Nutritional values of edible mushrooms and their activities.
Abstract
Apposite energy is required for body activity. Energy is derived from the oxidation of various biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These bio-molecules in the proper amount are essential for the structural and functional activities of any living being. Certain vitamins and enzymes are also needed for the maintenance of biochemical processes. Our daily food is the major source of these biomolecules. From the last few decades, researchers have placed giant effort into searching for a food material that can provide nearly all the essential components required to maintain the energy need and consequently, balancing the body’s homeostasis. Mushrooms have the potential to address the above-raised issues. Besides their pleasant flavor and culinary value, mushrooms are an important source of biomolecules that include large macromolecules (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid) as well as small molecules (primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products). This chapter discusses the bioactive compounds in edible mushroom and their activities.
Keywords
- mushroom
- species
- bioactive components
- anticancer
- antidiabetic
1. Introduction
Mushrooms are a group of fungi with a distinctive fruiting body that can be either epigeous or hypogenous and large enough to be seen with the naked eye and picked by hand [1]. They are either saprophytic, parasitic or mycorrhizal. Out of these three categories, the majority of them are saprophytic and they play an important role in the biodegradation and bioremediation of recalcitrant substances [2]. Notably, there are about 14,000 mushroom species that have been reported to date and a further 126,000 species more are yet to be discovered [3]. The majority of mushroom species are edible and over 400 species are poisonous [4]. Out of these more than 2000 edible species, 5–6 species are grown on a mass scale, 40 species are produced commercially and 80 species are cultivated experimentally (Figure 1). Edible mushrooms have very minimal calorie value as they contain less amounts fat and carbohydrate and are also cholesterol-free. In addition, edible mushrooms are rich in other vital nutrients like niacin, vitamin D, proteins, selenium, potassium, riboflavin. Mushrooms also contain a significant amount of fiber which helps in the appropriate digestion of food (Table 1) [1]. The active compounds in common mushrooms and the nutritional value of these mushrooms and their activities were showed in Table 2 and Figure 2.
Mushroom | Medicinal value | Protein (g/100 g) | Carbo (g/100 g) | Lipid (g/100 g) | Fibers (g/100 g) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticancer | 8.11–12.18 | 64.47–77.12 | 1.14–2.04 | — | [5] | |
Anti-asthma | 21.9 | 24.2 | 8.2 | — | [6] | |
Antihypercholesterolic | 22.3 | 57.0 | 3.5 | 7.8 | [7] | |
Antidiabetic | — | — | — | — | [8] | |
immunomodulator | 26.3 | 65.1 | 2.3 | — | [8] | |
Anticancer | 19.6–21.0 | 65–68.5 | 4.0–5.6 | — | [8] | |
Immunomodulator, anti-asthma,Antihypercholesterolic | 3.9–17.8 | 86–70.8 | 1.8–2.9 | — | [9] | |
antidiabetic, anti- arthritic, anti-viral, anti- obesity anticancer, anti- osteoporosis, | 21.1 | 58.8 | 3.1 | 10.1 | [8, 9] | |
anticancer, immunomodulator, hepatoprotective, anti- viral, antimutagenicm antidiabetic, antihyperchlosterolic | 56.3 | 37.5 | 2.7 | — | [10] | |
Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, Immunomodulator | 6.11–10.9 | 75.04–83.82 | 0.96–15.86 | — | [11] | |
antiviral, antithrombotic, hepatoprotective, anti- osteoporosis, anticancer, hypoglycemic, anti- aging, antiallergenic, hypocholesterolemic, antimutagenic, | 13.3 | 82.3 | 3.0 | — | [12] | |
hepatoprotective, antitumor, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti- arthritic, anti-obesity | 17–42 | 37–48 | 0.5–5 | 24–31 | [13] | |
Antihypercholesterolic | 18.1–30.5 | 31.1–52.3 | 2–6.6 | 30.1 | [14] | |
Anti- aging | 12 | 64.6 | 2.8 | 5.1 | [15, 16] | |
Anticancer | — | — | — | — | [15, 16] | |
Anticancer, antidiabitic | 40.6 | 94.8 | 0.2 | 1.4 | [15, 16] |
Mushroom | Common name | Bioactive compounds/ingredients | Health benefit |
---|---|---|---|
Snow Mushroom | propanediol, glycerin, arganiaspinosa (argan) kernel oil, seawater, sodium hyaluronate, sodium PCA, sodium lactate, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid, pentylene glycol, caprylyl glycol, N-prolylpalmitoyl tripeptide-56 acetate, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyglyceryl-4 caprate, diheptyl succinate, capryloylglycerin/sebacic acid copolymer, sodium carbomer, ethylhexylglycerin | Skin health | |
Orivedavr | >27% beta-glucan | Anti-hyperglycemic, | |
>0.90% polyphenols | antihypercholestromic | ||
extract | |||
Reishi Elixir Mix | Organic Reishi mushroom extract (1500 mg), 18 mg of vitamin c, tulsi, organic mint | Support the body’s sleep | |
cycles as well as | |||
support | |||
occasional stress | |||
Shiitake Goldcapsules | 15% Lentinan 60% Polysaccharides | For immune system, | |
cardiovascular health, | |||
skin and muscle health | |||
support, anti-bacterial properties | |||
ReishiMax capsules | 13% Polysaccharides (beta-1,3-glucans) and 6% triterpenes (ganoderic acids and others) nucleosides, fatty acids (oleic acid), and amino acids, Gelatin, Stearic acid | Antidiabetic | |
Amino acids, including L-tryptophan, ergosterol, polysaccharides (β-glucans) | Control blood glucose levels | ||
GANOHERB Reishi | Organic ganoderma spore powder and extract- balanced blood sugar level diabetes (non-GMO & gluten-free), 100% natural, 400 mg/capsules | Supports healthy glucose metabolism, blood purification, and healthy blood sugar levels | |
mushroom | |||
bitter melon | |||
Pure red reishicapsules | >9.40% triterpenes | Boost immune system And antidiabetic attribute Levels of blood sugar balanced | |
organic reishitablets | >16% beta-glucan | ||
>1.80% polyphenols | |||
GlucoSANO-Diabetes, | Agaricusblazei, ErgoD2VR | ||
Health Formula | (enriched pleurotuseryngii), | ||
white beech, brown beech, | |||
cordycepsmilitaris, vitamin | |||
D2 (ergocalciferol), | |||
vegetable capsules, | |||
myceliated whole oats, rice | |||
flour, silica | |||
GanoUltraGanoSuper | Mycelium, primordia, | Anticancerous, anti-stress, | |
fruitbodies, and | antidiabetic | ||
extracellular compounds | |||
vegetarian capsule | |||
(pullulan), 100% organic | |||
white milo | |||
(growing substrate) | |||
Agarikon.1 | 750 mg of high-quality soluble | Anticancer attributes | |
polysaccharides per table | |||
and | |||
Amyloban 3399 | Fruiting body extract, AmycenoneVR, Standardized to contain | Brain health | |
super lion’s mane | |||
(tablets) | |||
Ganoderma herbal, | Extract, polysaccharides | Boost immunity, | |
antidiabetic capsules | antidiabetic | ||
E & Rose Wellness’ | Powdered extract, selenium, copper, B vitamins, vitamin D, as well as prebiotics, polysaccharides | Stress relief, liver & brain health, concentrations/ focus, brain & immune health, immune health, endurance, stamina & endurance, immune health, blood sugar & blood pressure control. | |
Magic Milk | |||
Hericium erinaceus |
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the major causes of any disease such as neurodegenerative (NDs), cardiovascular (CDs) and reproductive diseases (RDs), and diabetes [17]. Inflammation is the progressive result of the severe burden of OS. Any biomolecules with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity show a better response in the treatment of the above diseases [18]. The polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other important biomolecules found in edible mushrooms prove their efficacy in therapeutics with minimal side effects [19]. Mushrooms and their biomolecules are known to have been used to cure diabetes by Indian and Chinese patents from ancient times [20]. The active components in these mushroom species;
Disorders related to the heart and blood vessels are grouped into cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [25]. Mushrooms and their bioactive components can prevent CVDs [26]. Being functional foods, edible mushrooms contain a significant number of bioactive compounds that show strong potential in the treatment of CVDs [27]. The antioxidant and anti- inflammatory biomolecules present in mushrooms reduce the atherosclerosis risk which is directly related to CVDs [28]. Diseases related to the reproductive systems are very common now a day. Abnormalities in the endocrine system are mainly responsible for the progression of reproductive diseases (RDs). Several RDs like reproductive tract infections, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, etc. are most common in different populations [29]. Mushrooms and their bioactive molecules show anti-tumor activity which can be immensely beneficial in the treatment of different RDs. RDs commonly lead to different types of cancer and several biomolecules present in edible mushrooms can prevent metastasis toward cancer [1, 26]. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Huntington’s disease (HD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), etc. have been effectively treated by edible mushrooms through their bioactive components [30]. Progression of the NDs is the main cause of death which can be significantly inhibited by the biomolecules present in edible mushrooms [31]. Polyphenols, alkaloids, and several other biomolecules in edible mushrooms prove their efficacy in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases [32]. Similarly, a different form of cancer can also be treated by the biomolecules found in edible mushrooms [23]. This review discusses the role of mushrooms and their biomolecules to be utilized for the treatment of some most common diseases like CVDs, RDs, NDs, diabetes, and the different forms of cancer.
2. Mushroom active compounds against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) are a category of heart and blood diseases, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other diseases. CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide. In the past few decades, researchers have shown the use of mushrooms and their bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents for CVDs. In 2010, Guillamon et al. reported the potentially positive effects of mushroom consumption on risk markers for CVDs and identified some potential bioactive compounds responsible for their therapeutic activity. Several studies have shown the influence of mushroom intake on some metabolic markers (total low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL): cholesterol, fasting triacylglycerol, homocysteine, blood pressure) which could potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Relevant nutritional aspects of mushrooms include high fiber content, low-fat content, and low trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids. Mushrooms also have low sodium concentrations and other significant components, such as eritadenine, phenolic compounds, sterols (such as ergosterol), chitosan, triterpenes, etc., which are considered to be potential agents for some previously healthy properties. The intake of mushrooms has a cholesterol-lowering or hypocholesterolemic effect which has been elucidated by different mechanisms, such as lowering of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), improving lipid metabolism, inhibiting the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and therefore, prevents the development of atherosclerosis (Figure 3). Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds found in mushrooms also reduce the risk of atherosclerosis [26].
3. Antidiabetic activity of mushroom biomolecules
Mushrooms are fungi that either grow above or below the ground. These are the macro fungi that can be easily seen with the naked eye. Mushrooms have been used since ancient times by the people of India and China or their medicinal properties. Nowadays many countries are consuming mushrooms for not only their unique flavor but also for their culinary effects. As many studies have revealed that mushrooms are rich sources of: proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins (B1, B2, B12, C, D, and E) and minerals like Mn, Mg, Se, Ca, Na, Cu, K, and Fe [38]. These nutritional factors in mushrooms have made it very efficient to fight diabetes. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the extract of mushrooms can reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, induced by lipopolysaccharides which further improved the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cell lines [39].
One of the most active biomolecules of mushrooms is β-glucans, a polysaccharide that can protect the pancreatic tissue from damage and restore the function of b-cells which helps to lower the blood glucose levels [40]. The low energy, lack of cholesterol and fats, less carbohydrates, and high minerals, proteins and vitamins made mushrooms an ideal food for diabetic patients. The consumption of mushrooms for a few days only can help to manage the low-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides levels in serum [10]. Besides bioactive molecules, mushrooms are very good in antioxidants activity and are also a good source of dietary fibers and water. Some of the most culinary properties containing mushrooms are
Heteropolysaccharides are one of the bioactive molecules of Pleurotus ostreatus that control diabetes by activating the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) by phosphorylation and facilitating the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats [44].
4. Anticancer activity
Reproductive system diseases are responsible for several types of cancers like: prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, colorectal cancer etc. The bioactive compounds present in the mushroom are playing an important role in the treatment of reproductive disease-associated cancers. There are several medicinal mushrooms like
The bioactive compounds present in the
Figure 4 shows the therapeutic activity of mushrooms and their biomolecules in the treatment of different forms of cancer. The immune system plays a very contributing role in the progression of tumors toward cancer. Mushroom shows its therapeutic activity by targeting the components of the immune system and also modulates the apoptotic processes. Figure 4 suggests the therapeutic activity of mushrooms by modulating the different components of the immune system and also regulates the apoptotic processes in cancerous cells [76, 77, 78].
5. Biomolecules of mushrooms in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs)
Bioactive molecules in mushrooms also prevent the progression of different NDs. Motor symptoms linked with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are significantly prevented by a diet rich in mushroom supplements. In addition, the clinical symptoms of PD were also alleviated by mushroom supplements rich in phytochemicals, minerals, and vitamins [79]. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity is exhibited by dietary mushrooms containing significant quantities of carotenoids, polysaccharides, minerals, polyphenols, and vitamins [80]. The two major factors that are responsible for the progression of PD are oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Thus, the biomolecules present in edible mushrooms offer significant neuroprotection by their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity by preventing the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons [79]. One of the major factors responsible for the generation of neuroinflammation in PD is the activation of microglial cells.
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