Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Combustion and Emissions of Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Gasoline-Biodiesel Blends

Written By

Yanuandri Putrasari and Ocktaeck Lim

Submitted: 06 December 2020 Reviewed: 07 January 2021 Published: 19 February 2021

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95877

From the Edited Volume

Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel

Edited by Enhua Wang

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Abstract

A gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine was proposed to be the next generation internal combustion engine for gasoline. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and intake boosting on combustion and emissions of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends by partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) combustions are investigated in this study. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection CI engine, with 5% by volume proportion of biodiesel in gasoline fuel blends. Engine control parameters (EGR rate, intake boosting rate, and various injection strategies) were adjusted to investigate their influences on combustion and emissions of this GCI engine. It is found that changes in EGR rate, intake boosting pressure and injection strategies affect on ignition delay, maximum pressure rise rate and thermal efficiency which is closely tied to HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions, respectively.

Keywords

  • gasoline
  • fuel
  • GCI
  • thermal efficiency
  • emission

1. Introduction

The stricter limitations of vehicle emission regulation especially for compression ignition (CI) engines with petroleum diesel fuel motivates many researchers to explore the utilization of low volatile and alternative fuels for CI engines to obtain high efficiency, but produce lower emissions or so-called low temperature combustion (LTC). Due to the low volatility and short ignition delay of diesel fuel, CI engines produce high nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. To obtain LTC combustion, which is increase engine efficiency, and improve exhaust emissions, a variety of combustion methods in CI engines have been investigated such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), PPCI, multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI), etc. HCCI engine is one method that potentially to achieve an advanced LTC, which possible to produce low particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions to replace conventional diesel engine combustion [1]. However, many technical problems of HCCI engine strategy must be solved before released to the market. The maximum load limitation due to the surplus of pressure rise rate (PRR) and engine knocking phenomenon [2, 3] have been major obstacle as long as HCCI combustion influenced by fuel type and air fuel mixture quality.

Recently, several studies have shown that gasoline and some other fuels with low cetane number and higher volatility are potentially advantages for low temperature combustion in CI engine, which is popular as gasoline compression ignition engine (GCI) [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. At the beginning, GCI was proposed to exploit the benefit of high volatility and long ignition delay of gasoline fuel and high ratio of CI engine to obtain both high engine efficiency and low exhaust emission [20]. Later on, the concept of GCI was improved with PPCI concept by injecting fuel in the compression stroke, then mixture stratification is formed before combustion event [21]. The PPCI concept may extend load range at the same time maintaining high thermal efficiency, low NOx and soot emissions. Even though, the pressure rise rate (PRR) is remaining too high at the high load operation. The most advanced injection strategy on GCI is MPCI which has purpose to control combustion noise by manage the injection and combustion process in an order as spray – combustion – spray – combustion [22, 23]. By using MPCI mode, the acceptable pressure rise rate can be achieved and extended load range can be obtained.

There are many challenges in the implementation of GCI mode in CI engines. Several techniques are used to realize the utilization of gasoline fuel in CI engines including PPCI, MPCI and other various parameters. The start of injection (SOI) timing has effects on the balance of GCI combustion based on the study by Kodavasal et al., [24]. The study indicated that, the perfect combustion of a GCI engine was earned with start of injection (SOI) timing at -30o after top dead center (ATDC) and misfired was happened at SOI advanced than -42o ATDC. More advance SOI has potentially to solve the exhaust gas deterioration by minimizing NOx and keeps the high performance of LTC. However, more knocking, ringing, HC and CO will occur due to improper combustion. The multiple-injection strategy has been known as the solution for the NOx/soot and decrease of combustion noise with maintaining low fuel consumption in CI engine. The application of this method with higher volatility fuel which are suitable for well-premixed or properly stratified mixture prior to the ignition to reduce both NOx and soot emissions while maintaining high efficiency compared to conventional diesel CI engines was conducted previously [21, 25]. Meanwhile, the double injection strategy for pure gasoline fuel in GCI engines successfully reduced MPRR and NOx levels in half of the single-injection [17]. However, the IMEP and fuel economy were decreased. Furthermore, the significant increasing of the CO and soot emissions were also happened, even though the levels less than conventional diesel CI engine.

Blending gasoline fuel with certain percent of biodiesel in CI engines is the one way to obtain the good combustion and emissions results. Biodiesel is proven to be appropriated as a substitution fuel for CI engines [11, 26]. Furthermore, biodiesel has evidently decreasing engine exhaust pollutant [27, 28], due to the high content of oxygen which important to minimize the soot development in combustion process [29]. The implementation of gasoline-biodiesel blends in GCI engine with single and double injection modes has been studied previously [30, 31, 32]. The effect of biodiesel-gasoline blends on GCI combustion using 5% and 10% biodiesel was studied by Adams [30], which focused on reducing required intake temperature and utilization of split injection. To overcome the auto ignition difficulty of gasoline fuel without modification on intake temperature in GCI engine, the authors using a high compression ratio around 19.5 and various SOI of single injection mode in the previous study [31].

Previous studies have presented detailed analysis and discussion of the combustion and emission characteristics of GCI for PPCI or MPCI modes, by fueled with gasoline-diesel blends or gasoline biodiesel blends using direct injection GCI concept [4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. However, the combustion and emission characteristics of CI engines are also influenced by various other factors, such as fuel injection strategy, initial conditions and its combustion modes. Furthermore, based on previous study [30, 31, 32], the maintaining of high efficiency and emission reduction of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends still challenging and need more to be optimized especially for its NOx and soot emissions. Since the auto-ignition sensitivity of gasoline fuel is influenced by several factors such as in-cylinder equivalence ratio, intake dilution, intake temperature and pressure, it is potentially to utilize EGR and boosting in GCI combustion. To overcome the load operation limit and adjusting heat release subject to engine speed by delaying the combustion phasing, EGR was used [35]. The high-load operation can be achieved without knocking by using EGR, in which increases of specific heats capacity and minimize of oxygen (O2) concentration in the chamber promotes longer ignition delay and shifted combustion phasing far away from after top dead centre [36, 37, 38, 39]. But, surplus of EGR supply leads to the decreasing of power and resulted more CO and HC emissions. Thus, boosting was utilized to increase the operating load simultaneously encourage fuel ignition reactivity. Furthermore, adjusting the CA50 is also necessary when boosting is operated. Because, the more intake charges mass leads to the high intensity of knocking due to the higher of pressure rise [40, 41, 42]. Suitable method of EGR and boosting was proven potentially to extend CI engine 12]. Thus, it is also potential to be used in GCI engines. The basic and control mechanism of EGR with boosting on GCI gasoline-biodiesel auto-ignition should be able to explain the relatively wide ranges of operating parameters. Thus, complementary experimental works are conducted to achieve a better understanding on the combustion process and emission characteristics of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends. Information about the effects of EGR and boosting on GCI engines using gasoline-biodiesel blends are essential for advancing the theory and contributions to successfully implement gasoline in CI engines and biofuel into the transportation sector.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of EGR and boosting on the combustion and emissions of a GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends. To obtain a clear and comprehensive analysis of the effect of various EGR and boosting rates on combustion and emissions of GCI engine the same basic energy input of injected fuels was used for comparing the various parameters. The PPCI combustion modes for the gasoline-biodiesel blend were utilized. Modification of several initial conditions, such as intake, oil, and coolant temperatures are also conducted. The combustion characteristics of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, ignition delay, and emission characteristics are analyzed accordingly as the focus of this study.

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2. Method

2.1 Test system

The experimental study was conducted using a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, water-cooled, naturally aspirated diesel engine with 498 cm3 of displacement and four-valve SOHC. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the test engine and measurement setup. The engine specifications are listed in Table 1. A standalone supercharger made by Engine Tech, a Korean local company, was used to supply the intake boosting. A conventional EGR system was used, in which the line is routed directly from exhaust manifold to the intake manifold. The engine was connected to the test system which is a 57 kW Dynamometer (Elin AVL Puma MCA325MO2). A data acquisition system (Dewetron DEWE-800-CA) in combination with an encoder (Autonics E40S8–1800-3-T-24), a pressure transducer (Kistler 6056A), and an amplifier (Kistler 5018) were used to obtain the combustion data. The fuel was injected to the combustion chamber using a Bosch seven-hole injector. A multi-stage injection engine controller (Zenobalti: ZB-8035, ZB-5100, ZB-100) was used to adjust the combustion strategy. Meanwhile, the temperatures of air intake, engine coolant, and lubricant oil were controlled by using separate temperature controller. The exhaust emissions, including unburned total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and NOx were measured using a Horiba MEXA-7100DEGR. AVL 415 smoke meter was used for soot emission measurement. Some thermocouple K and RTD types were installed on the certain part of the engine to measure including the intake, oil, coolant and exhaust temperature.

Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of the engine and measurement system setup.

Engine ParametersValue
Displacement498 cm3
Bore83 mm
Stroke92 mm
Compression Ratio19.5
Con. Rod Length145.8 mm
Crank Radius43.74 mm
Valve System4-valve SOHC
Fuel SystemElectronic Common Rail

Table 1.

Engine specifications.

2.2 Test fuels preparation

Two fuels, which are diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blend were used in this study. The baseline fuels utilized in this study were commercial gasoline (GB00), neat diesel (D100) and pure soya bean biodiesel (B100). The chemical composition information of soya bean vegetable oil is given in Table 2. Biodiesel (5% by volume) and gasoline were blended and labeled as GB05. To maintain the homogeneity, the mixing process was conducted about 10 minutes then immediately used for experiment. The physical properties of baseline fuels and GB05 are given in Table 3.

Fatty AcidSystem NameStructureFormulaaComposition (wt %)
MyristicTetradecanoic14:0C14H28O20
PalmiticHexadecanoic16:0C16H32O212
StearicOctadecanoic18:0C18H36O23
ArachidicEicosanoic20:0C20H40O20
BehenicDocosanoic22:0C22H44O20
LignocericTetracosanoic24:0C24H48O20
Oleiccis-9-Octadecenoic18:1C18H34O223
Linoleiccis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic18:2C18H32O255
Linoleniccis-9,cis-12, cis-15-Octadecatrienoic18:3C18H30O26
Eruciccis-13-Docosenoic22:1C22H42O20

Table 2.

Chemical composition of soya bean vegetable oil.

xx:y indicates xx carbons in the fatty acid chain with y double bonds.

Test ItemUnitTest MethodGasolineGB05B100D100
Heating ValueMJ/kgASTM D240:200945.8645.3239.7945.93
Kinematic Viscosity (40°C)mm2/sISO 3104:20080.7354.2292.798
LubricitymmISO 12156-1:2012548290189238
Cloud PointoCISO 3015:2008−57−373−5
Pour PointoCASTM D6749:2002−57−571−9
Density (15 °C)kg/m3ISO 12185:2003712.7722.3882.3826.3

Table 3.

Physical properties of the fuels.

2.3 Operating conditions

The engine was operated at stable condition with fixed 1200 rpm. An injection pressure of 70 MPa was used for PPCI. Single injection timing at 40 oCA BTDC was adopted and set for PPCI combustion mode. The total energy input of injected fuel was set at around 26 mg/cycle. The initial parameters of intake temperature, oil temperature, and coolant temperature were maintained at 85°C, 75°C, and 65°C, respectively. The reason why the intake temperature was maintained at 85°C is to promote the autoignition of the fuel easier. As already known that GB05 more likely as a pure gasoline which low autoignition characteristics. The homogeneous hot EGR and air mixture were applied in this study with 0%, 20% and 50% of flow rates by using a pair of gate valve. The EGR ratio was calculated using Eq. 1 as follows.

EGR%=mEmE+mi×100%E1

where mE and mi are the mass of EGR and intake fresh air, respectively.

The air boosting were set at 0.1 and 0.12 MPa in the intake manifold. The more detail engine operating parameters and injection strategies are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The data of 100 consecutive cycles such as in-cylinder pressure was recorded for combustion analysis.

ParameterDiesel/GCI
Speed (rpm)1200
Inj. Pressure (MPa)70
Injection strategyPPCI
Inj. Quantity (mg)26
T intake (°C)85
T oil (°C)75
T coolant (°C)65
EGR (%)0, 20 and 50
Intake boosting (MPa)0.1 and 0.12

Table 4.

Operating parameters.

Combustion modesInjection strategiesInjection timing and durationInjected fuel
D100GB05
PPCISingle40 oCA BTDC (1000 μs)(26 mg)

Table 5.

Injection strategies.

The analysis and discussion was performed on several engine parameters such as in cylinder heat release rate, temperature, peak of pressure rise rate, IMEP, COV of IMEP, knocking/ringing intensity, thermal efficiency and combustion efficiency. Rate of heat release was calculated using Eq. 2.

dQ=1γ1Vdp+γγ1pdVE2

Where, γ is the specific heat ratio, V is the instantaneous cylinder volume, and p is the cylinder pressure. The normal and suitable value of γ for a CI engine is 1.3. The in-cylinder pressure and volume data were used to calculate the in-cylinder temperature using ideal gas law, as shown in Eq. 3.

T=p.Vn.RE3

where p is for pressure, V for volume, n is the amount of substance, and R is the gas constant.

Furthermore, the emission of CO, HC, NOx and particulate matter (smoke) were also discussed and analyzed in detail.

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3. Experimental results and discussion

The main purpose of this experiment is to improve the efficiency and emission characteristics of CI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends using GCI mode. To replace the utilization of diesel fuel with gasoline fuel in CI engine due to high demand of diesel fuel in the market, thus a small amount of biodiesel (5%) was added as the lubricity improver to overcome the wear problems in the fuel system. The performance results were compared with only pure diesel fuel, because the basic of the engine is diesel engine. The engine was run on single injections mode (PPCI) at 1200 rpm with various EGR rate (0%, 20% and 50%) and intake boosting 0.1 to 0.12 MPa to investigate the effect of EGR and boosting on performance, combustion and emissions. The performance, combustion and emissions characteristics data was analyzed and presented graphically for in-cylinder pressure, temperature, HRR, ignition delay, MPRR, PPRR, IMEP, thermal efficiency and its emissions including HC, CO, NOx and smoke opacity.

3.1 Effect of EGR and PPCI injection strategy

The total fuel consumption per cycle in PPCI mode is maintained at 26 mg per cycle and single injection timing at 40 oCA BTDC. The others engine operating conditions i.e. air intake, engine coolant and engine oil temperatures were set at 358 K, 338 K and 348 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the fixed intake pressure 0.1 MPa and various EGR rates for 0%, 20% and 50% were used to characterized the effect of EGR and PPCI injection strategy on combustion and emissions of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends.

Figure 2 shows the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and HRR of PPCI mode at various EGR rate for 0%, 20% and 50%, and fixed intake boosting 0.1 MPa. It can be seen from the figure that CI engine fueled with diesel fuel reveal the decreasing in-cylinder pressure when the EGR rate is increase. Similar with the diesel fuel, gasoline-biodiesel blend also indicates the same trend when EGR rate increase the in-cylinder pressure decrease. The in-cylinder temperature for diesel fuel decreasing as the trend of in-cylinder pressure when EGR rate increase. However, the in-cylinder temperature trends of gasoline-biodiesel blend show that EGR 50% lead to the highest value among the others EGR rates. Observing at heat release rates curves, it is seen that the heat release process of both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends fuels show a marked two-stage ignition. The first stage ignition of diesel fuel consistently higher than 20 J/deg., even though all of the curves reveal decreasing trends for various increasing EGR rate. Meanwhile, the first stage ignitions from gasoline-biodiesel blends are very low for all various EGR rates, and it is almost very difficult to be recognized. The highest peak of heat release rate can be obtained from gasoline-biodiesel blends with 50% EGR rate. The highest peak of heat release rate can be used to determine that the excessive pressure rise rate is happened. The excessive of PRR means that the combustion is not stable or some time when in the high load condition, the rapid pressure rise rate can result in heavy knocking operation.

Figure 2.

Effect of EGR on cylinder pressure, temperature and HRR of PPCI mode.

Figure 3 shows the effect of EGR on ignition delay when engine operated using PPCI mode. The higher EGR rate results the longer ignition delay for both of diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends. However, it can be observed that gasoline-biodiesel blends lead to the much longer ignition delay compared to diesel fuel in every EGR rate variations. This condition is the advantage of gasoline fuel, which is longer ignition delay due to high volatile and low cetane number, thus there is a possibility of complete mixing period before combustion occurred. However, the longer ignition delay caused the shifted of maximum in-cylinder pressure far away form TDC which can reduce the performance of the engine. To overcome this condition the earlier injection timing can be applied among many other solutions.

Figure 3.

Effect of EGR on ignition delay of PPCI mode.

Figure 4(a) shows the effect of EGR on maximum of in-cylinder pressure and (b) peak of pressure rise rate of PPCI strategy. The higher of EGR rate generate the lower in-cylinder pressure maximum and lower the maximum pressure rise rate for both diesel fuel and gasoline-biodiesel blends. Similarly, the increasing of EGR rates also reducing the maximum of pressure rise rate for both diesel fuel and gasoline-biodiesel blends. This condition happened due to the slowdown of combustion process. One of the reasons when utilizing EGR to slowing down of combustion process is the concentration of O2 is lowered and the concentrations of CO2 and H2O unintentionally increased. Therefore, this slows down the reactions in the oxidizing direction and speeds up the reactions of reduction process direction.

Figure 4.

Effect of EGR on (a) max pressure and (b) peak pressure rise rate of PPCI mode.

The effect of EGR on IMEP of GCI engine using PPCI strategy is presented in Figure 5. The increasing of EGR rates does not give any effect on IMEP of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel. However, the 50% EGR rate results the highest IMEP value for gasoline-biodiesel blends, even much higher if compared with diesel fuel that is almost 1.0 MPa. Related to the IMEP value, the engine efficiencies especially indicated thermal efficiency also can be calculated by using it derivative that is indicated power/work. The effect of various EGR rates on indicated thermal efficiency of GCI engine using PPCI strategy can be seen in Figure 6. It can be seen that by increasing EGR rate the value of indicated thermal efficiencies are decreased for both of diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends. The 50% EGR rate for diesel fuel lead to a little increasing value of indicated thermal efficiency is compared with 20% of EGR rate. However, it caused the significant drop value of indicated thermal efficiency in case of gasoline-biodiesel blends fuel.

Figure 5.

Effect of EGR on IMEP of PPCI mode.

Figure 6.

Effect of EGR on indicated thermal efficiency of PPCI mode.

Effect of EGR rates on CO emission of GCI engine using PPCI mode can be observed on Figure 7. All variation of EGR rates showed that CO emission of gasoline-biodiesel blends are lower than diesel fuel due to the volatile properties of gasoline and higher oxygen content of biodiesel, which make more complete mixing and produce more perfect combustion. However, in general, the increasing of EGR rates caused no different of CO emission for both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends fuels. A little decreasing value of CO emission was only happened on GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends when running on 50% EGR rate.

Figure 7.

Effect of EGR on CO emission of PPCI mode.

Figure 8 shows the effect of various EGR rate on HC emission of GCI engine running on PPCI strategy. As like the trend of CO emission, HC emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends was also showed a lower value compared to diesel fuel. This condition can be explained also due to the properties of gasoline fuel and the oxygen content of biodiesel. The 20% of EGR rate value gives the lowest effect of HC emission both for diesel and for gasoline-biodiesel blends. Therefore, it is assumed in the PPCI mode the 20% of EGR rate as an optimum value to obtain lowest HC emission.

Figure 8.

Effect of EGR on HC emission of PPCI mode.

The NOx emission and its effect by using various EGR rate on GCI engine using PPCI mode can be seen in Figure 9. Normally, the increasing of EGR rates will lead to the lower NOx emission. However, in this case, for diesel fuel, the 20% of EGR rate gives highest NOx emission. Even though, when 50% EGR was applied the NOx emission will also decreasing. However, there are no effects of EGR rate variations on NOx emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends. This condition can be seen in the trend of graph that from the three EGR rate variation resulted almost same NOx emission value.

Figure 9.

Effect of EGR on NOx emission of PPCI mode.

The smoke emission of CI engine usually contrasts with NOx emission. When the NOx higher, the smoke will be a lower and vice versa. The effect of EGR rate variation on the smoke emission of GCI engine can be seen in Figure 10. Smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel in the high level for all variation of EGR rate, even when the rate increased. However, the smoke emission of GCI engine using gasoline-biodiesel blends obtain its lowest value when EGR rates at 20%. It can be said that the optimums of EGR rate that can maintain lowest smoke emission while lowest NOx emission is 20%.

Figure 10.

Effect of EGR on smoke emission of PPCI mode.

3.2 Effect of intake boosting and PPCI injection strategy

To understand the effects of intake boosting on GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends on PPCI mode in a simple and easy way, only the 20% of EGR rate was chosen an explained in this study. The intake boosting was set at 0.1 MPa and 0.12 MPa. Figure 11 shows the effect of boosting on in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and heat release rate of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends when running on PPCI strategy. Normally found that the increasing of intake boosting rate, increasing the in-cylinder pressure for both diesel fuel and gasoline-biodiesel blends fuel. An ambient pressure of intake boosting gives a higher in-cylinder pressure of GCI engine fueled with diesel compared to gasoline-biodiesel blends. Even, the in-cylinder of gasoline biodiesel-blends with intake boosting 0.12 MPa is lower than diesel fuel with ambient intake boosting. It was also same, that the implementation of 0.12 MPa intake-boosting leads to a higher in-cylinder pressure of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends than gasoline-biodiesel with 0.1 MPa intake boosting. To obtain in cylinder pressure of gasoline biodiesel blend at least equal to pure diesel fuel, the higher intake boosting can be applied as long as the engine material supports for high pressure condition and the real engine booster in this case turbocharger can achieves maximum desired pressure. Similar with in-cylinder pressure, the in-cylinder temperature curves show that the highest value is for GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel when intake boosting 0.12 MPa was applied. The lowest in-cylinder temperature, which is below 2000 K, was happened for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends fuel when using ambient pressure 0.12 MPa. The HRR curves show that the highest value is for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel fuel using 0.1 MPa intake boosting. The higher HRR value, the higher-pressure rise rate that can be determines the more unstable engine combustion. The lowest HRR value was obtained from GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel in the ambient pressure condition, which is the most stable combustion.

Figure 11.

Effect of boosting on cylinder pressure, temperature, and heat release rate of PPCI mode.

The effect of intake boosting on ignition delay of GCI engine using PPCI strategy is presented in Figure 12. The intake boosting gives effect on the lower ignition delay for both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blend fuel. The ambient pressure of intake boosting resulted ignition delay timing for diesel fuel at around 25 oCA BTDC, then the 0.12 MPa intake boosting lead to the slightly earlier of ignition delay timing at around 27 oCA BTDC. Similar trend happened on gasoline-biodiesel fuel, that ambient pressure of intake boosting resulted ignition delay timing at around 11 oCA BTDC, then when 0.12 MPa intake boosting was applied the ignition delay timing also more advanced at around 2 oCA BTDC. The higher volatile and lower cetane number properties of gasoline fuel caused the longer ignition delay timing if compared with diesel fuel. However, the application of intake boosting resulted a shifting of ignition delay timing earlier. The longer ignition delay timing is possible to produce more complete mixing period of air and fuel prior to combustion, however, too long ignition delay timing sometimes caused problem in the engine emission and efficiency.

Figure 12.

Effect of boosting on ignition delay of PPCI mode.

Figure 13 shows the effect of various intakes boosting on maximum of in-cylinder pressure and its maximum pressure rise rate. A normal condition happened that the increasing intake boosting, the increasing maximum in-cylinder pressure for both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends fuels. However, the increasing level of maximum in-cylinder pressure of diesel fuel is much higher than gasoline-biodiesel fuel. It is suspected that intake boosting caused the mixing of air fuel in diesel fuel more optimum than gasoline-biodiesel blend. The increasing of intake boosting leads to the increasing maximum pressure rise rate of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend in almost same value with diesel fuel. It is mean that the GCI engine running with intake boosting for gasoline-biodiesel blend has an almost similar stability compared with diesel fuel. However, very high-pressure rise rate indicated that the engine in unstable condition.

Figure 13.

Effect of boosting on (a) max pressure and (b) peak pressure rise rate of PPCI mode.

Effect of various intakes boosting on IMEP of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends in PPCI strategy can be seen in Figure 14. The IMEP of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend in ambient pressure of intake boosting is higher than when intake boosting is 0.12 MPa. The opposite condition was happened for diesel fuel, which is the IMEP value of GCI engine is higher when 0.12 MPa intake boosting was applied compared with ambient pressure. The condition for IMEP of diesel fuel as the effect of increasing the intake boosting is the normal phenomenon; however, for gasoline-biodiesel blend it is quiet special. This condition suspected by the effect of high volatile and low cetane number of gasolines, which resulted higher-pressure rise rate as shown in Figure 13. Fluctuate of in-cylinder pressure may lead to the unstable combustion and resulted the lower IMEP value.

Figure 14.

Effect of boosting on IMEP of PPCI mode.

The indicated thermal efficiency of GCI engine using PPCI strategy affected by various intake boosting is presented in Figure 15. The indicated thermal efficiency of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel increased due to the increasing of intake boosting. Similarly, for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend, even though the IMEP reduced when the intake boosting increased to be 0.12 MPa. This condition, in any case, is expected in the GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend. Furthermore, both for ambient and 0.12 MPa intake boosting showed that the indicated thermal efficiency of GCI engine with diesel fuel is higher than gasoline-biodiesel blend.

Figure 15.

Effect of boosting on indicated thermal efficiency of PPCI mode.

Figure 16 shows the effect of intake boosting on CO emission of GCI engine using PPCI strategy. It is already known that the utilization of gasoline-biodiesel blend in GCI engine resulted lower CO emission compared to diesel fuel. Similarly, in the single injection method of PPCI strategy also obtained the lower CO emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend compared to diesel fuel. The increasing of intake boosting from 0.1 to 0.12 MPa in GCI engines gives effect on the decreasing of CO emission for both gasoline-biodiesel blend and diesel fuels. It is suspected due to the combination of 20% EGR and 0.12 MPa of intake boosting, which may lead to the complete combustion.

Figure 16.

Effect of boosting on CO emission of PPCI mode.

The effect of intake boosting on HC emission of GCI engine can be observed in Figure 17. Similar with the trend on CO emission, the HC emission of GCI engine fueled with of GCI engine with gasoline-biodiesel blend originally is lower than diesel fuel as it can be seen in the ambient intake boosting condition. When the intake boosting increased to be 0.12 MPa HC emission of GCI engine decreased around a half value than 0.1 MPa of intake boosting. For GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend, it is obtained greatly decreasing of HC emission when the 0.12 MPa of intake boosting applied compared with 0.1 MPa. The decreasing value of HC emission in 0.12 MPa of intake boosting is almost 90% lower from the ambient pressure of intake boosting.

Figure 17.

Effect of boosting on HC emission of PPCI mode.

Figure 18 shows the effect of intake boosting on NOx emission of GCI engine with PPCI strategy. Overall, the NOx emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel is higher than GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend when using PPCI mode for either ambient intake pressure or increasing intake pressure at 0.12 MPa. The trend of graph shows that the increasing intake boosting also followed by increasing the NOx emission for both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blend. It is mean that the increasing of intake boosting has opposite function with 20% EGR. In this case, by using only 20% EGR rate, the NOx emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend is very low under 0.05 mg/kWh. However, increasing intake boosting 0.12 MPa, leads the deterioration on NOx emission to be around 0.2 mg/kWh.

Figure 18.

Effect of boosting on NOx emission of PPCI mode.

The effect of intake boosting on smoke emission of GCI engine with PPCI strategy can be seen in Figure 19. Smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel is very high almost 6 g/m3 when running on PPCI mode by 20% of EGR rate and ambient pressure of intake boosting. While, in this condition smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend much lower than diesel fuel at around 1.5 g/m3. Increasing intake boosting to be 0.12 MPa makes smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel decrease very significant around 3 g/m3. However, the increasing of intake boosting to be 0.12 MPa for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel caused the increasing of smoke emission, even though still lower than the emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel which is to be around 2.5 g/m3. If the point of view of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend running on PPCI mode focused simultaneously on NOx emission and smoke emission, then it can be stated that the optimum effort to reduce both of emission parts is by using 20% EGR rate and 0.1 MPa intake boosting.

Figure 19.

Effect of boosting on smoke emission of PPCI mode.

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4. Conclusions

The study on GCI engine was conducted in an experiment using biodiesel addition 5% into gasoline, compared to neat diesel with single injection (PPCI) strategy combined with the application of EGR and intake boosting in order to obtain high efficiency and low emission of GCI engine. The engine testing was set in the same of energy input that is injected fuel amount around 26 mg per cycle. Based on the results and comprehensive analysis, the following general conclusions may be drawn from this study:

Increasing EGR rate the value of indicated thermal efficiencies are decreased for both of diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blends. The highest 50% EGR rate for diesel fuel leads to a little increasing value of indicated thermal efficiency is compared with 20% of EGR rate. However, it caused the significant drop value of indicated thermal efficiency in case of gasoline-biodiesel blends fuel. By using diesel fuel, the 20% of EGR rate gives highest NOx emission. Even though, when 50% EGR was applied the NOx emission will also decreasing. The utilization of EGR gives effect on the drop of NOx emission value for gasoline-biodiesel blend much lower than diesel fuel. However, there are no effects of EGR rate variations on NOx emission of GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blends. Smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel in the high level for all variation of EGR rate, even when the rate increased. However, the smoke emission of GCI engine using gasoline-biodiesel blends obtains its lowest value when EGR rates at 20%.

The indicated thermal efficiency of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel increased due to the increasing of intake boosting. Similarly, for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend, the indicated thermal efficiency was also increased when the intake boosting increased to be 0.12 MPa. The NOx emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel is higher than GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend when using PPCI mode for either ambient intake pressure or increasing intake pressure at 0.12 MPa. The increasing intake boosting also followed by increasing NOx emission for both diesel and gasoline-biodiesel blend. Increasing intake boosting to be 0.12 MPa makes smoke emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel decrease very significant around 3 g/m3. However, the increasing of intake boosting to be 0.12 MPa for GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel caused the increasing of smoke emission, even though still lower than the emission of GCI engine fueled with diesel fuel.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the University of Ulsan, Korea. Yanuandri Putrasari acknowledges the support from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic Indonesia (RISTEK-BRIN).

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Author contribution

All authors contributed equally as the main contributor of this chapter. All authors read and approved the final version of this chapter.

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Written By

Yanuandri Putrasari and Ocktaeck Lim

Submitted: 06 December 2020 Reviewed: 07 January 2021 Published: 19 February 2021