar Instruments, USA). The applanation tonometry is feasible to accurately record pressure waveforms in the radial artery and carotid artery.
\nA device using arrayed sensors was used [20, 21, 22, 23] and commercialized by Nippon Colin and Omron health statistics companies. The device records all the pressure waveforms detected by the sensors and automatically selects the one with the highest quality. This automatic method makes the ubiquitous measurement of radial blood pressure waveform and estimation of CAP possible. The fixed sensor can reduce the effect of movement produced by the operator, less depending on the operator’s skill. In these two cases, the recording is more or less related to the operator’s skill, and a reproducibility study is essential for each operator in order to guarantee the measurement quality. The watch-type tonometer developed by BPro (HealthSTATS, Singapore) is expected to enable ambulatory tonometric pressure monitoring.
\nNote that the pressure measured noninvasively using an applanation tonometry is not identical to that invasively measured. The pressure applied to flatten the arterial wall and compress overlying tissues should be taken into account. The tonometric pressure wave should be calibrated using brachial arterial pressures.
\nMore recently, a number of brachial cuff-based devices have appeared to assess CAP. Mobil-O-Graph (I.E.M. GmbH, Germany), Vicorder (Skidmore Medical Ltd., UK), WatchBP (Microlife Corp, Taiwan, China), and BPLab (Petr Telegin, Russia) estimate CAP from the ordinary oscillometric pulse volume recording (diastolic oscillometry) data. In some devices, such as DynaPulse (Pulse Metric Inc., USA), Arteriograph (TensioMed Ltd., Hungary), and BP+ (Uscom Ltd., Australia), supra-systolic brachial cuff plethysmography is used to acquire supra-systolic recordings to estimate CAP. Supra-systolic recordings of oscillometric pulse waveform are made with a cuff pressure above SBP so that the brachial artery is totally occluded. SphygmoCor XCEL and Oscar 2 with SphygmoCor record the blood pressure waveform under sub-diastolic blood pressure. Some devices may offer the advantage of acquiring CAP, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), as well as ambulatory assessment of CAP which may further improve risk stratification. Although some validation studies have been reported, the theoretical validity of the use of a simple cuff as a pressure sensor is not fully understood. Moreover, demonstrative clinical data supporting its accuracy seem to be inadequate. Therefore, the clinical validity of such devices should be evaluated in the future before being used as a clinical tool.
\nThe invasive method directly records the blood pressure waveform in the ascending aorta using a pressure-sensing catheter during cardiac catheterization. This method can continuously provide accurate blood pressure waveform and is considered the “gold standard.” However, the invasive method is only applicable during catheterization, not appropriate for routine high-throughput screening of CAP. Recently since the 1990s, noninvasive methods have been introduced and validated for the assessment of central blood pressure. An overview of the related commercial devices is described in Table 1.
\nDevice company | \nSite of record | \nMethod of waveform recording (Sensor) | \nMethod of estimation | \nCalibration | \nInvasive validation/ FDA approval | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PulsePen DiaTecne s.r.l., Italy | \nCarotid artery | \nApplanation tonometry, Single, manual | \nSimple substitution | \nBrachial cuff MAP/DBP | \n[67]/no | \n
Complior Analyse Alam Medical, France | \nCarotid artery | \nApplanation tonometry, Single, fixed | \nSimple substitution | \nBrachial cuff MAP/DBP | \n[68]/no | \n
NIHem Cardiovascular Engineering Inc., USA | \nCarotid artery | \nApplanation tonometry, Single, manual | \nSimple substitution | \nBrachial cuff MAP/DBP | \n[69]/no | \n
HEM-9000AI Omron Healthcare, Japan | \nRadial artery | \nApplanation tonometry Arrayed [40], fixed | \nSBP2 + regression | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[34, 37, 39, 70]/no | \n
BPro+A-Pulse CASP HealthSTATS, Singapore | \nRadial artery | \nApplanation tonometry Single, fixed(watch type) | \nN-point moving average | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[71, 72]/yes | \n
Gaon Hanbyul Meditech, Korea | \nRadial artery | \nApplanation tonometry Single, fixed | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[73]/no | \n
SphygmoCor CVMS AtCor Medical, Australia | \nRadial artery | \nApplanation tonometry Single, manual | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP /DBP | \n[27, 28, 62, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77]/yes | \n
SphygmoCor XCEL AtCor Medical, Australia | \nBrachial artery | \nSub-diastolic brachial cuff plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[78]/yes | \n
Oscar 2 with SphygmoCor SunTech Medical, USA | \nBrachial artery | \nSub-diastolic brachial cuff plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \nYes/yes | \n
cBP301 Centron Diagnostics, UK (acquired by SunTech Medical) | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[79]/yes | \n
Mobil-O-Graph I.E.M. GmbH, Germany | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff pulse volume plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[74]/yes | \n
Arteriograph TensioMed Ltd., Hungary | \nBrachial artery | \nSupra-systolic brachial cuff plethysmography | \nSBP2 + regression | \nBrachial cuff MAP/DBP | \n[80, 81]/no | \n
Vicorder Skidmore Medical Ltd., UK | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff pulse volume plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff MAP/DBP | \n[62, 82]/yes | \n
BPLab Petr Telegin, Russia | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff pulse volume plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \nNo/no | \n
BP+ Uscom Ltd., Australia (acquire Pulsecor Ltd., Cardioscope II) | \nBrachial artery | \nSupra-systolic brachial cuff plethysmography | \nPhysical model Brachial supra-systolic waveform | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[83]/no | \n
DynaPulse Pulse Metric Inc., USA | \nBrachial artery | \nSupra-systolic brachial cuff plethysmography | \nPhysical model | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \nYes/yes | \n
WatchBP Microlife Corp, Taiwan, China | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff pulse volume plethysmography | \n(SBP2, DBP, As, Ad) + regression | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \n[84, 85]/yes | \n
ARCsolver+ VaSera VS-1500 Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria | \nBrachial artery | \nBrachial cuff pulse volume plethysmography | \nGTF | \nBrachial cuff SBP/DBP | \nYes/yes | \n
Statistics and comparison of noninvasive CAP measuring device.
As, area under systolic pressure trace; Ad, area under diastolic pressure trace.
Pressure waveforms in the ascending aorta and carotid artery are similar. Carotid pressure is often used as a surrogate measure for CAP [24, 25]. This method directly measures pressure waveform in common carotid artery by applanation tonometry and calibrates the waveform by the mean and diastolic pressure (being identical to that in brachial artery). PulsePen (DiaTecne s.r.l., Italy), Complior Analyze (Alam Medical, France), and NIHem (Cardiovascular Engineering Inc., USA) employ this method.
\nDespite the similarity of the aortic and carotid pulse wave, the amplitude of the augmented pressure wave in the ascending aorta is much higher than that in the carotid artery [19], which affects the calculation accuracy of some cardiovascular parameters like the augmentation index (AI).
\nThis approach assumes that the relationship between central aortic and brachial/radial blood pressure waveforms keeps the same among all subjects (or a set of subjects with similar physiological and pathological characteristics). This relationship is modeled by a generalized transfer function. This generalized transfer function is employed to reconstruct the central pressure waveform from brachial or radial pressure waveform [26, 27]. This is the most well validated [28] and the most widely used method so far. Figure 1 demonstrates the generalized transfer function produced from 26 subjects. The transfer function is a low-pass filter that compensates for the boost in high frequency components of the pressure waveform as it travels from central aorta to the periphery. This method can provide not only quantitative CAP but also central aortic pressure waveform, allowing further analysis to access more cardiovascular parameters and predict cardiovascular status. The GTF method was first embedded in SphygmoCor (AtCor Medical, Australia), the first device accepted by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the estimation of CAP.
\nFrequency response of GTF produced from 26 subjects (the area between the dash-dot lines is the 95% confidence interval) [29].
The CAP determined by the GTF method is highly correlated with the brachial pressure used for calibration. Input errors of GTF-brachial pressure values result in a quantifiable effect on its output-CAP. The transfer error by the GTF depends on heart rate and BP levels, which should be taken into account when applying GTF to populations with different hemodynamic conditions [30].
\nThe validity of the GTF method in estimating central arterial pressures was evaluated [28]. The generalizability of GTF has been questioned [31], especially in some special hemodynamic conditions (chronic kidney disease or arterial stiffness) [32]. In addition, not all methods that generate GTFs are equally accurate [33].
\nCentral SBP can be estimated directly from the properly calibrated brachial or radial pressure waveform. The evidences indicate that the reflected wave peak recorded in the periphery approximates to central SBP, since pressure gradients in the arterial system are relatively small during late systole and the late systolic shoulder represents the dominant peak in most adults from midlife onward [34, 35]. Therefore, for older adults, central aortic systolic blood pressure can be calculated [28] via a regression equation employing the second systolic peak as an independent variable [36, 37]. The method is used by Omron HEM-9000AI (Omron Healthcare, Japan), which records the radial pressure waveforms by tonometry, Arteriograph and WatchBP, which calculate central SBP from the brachial cuff pressure.
\nOne drawback of this method is that it does not work when the second peak of a brachial/radial pressure waveform disappears (which often happens in the old or in patients with hypertension or arterial stiffness). The performance of this method in estimating CAP depends on the morphology of brachial/radial pressure waveform [38]. For example, central aortic SBP may be inaccurate in younger individuals with early, non-augmented peak systolic pressure [39]. Besides, this method also suffers the calibration error.
\nAs mentioned above, the GTF method can be regarded as applying a low-pass filter to the brachial/radial pressure waveform. A simplified approach for assessing CAP is the N-point moving average (NPMA) method, which is a kind of first-order low-pass filter, removing all higher frequency-related pulse wave features, which are typically related to wave reflections, and, therefore, providing only central aortic SBP instead of aortic blood pressure waveform. This method is also a generalized method as the GTF method does; it suffers the intersubject and intra-subject variability. The accuracy of NPMA cannot be superior to that of GTF method. This method is embedded in BPro device and A-Pulse CASP application software (HealthSTATS, Singapore). It does not provide an estimated central aortic blood pressure waveform.
\nThe fundamental assumption of the GTF method is that the relationship between central aortic and the peripheral pulse waves remains the same in different subjects or in different status of one subject, while, as mentioned before, central arterial stiffness differs with aging, hypertension, or exercise, which changes the relationship between central aortic and brachial/radial pressure waves. Several adaptive transfer function methods were proposed trying to tune the generalized transfer function and derive more reliable CAP [29, 40].
\nFor example, in our previous work, using aortic and brachial pulse waves derived from 26 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, generalized transfer functions (GTF) were derived based on the autoregressive exogenous model. Then for each individual, the GTF was tuned by its peak resonance frequency, as shown in Figure 2. The optional peak resonance frequency for an individual was determined by regression formulas using brachial systolic blood pressure. Another work by Swamy [40] used similar method and validated the method in dogs during multiple interventions.
\nDiagram of adaptively adjusting the GTF to the desired ATF. The solid line indicates the GTF, and the dotted line indicates the desired ATF. A and B indicate the peaks of the desired ATF and GTF, respectively. M and n are the peak resonance frequencies of the desired ATF and the GTF, respectively [29].
The GTF method does not account for intersubject or intra-subject variability of the transfer function. Individualized or quasi-individualized methods were proposed in recent years [41, 42, 43]. These methods primarily employ a physical transmission line model and focus on the individualization of pulse transit time, which is the main determinant of the aorta-brachial and aorta-radial model. Till now, none of the ITF methods are fully validated by invasive data and unfortunately rarely used in clinical practice [44].
\nThe blind system identification (BSI) method reconstructs the input from two or more outputs. In the estimation of central aortic pressure waveform, BSI reconstructs the central aortic pressure waveform based on two peripheral pressure waveforms [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. This method is fully individualized, without the need of measuring or estimating pulse transit time. The main drawback of this method is that it requires extra measurement of peripheral pressure waveforms. The two aorta-periphery models should not be similar in order to provide enough information, which added the inconvenience of clinical application.
\nThe tonometry waveforms in carotid artery are calibrated to MAP and DBP which are similar throughout the arterial system, whereas SBP varies from the proximal artery to the periphery [1, 2, 3]. The calibration of tonometry waveforms in carotid artery are calibrated to brachial SBP and DBP. Because of variable amplification of the pressure waveform as it travels from the brachial to the radial recording site, the calibration of the radial waveform with brachial SBP and DBP leads to neglect of brachial-to-radial amplification, which may be sufficiently high to be of practical importance [51, 52, 53, 54]. This results in underestimation of radial systolic, mean, and pulse pressure, whereas diastolic pressure is comparable between brachial and radial sites [53, 55]. Since the radial waveform is improperly calibrated, the derived aortic pressure waveform will have systolic, mean, and pulse pressures underestimated. And the difference between central and brachial pressures is overestimated. Thus, incorrect calibration simultaneously underestimates central pressure and overestimates central-to-brachial pressure amplification. In order to decrease calibration errors, the calibration of tonometry waveforms in radial artery with brachial MAP and DBP may be preferable.
\nThe calibration of tonometry waveforms with brachial MAP and DBP also has errors. One error is the inexact MAP obtained. Using brachial blood pressure and a formula to estimate brachial mean pressure is not acceptable because of high variation in the form factor of the brachial pressure waveform which can affect the accuracy of calibration. The maximum amplitude algorithm, which is commonly employed in oscillometric devices to estimate mean arterial pressure, is susceptible to errors that are related to arterial stiffness [56, 57, 58]. Another error is related to the inaccuracy of brachial cuff blood pressure used to calibrate which will be inevitably transferred to the resulting CAP.
\nTo sum up, all current methods for estimating CAP are critically dependent on concurrent assessment of conventional peripheral blood pressure for calibration. The brachial blood pressure is used as the source of calibration in all the techniques of estimating CAP. The noninvasive oscillometric blood pressure devices are known to underestimate systolic and overestimate brachial diastolic blood pressure [59, 60]. Estimates of central pressure based on these incorrect estimates of brachial blood pressure will be proportionally confounded. The auscultatory blood pressure, which represents the gold standard measure of peripheral blood pressure, also has error similar to the oscillometric device [61].
\nTill now, all the available noninvasive methods and devices suffer the calibration error in the estimation of CAP. This means that the performance of these noninvasive methods largely depends on the measurement of peripheral blood pressures [53, 62]. That is why measurements from various methods or devices vary widely. In studies that performed direct comparisons of existing devices, agreement between devices is suboptimal [59, 63, 64]. New noninvasive methods should be introduced to get rid of calibration error, and the accuracy of peripheral blood pressure measurement should be improved.
\nMost standard diagnostic criteria for hypertension are based on brachial blood pressures. However, there are no standard diagnostic criteria available based on CAP. Clinicians should consider providing CAP-based standard diagnostic criteria for hypertension and some other cardiovascular risks.
\nCentral aortic pulse waves contain a vast amount of physiological and pathological information regarding cardiovascular system [65, 66]. Many approaches have been attempted to estimate aortic pressure waveform or CAP noninvasively. However, these techniques are either not fully validated or not accurate enough in estimating CAP compared with the invasive method. Their applications in clinical practice are limited. CAPs derived from different devices are not consistent, making it impossible to substitute for each other clinically. Therefore, these noninvasive methods not only need further improvement but also further clinical validation. There are basically two problems to be solved.
\nAs mentioned above, most of the current noninvasive methods suffer calibration error. Novel methods are required to get rid of the calibration error. And the accuracy of current methods for blood pressure measurement should be improved.
\nBoth the mathematical models and physical models are mostly used to establish an average model and apply it to each individual. The difference between individuals inevitably brings in error. The parameters of mathematical transfer function have no clear physical meaning. It is not easy to individualize them. One thing we can do is to calculate a transfer function for each specific population with similar physiological status (such as the same gender, the same generation, or those with the same diseases). The physical models are built on the basis of the mechanical properties of cardiovascular system. The parameters included in the models have a clear physical meaning. Some of them are potentially available via direct measurement or estimation. But many of these parameters are not easily available. In recent years, although some researchers have presented individualized methods, they are either not convenient or do not show much improvement compared with GTF methods. Besides, most of them are not fully validated. Novel convenient individualized method with fully validation is recommended.
\nThe research reported here was, in part, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61773110, No. 61374015) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. N161904002, No. N130404016).
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"126408",title:"Prof.",name:"A",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves",slug:"a-chaves",fullName:"A Chaves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Ceará",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"116458",title:"Prof.",name:"A. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Minzoni",slug:"a.-a.-minzoni",fullName:"A. A. Minzoni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"90116",title:"Dr.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Gil",slug:"aaron-flores-gil",fullName:"Aaron Flores-Gil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Carmen",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"119935",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",slug:"abbas-dandache",fullName:"Abbas Dandache",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6959},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"534",title:"Information Security",slug:"information-security",parent:{title:"Communications and Security",slug:"communications-and-security"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:18,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5775",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e8cfc4e4aca32b98ee8c7c18d133c0f",slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151924",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54749",doi:"10.5772/67801",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1134,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"54809",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68412",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1064,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]},{id:"55682",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68796",title:"Machine Learning in Application Security",slug:"machine-learning-in-application-security",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Nilaykumar Kiran Sangani and Haroot Zarger",authors:[{id:"196324",title:"Mr.",name:"Nilay",middleName:"K",surname:"Sangani",slug:"nilay-sangani",fullName:"Nilay Sangani"},{id:"198200",title:"Mr.",name:"Haroot",middleName:null,surname:"Zarger",slug:"haroot-zarger",fullName:"Haroot Zarger"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54465",title:"Implementation of a Multimaps Chaos-Based Encryption Software for EEG Signals",slug:"implementation-of-a-multimaps-chaos-based-encryption-software-for-eeg-signals",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Chin-Feng Lin and Che-Wei Liu",authors:[{id:"15251",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chin-feng-lin",fullName:"Chin-Feng Lin"},{id:"196965",title:"Mr.",name:"Che-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"che-wei-liu",fullName:"Che-Wei Liu"}]},{id:"55682",title:"Machine Learning in Application Security",slug:"machine-learning-in-application-security",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Nilaykumar Kiran Sangani and Haroot Zarger",authors:[{id:"196324",title:"Mr.",name:"Nilay",middleName:"K",surname:"Sangani",slug:"nilay-sangani",fullName:"Nilay Sangani"},{id:"198200",title:"Mr.",name:"Haroot",middleName:null,surname:"Zarger",slug:"haroot-zarger",fullName:"Haroot Zarger"}]},{id:"54671",title:"Proactive Detection of Unknown Binary Executable Malware",slug:"proactive-detection-of-unknown-binary-executable-malware",totalDownloads:1054,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Eric Filiol",authors:[{id:"101428",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Filiol",slug:"eric-filiol",fullName:"Eric Filiol"}]},{id:"54749",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"55748",title:"Advanced Access Control to Information Systems: Requirements, Compliance and Future Directives",slug:"advanced-access-control-to-information-systems-requirements-compliance-and-future-directives",totalDownloads:2268,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Faouzi Jaidi",authors:[{id:"196358",title:"Dr.",name:"Faouzi",middleName:null,surname:"Jaidi",slug:"faouzi-jaidi",fullName:"Faouzi Jaidi"}]},{id:"55851",title:"Energy-Secrecy Trade-offs for Wireless Communication",slug:"energy-secrecy-trade-offs-for-wireless-communication",totalDownloads:726,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Ruolin Zhang",authors:[{id:"198089",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruolin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ruolin-zhang",fullName:"Ruolin Zhang"}]},{id:"54809",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1063,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]},{id:"55820",title:"Implementing Secure Key Coordination Scheme for Line Topology Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"implementing-secure-key-coordination-scheme-for-line-topology-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Walid Elgenaidi, Thomas Newe, Eoin O’Connel, Muftah Fraifer,\nAvijit Mathur, Daniel Toal and Gerard Dooly",authors:[{id:"14279",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Newe",slug:"thomas-newe",fullName:"Thomas Newe"},{id:"68370",title:"Dr.",name:"Eoin",middleName:null,surname:"O\\'Connell",slug:"eoin-o'connell",fullName:"Eoin O\\'Connell"},{id:"197649",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Elgeanidi",slug:"walid-elgeanidi",fullName:"Walid Elgeanidi"},{id:"204613",title:"Dr.",name:"Muftah",middleName:null,surname:"Fraifer",slug:"muftah-fraifer",fullName:"Muftah Fraifer"},{id:"204645",title:"MSc.",name:"Avijit",middleName:null,surname:"Mathur",slug:"avijit-mathur",fullName:"Avijit Mathur"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/101463/larysa-darchuk",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"101463",slug:"larysa-darchuk"},fullPath:"/profiles/101463/larysa-darchuk",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()