Premedication schemes for elective neurosurgical patients depending on the level of personal anxiety and the initial tone of the VNS links.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7818",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Social Isolation - An Interdisciplinary View",title:"Social Isolation",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary View",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book focuses on an increasingly current phenomenon in various countries around the world. It offers an interdisciplinary point of view with a broad and, at the same time, in-depth vision of the various aspects that can contribute to better understanding social isolation. The authors, who represent different disciplines and belong to different countries of the world, offer high-profile scientific contributions with new perspectives in the field of social security thanks to the originality of their ideas, theories, research, scientific results and suggestions. Understanding all this opens up new horizons towards the new frontiers of knowledge. "I go out. You want to come? The insulation would be too heavy; desperate and crazy on the deserted streets. To demand a destiny."(Sylvia Plath)',isbn:"978-1-78984-759-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-758-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-426-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77635",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"social-isolation-an-interdisciplinary-view",numberOfPages:100,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"db3b513d7d35476f333a0d4a3147935b",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Raffaella Fiorella",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7818.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4854,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 14th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 8th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 9th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 27th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/214435/images/system/214435.jpg",biography:"Rosalba Morese, born in Italy, holds a bachelor\\'s degree in psychology at the University of Parma and a Ph.D. in neuroscience at the University of Turin. She aims to develop new techniques and approaches in cognitive science and social neuroscience. She is an expert in experimental neuroscience, neuroeconomics, psychophysiology, and cognitive and social neuroscience. She performs neuroimaging studies in social contexts in order to investigate neural correlates involved during social interactions, such as, social exclusion, social support, empathy, communicative intention, social decision-making, in-group and out-group settings, etc. She currently works at Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.\n\nFor more information: http://usi.to/xuj",institutionString:"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Universita della Svizzera Italiana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233998/images/system/233998.png",biography:"Sara Palermo has an MSc in clinical psychology and a PhD in experimental neuroscience. She is specialty chief editor of Frontiers in Psychology, Neuropsychology, and scientific director of the Italian National Institute of Philanthropy, Filantropolis. She is a member of the Italian Society of Neuropsychology, the Italian Association of Psychogeriatrics, the Italian Society of Neurology for Dementia, and the Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies. She was a member of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP AHA), for which she was involved in Action Group A3: Action for Prevention of Functional Decline and Frailty. Dr Palermo works as a researcher at the Department of Psychology - University of Turin (Italy) and as Scientific Consultant at the Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (FINCB), Milan, Italy.",institutionString:"University of Turin, Italy & The Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"286013",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorella",slug:"raffaella-fiorella",fullName:"Raffaella Fiorella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/286013/images/system/286013.jpeg",biography:"Raffaella Fiorella holds a Master\\'s degree in Medicine and Surgery from the University of Turin. Italy and a Specialization in Child Neuropsychiatry from the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery from the University of Turin, Italy. She is an expert in Child Neuropsychiatry and works as a medical director at the Child Neuropsychiatry of the ASL Città di Turin, Italy. In addition, she has worked as a medical director at other health facilities in the Piedmont region in Italy. She is also a clinical neuropsychiatrist with great experience in the topic of Hikikomori. She has a particular knowledge of behavioral disorders in children and in the application of the Coping Power Program. She worked as a teacher at the Faculty of Education and Primary Education at the Tre University, Rome and at public health services ASL, Turin, in the neuropsychiatric diseases during the developmental age.",institutionString:"University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"278",title:"Social Psychology",slug:"social-psychology"}],chapters:[{id:"70694",title:"Social Withdrawal and Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90735",slug:"social-withdrawal-and-mental-health-an-interdisciplinary-approach",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Social isolation may be considered as a risk factor for health. It may contribute to the development of a mental health disease. In this chapter, social withdrawal is defined as voluntary isolation prolonged in time that involves the cessation of any form of social relationship and contact with people and the outside. Clinical psychology, psycho-educational interventions, and social neuroscience research \ufefftries to understand what happens when social isolation is experienced. Therefore an interdisciplinary perspective can help to better understand this phenomenon. \ufeffThe deepening of these aspects can help to create new forms of theoretical perspective and of a clinical and psycho-educational intervention to better \ufeffarrange for this new type of maladaptive condition.",signatures:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo, Carlotta Torello and Francesca Sechi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70694",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67246",title:"Social Isolation Experienced by Youth in Social Withdrawal: Toward an Interdisciplinary Analysis and Practice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86503",slug:"social-isolation-experienced-by-youth-in-social-withdrawal-toward-an-interdisciplinary-analysis-and-",totalDownloads:905,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter offers a critical analysis of social isolation experienced by youth in social withdrawal, who lead a hermetic way of life characterized by self-isolation or seclusion by retreating themselves at home from the rest of the world for a protracted period of time. The alienating experience of social withdrawal is defined with reference to four parameters, namely, time, place, social relations, and social status. By using these parameters, helping professionals can distinguish those who are in the state of social withdrawal at home from those who are not and map out the directions and context that NGOs and helping professionals have to thoroughly address if social isolation is to be overcome and reengagement of secluded youth is to be achieved. By conducting thorough literature review and using relevant empirical data drawn from the first author’s studies and a longitudinal cohort study of secluded youth in Hong Kong, the authors argue that it is important to start where they are and deliver both home-based and community-based interventions so as to give them an enabling environment where they can cultivate a sense of agency and a sense of expectancy for making a breakthrough against social isolation with the support of interdisciplinary research and practice.",signatures:"Victor Wong, John Yuen, Xuebing Su and Jolene Yung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67246",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66271",title:"Social Connectedness and Wellbeing of Ageing Populations in Small Islands",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85358",slug:"social-connectedness-and-wellbeing-of-ageing-populations-in-small-islands",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the findings relating to social connectedness and isolation from a sample survey of the 393 older people aged 65+ years in an island context, the Maldives, where families are often dispersed across many islands due to the nation’s particular geo-spatial features. Maldivian society while traditionally collectivist, is currently showing effects of modern development on its social structures and values. Against this background, the life domain of social connectedness and social isolation is conceptualized. Although operationalized to include the community, the findings stress the importance of family and friends, rather than the community, in providing social connectedness. There is an indication that family and friends provide experiences that differ emotionally and that varied composition of social networks provide different experiences for social connectedness. Factors within this life domain demonstrate specific aspects of social connectedness in the small island context in contrast to industrialized country contexts.",signatures:"Sheena Moosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66271",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64853",title:"Engaging College Men in Conversations and Activities Related to Dating and Domestic Violence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81514",slug:"engaging-college-men-in-conversations-and-activities-related-to-dating-and-domestic-violence",totalDownloads:859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a unique effort to engage college men in discussion and activism about dating and domestic violence. Given that dating violence is one of the most frequently occurring forms of violence on college campuses, it is imperative that campuses provide education and programming about its scope, extent, and characteristics, as well as inform students how they can receive help. Even more, campuses have a responsibility to encourage students to take action to remedy social problems like dating violence. Yet engaging men in such efforts can be challenging, given that many still see dating and domestic violence as “women’s issues” or do not feel welcome in such movements. The chapter describes an initiative called the College Brides Walk, which integrates experiential learning as a tactic for engaging men. It concludes with lessons learned and recommendations.",signatures:"Laura Finley",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64853",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64853",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68074",title:"The Clash of Cultures: Digerati and Devolution in the Twenty-First Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85844",slug:"the-clash-of-cultures-digerati-and-devolution-in-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"For over two decades, evolving digital platforms have connected human societies and nations enabling the rapid diffusion of information in patterns mimicking starling murmuration. Despite technological prowess, the digerati of the twenty-first century (Gens X, Y, Z), can be both informed and fooled by well-placed memes. Take a lesson from scientists Henri Milne-Edwards and Emile Durkheim in the 1800s. Their world of connection was nascent. Yet, they grappled with similar issues regarding the intended and unintended consequences of the interrelationship between the size and complexity of connection. For Milne-Edwards, he focused on the size and complexity of organisms later influencing Darwin and Durkheim. As for Durkheim, he examined society and its divisions of labor and the unintended consequence of social isolation and suicide. The malady of the infinite, as Durkheim labeled the socially disengaged, dealt with societal segmentation and isolation of individuals. This commentary addresses the elementary network structures of societal segmentation. Today’s digital society is wildly connected as never before, and yet, the social ills of isolationism linger. Regardless of the ubiquitous connection, individuals are wantonly socially isolated. It is further suggested here that passively monitoring digitized data, such as that being explored and tested in China, may provide a viable, implementable and corrective course for isolationism.",signatures:"Karen Stephenson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68074",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68487",title:"Deprivation of Social Play: Implications for the Mechanisms of Autism Spectrum Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88311",slug:"deprivation-of-social-play-implications-for-the-mechanisms-of-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Social play emerges in early adolescence and is one of the primary types of social interaction seen early in life in mammals. The experience of social play is essential for the normal trajectory of social and cognitive development. Adolescent mammals deprived opportunities for social interaction at this age display neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Social deprivation alters adult behavioral patterns, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry in ways that resemble autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These deficits include impairments in communication, social perception, and social behavior. However, the symptom most characteristic of the earliest stage of ASD is decreased interest in social objects. Understanding the role of early social experience, especially play, in the development of social, cognitive, and emotional functioning will provide insight into the development of ASD. In order to understand how social deprivation can affect behavior, researchers isolate animals during early adolescence. Most studies have looked at rodents since it appears that isolation-rearing of rodents has detrimental effects on social development, making it a valid model of ASD. This chapter will consider the potential of this model as a model of ASD, and how it can inform understanding of ASD and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms altered by reduced social interactions early in life.",signatures:"Huyen Thi Ngoc Tran and F. Scott Hall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68487",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68487",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8262",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29bf235aa7659d3651183fe9ea49dc0d",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10450",title:"Evolutionary Psychology Meets Social Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd4df54e3fb185306ec3899db7044efb",slug:"evolutionary-psychology-meets-social-neuroscience",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Vincenzo Auriemma and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10450.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5810",title:"Socialization",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfac2e9c0ec2963193e9d15d617c6a01",slug:"socialization-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Juri Nervo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",subtitle:"Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",bookSignature:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66062",slug:"corrigendum-to-pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",title:"Corrigendum to: Pain Management in Plastic Surgery",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66062.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66062",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66062",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66062",chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12100",leadTitle:null,title:"Nursing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"e182e8721219e690a1be729935c41900",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12100.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 9th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"22342",title:"CXCL8 Regulation and Function in HIV Infections and Potential Treatment Strategies",doi:"10.5772/19307",slug:"cxcl8-regulation-and-function-in-hiv-infections-and-potential-treatment-strategies",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22342.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22342",totalDownloads:2034,totalViews:84,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:67,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 3rd 2010",dateReviewed:"April 20th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 26th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/22342",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/22342",book:{id:"278",slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies"},signatures:"Per-Erik Olsson, Hazem Khalaf and Jana Jass",authors:[{id:"34483",title:"Dr.",name:"Per-Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Olsson",fullName:"Per-Erik Olsson",slug:"per-erik-olsson",email:"per-erik.olsson@oru.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"53971",title:"Dr.",name:"Hazem",middleName:null,surname:"Khalaf",fullName:"Hazem Khalaf",slug:"hazem-khalaf",email:"hazem.khalaf@oru.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"53972",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Jass",fullName:"Jana Jass",slug:"jana-jass",email:"jana.jass@oru.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"278",type:"book",title:"HIV and AIDS",subtitle:"Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",fullTitle:"HIV and AIDS - Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies",publishedDate:"October 26th 2011",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/278.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-665-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6541-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22330",type:"chapter",title:"Functions of the Lentiviral Accessory Protein Nef During the Distinct Steps of HIV and SIV Replication Cycle",slug:"functions-of-the-lentiviral-accessory-protein-nef-during-the-distinct-steps-of-hiv-and-siv-replicati",totalDownloads:1599,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luciana J. Costa, Luiza M. Mendonça and Thatiane L. Sampaio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52335",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Luciana Costa",slug:"luciana-costa"},{id:"53874",title:"Ms",name:"Thatiane",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Thatiane Sampaio",slug:"thatiane-sampaio"},{id:"53875",title:"MSc.",name:"Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonça",fullName:"Luiza Mendonça",slug:"luiza-mendonca"}]},{id:"22331",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proteins and Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in HIV-1-Induced Oxidative Stress",slug:"the-role-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-hiv-1-proteins-and-antiretroviral-drug-therapy-in-hi",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche and Andréa Name Colado Simão",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44594",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",middleName:"Maria Vissoci",surname:"Reiche",fullName:"Edna Reiche",slug:"edna-reiche"},{id:"53302",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Name Colado Simão",fullName:"Andrea Name Colado Simão",slug:"andrea-name-colado-simao"}]},{id:"22332",type:"chapter",title:"HIV Toxins: Gp120 as an Independent Modulator of Cell Function",slug:"hiv-toxins-gp120-as-an-independent-modulator-of-cell-function",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Leonor Huerta and César N. Cortés Rubio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55989",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Huerta",fullName:"Leonor Huerta",slug:"leonor-huerta"},{id:"106494",title:"BSc.",name:"Cesar Noe",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Rubio",fullName:"Cesar Noe Cortes-Rubio",slug:"cesar-noe-cortes-rubio"}]},{id:"22333",type:"chapter",title:"HIV Recombination and Pathogenesis – Biological and Epidemiological Implications",slug:"hiv-recombination-and-pathogenesis-biological-and-epidemiological-implications",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nitin K. Saksena, Katherine A. Lau, Dominic E. Dwyer and Bin Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53887",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Saksena",fullName:"Nitin Saksena",slug:"nitin-saksena"},{id:"53890",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Dominic Dwyer",slug:"dominic-dwyer"},{id:"53893",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Bin Wang",slug:"bin-wang"}]},{id:"22334",type:"chapter",title:"Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in HIV/AIDS: A Structure Based Approach to the Design of New Therapeutics",slug:"insulin-like-growth-factor-system-in-hiv-aids-a-structure-based-approach-to-the-design-of-new-therap",totalDownloads:1720,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Monalisa Swain, Harsha Balaram and Hanudatta S. Atreya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34498",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanudatta",middleName:null,surname:"Atreya",fullName:"Hanudatta Atreya",slug:"hanudatta-atreya"},{id:"137418",title:"Dr.",name:"Monalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Swain",fullName:"Monalisa Swain",slug:"monalisa-swain"},{id:"137419",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsha",middleName:null,surname:"Balaram",fullName:"Harsha Balaram",slug:"harsha-balaram"}]},{id:"22335",type:"chapter",title:"Cellular Restriction Factors: Exploiting the Body’s Antiviral Proteins to Combat HIV-1/AIDS",slug:"cellular-restriction-factors-exploiting-the-body-s-antiviral-proteins-to-combat-hiv-1-aids",totalDownloads:1757,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jenna N. Kelly, Jessica G.K. Tong, Clayton J. Hattlmann,Matthew W. Woods and Stephen D. Barr",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34900",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Barr",fullName:"Stephen Barr",slug:"stephen-barr"},{id:"53419",title:"BSc",name:"Clayton",middleName:"James",surname:"Hattlmann",fullName:"Clayton Hattlmann",slug:"clayton-hattlmann"},{id:"53420",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenna",middleName:null,surname:"Kelly",fullName:"Jenna Kelly",slug:"jenna-kelly"},{id:"53421",title:"Ms.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Tong",fullName:"Jessica Tong",slug:"jessica-tong"},{id:"53422",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Woods",fullName:"Matthew Woods",slug:"matthew-woods"}]},{id:"22336",type:"chapter",title:"Retroviral Host Cell Factors: TRIM5, APOBEC3G and Cyclophilins",slug:"retroviral-host-cell-factors-trim5-apobec3g-and-cyclophilins",totalDownloads:1826,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryuta Sakuma and Hiroaki Takeuchi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43714",title:"Dr",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",fullName:"Hiroaki Takeuchi",slug:"hiroaki-takeuchi"},{id:"62925",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuta",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",fullName:"Ryuta Sakuma",slug:"ryuta-sakuma"}]},{id:"22337",type:"chapter",title:"HIV Without AIDS: The Immunological Secrets of Natural Hosts",slug:"hiv-without-aids-the-immunological-secrets-of-natural-hosts",totalDownloads:1901,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zachary Ende, Michelle Bonkosky and Mirko Paiardini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44774",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Paiardini",fullName:"Mirko Paiardini",slug:"mirko-paiardini"},{id:"49313",title:"Mr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Ende",fullName:"Zachary Ende",slug:"zachary-ende"},{id:"100055",title:"Ms.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Bonkosky",fullName:"Michelle Bonkosky",slug:"michelle-bonkosky"}]},{id:"22338",type:"chapter",title:"Immunotherapies and Vaccines",slug:"immunotherapies-and-vaccines",totalDownloads:1856,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hermancia S. Eugene and Ted M. Ross",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42281",title:"Dr.",name:"Ted",middleName:null,surname:"Ross",fullName:"Ted Ross",slug:"ted-ross"},{id:"55998",title:"Ms",name:"Hermancia",middleName:"Sulvina",surname:"Eugene",fullName:"Hermancia Eugene",slug:"hermancia-eugene"}]},{id:"22339",type:"chapter",title:"HIV Envelope-Specific Antibody and Vaccine Efficacy",slug:"hiv-envelope-specific-antibody-and-vaccine-efficacy",totalDownloads:2088,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Egidio Brocca-Cofano, Peng Xiao and Marjorie Robert-Guroff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49442",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjorie",middleName:null,surname:"Robert-Guroff",fullName:"Marjorie Robert-Guroff",slug:"marjorie-robert-guroff"},{id:"51151",title:"Dr.",name:"Egidio",middleName:null,surname:"Brocca-Cofano",fullName:"Egidio Brocca-Cofano",slug:"egidio-brocca-cofano"},{id:"51152",title:"Dr.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Peng Xiao",slug:"peng-xiao"}]},{id:"22340",type:"chapter",title:"Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in HIV Infection",slug:"role-of-cytokines-and-chemokines-in-hiv-infection",totalDownloads:5237,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Vishwanath Venketaraman, Devin Morris, Clare Donohou, Andrea Sipin, Steven Kung, Hyoung Oh, Mesharee Franklin, John P. Murad, Fadi T. Khasawneh, Beatrice Saviola, Timothy Guilford and Clare Donahue",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38414",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishwanath",middleName:null,surname:"Venketaraman",fullName:"Vishwanath Venketaraman",slug:"vishwanath-venketaraman"},{id:"54328",title:"Mr",name:"Devin",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",fullName:"Devin Morris",slug:"devin-morris"},{id:"54492",title:"Mr",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Donahou",fullName:"Clare Donahou",slug:"clare-donahou"},{id:"54493",title:"Ms",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Sipin",fullName:"Andrea Sipin",slug:"andrea-sipin"},{id:"54494",title:"Mr",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Kung",fullName:"Steven Kung",slug:"steven-kung"},{id:"54495",title:"Ms",name:"Mesharee",middleName:null,surname:"Franklin",fullName:"Mesharee Franklin",slug:"mesharee-franklin"},{id:"54496",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadi",middleName:"T.",surname:"Khasawneh",fullName:"Fadi Khasawneh",slug:"fadi-khasawneh"},{id:"54497",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Saviola",fullName:"Beatrice Saviola",slug:"beatrice-saviola"},{id:"54498",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:"Timothy",surname:"Guilford",fullName:"Frederick Guilford",slug:"frederick-guilford"},{id:"85942",title:"Mr.",name:"Hyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Hyoung Oh",slug:"hyoung-oh"},{id:"85943",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Murad",fullName:"John Murad",slug:"john-murad"}]},{id:"22341",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in the Chemokine and their Receptors and Cytokines in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection",slug:"the-role-of-genetic-polymorphisms-in-the-chemokine-and-their-receptors-and-cytokines-in-the-human-im",totalDownloads:1887,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche, Marla Karine Amarante and Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44594",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",middleName:"Maria Vissoci",surname:"Reiche",fullName:"Edna Reiche",slug:"edna-reiche"},{id:"40685",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Angelica Ehara",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe",slug:"maria-angelica-ehara-watanabe"},{id:"53193",title:"Prof.",name:"Marla Karine",middleName:null,surname:"Amarante",fullName:"Marla Karine Amarante",slug:"marla-karine-amarante"}]},{id:"22342",type:"chapter",title:"CXCL8 Regulation and Function in HIV Infections and Potential Treatment Strategies",slug:"cxcl8-regulation-and-function-in-hiv-infections-and-potential-treatment-strategies",totalDownloads:2034,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Per-Erik Olsson, Hazem Khalaf and Jana Jass",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34483",title:"Dr.",name:"Per-Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Olsson",fullName:"Per-Erik Olsson",slug:"per-erik-olsson"},{id:"53971",title:"Dr.",name:"Hazem",middleName:null,surname:"Khalaf",fullName:"Hazem Khalaf",slug:"hazem-khalaf"},{id:"53972",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Jass",fullName:"Jana Jass",slug:"jana-jass"}]},{id:"22343",type:"chapter",title:"Emerging Roles of Prostaglandins in HIV-1 Transcription",slug:"emerging-roles-of-prostaglandins-in-hiv-1-transcription",totalDownloads:1966,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nancy Dumais, Sandra C. Côté and Anne-Marie Ducharme",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais"},{id:"55043",title:"MSc",name:"Anne-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Ducharme",fullName:"Anne-Marie Ducharme",slug:"anne-marie-ducharme"},{id:"55182",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra C.",middleName:null,surname:"Côté",fullName:"Sandra C. Côté",slug:"sandra-c.-cote"}]},{id:"22344",type:"chapter",title:"Pathology of HIV/AIDS: Lessons from Autopsy Series",slug:"pathology-of-hiv-aids-lessons-from-autopsy-series",totalDownloads:3918,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrey Bychkov, Shunichi Yamashita and Alexander Dorosevich",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37437",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Bychkov",fullName:"Andrey Bychkov",slug:"andrey-bychkov"},{id:"52616",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Dorosevich",fullName:"Alexander Dorosevich",slug:"alexander-dorosevich"},{id:"110807",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunichi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Shunichi Yamashita",slug:"shunichi-yamashita"}]},{id:"22345",type:"chapter",title:"HIV and Lung Cancer",slug:"hiv-and-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yusuke Okuma, Naoki Yanagisawa, Yukio Hosomi, Atsushi Ajisawa and Masahiko Shibuya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36991",title:"Dr",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Okuma",fullName:"Yusuke Okuma",slug:"yusuke-okuma"},{id:"37268",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Shibuya",fullName:"Masahiko Shibuya",slug:"masahiko-shibuya"},{id:"37399",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Ajisawa",fullName:"Atsushi Ajisawa",slug:"atsushi-ajisawa"},{id:"37400",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagisawa",fullName:"Naoki Yanagisawa",slug:"naoki-yanagisawa"},{id:"87049",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukio",middleName:null,surname:"Hosomi",fullName:"Yukio Hosomi",slug:"yukio-hosomi"}]},{id:"22346",type:"chapter",title:"Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS",slug:"neuropsychiatric-manifestations-of-hiv-infection-and-aids",totalDownloads:3938,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Victor Obiajulu Olisah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46511",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Obiajulu",surname:"Olisah",fullName:"Victor Olisah",slug:"victor-olisah"}]},{id:"22347",type:"chapter",title:"AIDS and Trauma",slug:"aids-and-trauma",totalDownloads:1537,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Erik Vakil, Caroline Zabiegaj-Zwick and AB (Sebastian) van As",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38499",title:"Prof.",name:"Arjan Bastiaan",middleName:null,surname:"Van As",fullName:"Arjan Bastiaan Van As",slug:"arjan-bastiaan-van-as"},{id:"86574",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Zabiegaj-Zwick",fullName:"Caroline Zabiegaj-Zwick",slug:"caroline-zabiegaj-zwick"},{id:"86575",title:"BSc",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Vakil",fullName:"Erik Vakil",slug:"erik-vakil"}]},{id:"22348",type:"chapter",title:"Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Sahara African",slug:"cutaneous-manifestations-of-hiv-aids-in-sub-sahara-african",totalDownloads:3117,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Innocent Ocheyana George and Dasetima Dandison Altraide",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34543",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocent",middleName:"O.",surname:"George",fullName:"Innocent George",slug:"innocent-george"},{id:"51527",title:"Dr.",name:"Idasetima",middleName:null,surname:"Altrraide",fullName:"Idasetima Altrraide",slug:"idasetima-altrraide"}]},{id:"22349",type:"chapter",title:"Benign and Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in HIV/AIDS",slug:"benign-and-malignant-lymphoproliferative-disorders-in-hiv-aids",totalDownloads:3321,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Etienne Mahe and Monalisa Sur",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45354",title:"Prof.",name:"Monalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Sur",fullName:"Monalisa Sur",slug:"monalisa-sur"},{id:"60871",title:"Dr",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Mahe",fullName:"Etienne Mahe",slug:"etienne-mahe"}]},{id:"22350",type:"chapter",title:"Sexual Dysfunctions",slug:"sexual-dysfunctions",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco de Tubino Scanavino",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38865",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco de Tubino",middleName:null,surname:"Scanavino",fullName:"Marco de Tubino Scanavino",slug:"marco-de-tubino-scanavino"}]},{id:"22351",type:"chapter",title:"AIDS Changed America with the Twin Breast Cancer Epidemic: Exploring the Consequences of Condomization",slug:"aids-changed-america-with-the-twin-breast-cancer-epidemic-exploring-the-consequences-of-condomizatio",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arne N. Gjorgov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36450",title:"Dr.",name:"Arne N.",middleName:null,surname:"Gjorgov",fullName:"Arne N. Gjorgov",slug:"arne-n.-gjorgov"}]},{id:"22352",type:"chapter",title:"Transmission of HIV Through Blood – How To Bridge the Knowledge Gap",slug:"transmission-of-hiv-through-blood-how-to-bridge-the-knowledge-gap",totalDownloads:2883,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Smit Sibinga, Cees Th and John P. Pitman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35591",title:"Prof.",name:"Cees",middleName:"Th.",surname:"Smit Sibinga",fullName:"Cees Smit Sibinga",slug:"cees-smit-sibinga"},{id:"45186",title:"Mr",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pitman",fullName:"John Pitman",slug:"john-pitman"},{id:"137421",title:"Dr.",name:"Cees",middleName:null,surname:"Th",fullName:"Cees Th",slug:"cees-th"}]},{id:"22353",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection in the Amazon Region",slug:"molecular-epidemiology-of-hiv-1-infection-in-the-amazon-region",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto, Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado, Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak and Ricardo Ishak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47350",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Vallinoto",fullName:"Antonio Carlos Vallinoto",slug:"antonio-carlos-vallinoto"},{id:"53143",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Machado",slug:"luiz-fernando-machado"},{id:"53144",title:"Dr.",name:"null",middleName:null,surname:"Ishak",fullName:"null Ishak",slug:"null-ishak"},{id:"53145",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ishak",fullName:"Ricardo Ishak",slug:"ricardo-ishak"},{id:"137423",title:"Dr.",name:"Marluísa De Oliveira",middleName:null,surname:"Guimarães Ishak",fullName:"Marluísa De Oliveira Guimarães Ishak",slug:"marluisa-de-oliveira-guimaraes-ishak"}]},{id:"22354",type:"chapter",title:"Saliva Testing as a Practical Tool for Rapid HIV Screening",slug:"saliva-testing-as-a-practical-tool-for-rapid-hiv-screening",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"H. Blake, P. Leighton and S. Sharma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40384",title:"Dr.",name:"Holly",middleName:null,surname:"Blake",fullName:"Holly Blake",slug:"holly-blake"},{id:"53919",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Leighton",fullName:"Paul Leighton",slug:"paul-leighton"},{id:"67077",title:"Mrs.",name:"Shilpi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Shilpi Sharma",slug:"shilpi-sharma"}]},{id:"22355",type:"chapter",title:"HAART and Causes of Death in Perinatally HIV-1-Infected Children",slug:"haart-and-causes-of-death-in-perinatally-hiv-1-infected-children",totalDownloads:1653,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudia Palladino, Jose María Bellón, Francisco J. Climent, María del Palacio Tamarit, Isabel de José and Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92372",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Fernández",fullName:"Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández",slug:"ma-angeles-munoz-fernandez"},{id:"105141",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Palladino",fullName:"Claudia Palladino",slug:"claudia-palladino"},{id:"105144",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose María",middleName:null,surname:"Bellón",fullName:"Jose María Bellón",slug:"jose-maria-bellon"},{id:"105153",title:"Dr.",name:"María Del Palacio",middleName:null,surname:"Tamarit",fullName:"María Del Palacio Tamarit",slug:"maria-del-palacio-tamarit"},{id:"105154",title:"Prof.",name:"Mª Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"De José",fullName:"Mª Isabel De José",slug:"ma-isabel-de-jose"},{id:"105647",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Climent",fullName:"Francisco J. Climent",slug:"francisco-j.-climent"}]},{id:"22356",type:"chapter",title:"Cannabinoids – Influence on the Immune System and Their Potencial Use in Supplementary Therapy of HIV/AIDS",slug:"cannabinoids-influence-on-the-immune-system-and-their-potencial-use-in-supplementary-therapy-of-hiv-",totalDownloads:2701,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alicja Szulakowska and Halina Milnerowicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38853",title:"MSc",name:"Alicja",middleName:null,surname:"Szulakowska",fullName:"Alicja Szulakowska",slug:"alicja-szulakowska"},{id:"53359",title:"Prof.",name:"Halina",middleName:null,surname:"Milnerowicz",fullName:"Halina Milnerowicz",slug:"halina-milnerowicz"}]},{id:"22357",type:"chapter",title:"Small Livestock, Food Security, Nutrition Security and HIV/AIDS Mitigation",slug:"small-livestock-food-security-nutrition-security-and-hiv-aids-mitigation",totalDownloads:3600,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John Cassius Moreki and Richard Dikeme",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41593",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moreki",fullName:"John Moreki",slug:"john-moreki"},{id:"95821",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Dikeme",fullName:"Richard Dikeme",slug:"richard-dikeme"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5515",title:"HIV/AIDS",subtitle:"Contemporary Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"582947a2824374b53c1daae073d045f2",slug:"hiv-aids-contemporary-challenges",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53940",title:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Cancer",slug:"human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-and-cancer",signatures:"Lorena Loarca, Joseph A. Fraietta, Vanessa Pirrone, Zsofia Szep and\nBrian Wigdahl",authors:[{id:"174843",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Wigdahl",fullName:"Brian Wigdahl",slug:"brian-wigdahl"},{id:"192504",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Nonnemacher",fullName:"Michael Nonnemacher",slug:"michael-nonnemacher"}]},{id:"53406",title:"HIV-Associated Vasculopathy",slug:"hiv-associated-vasculopathy",signatures:"Ashraf Alqaqa",authors:[{id:"191722",title:"M.D.",name:"Ashraf",middleName:null,surname:"Alqaqa",fullName:"Ashraf Alqaqa",slug:"ashraf-alqaqa"}]},{id:"54127",title:"Anti-Retroviral–Based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Women: Recent Advances and Next Steps",slug:"anti-retroviral-based-hiv-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-women-recent-advances-and-next-steps",signatures:"Flavia Matovu Kiweewa, Kenneth K. Mugwanya and Francis\nKiweewa",authors:[{id:"192171",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Kiweewa Matovu",fullName:"Flavia Kiweewa Matovu",slug:"flavia-kiweewa-matovu"}]},{id:"53989",title:"Three Decades of HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Challenges Faced by Orphans in Tembisa, South Africa",slug:"three-decades-of-hiv-aids-pandemic-challenges-faced-by-orphans-in-tembisa-south-africa",signatures:"Pius Tangwe Tanga, Princess Khumalo and Priscilla Gutura",authors:[{id:"191844",title:"Prof.",name:"Pius",middleName:null,surname:"Tanga",fullName:"Pius Tanga",slug:"pius-tanga"},{id:"205766",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscilla",middleName:null,surname:"Gutura",fullName:"Priscilla Gutura",slug:"priscilla-gutura"},{id:"205767",title:"Dr.",name:"Princess",middleName:null,surname:"Khumalo",fullName:"Princess Khumalo",slug:"princess-khumalo"}]},{id:"52804",title:"Difficulties and Coping Strategies Experienced by Employed People with HIV in Japan: A Qualitative Study Comparing High and Low Sense of Coherence Groups",slug:"difficulties-and-coping-strategies-experienced-by-employed-people-with-hiv-in-japan-a-qualitative-st",signatures:"Tomoko Omiya, Yoshihiko Yamazaki, Megumi Shimada, Kazuko\nIkeda, Seiko Ishiuchi-Ishitani and Katsumi Ohira",authors:[{id:"191926",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoko",middleName:null,surname:"Omiya",fullName:"Tomoko Omiya",slug:"tomoko-omiya"},{id:"194989",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yamazaki",fullName:"Yoshihiko Yamazaki",slug:"yoshihiko-yamazaki"},{id:"194990",title:"Ms.",name:"Megumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",fullName:"Megumi Shimada",slug:"megumi-shimada"},{id:"194991",title:"Ms.",name:"Kazuko",middleName:null,surname:"Ikeda",fullName:"Kazuko Ikeda",slug:"kazuko-ikeda"},{id:"194992",title:"Ms.",name:"Seiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiuchi-Ishitani",fullName:"Seiko Ishiuchi-Ishitani",slug:"seiko-ishiuchi-ishitani"},{id:"194993",title:"Mr.",name:"Katsumi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohira",fullName:"Katsumi Ohira",slug:"katsumi-ohira"}]},{id:"53799",title:"The Contextual Environmental Factors Shaping Disclosure of HIV Status across Populations Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"the-contextual-environmental-factors-shaping-disclosure-of-hiv-status-across-populations-groups-in-s",signatures:"Sphiwe Madiba",authors:[{id:"191468",title:"Prof.",name:"Sphiwe",middleName:null,surname:"Madiba",fullName:"Sphiwe Madiba",slug:"sphiwe-madiba"}]},{id:"54126",title:"The Persistence of Stigma Linked with HIV/AIDS in Health‐Care Contexts: A Chronic Social Incapacity",slug:"the-persistence-of-stigma-linked-with-hiv-aids-in-health-care-contexts-a-chronic-social-incapacity",signatures:"Oscar Labra and Daniel Thomas",authors:[{id:"191776",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Labra",fullName:"Oscar Labra",slug:"oscar-labra"},{id:"195139",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Daniel Thomas",slug:"daniel-thomas"}]},{id:"54064",title:"Economic Globalization, HIV and AIDS and Gender Dimensions in the Lesotho Textiles and Garment Industry",slug:"economic-globalization-hiv-and-aids-and-gender-dimensions-in-the-lesotho-textiles-and-garment-indust",signatures:"Pius Tangwe Tanga, Haruna M. Bello, Tiisetso J. Makatjane and\nTumelo Tsikoane",authors:[{id:"191844",title:"Prof.",name:"Pius",middleName:null,surname:"Tanga",fullName:"Pius Tanga",slug:"pius-tanga"},{id:"205611",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiisetso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Makatjane",fullName:"Tiisetso J. Makatjane",slug:"tiisetso-j.-makatjane"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6267",title:"Chagas Disease",subtitle:"Basic Investigations and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"564a876f3d20c7740ede73057b5f6fa6",slug:"chagas-disease-basic-investigations-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Veeranoot Nissapatorn and Helieh S. Oz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35419",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeranoot",surname:"Nissapatorn",slug:"veeranoot-nissapatorn",fullName:"Veeranoot Nissapatorn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1744",title:"Novel Insights on Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute Kidney Injury and Polycystic Kidney Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16c2a0eecf79502810b256152b4154bd",slug:"novel-insights-on-chronic-kidney-disease-acute-kidney-injury-and-polycystic-kidney-disease",bookSignature:"Soundarapandian Vijayakumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1744.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126855",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundarapandian",surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"soundarapandian-vijayakumar",fullName:"Soundarapandian Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6392",title:"Pertussis",subtitle:"Disease, Control and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34a3a36eb991a1ada48462c0d989af92",slug:"pertussis-disease-control-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Waldely Dias and Isaias Raw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201066",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldely",surname:"Dias",slug:"waldely-dias",fullName:"Waldely Dias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2054",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - A Clinical Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34679dc92102be171ee0e4f895616659",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-a-clinical-perspective",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6520",title:"Leishmaniases as Re-emerging Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"031e09b818ab5c32386616f72b05ee73",slug:"leishmaniases-as-re-emerging-diseases",bookSignature:"Farhat Afrin and Hassan Hemeg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6520.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186948",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhat",surname:"Afrin",slug:"farhat-afrin",fullName:"Farhat Afrin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"278",title:"HIV and AIDS",subtitle:"Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5fb12ebbff49f7e87a5608a48db179c",slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",body:'Scientific and clinical interest in the problem of control and management of the autonomic nervous system in various fields of surgery and anesthesiology is due, in our opinion, to the relationship of the initial vegetative status of the patient (tone, reactivity of the ANS) and anesthesia techniques with the peculiarities and complications of the intra- and postoperative period; the development of cardiovascular (cardiac arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, arterial hypertension), respiratory complications during surgery and in the early postoperative period, the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), postoperative delirium (POD), the severity of pain syndrome.
In neurosurgery, the relevance of this problem is due to the participation of autonomous control mechanisms in the autoregulation of cerebral circulation and cerebral vascular tone, which directly affects the intraoperative state of the brain, perfusion pressure of the brain, stability of its volume, and compliance—the most important characteristics reflecting the adequacy of anesthetic provision.
The literature describes prognostic predictors of complications, such as postoperative delirium, with the sympathetic pattern of the autonomic nervous system in otolaryngology surgery [1, 2], the formation of neuropathic pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting with the predominance of parasympathetic influences, etc.
Thus, it is extremely important to take into account the initial version of the tone of the autonomic nervous system. Monitoring and managing the balance and reactivity of the links of the autonomic nervous system during the preparation of the patient for surgery and during the operation and anesthesia itself will allow to obtain a result in the form of reducing the risks of perioperative complications.
The leading role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body is played by the department of the nervous system, which regulates the activity of internal organs, glands of internal and external secretion, blood, and lymphatic vessels—the autonomic nervous system.
Autonomic neurons are located mainly in the spinal cord—sympathetic in the thoracic region, parasympathetic in the sacral region (Figure 1A and B).
The structure of the sympathetic (A) and parasympathetic (B) links of the autonomic nervous system.
Segmental parts are also embedded in the brain stem—the nuclear apparatus of the vagus nerve; the vegetative nucleus of the VII nerve, the fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands and the vessels of the meninges; the vegetative nucleus of the IX nerve, from which the tympanic nerve begins, going to the parotid gland, and the vegetative nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal nucleus), the fibers of which are involved in the regulation of pupil size (Figure 2) [3, 4].
Brainstem autonomic nervous centers [
The number of neurons included in segmental devices exceeds the number of neurons in the brain [5]. Stem nuclear formations are homologs of the lateral horns of the spinal cord, as well as motor and sensory nuclei of the brain stem are homologs of the anterior and posterior horns.
This integrative system combines the reticular formation of the brain stem, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, together with their connecting paths, which form a functional system, called the limbic-reticular complex (Figure 3) [4].
Limbic system of the brain. Sagittal section through the brain hemispheres (a). Medial view from the right hemisphere of the brain (b). Enlarged image of the limbic system (c) [
The limbic system provides the integration of somatic and vegetative nervous system—regulation of the autonomic, hormonal functions that provide various forms of activity, including in conditions of general anesthesia and surgical exposure [6, 7].
Both parts of the ANS—sympathetic and parasympathetic—are actively involved in the regulation of cerebral vascular tone and blood supply to the brain [8]. The leading role in the sympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels is played by the upper cervical and stellate ganglia. The proximal 2/3 of the basilar artery and vertebral arteries are innervated by the superior cervical ganglion. The anterior, middle, and posterior arteries receive nerve fibers from ganglion cells of the trigeminal ganglion [9].
The sympathetic nervous system participates in protecting the microcirculation of the brain from hemodynamic overloads and thereby preserves the blood-brain barrier and protects brain tissue during significant increases in systemic blood pressure in extreme situations [5, 8, 10]. It is assumed that the trigger for autoregulation of excessive narrowing of the cerebral arteries is reflexes from the baroreceptors of the aorta, carotid sinuses, and dura mater, which are realized through the sympathetic nervous system [11]. In response to the stimulation of these receptors, central impulses arise, traveling along the sensitive fibers of the IX and X pairs of cranial nerves to the nucleus of a single pathway located in the medulla oblongata. After processing these signals via efferent pathways, information reaches the executive organs—the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, adrenal glands, and also through the participation of neuroregulatory systems, an integrative response of the brain is triggered in the mechanisms of autoregulation of cerebral circulation [8].
Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves increases cerebral blood flow. The mechanisms of vasodilation of brain vessels during activation of the parasympathetic nervous system are not specified. It is assumed that under the influence of acetylcholine, the content of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increases and the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase increases. It is also possible that under the influence of acetylcholine released in synapses, the exchange of potassium and sodium ions changes, and sodium-potassium ATPase is also involved [12]. The large arteries of the base of the brain are innervated by serotonin-containing fibers of sympathetic origin. To date, it has been established that constriction or dilation of blood vessels under the influence of serotonin is caused both by direct action on smooth muscle cells of cerebral vessels, and indirectly through activation of serotonin receptors (HT1, HT2) on perivascular nerve terminals or vascular endothelial cells [13, 14].
The stress reactions are based on activation and tension of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and the adrenergic system [15, 16], then an increased synthesis of glucocorticoids and the release of catecholamines in the blood and target organs is triggered [17]. The hippocampus has an inhibitory effect on the neurosecretory system of the hypothalamus and protects it from excessive stress [18]. The hippocampus is also able to inhibit adrenocortical activity and, thus, influence the duration and dynamics of the stress reaction [19, 20]. It is known that emotional stress triggers a powerful stimulation of sympathetic arousals [21, 22], then there is a decrease in the sympathetic and secretory activity of the adrenal glands [23, 24, 25], and the body moves to a different metabolic level with the formation of stress resistance [26, 27].
An imbalance of the links of the autonomic nervous system can lead to the development of autonomic distress syndrome in the perioperative period [5, 28, 29].
It is proved that various neurotransmitter systems of the brain are involved in the reactions of the central nervous system to surgical stress—the adrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic system since pathological reflexes from the surgical wound are realized through the vagal nuclear complex in the form of vegetovisceral efferent responses [12]. A hypermetabolic state causes [30, 31] the need for tissues for oxygen increases, and the activity of the cardiovascular system increases [15, 32, 33, 34, 35]. It is proved that the intensity of reactions of the links of the hypothalamic-pituitary-cortical-adrenal system depends on the type of stress factor and the initial functional state of this system [36, 37]. Arteriole spasm leads to an increase in total vascular resistance, microcirculatory and rheological disorders, the consequence of these pathophysiological changes will be a redistribution of the volume of circulating blood, hypovolemia, tissue and organ ischemia and hypoperfusion, violations of acid-base and water-electrolyte balance, increased peroxidation reactions [38]. Surgical stress causes changes in the permeability of cell membranes, their ultrastructural damage, which will result in a decrease in the functional reserves of organs [36]. The result of surgical stress will be the development of multiple organ dysfunction with the progression of cardiovascular, respiratory failure; impaired liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, immunological reactivity, and regulation of the aggregate state of blood in the form of hypercoagulation [29, 39].
The autonomic nervous system has a modulating effect on compensation mechanisms and their adequacy in response to surgical trauma [40]. The brainstem and supratentorial cerebral centers of autonomic regulation are the most important structures for control and management during general anesthesia using pharmacological defense with α2-adrenergic agonists and opioid analgesics. Daily monitoring of heart rate variability in neurosurgical patients, along with the calculation of the autonomic Kerdo index, in the early postoperative period showed distinct eutonia after removal of a brain tumor under general anesthesia with the opioid analgesic fentanyl in combination with the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine [41]. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system can lead to disruption of adaptation in response to surgical intervention, the development of severe hemodynamic reactions, and complications of the early postoperative period [28, 42, 43, 44].
To assess the vegetative status of neurological patients, some authors have proposed generalizing methods [6, 45]. To assess the state of the autonomic nervous system in the perioperative period, some authors used indicators such as the autonomic Kerdo index, a study of daily heart rate variability and their mathematical models, including in patients with intracranial hypertension [46, 47, 48].
The Kerdo index is the “gold standard” for assessing the type of vegetative tone. When studying the ratio of diastolic pressure and the number of pulse beats per minute, it was suggested that changes in the ratio of diastolic pressure and the number of pulse beats are associated with shifts in vegetative tone.
The calculation of the vegetative Kerdo index is carried out according to the formula:
where VI is the vegetative index, D is the value of diastolic pressure; HR is the heart rate in 1 minute.
Interpretation of the results—complete vegetative equilibrium (eutonia)—VI = 0 − +7; sympathotonia—VI > +7; parasympathotonia—VI < +7 and negative values.
The evaluation of the indicator in dynamics allows us to trace the degree of stress and drug effects on the tone of the ANS.
The interpretation of the calculated values assumes that the minute volume (MV) of the heart with sympathotonia is greater than in a calm state with parasympathotonia. In turn, MV is associated with the compensation of the circulating blood volume (CBV) by peripheral resistance within physiological boundaries. It can be assumed that fluctuations in the minute volume are approximately expressed in terms of pulse rate, and changes in peripheral resistance are expressed through diastolic pressure. This explains the fact that with sympathotonia the pulse rate increases and the diastolic pressure decreases; with parasympathotonia the pulse rate decreases and the diastolic pressure increases. This implies a decrease or increase in the vegetative index toward negative or positive values.
The assessment of vegetative reactivity in our study was carried out using the Dagnini-Aschner test and the Cermak-Goering sinocarotide reflex.
The test was carried out as follows—after 15 minutes of lying at rest, the patient’s heart rate is calculated for 1 minute (baseline background). Then the pads of the fingers are pressed on both eyeballs until a slight pain appears. After 15–25 seconds, the heart rate is recorded for 20 seconds.
Normally, after a few seconds from the beginning of the pressure, the heart rate slows down by 6–12 beats per 1 minute.
With a normal slowing of the heart rate, normal vegetative reactivity is noted; with a strong slowdown (parasympathetic, vagal reaction)—increased vegetative reactivity; with a weak slowdown—decreased vegetative reactivity; in the absence of slowing—perverted vegetative reactivity (sympathetic reaction).
Due to the different initial heart rates (more or less than 70–72 beats per 1 minute), it is possible to calculate according to the Galu formula:
where HRS is the heart rate in the sample; HRI is the initial heart rate.
The slowing down of the pulse according to the Galu formula is equal to:
The normal value for the ocular reflex is −3.95 ± 3.77.
The technique of the test—after a 15-minute adaptation (rest) in the supine position, the heart rate is calculated in 1 minute—the initial background. Then alternately (after 1.5–2 seconds), the fingers (index and thumb) are pressed on the area of the upper third of the m. sternocleidomastoideus slightly below the angle of the lower jaw until the carotid artery pulsates. It is recommended to start the pressure from the right side since the effect of irritation on the right is stronger than on the left. The pressure should be light, not causing pain, for 15–20 seconds. From the 15th second, the heart rate begins to register for 10–15 seconds. Then the pressure is stopped and the heart rate is calculated in a minute. It is also possible to register the state of the after effect at the 3rd and 5th minutes after the cessation of pressure. Sometimes blood pressure and respiratory rate are recorded.
Interpretation—the values obtained in healthy subjects, that normal vegetative reactivity, are taken as a normal change in heart rate. The normal value of M ± a for the synocarotide reflex is 4.9 ± 2.69.
Values above normal indicate increased vegetative reactivity, that is increased parasympathetic or lack of sympathetic activity, lower—a decrease in vegetative reactivity. An increase in heart rate indicates a perverse reaction.
The study of the functions of the segmental part of the autonomic nervous system is carried out by conducting an orthostatic test.
The state of the sympathetic efferent pathway is determined according to changes in blood pressure associated with the transition to the vertical position of the patient. The difference in systolic blood pressure is calculated in the supine position and at the 3rd minute after the patient gets up.
Interpretation—a decrease in systolic blood pressure by less than 10 mm Hg is a normal reaction indicating the integrity of efferent vasoconstrictor fibers; a decrease by 11–29 mm Hg is a borderline reaction; a drop by 30 mm Hg and more is a pathological reaction indicating efferent sympathetic insufficiency.
The state of the parasympathetic efferent pathway is determined by measuring the heart rate when getting up. In healthy people, the heart rate increases rapidly when getting up (the maximum figure is noted after the 15th heartbeat) and then decreases after the 30th heartbeat. Normally, the quotient of the division of the first value to the second should be equal to 1.04 or more; 1.01–1.03—borderline result; 1.00—insufficiency of vagal influences on the heart.
The results obtained in the neurosurgical clinic allowed us to conclude that when the tumor was localized in the middle and posterior cranial fossa, there was a predominance of activity of the parasympathetic link of the nervous system [41]. Dysfunction of stem structures in the posterior cranial fossa, irritation of the brain stem due to tumor growth with irritation of the nuclei of the caudal group of cranial nerves, in patients with a tumor of the IV ventricle—nuclei and formations of the rhomboid fossa, vagal nuclear complex can serve as an explanation for the predominance of the parasympathetic tone of the ANS in patients with a tumor of supratentorial localization.
A few studies were devoted to the analysis of the vegetative status of neurosurgical patients in the perioperative period [41, 44, 49, 50, 51]. It was found that the localization of the brain tumor had a significant effect on the vegetative status [51]. Thus, with supratentorial localization of the tumor in the temporal lobe, patients had sympathicotonia with an average level of the personal and high level of situational anxiety. This can be explained both by the direct involvement in the pathological tumor process of the structures of the mediobasal parts of the temporal lobes (amygdala, hippocampus) according to the neuroimaging data presented in the medical history and by indirect irritation of the brain structures forming the limbic system of the brain. In patients with frontal lobe tumors, there was a predominance of sympathicotonia with a high level of personal and an average level of situational anxiety on the eve of surgery. It is known that central noradrenergic systems (in particular, the structures of the brainstem—locus coeruleus) play a significant role in the occurrence of vegetative disorders with pronounced anxiety and fear. Through the ascending pathways, this zone has a connection with both the hypothalamic-pituitary system and the structures of the limbic-reticular complex (hippocampus, amygdala, frontal cortex). Through the descending pathways, noradrenergic structures are connected to the peripheral parts of the sympathetic nervous system. Irritation of the frontal lobes due to tumor growth probably explains the activation of the sympathetic link of the ANS in this category of patients.
The inclusion in the preoperative examination of an anesthesiologist of methods of functional and dynamic examination of the autonomic nervous system to determine the tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic links of the autonomic nervous system before surgical treatment and assessment of psycho-emotional status [31, 51, 52, 53, 54] in elective neurosurgical patients, pain syndrome assessment with the help of VAS of pain allows the anesthesiologist to prescribe an individual premedication to create a vegetative-stabilizing effect, anxiolysis, reducing the afferent flow of information to the brain to create a functional rest of the central nervous system before surgery.
The result of effective premedication will be a smooth induction of anesthesia and a satisfactory intraoperative state of the brain.
Recommended premedication schemes for elective neurosurgical patients, depending on the level of personal anxiety and the initial tone of the ANS links, are presented in Table 1 [51].
Combination option | Premedication evening before surgery | Premedication morning on the day of surgery 30 minutes before admission to the operating room |
---|---|---|
Eutonia + normal anxiety level | Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic (hydroxyzine) 25 mg orally | Benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) 1 mg (1.0 ml 0.1% solution) i/m + NSAIDs (ketoprofen) 100 mg i/m |
Parasympathicotonia + average anxiety level | Benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) 1 mg (1.0 ml 0.1% solution) i/m | Benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) 1 mg (1.0 ml 0.1% solution) i/m + NSAIDs (ketoprofen) 100 mg i/m |
Sympathicotonia + high anxiety level | Benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) 1 mg (1.0 ml 0.1% solution) i/m + I1-imidazoline receptor agonist (moxonidine) 0.2 mg orally | Benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) 1 mg (1.0 ml 0.1% solution) i/m + I1-imidazoline receptor agonist (moxonidine) 0.2 mg orally + NSAIDs (ketoprofen) 100 mg i/m |
Premedication schemes for elective neurosurgical patients depending on the level of personal anxiety and the initial tone of the VNS links.
According to modern concepts, the therapy of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is carried out by influencing the centers that control the work of the cardiovascular system and are located in the brain stem, the most important of which, apparently, is the rostral-ventrolateral region of the medulla oblongata (RVLM) [55]. Various types of receptors are located in this zone, including α2-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors (Figure 4) [55]. It has been shown that imidazoline receptors of subtype 1 (I1) located in RVLM take an active part in blood pressure control, exerting a significant regulatory effect on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system [55].
RVLM and central adrenergic and imidazoline 1-receptors location [
The key anatomic structures of the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to the state of consciousness are—the brain stem, the pons, the thalamus (thalamic nuclei), and the brain cortex with their connecting neural pathways [56].
General anesthetics (propofol, sevoflurane, desflurane) inhibit the excitatory arousal pathways originating in the brain stem and pons or potentiate the sleep pathways that control them [57]. The brain stem and pontine nuclei have been known to be essential in maintaining cortical arousal and forming the so-called ascending reticular formation [57].
The most important task of an anesthesiologist during neurosurgical operation is to keep anesthesia depth sufficient for security vegetative stability of the patient under the condition of general anesthesia during neurosurgical manipulations especially on the brain stem anatomic structures, cerebral arteries (clipping of cerebral aneurysm), etc. For this purpose, it is necessary to use BIS monitoring. The main component of the BIS monitor is the bispectral analysis, which evaluates the phase relations from a single-channel EEG signal measured from the patient’s forehead. The BIS index is a dimensionless number from 0 to 100. For neurosurgery, the optimal means of BIS index is around 40 so during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA with propofol, opioid μ-agonist fentanyl) as inhalational general anesthesia (sevoflurane, desflurane). Control of the depth of TIVA during brain tumor removal (giant trigeminal schwannoma) is reflected in Figure 5.
BIS-monitoring (rose line, BIS = 36) during general anesthesia (TIVA) in patient with brain tumor removal (the image is taken from the private archive of I. A. Savvina).
Nociceptive stimulation during neurosurgical interventions on the brain, spine and spinal cord, peripheral nerves triggers activation of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system, aseptic systemic inflammatory response [29, 34, 58]. As you know, the actual “pain” receptors are located in the skin, periosteum, and dura mater. Anticipating the development of such a scenario is possible when drugs from the NSAID group are included in the premedication scheme, in particular, ketoprofen, ketonal, lornoxicam [59]; the use of the technique of locoregional anesthesia in neurosurgery [60, 61]. There are both proponents of this approach and its opponents who associate the administration of NSAIDs in the perioperative period in neurosurgical patients with their negative effect on platelet aggregation and additional risks of postoperative hemorrhagic complications [59].
The concept of multimodal multicomponent analgesia in neurosurgical practice finds successful implementation in the form of proactive administration of NSAIDs at the stage of premedication (before the skin incision), locoregional anesthesia using naropin, at the stage of induction and maintenance of anesthesia—opioid analgesic (fentanyl) and α2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine or dexmedetomidine), when suturing a skin wound—paracetamol [53, 62, 63, 64].
On the main stage of the neurosurgical operation (brain tumor removing, cerebral aneurysm clipping, spinal hord tumor, AVM removing, etc.) antinociceptive defense is carried out with opioid analgesic μ-agonist fentanyl 3.5–5.0 mcg/kg/h + α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine 0.5 mcg/kg/h or dexmedetomidine 0.2–0.4 mcg/kg/h.
Neurovegetative stabilization with such a method and doses of drugs will be sufficient for cupping of central hemodynamic reactions during neurosurgery [65, 66, 67, 68, 69].
Hemodynamic monitoring is necessary and mandatory part of intraoperative monitoring according to Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology (2010). Noninvasive, invasive hemodynamic monitoring, on the base of technology “PiCCO,”—all options are used in neurosurgery—arterial blood pressure systolic, diastolic, mean (BP), cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI), stroke volume variability (SVV), left ventricular contractility index (LVCI), total peripheral vascular resistance index (TPVRI), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI), extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) [67, 69, 70, 71]. The choice of kind and volume of hemodynamic monitoring in neurosurgery is determined by the patient’s condition (ASA classification), operation position, localization of brain tumor, supposed blood loss, etc. The level of neurovegetative stabilization is controlled on the basis of the evaluation of the hemodynamic profile of the patient and depth of anesthesia (Figure 6) [71].
Intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring during craniofacial block-resection (the image is taken from the private archive of I. A. Savvina). Non-invasive and invasive hemodynamic monitoring on the base of technology “PiCCO”: monitor PHILIPS “IntelliVue MX 800” (A); monitor PULSION Medical Systems “PiCCOplus” (B).
Monitoring of neuromuscular conduction is mandatory for neurosurgical patients for reliable and deep relaxation because the surgical manipulations on the brain structures and cerebral vessels require absolute immobility and synchronization with apparatus of artificial lung ventilation for warning of the rise of intrathoracic pressure when the scull is still closed (dura mater does not open), especially in the patients with intracranial hypertension. Remember that potentiation of neuromuscular block is possible under the condition of water-electrolytic disorders, acid-base state violations, neuromuscular diseases, hypothermia. Control of residual neuromuscular block is necessary for decision-making about the extubation of neurosurgical patients in the early postoperative period or the operating room. Musculus adductor pollicis and nervus ulnaris are the most often used for acceleromyography (registration of single twitch (ST); train of four (TOF); post-tetanic count (PTC)).
Intraoperative control of central (rectal, esophageal) and peripheral (skin) temperature is necessary for timely exposure of malignant hyperthermia during inhalational general anesthesia (sevoflurane, for example) and monitoring of balance between heat products and heat dissipation in the patient under the condition of general anesthesia with or without controlled hypothermia. Also, it is necessary when the neurosurgical operation is carried out on the anatomic structures of the third ventricle of the brain and the hypothalamic zone because neurosurgery may cause immediate water-electrolyte disorders and violations of thermoregulation [42].
Variational cardiointervalometry is the noninvasive method of evaluation of the functional state of the cardiovascular system and general condition of the patients and healthy persons. The condition of the vegetative nervous system and mechanisms of regulation of heartbeat is estimated by some statistic, geometric, and special spectral characteristics including R-R intervals, HR, level HR, Baevsky tension index, the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences (LF/HF), index of centralization (IC), etc. [71, 72]. In neurosurgical patients when calculating the Kerdo index after anesthesia induction and after extubation of patients, a distinct tendency to the state of hypertension was revealed [41]. A significant decrease in heart rate variability was observed in patients with the voluminous formation in the posterior fossa with intracranial hypertension syndrome [50]. It should be noted that the perioperative results of monitoring heart rate variability were obtained using total intravenous anesthesia with the inclusion of α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine, along with dexmedetomidine, used as a component of neurovegetative stabilization in the structure of general anesthesia for neurosurgical interventions on the central nervous system [60, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74]. This method gives the possibility to estimate the prevalence of vegetative tone—sympathetic or parasympathetic or eutonia in neurosurgical patients under the condition of general anesthesia including patients with intracranial hypertension [47, 48, 49, 50].
The value of perfusion index PI (N 4–5%) characterizes the volumetric peripheral arterial capillary blood flow [75]. An increase in PI is regarded as excessive perfusion as a result of redistribution of peripheral blood flow and arterioplegia. A decrease in PI values is an early and sensitive sign of adrenergic activity and peripheral vasoconstriction. This indicator is not so informative when assessing the adequacy of anesthesia during the neurosurgical intervention.
The criteria for the adequacy of anesthesiological maintenance in neurosurgery are a volume-stable, moist, pulsating, nonhyperemic brain [67, 70].
Postural circulatory reactions under general anesthesia in neurosurgery are the most expressed when it is necessary to change horizontal position on the operating table to the operating position “sitting,” pron-position, position on the side, lounge position.
Complications associated with the surgical position during neurosurgical interventions on the posterior cranial fossa [67] are presented in Table 2.
Complications | Sitting position | Pron-position | Position on the side | Lounge position |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pulmonary | ||||
Ventilation and perfusion complications | + | + | + | + |
Increased pressure in the upper respiratory tract | 0 | ++ | 0+ | 0 |
Tense pneumocephalus | + | + | 0 | 0 |
Cardiovascular | ||||
Hypotension | ++ | ++ | 0 | + |
Rhythm disturbances | ++ | ++ | + | ++ |
The need for hemotransfusion | + | ++ | +− | + |
Other complications | ||||
Compression of the eyeballs | 0 | +++ | ++ | + |
Compartment syndrome | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Venous air embolism | +++ | ++ | + | ++ |
Paradoxical air embolism | ++ | + | ? | ? |
Complications associated with the position during neurosurgical interventions on the posterior cranial fossa [67].
It is important to estimate the volemic status of the patient, and if the hypovolemia is obtained to start its correction with intravenous infusion of crystalloids (15 ml/kg) and colloid (5 ml/kg) solutions to avoid hypotension during seating of the patient.
The central subtype of trigeminocardiac reflex arises during intracranial impact on the nerve root, central portion of the trigeminal nerve, gasser knot when deep activation of cardiac vagus branch, and depression of lower cardiac sympathetic nerve are discovered. Usually, it is manifested by bradycardia and arterial hypotension [68, 69, 76, 77]. Figure 7 shows the giant trigeminal schwannoma (the image is taken from the private archive of I. A. Savvina). The removal of this tumor was accompanied by the central subtype of trigeminocardiac reflex (bradycardia and arterial hypertension as the variant of central TCR) [69, 77].
Giant trigeminal schwannoma (shown by yellow arrow) on CT scan (the image is taken from the private archive of I. A. Savvina).
Figure 8 shows the pathways of trigeminocardiac reflex [69].
Pathways of trigeminocardiac reflex [
The ANS performs an organizing and trophic function along with endocrine and other anatomical and physiological functional systems [78, 79]. Numerous experimental studies on the plasticity of the nervous system in various injuries of the central nervous system demonstrate the lack of specificity of changes in neurons—in the structure of the neuron nucleus appears invagination of the nuclear membrane, chromatin condensation, swelling of mitochondria, and all cisternal structures [80, 81]. These structural changes appear at any impact on the body, they are a universal ultrastructural expression of the general adaptation syndrome [78]. It is known that the structural and functional plasticity of the nerve cells is unusually high, but the appearance of morphological alterations occurs earlier and persists much longer than functional changes. Pathomorphological studies of the ANS performed on autopsy material of deceased neurosurgical patients revealed severe dystrophic and destructive changes at all levels of the ANS [82].
A pathomorphological study of the structures of the ANS afferent department (receptor apparatuses and sensitive nerve fibers (dendrites) that perceive and conduct afferent impulses), spinal (Th2–Th4; L1–L4; S2–S3), and similar cranial nerve ganglia (trigeminal, inferior vagus node) revealed that regardless of the nature of acute cerebral damage, there are widespread and irreversible violations of the structure and function of the components of the afferent department [28, 82].
Thus, we are talking about the partial or complete death of the sensitive nervous apparatus, the state of which largely determines the reactivity and plasticity in the implementation of an adaptive reaction. Similar changes are found not only in the intramural plexuses but also in the trunk of the vagus nerve, which carries afferent and preganglionic fibers to intramural neurons; in the posterior roots of the spinal cord, where the axons of the neurons of the sensitive spinal ganglia pass. These are nonspecific reactive changes (marginal chromatolysis with preservation of the nucleus, central chromatolysis with preservation of the nucleus, central chromatolysis with “sintering” of lumps of Nissl substance along the periphery of neurons, hyperchromatosis of the nuclei and cytoplasm of the cell in combination with edema and without it), as well as destructive irreversible phenomena (karyolysis with wrinkled hyperchromic nucleus, hydropic changes with the formation of vacuoles and karyolysis, karyorexis in combination with swelling of the neuron body). A motley kaleidoscope of changes reflects the stages of neuronal death depending on local conditions (for example, the acidity of the environment, the degree of hypoxia, hydration of the ganglion, etc.).
The central parts of the ANS are associative (insertion) links of visceral reflexes. The associative link of the sympathetic nervous system is represented by the nuclei of the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region. During spinal cord examination at the level of Th2–Th4, Th12, and L1–L2; the insertion link of the parasympathetic nervous system at the mesencephalic (Yakubovich-Westphal-Edinger nucleus), bulbar (vegetative vagus nerve nucleus), and sacral (S2–S3) levels in the associative links, regardless of the etiological factor, widespread damage to structures and, presumably, disorders of the function of nerve cells, which are mostly irreversible, were noted [74]. Thus, we are talking about partial or significant damage to the associative link, from which the efferent vegetative pathway begins.
Neurites (axons of associative neurons) of the peripheral nerves reach the autonomic ganglia, where they end with synapses. Thanks to synapses, all the links of the visceral reflexes are interconnected and, if necessary, can act as a whole. Significant reactive changes were also revealed in the synaptic apparatus of the associative links (sympathetic and parasympathetic)—argyrophilia (affinity of synaptic rings to nitric acid silver) and hypertrophy of synapses. Destructive changes in the form of fragmentation, granular-lumpy decay of presynaptic nerve fibers, and synaptic structures formed by them on associative neurons are more pronounced in long-term critical conditions of the patient, clinical manifestations of sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome [28, 82, 83]. Nonspecific reactive changes (central and peripheral chromatolysis, acute cellular swelling, process staining, hyperchromatosis of nuclei and cytoplasm) were detected in the central parts of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Irreversible destructive phenomena were standard (karyocytolysis, karyolysis). They reflect the different stages of neuronal death. There was also a lively glial reaction [83].
Thus, from a morphological point of view, the most dramatic situation develops in the associative link of the sympathetic nervous system.
The death of neurons nuclei in all parts of the hypothalamus (large-cell nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, small-cell nuclei of the middle hypothalamus, nuclei, and pathways of the posterior) was also noted [83].
The efferent autonomic pathway is represented by neurites of associative neurons (preganglionic fibers) and effector neurons and their neurites (postganglionic fibers). The latter reach the innervated tissues, where they realize their impact. The studied sympathetic ganglia (cervical-thoracic or stellate, 2nd–6th thoracic paravertebral, abdominal plexus) are connected by preganglionic fibers with sympathetic centers of the spinal cord; parasympathetic ciliary node—with the Yakubovich-Westphal-Edinger nucleus; Auerbach and Meissner plexuses—with the autonomic nucleus of the vagus nerve.
In acute cerebral injury, extensive structural and functional disorders of the main components of the autonomic ganglion—neurocytes are revealed; at the same time, the “management” of special functions of some organs (glands, smooth muscles of internal organs and vessels, heart muscle, ciliary and pupillary muscles, etc.) and the general adaptive and trophic function suffer [83]. A motley pattern of reactive changes is observed in the sympathetic ganglia—central and peripheral chromatolysis, total chromatolysis with preservation of the nucleus and nucleolus and “sintering” of chromatophilic substance along the edge of the neuron body, hyperchromatosis of the nucleus and perinuclear edema, wrinkling of nuclear material into a homogeneous structureless mass with total chromatolysis (Figure 9).
Sympathetic ganglion 3 days after severe traumatic brain injury (column intermediolateral medullae spinalis). (A) Argyrophilia, hypertrophy, deformation of synapses on neurons. Impregnation by Kahal. Magnification X 100. (B) Destructive changes in the synaptic vesicle. Electronogram. Magnification X 1800.
Reactive changes in the parasympathetic ganglia were nonspecific—destructive changes were standard (karyolysis, karyocytolysis), a pronounced reaction from the glia was noted in the ganglia (the number of glial cells (satellites) closely adjacent to the perikaryon of the neurocyte and penetrating it increased around the neurocytes).
The last link of the visceral reflexes is postganglionic fibers, which, as part of nerve trunks and bundles, penetrate all organs and tissues of the body, where they form effector nerve endings. The efferent section of the visceral reflex arches also detects gross dystrophic changes.
The duration of the patient’s stay in critical condition correlates with the number of damaged and dead neurons—the longer the period, the more widespread the damage to the ANS was. The death of neurons and their processes can also be caused by their functional overload, excessive functional stress, malfunctions in the rhythm of work, etc.
Some patients who have suffered severe critical conditions recover and return to life with a deeply disabled ANS with a sharply narrowed range of adaptive reactions [28].
Death can occur from the disintegration of the organism as a system with the relative safety of the components of the system (organs) with far from exhausted reserves [83].
Thus, the totality of dystrophic and necrobiotic changes detected in the ANS is the morphological equivalent of vegetative distress syndrome and ANS insufficiency.
To summarize, it is obvious that the autonomic nervous system is one of the main systems of life support. Control and monitoring of its functional activity is especially important when the patient is under the condition of general anesthesia. Neurosurgery causes specific central hemodynamic reactions related to reflexes from the brainstem. Management of autonomic reactions and vegetative tone are possible with neurovegetative stabilization and control of the depth of anesthesia.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
We would like to thank our parents who supported us when we chose medicine as profession and taught us mercy and compassion.
ANS | autonomic nervous system |
CNS | central nervous system |
NSAIDs | nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs |
PОNV | postoperative nausea and vomiting |
PОD | postoperative delirium |
PI | perfusion index |
TCR | trigeminocardiac reflex |
VAS | visual-analog scale of pain |
IntechOpen will act in accordance with its published Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.
",metaTitle:"Refund Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen will act in accordance with its Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/refund-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\\n\\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\\n\\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\\n\\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\\n\\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\n\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\n\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\n\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\n\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6585},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2382},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12514},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17531}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132763},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"title"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11700",title:"Abdominal Trauma - New Solutions to Old Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8e898d70673411f9c222d429889c8967",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11700.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11904",title:"Actinides - New Insights on Contamination, Exposure, and Analytical Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a74f62997524c0c100aac1388bf529e8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Markus R. Zehringer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11904.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11820",title:"Acupuncture and Moxibustion - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e40653fa6cd3f2c653436c4e4bd8ad1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wen-Long Hu, Dr. Mao-Feng Sun and Dr. Yu-Chiang Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11820.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11819",title:"Adhesives - Science, Technology, Recent Advances, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c58b7d4c17e2a202af1dc4b906b7becb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Bastos Pereira and Dr. Alexandre Luiz Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11819.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11853",title:"Adrenal Glands - The Current Stage and New Perspectives of Diseases and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"86c26879d83ac24206ed5476b6cde7fd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Diana Loreta Paun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11853.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190860",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana Loreta",surname:"Paun",slug:"diana-loreta-paun",fullName:"Diana Loreta Paun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11471",title:"Advanced Cement-Based Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ade4b6eb27dabcb68870dd1d320840cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11471.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11829",title:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"095d5991269fb83f32687922efdc9fa9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b237999737fb375b4f629ab01a498a9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340226",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhupendra",surname:"Prajapati",slug:"bhupendra-prajapati",fullName:"Bhupendra Prajapati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11540",title:"Advances in Fusion Energy Research - Theory, Models, Algorithms, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f03f48f4d6fd8beacecaac19314be864",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bruno Carpentieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11540.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92921",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Carpentieri",slug:"bruno-carpentieri",fullName:"Bruno Carpentieri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11461",title:"Advances in Nanowires Synthesis and Applications to Sensing Technologies \ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"94ce46811974b75b5efded35f161ea18",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Felix Kutsanedzie, Dr. Annavaram Viswadevarayalu, Dr. Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum and Dr. Isaac Asempah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11461.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"443651",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Kutsanedzie",slug:"felix-kutsanedzie",fullName:"Felix Kutsanedzie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11490",title:"Advances in Plate Tectonics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"412f2e209ff259650a5a1c7df151e3a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaurav D. Chauhan, Dr. Subhash Bhandari and Dr. M. G. Thakkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11490.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"239938",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaurav",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"gaurav-chauhan",fullName:"Gaurav Chauhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:412},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"789",title:"Marine Engineering",slug:"marine-engineering",parent:{id:"118",title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:34,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"789",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5096",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c69d748a6e4e39139e6f4be531b1f30e",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",bookSignature:"Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5096.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof.Dr. Maged",middleName:null,surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49930",doi:"10.5772/62242",title:"Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques",slug:"monitoring-the-coastal-environment-using-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques",totalDownloads:2632,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The coastal zone has been of importance for economic development and ecological restoration due to their rich natural resources and vulnerable ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the monitoring of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere on a global, regional, and even local scale, by providing important coverage, mapping and classification of land cover features such as vegetation, soil, water and forests. This chapter introduced the methods for monitoring the coastal environment using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Case studies of port expansion monitoring in typical coastal regions, together with the coastal environment changes analysis were also presented.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao and Jingying Fu",authors:[{id:"25222",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"dong-jiang",fullName:"Dong Jiang"},{id:"176843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingying",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"jingying-fu",fullName:"Jingying Fu"},{id:"176844",title:"MSc.",name:"Mengmeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",slug:"mengmeng-hao",fullName:"Mengmeng Hao"}]},{id:"49642",doi:"10.5772/61979",title:"Engineering Tools for the Estimation of Dredging-Induced Sediment Resuspension and Coastal Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-tools-for-the-estimation-of-dredging-induced-sediment-resuspension-and-coastal-environme",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to environmental impacts that may result from resuspension, sedimentation and increase in concentration of chemicals during dredging activities. Dredging dislodges and resuspends bottom sediments that are not captured by dredge-head movements. Resuspended sediments are advected far from the dredging site as a dredging plume and the increase in the suspended solid concentration (SSC) can strongly differ, in time and space, depending on site and operational conditions. Well-established international guidelines often include numerical modelling applications to support environmental studies related to dredging activities. Despite the attention that has been focused on this issue, there is a lack of verified predictive techniques of plume dynamics at progressive distances from the different dredging sources, as a function of the employed dredging techniques and work programs, i.e., spatial and temporal variation of resuspension source. This chapter illustrates predictive techniques to estimate the SSC arising from dredges with different mechanisms of sediment release and to assess the spatial and temporal variability of the resulting plume in estuarine and coastal areas. Predictive tools are aimed to support technical choices during planning and operational phases and to better plan the location and frequency of environmental monitoring activities during dredging execution.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Iolanda Lisi, Marcello Di Risio, Paolo De Girolamo and Massimo\nGabellini",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"},{id:"116232",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Gabellini",slug:"massimo-gabellini",fullName:"Massimo Gabellini"},{id:"176998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lisi",slug:"iolanda-lisi",fullName:"Iolanda Lisi"},{id:"177000",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo"}]},{id:"49688",doi:"10.5772/61991",title:"Review of Mercury Circulation Changes in the Coastal Zone of Southern Baltic Sea",slug:"review-of-mercury-circulation-changes-in-the-coastal-zone-of-southern-baltic-sea",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Despite its undoubted usability, mercury (Hg) is the most toxic metal and one of the most toxic elements. The problem of mercury toxicity was only widely explored in the second half of the 20th century, following cases of fatal poisonings as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish and grains preserved with mercury compounds. According to HELCOM reports, Hg emission in the Baltic region at the beginning of the 21st century was lower than during the 1980s. In addition to mercury transformation, climate warming, particularly in the autumn-winter season, is another factor contributing to the changes in mercury circulation, especially in the area of land-sea contact. The increase in rainfall, particularly in the summer, is of particular importance for the marine environment. This is related to an increased inflow of Hg with wet precipitation, but the warm season is also favourable for intensive growth of sea organisms and, consequently, a faster accumulation of chemical substances, including toxic ones. As a result, the concentration of mercury in organism biomass increases.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Magdalena Bełdowska",authors:[{id:"176840",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Bełdowska",slug:"magdalena-beldowska",fullName:"Magdalena Bełdowska"}]},{id:"49825",doi:"10.5772/62132",title:"Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf",slug:"management-of-marine-protected-zones-case-study-of-bahrain-arabian-gulf",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Coastal and marine environments in Bahrain are characterized by a variety of habitats, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and mangroves that support some of the most endangered species such as dugongs and turtles. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered the most advocated approach for marine conservation. Several MPAs have been established in Bahrain. This study explores the ecological and legal contexts of MPAs in Bahrain and evaluates the effectiveness of these MPAs in achieving their conservation goals. Although MPAs are contributing to the protection of critical coastal and marine habitats and their associated flora and fauna, there is yet further need to strengthen efforts on conserving coastal and marine environments in Bahrain. Effectiveness of MPAs in Bahrain could be enhanced by developing management plans, implementing the necessary regulatory measures, and investing in long-term monitoring and research programs. Findings of this study could contribute to wider regional and international experience of the effectiveness of MPAs in protecting important coastal and marine environments.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Humood A. Naser",authors:[{id:"50322",title:"Dr.",name:"Humood",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",slug:"humood-naser",fullName:"Humood Naser"}]},{id:"49999",doi:"10.5772/62205",title:"Fabrication and Properties of Zinc Composite Coatings for Mitigation of Corrosion in Coastal and Marine Zone",slug:"fabrication-and-properties-of-zinc-composite-coatings-for-mitigation-of-corrosion-in-coastal-and-mar",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Deterioration of metals and alloys during service due to corrosion and wear phenomena shortens materials’ life span and structural integrity particularly in aggressive environments such as coastal and marine. This degradation also limits the use of these materials in most industrial applications. Therefore, the improvement of the quality of these materials in order to combat these challenges in industry remains critical. Surface modification techniques are employed to enhance materials’ properties to enable better performance and to extend their applications in demanding environments. Electrodeposition has been a useful method developed to improve the corrosion and mechanical properties of materials. In the present contribution, ample knowledge about electrodeposition of Zn composite/nanocomposite coatings and their characteristics are reviewed to address coastal and marine degradation of metals and alloys.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Patricia A.I. Popoola, Nicholus Malatji and Ojo Sunday Fayomi",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola"},{id:"174331",title:"Dr.",name:"Ojo Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Fayomi",slug:"ojo-sunday-fayomi",fullName:"Ojo Sunday Fayomi"},{id:"176997",title:"Mr.",name:"Nicholus",middleName:null,surname:"Malatji",slug:"nicholus-malatji",fullName:"Nicholus Malatji"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49582",title:"Geological Evolution of Coastal and Marine Environments off the Campania Continental Shelf Through Marine Geological Mapping - The Example of the Cilento Promontory",slug:"geological-evolution-of-coastal-and-marine-environments-off-the-campania-continental-shelf-through-m",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The geological evolution of coastal and marine environments offshore the Cilento Promontory through marine geological mapping is discussed here. The marine geological map n. 502 “Agropoli,” located offshore the Cilento Promontory (southern Italy), is described and put in regional geologic setting. The study area covers water depths ranging between 30 and 200 m isobaths. The geologic map has been constructed in the frame of a research program financed by the National Geological Survey of Italy (CARG Project), finalized to the construction of an up-to-date cartography of the Campania region. Geological and geophysical data on the continental shelf and slope offshore the southern Campania region have been acquired in an area bounded northward by the Gulf of Salerno and southward by the Gulf of Policastro. A high-resolution multibeam bathymetry has permitted the construction of a digital elevation model (DEM). Sidescan sonar profiles have also been collected and interpreted, and their merging with bathymetric data has allowed for the realization of the base for the marine geologic cartography. The calibration of geophysical data has been attempted through sea-bottom samples. The morpho-structures and the seismic sequences overlying the outcrops of acoustic basement reported in the cartographic representation have been studied in detail using single-channel seismics. The interpretation of seismic profiles has been a support for the reconstruction of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the Quaternary continental shelf successions and the outcrops of rocky acoustic basement in correspondence to the Licosa Cape morpho-structural high. These areas result from the seaward prolongation of the stratigraphic and structural units, widely cropping out in the surrounding emerged sector of the Cilento Promontory. The cartographic approach is based on the recognition of laterally coeval depositional systems, interpreted in the frame of system tracts of the Late Quaternary depositional sequence.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Gemma Aiello and Ennio Marsella",authors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}]},{id:"49642",title:"Engineering Tools for the Estimation of Dredging-Induced Sediment Resuspension and Coastal Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-tools-for-the-estimation-of-dredging-induced-sediment-resuspension-and-coastal-environme",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to environmental impacts that may result from resuspension, sedimentation and increase in concentration of chemicals during dredging activities. Dredging dislodges and resuspends bottom sediments that are not captured by dredge-head movements. Resuspended sediments are advected far from the dredging site as a dredging plume and the increase in the suspended solid concentration (SSC) can strongly differ, in time and space, depending on site and operational conditions. Well-established international guidelines often include numerical modelling applications to support environmental studies related to dredging activities. Despite the attention that has been focused on this issue, there is a lack of verified predictive techniques of plume dynamics at progressive distances from the different dredging sources, as a function of the employed dredging techniques and work programs, i.e., spatial and temporal variation of resuspension source. This chapter illustrates predictive techniques to estimate the SSC arising from dredges with different mechanisms of sediment release and to assess the spatial and temporal variability of the resulting plume in estuarine and coastal areas. Predictive tools are aimed to support technical choices during planning and operational phases and to better plan the location and frequency of environmental monitoring activities during dredging execution.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Iolanda Lisi, Marcello Di Risio, Paolo De Girolamo and Massimo\nGabellini",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"},{id:"116232",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Gabellini",slug:"massimo-gabellini",fullName:"Massimo Gabellini"},{id:"176998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lisi",slug:"iolanda-lisi",fullName:"Iolanda Lisi"},{id:"177000",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo"}]},{id:"50060",title:"Depositional Environment of Phosphorites of the Sonrai Basin, Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India",slug:"depositional-environment-of-phosphorites-of-the-sonrai-basin-lalitpur-district-uttar-pradesh-india",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Phosphates are regarded as one of the most important fertilizer minerals used by man. In Sonrai basin of Lalitpur the phosphorites are found to occur as lenticular and detached bodies throughout the Formation of the Bijawar Group. Individual bodies range from a few meters to about 4 km in length, and width varies from thin bands to about 125 meter with P2O5 concentration ranging from 10 to 20%. The Paleoproterozoic Bijawar Group are overlain by the Archaean Bundelkhand Basement Complex and underlain by Vindhyan Supergroup. The occurrence of phosphorites is confined to the Sonrai Formation which consists of massive to brecciated phosphorite within the lower reddish shales, with at least three bands identified. Megascopic study reveals that the brecciated phosphorite is reddish brown in color and fine to medium grained with angular fragments of chert and quartz embedded in a groundmass of iron oxides and secondary silica intercalated with minor veins of chert and iron oxides. The phosphorite horizon in the Lalitpur area is associated with pink to white brecciated massive quartzite, shale, dolomite and limestone of the basal unit. The concentration trends of certain major oxides indicate that the phosphorites are more enriched in CaO, P2O5 and SiO2 than Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, Na2O and K2O. The concentration trends of trace elements reveal that the phosphorites are moderately enriched in Co, Zn, Zr, Pb, U than in Sc, Ba, V, Cr, Ni, , Rb, Sr, Y and Th. The dispersion patter, correlation coefficient and mutual relationship of significant major oxides represented by plotted diagrams, indicate that SiO2, CaO, MgO are antipathetically related with P2O5. The relationship suggests a gradual replacement among these oxides during diagenesis. High values of P2O5 and CaO in the phosphorites indicate more concentration of apatite constituent. The difference in geochemical behavior of CaO and MgO may be due to ionic substitution of Ca+2 by MgO+2 in the apatite crystal lattice during alkaline environment of the basin. The strong negative relationship between P2O5 with Fe2O3 in phosphorites may be due to leaching and/mild weathering of iron from the ores and reprecipitation along with P2O5 in the pore spaces, cavities/voids, veins, etc in highly oxidizing marine environment of the basin. The minimum evidence of organic matter, absence of sulphide minerals and lower concentration of V, Ni, and Cu suggest that the phosphorites were deposited in an oxidizing environment with slightly anaerobic to highly aerobic facies.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Shamim A. Dar and K. F. Khan",authors:[{id:"176685",title:"Dr.",name:"Shamim",middleName:"A",surname:"Dar",slug:"shamim-dar",fullName:"Shamim Dar"},{id:"181312",title:"Dr.",name:"K.F",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"k.f-khan",fullName:"K.F Khan"},{id:"181314",title:"Dr.",name:"Saif A",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"saif-a-khan",fullName:"Saif A Khan"}]},{id:"49930",title:"Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques",slug:"monitoring-the-coastal-environment-using-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques",totalDownloads:2632,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The coastal zone has been of importance for economic development and ecological restoration due to their rich natural resources and vulnerable ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the monitoring of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere on a global, regional, and even local scale, by providing important coverage, mapping and classification of land cover features such as vegetation, soil, water and forests. This chapter introduced the methods for monitoring the coastal environment using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Case studies of port expansion monitoring in typical coastal regions, together with the coastal environment changes analysis were also presented.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao and Jingying Fu",authors:[{id:"25222",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"dong-jiang",fullName:"Dong Jiang"},{id:"176843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingying",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"jingying-fu",fullName:"Jingying Fu"},{id:"176844",title:"MSc.",name:"Mengmeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",slug:"mengmeng-hao",fullName:"Mengmeng Hao"}]},{id:"49825",title:"Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf",slug:"management-of-marine-protected-zones-case-study-of-bahrain-arabian-gulf",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Coastal and marine environments in Bahrain are characterized by a variety of habitats, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and mangroves that support some of the most endangered species such as dugongs and turtles. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered the most advocated approach for marine conservation. Several MPAs have been established in Bahrain. This study explores the ecological and legal contexts of MPAs in Bahrain and evaluates the effectiveness of these MPAs in achieving their conservation goals. Although MPAs are contributing to the protection of critical coastal and marine habitats and their associated flora and fauna, there is yet further need to strengthen efforts on conserving coastal and marine environments in Bahrain. Effectiveness of MPAs in Bahrain could be enhanced by developing management plans, implementing the necessary regulatory measures, and investing in long-term monitoring and research programs. Findings of this study could contribute to wider regional and international experience of the effectiveness of MPAs in protecting important coastal and marine environments.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Humood A. Naser",authors:[{id:"50322",title:"Dr.",name:"Humood",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",slug:"humood-naser",fullName:"Humood Naser"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"789",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"87",type:"subseries",title:"Economics",keywords:"Globalization, Economic integration, Growth and development, International trade, Environmental development, Developed countries, Developing countries, Technical innovation, Knowledge management, Political economy analysis, Banking and financial markets",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"onlineFirst.detail",path:"/online-first/80402",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"80402"},fullPath:"/online-first/80402",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()