Global Fertilizer Contributions from Specific Biogas Coproduct

Sammy N. Aso; Simeon C. Achinewhu; Madu O. Iwe

doi:10.5772/intechopen.101543

Abstract

The impact of Haber-Bosch process on modern agriculture is prodigious. Haber-Bosch process led to invention of chemical fertilizers that powered green revolution, minimized food scarcity, and improved human and animal nutrition. Haber–Bosch process facilitated agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, with up to 60% of crop yield increase attributed solely to nitrogen fertilizer. However, Haber-Bosch fertilizers are expensive, and their poor use efficiency exerts adverse external consequences. In European Union for example, the annual damage of up to € 320 (US$ 372.495) billion associated with chemical fertilizers outweighs their direct benefit to farmers, in terms of crops grown, of up to € 80 (US$ 93.124) billion. A substitute for chemical fertilizers is therefore needed. In this chapter, external costs of chemical fertilizers are highlighted. The capability of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue digestate to supplant and mitigate pecuniary costs of chemical fertilizers required for production of cassava root is also analyzed and presented. Results indicate that about 25% of fund used to purchase chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production could be saved with the use of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue digestate. The pecuniary value is estimated at US$ 0.141 (≈ € 0.121) billion for the 2019 global cassava root output. This saving excludes external costs associated with Haber-Bosch fertilizers such as ammonia air pollution, eutrophication, greenhouse gasses emissions, and contamination of potable water supply reserves. Consequently, liquid fraction digestate could reduce the cost of cassava root production, as well as minimize adverse health and environmental consequences attributed to chemical fertilizers.

Keywords

anaerobic digestion
biogas
cassava peeling residue (CPR)
chemical fertilizer
circular economy
cost savings
digestate
eutrophication
Haber-Bosch process

Author Information

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Sammy N. Aso*
- Food Engineering Laboratory, Rivers State University, Nigeria
Simeon C. Achinewhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Nigeria
Madu O. Iwe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria

*Address all correspondence to: sammyasso@yahoo.com

1. Introduction

The impact of Haber-Bosch process on modern agriculture may not be overemphasized. It led to the invention of inorganic fertilizers that powered global green revolution, minimized food scarcity, and improved human and animal nutrition. In his noble lecture, Fritz Haber (The 1918 noble laureate for chemistry; for the Haber-Bosch process) alluded that his impetuses for creation of ammonia from the elements were to meet increasing human food requirements, and replenish soil nitrogen extracted by harvested crops when he concluded: “Let it suffice that in the meantime improved nitrogen fertilization of the soil brings new nutritive riches to mankind and that the chemical industry comes to the aid of the farmer who, in the good earth, changes stones into bread” [1]. Haber–Bosch process has facilitated agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, with up to 60% of crop yield increase attributed solely to nitrogen fertilizer [2]. It has been estimated that between 1908 and 2008, Haber–Bosch nitrogen enabled the number of humans sustained per hectare of arable land to increase from 1.9 to 4.3 persons [3]. However, poor nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the same fertilizer that laid the golden benefits has deposited unintended adverse consequences to environmental systems [4]. Impacts of poor NUE may manifest at local, regional, and global scales [5], thereby placing air, soil, and water quality and safety, as well as human and animal health in jeopardy. Environmental and ecosystem services disruptions due to fertilizer use in agriculture have been reported worldwide. These include impairments of eco-diversity, recreational use of freshwaters, lakefront property values, and drinking water supply sources [6, 7]; loss of tourism benefits to coastal communities, [8, 9]; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate perturbation [10]; as well as air quality degradation [11].

Ammonia (NH₃) air pollution from animal husbandry, fertilizer production and application has also been documented and reported [12, 13, 14]. About 94% of NH₃ emissions in Italy emanate from agricultural operations [15], and in 2013 and 2018, agriculture contributed 93% of all ammonia emissions in the European Union [16, 17]. In the United States, agricultural runoff and drainage accounts for 89% of the total nitrogen inputs into the Mississippi River [18], contributing to hypoxic zone of the Gulf of Mexico [19]. In France, about 89% of residual nitrogen contamination of water resources and marine environments is attributed to mineral fertilizer and animal manure [8]. Similarly, nitrate contamination of surface and ground water is associated with agricultural use of fertilizers and manures [7, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone shield depletion and climate change [10]. Nitrogen fertilizer and manure contribute 92% of all N₂O attributable to agriculture in the USA [24, 25]. In Italy and China, fertilizer accounts for about 68% of annual N₂O emissions [15, 26]. Chemical fertilizer and manure are major contributors to external costs such as eutrophication and acidification of ecosystems [21, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Annually, up to € 320 (US$ 372.495) billion damage is associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizers in the European Union compared to direct economic benefit to farmers, in terms of crops grown, estimated at up to € 80 (US$ 93.124) billion [31]. Report currency, € 1.0 ≈ US$ 1.164 based on currency converter site: https://www1.oanda.com/currency/converter/as at Friday 22nd October 2021. Furthermore, inorganic fertilizers are not cheap, and may be used in large quantities. As at the second week of September 2021, the cost of 1 kg of nutrient fertilizer could range from ≈ US$ 0.375 for liquid nitrogen (as urea) to US$ 0.807 for dry phosphorus (as P₂O₅) [Ramsdell F&M Ltd. Brookings, SD USA]. In 2019, approximately 188.54 x 10⁹ kg nutrient fertilizers (including 107.74 x 10⁹ kg N, 43.41 x 10⁹ kg P₂O₅, and 37.39 x 10⁹ kg K₂O) were consumed in agricultural production globally [32].

Due to outlined adverse effects and financial exigencies of chemical fertilizers, a more sustainable, environmentally benign, and cost-effective fertilizer system is desired. Digestate in the context of circular economy could play a prominent role. In this chapter, cost implications of using liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate, to supplement chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production are analyzed and presented (Figure 1).

Figure 1.
Graphical representation of the objectives and summary of this chapter.

2. Anaerobic digestion and digestate for circular economy

Circular economy is a credible intervention tool to minimize GHG emissions, limit global warming and ecosystem degradation. The circular economic model maximizes material and product conservation; prudent consumption; eco-friendly biorefinery; recyclability and reusability; green- smart mobility and renewable energy; systems thinking, innovative business models and policies; wasteless design and zero waste cities, as well as generation of useful products out of waste [33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a responsive technology that could rise to the occasion. In the context of biorefinery platform, sustainability, and circular economy, AD transforms organic matter to two major coproducts: biogas fuel and digestate [41]. Digestate has soil amendment and biofertilizer potentials.

Digestate enhances soil biological stability and enzymatic activities [42]; enriches microbial biomass [42, 43]; abates nutrients leaching and remediates metal contaminants [43, 44, 45]; conditions the soil and boosts plant nutrients, stimulates growth of beneficial microbes, improves buffering capacity, and physical properties such as texture, aeration, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and moisture retention capacity [46, 47, 48, 49]. In comparison to chemical fertilizers, digestate biofertilizers offer better ecosystem services, values, and life cycle assessment accounting [50]; including lower energy consumption [51, 52, 53], lower ammonia air pollution [15], lower GHG emissions [53, 54, 55], better soil carbon sequestration [54, 56], reduced soil erosion [54, 57, 58], and increased biodiversity [59].

To exploit these benefits and advantages, various organic substrates have been used for digestate creation via the AD process. At least 120 items have been identified in published scientific literature [41], but CPR is not one of them. Indeed, there is scarcity of information on nutrient content, speciation, agronomic properties and values of LF of digestates from AD of single feedstocks in general [60]; and LF of digestate derived from AD of CPR as single feedstock in particular [41, 61].

3. Nutrient content of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

The only information on primary macronutrients (i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)) content of LF digestate of CPR as sole feedstock found in literature is presented in Table 1. For perspective, the values are compared with LF of digestates derived from other feedstocks in Tables 2–4 respectively for N, P, and K. The values for each Table are presented in descending magnitude order. It can be seen that LF of CPR digestate is high in N and K, but low in P. Apart from livestock manure, most LF digestates with higher nutrient values are derived from AD of multiple feedstocks (Tables 2–4). Co-digestion of feedstocks may benefit from coactive effects.

S/N	Nutrient	Value [mg/L]
1	Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N)	573
2	Total phosphorus (P)	31
3	Total Potassium (K)	1066

Table 1.

Macronutrients (N, P, K) content of liquid fraction of CPR digestate [41].

S/N	Feedstock	N Value [mg/L]	Reference
1	Cow manure & slurry (70%), maize silage (20%) and grass silage (10%)	5591	[62]
2	Dairy manure	4723	[63]
3	Cattle & pig slurries (main feedstocks), various food wastes (co-substrates)	4268–4507	[64]
4	Dairy cow slurry	2800–4500	[65]
5	Organic waste (Kitchen garbage, spoilt food, etc.)	3610–4120	[66]
6	Energy crops e.g., silage maize (92%) and pig slurry (8%)	4035	[67]
7	Animal manure and energy crops	4000	[68]
8	Biowaste	2457–3950	[69]
9	Sewage sludge	2700–3800	[70]
10	Sewage sludge + Acid cheese whey	2800–3750	[70]
11	Dairy manure	3007	[71]
12	Biowaste and kitchen refuse	1010–2780	[72]
13	Municipal wastewater	2667	[73]
14	Maize silage and distillery stillage	2620	[74]
15	Poultry litter	1570–2473	[75]
16	Bio-slurry	170–2240	[76]
17	Source separated household waste	2200	[77]
18	Municipal solid waste	1308–1569	[78]
19	Swine manure	1135	[79]
20	Waste activated sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	425–850	[80]
21	Sewage sludge (half-synthetic)	820	[81]
22	Piggery farm effluent	774	[82]
23	Yeast production wastewater	703	[83]
24	Cattle slurry and glycerin	600	[84]
25	Municipal wastewater sludge	280–590	[85]
26	Cassava peeling residue (CPR)	573	[41]
27	Sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	355–535	[86]
28	Municipal wastewater	435–520	[87]
29	Swine wastewater	460	[88]
30	Starch processing wastewater	240–383	[89]
31	Starch processing wastewater	265	[90]
32	Piggery wastewater	139	[91]

Table 2.

Comparison of nitrogen (N) content of liquid fraction of digestate derived from various feedstocks.

S/N	Feedstock	P Value [mg/L]	Reference
1	Pig slurry	800–1700	[65]
2	Dairy cow slurry	200–1000	[65]
3	Dairy manure	802	[63]
4	Sewage sludge	590–680	[70]
5	Sewage sludge + Acid cheese whey	500–550	[70]
6	Pig manure	492	[92]
7	Energy crops (92%) and pig slurry (8%)	412	[67]
8	Municipal wastewater	381	[73]
9	Bio-slurry	56–320	[76]
10	Cattle & pig slurries (main feedstocks), various food wastes (co-substrates)	292–315	[64]
11	Maize silage and distillery stillage	270	[74]
12	Fruit and vegetable food waste	261	[93]
13	Source separated household waste	230	[77]
14	Poultry litter	154–214	[75]
15	Piggery wastewater	185	[91]
16	Municipal wastewater sludge	100–185	[85]
17	Organic waste (Kitchen garbage, spoilt food, etc.)	58–167	[66]
18	Sewage sludge (half-synthetic)	130	[81]
19	Sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	29–120	[86]
20	Swine manure	115	[88]
21	Waste activated sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	95	[80]
22	Municipal solid waste	60–62	[78]
23	Biowaste	35–55	[69]
24	Municipal wastewater	43	[94]
25	Starch processing wastewater	23–40	[89]
26	Cassava peeling residue (CPR)	31	[41]
27	Starch processing wastewater	28	[90]
28	Swine manure	25	[79]
29	Algal biomass (Tetraselmis sp.)	7	[95]
30	Yeast production wastewater	7	[83]

Table 3.

Comparison of phosphorus (P) content of liquid fraction of digestate derived from various feedstocks.

S/N	Feedstock	K Value [mg/L]	Reference
1	Animal manure and energy crops	3500	[68]
2	Pig manure	3258	[92]
3	Cattle & pig slurries (main feedstocks), various food wastes (co-substrates)	1337–2850	[64]
4	Organic fraction of municipal solid waste	700–2216	[96]
5	Poultry litter	1632–2100	[75]
6	Cattle slurry and 10% orange peel residue	1200	[84]
7	Source separated household waste	1130	[77]
8	Cattle slurry and 5% orange peel residue	1100	[84]
9	Cassava peeling residue (CPR)	1066	[41]
10	Baker’s yeast industry wastewater	827	[97]
11	Swine manure	809	[79]
12	Cattle slurry and glycerin	800	[84]
13	Bio-slurry	100–434	[76]
14	Starch processing wastewater	102–176	[89]
15	Starch processing wastewater	174	[90]
16	Sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	28–33	[86]
17	Waste activated sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste	30	[80]

Table 4.

Comparison of potassium (K) content of liquid fraction of digestate derived from various feedstocks.

4. Estimation of fertilizer credit for liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate derived from one metric ton (1000 kg) cassava root

The nutrient values presented in Table 1 are for digestate derived from 800 g CPR accumulated in the 3 L working volume of AD reactor [41, 61]. Therefore, total nutrient credits for the 800 g CPR are:

N = 573 mg/L × 3 L = 1719 mg (1.719 g).

P = 31 mg/L × 3 L = 93 mg (0.093 g).

K = 1066 mg/L × 3 L = 3198 mg (3.198 g).

With the nutrients credit for 800 g (0.8 kg) CPR established, estimation of corresponding nutrient credit for CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root becomes possible. It has been reported that CPR constitutes about 19% mass fraction of fresh cassava root [98]. Consequently, 1000 kg cassava root would yield 190 kg CPR. Hence, N, P, and K fertilizer credits for CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root are estimated as:

N = 190 kg/0.8 kg × 1.719 g.

P = 190 kg/0.8 kg × 0.093 g.

K = 190 kg/0.8 kg × 3.198 g.

The results are presented in Table 5

Nutrient	Quantity in LF of CPR digestate from 1000 kg cassava root
Nutrient	[g]	[kg]
Nitrogen (N)	408.2625	0.4082625
Phosphorus (P)	22.0875	0.0220875
Potassium (K)	759.525	0.759525

Table 5.

Nutrient credit for LF of digestate of CPR derived from 1000 kg cassava root.

5. Capability of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate to supplant chemical fertilizer in cassava root production

Cassava crop is forbearing of harsh growing conditions such as drought, acidic soil, marginal land, varied elevation, swings of temperature and rainfall [99, 100]. However, research has shown that cassava is also responsive to adequate soil fertility and fertilizer application [101, 102, 103]. The equivalent root productivities in response to three cases of chemical fertilizer input are presented in Table 6.

Case	Fertilizer Input [kg/ha]			Root Output [kg/ha]
Case	Nitrogen (N)	Phosphorus (P₂O₅)	Potassium (K₂O)	Root Output [kg/ha]
A	1.78	0.44	2.28	1000
B	1.81	1.03	3.30	1000
C	1.38	0.51	4.38	1000

Table 6.

Nutrient requirements for cassava root production (Derived from ref. [102]).

From the atomic weights of P, K and O, the elemental nutrient equivalent of the oxide forms (P₂O₅ and K₂O) could be computed with the equations:

P=0.437P2O5E1

K=0.830K2OE2

Consequently, the total P and total K corresponding to the total N required for the three cases of cassava root production outlined in Table 6 are estimated and presented in Table 7.

Case	Fertilizer Input [kg/ha]			Root Output [kg/ha]
Case	Nitrogen (N)	Phosphorus (P)	Potassium (K)	Root Output [kg/ha]
A	1.78	0.19228	1.8924	1000
B	1.81	0.45011	2.739	1000
C	1.38	0.22287	3.6354	1000
Mean	1.6567	0.2884	2.7556	1000

Table 7.

Elemental nutrient requirements for cassava root production (Derived from Table 6).

Based on nutrients required to produce one metric ton (1000 kg) of cassava root shown in Table 7, and the nutrient credit for LF of digestate of CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root presented in Table 5, the capability of LF of CPR digestate to supplant chemical fertilizer in cassava root production is estimated and outlined in Table 8. The proportion of production nutrient substituted range from about 23–30% for nitrogen; 5–11% for phosphorus; and 21–40% for potassium.

Case	Nutrient	Nutrient required for production of 1000 kg cassava root (From: Table 7) [kg]	Nutrient credit for liquid fraction (LF) of digestate of CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root (From: Table 5) [kg]	Proportion of nutrient required for production of 1000 kg cassava root supplanted by LF of digestate of CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root [%]
A	Nitrogen (N)	1.78	0.408	22.92
	Phosphorus (P)	0.192	0.022	11.46
	Potassium (K)	1.892	0.760	40.17
B	Nitrogen (N)	1.81	0.408	22.54
	Phosphorus (P)	0.450	0.022	4.89
	Potassium (K)	2.739	0.760	27.75
C	Nitrogen (N)	1.38	0.408	29.56
	Phosphorus (P)	0.223	0.022	9.87
	Potassium (K)	3.635	0.760	20.91
Mean	Nitrogen (N)	1.6567	0.408	24.63
	Phosphorus (P)	0.2884	0.022	7.63
	Potassium (K)	2.7556	0.760	27.58

Table 8.

Capability of liquid fraction of CPR digestate to supplant chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production (Estimate based on Tables 5 and 7).

6. Cost analysis

From the mean nutrient values in Table 8, about 25, 8, and 28% of N, P, and K respectively required for production of 1000 kg cassava root, and sourced from inorganic fertilizers are supplanted by liquid fraction of CPR digestate. The cost implications are analyzed and presented in Table 9. The analyses indicate that about 25% of the total financial cost of inorganic fertilizers is supplanted by liquid fraction of CPR digestate (Table 9).

Variable	Unit	Nutrient			Total
Variable	Unit	Nitrogen (N)	Phosphorus (P)	Potassium (K)	Total
Unit cost of nutrient*	US$/kg	1.34	3.95	2.33	—
Nutrient required for production of 1000 kg cassava root	kg	1.6567	0.2884	2.7556	—
Cost of nutrient required for production of 1000 kg cassava root	US$	2.22	1.1392	6.4205	9.7797
Nutrient from liquid fraction of digestate of CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root	kg	0.408	0.022	0.760	—
Cost credit of nutrient from liquid fraction of digestate of CPR generated from 1000 kg cassava root	US$	0.5467	0.0869	1.7708	2.4044
Proportion of cost of nutrient required for production of 1000 kg cassava root saved by liquid fraction of CPR digestate	%	24.63	7.63	27.58	24.59

Table 9.

Cost implications of supplanting chemical fertilizers with liquid fraction of CPR digestate in cassava root production.

*

Unit cost of liquid fertilizer derived from price data supplied by Ramsdell F&M Ltd. Brookings, SD USA. (Price as at 13th September 2021).

7. Global fertilizer savings from liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

In 2019, a total of 96 recorded countries/territories produced about 303.569 x 10⁹ kg cassava root globally. The output ranged from 5000 kg for Maldives to 59.194 × 10⁹ kg for Nigeria [104]. At 19% CPR mass fraction composition, 57.678 × 10⁹ kg of CPR would be generated from the global root output. This quantity of CPR could be transformed to biogas and digestate via AD. Whole digestate could be separated into liquid and solid fractions using appropriate technologies [41]. The liquid fraction of CPR digestate could then be utilized to supplant inorganic fertilizers required for cassava root production. The cost data generated and presented in Table 9 are applied to estimate the pecuniary value of global fertilizer savings from liquid fraction of CPR digestate substitution of chemical fertilizers. The results for each of the 96 countries/territories that produced cassava root in 2019 are presented in Table 10. Total global cost savings is about US$ 141.019 (€ 121.130) million. The range is from US$ 2.323 (€ 1.995) for Maldives, to US$ 27.498 (€ 23.620) million for Nigeria.

S/N	Country	2019 Cassava root output [x 10⁹ kg]a	CPR generated from 2019 root output @ 19% CPR mass fraction [x 10⁹ kg]	Cost of chemical fertilizer required for 2019 root output [x 10⁶ US$]	Potential savings from liquid fraction digestate derived from 2019 CPR output. (≈ 25% total fertilizer cost) [× 10⁶ US$]
1	Nigeria	59.193708	11.24680452	109.9903742	27.49759354
2	Democratic Republic of the Congo	40.050112	7.60952128	74.41883526	18.60470882
3	Thailand	31.079966	5.90519354	57.75102126	14.43775532
4	Ghana	22.447635	4.26505065	41.71091584	10.42772896
5	Brazil	17.497115	3.32445185	32.51214176	8.128035439
6	Indonesia	14.586693	2.77147167	27.10416149	6.776040373
7	Cambodia	13.737921	2.61020499	25.52702174	6.381755435
8	Viet Nam	10.105224	1.91999256	18.77695124	4.69423781
9	Angola	9.000432	1.71008208	16.72408972	4.181022429
10	United Republic of Tanzania	8.184093	1.55497767	15.20721512	3.80180378
11	Cameroon	6.092549	1.15758431	11.32082728	2.830206819
12	Malawi	5.667887	1.07689853	10.53174455	2.632936138
13	Côte d’Ivoire	5.238244	0.99526636	9.733406421	2.433351605
14	China	4.986557	0.94744583	9.265735984	2.316433996
15	India	4.976	0.94544	9.246119568	2.311529892
16	China, mainland	4.975472	0.94533968	9.245138468	2.311284617
17	Sierra Leone	4.588612	0.87183628	8.526297268	2.131574317
18	Zambia	4.036584	0.76695096	7.500550304	1.875137576
19	Mozambique	3.987446	0.75761474	7.409244873	1.852311218
20	Benin	3.894777	0.74000763	7.237052619	1.809263155
21	Paraguay	3.384	0.64296	6.287955912	1.571988978
22	Madagascar	2.913862	0.55363378	5.414372278	1.35359307
23	Uganda	2.841625	0.53990875	5.280145602	1.320036401
24	Philippines	2.6308	0.499852	4.888402604	1.222100651
25	Burundi	2.408958	0.45770202	4.476188445	1.119047111
26	Lao People’s Democratic Republic	2.258702	0.42915338	4.19699131	1.049247828
27	Guinea	2.145484	0.40764196	3.986616076	0.996654019
28	Congo	1.457028	0.27683532	2.707366379	0.676841595
29	Peru	1.286013	0.24434247	2.389596054	0.597399013
30	Rwanda	1.181825	0.22454675	2.195999851	0.548999963
31	Togo	1.11788	0.2123972	2.077180897	0.519295224
32	Senegal	1.030592	0.19581248	1.914987311	0.478746828
33	Colombia	1.026643	0.19506217	1.907649504	0.476912376
34	Kenya	0.970587	0.18441153	1.80348944	0.45087236
35	Cuba	0.795748	0.15119212	1.478613576	0.369653394
36	Central African Republic	0.730362	0.13876878	1.357117038	0.339279259
37	South Sudan	0.572531	0.10878089	1.06384447	0.265961117
38	Liberia	0.558222	0.10606218	1.037256302	0.259314075
39	Niger	0.513671	0.09759749	0.954474173	0.238618543
40	Haiti	0.507856	0.09649264	0.943669071	0.235917268
41	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	0.42162	0.0801078	0.783430252	0.195857563
42	Myanmar	0.392443	0.07456417	0.729215213	0.182303803
43	Gabon	0.337209	0.06406971	0.626582543	0.156645636
44	Chad	0.296976	0.05642544	0.551823876	0.137955969
45	Sri Lanka	0.281075	0.05340425	0.522277544	0.130569386
46	Zimbabwe	0.253835	0.04822865	0.471661728	0.117915432
47	Nicaragua	0.220786	0.04194934	0.41025196	0.10256299
48	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	0.203327	0.03863213	0.377810642	0.09445266
49	Argentina	0.195852	0.03721188	0.363921023	0.090980256
50	Dominican Republic	0.17469	0.0331911	0.324599001	0.08114975
51	Costa Rica	0.159861	0.03037359	0.297044598	0.07426115
52	Papua New Guinea	0.155145	0.02947755	0.288281596	0.072070399
53	Somalia	0.093717	0.01780623	0.174139588	0.043534897
54	Equatorial Guinea	0.079646	0.01513274	0.147993657	0.036998414
55	Fiji	0.07603	0.0144457	0.141274612	0.035318653
56	Mali	0.070312	0.01335928	0.130649751	0.032662438
57	Ecuador	0.069863	0.01327397	0.129815444	0.032453861
58	Comoros	0.065071	0.01236349	0.120911223	0.030227806
59	Guinea-Bissau	0.056073	0.01065387	0.104191652	0.026047913
60	Malaysia	0.042267	0.00803073	0.07853813	0.019634533
61	El Salvador	0.029148	0.00553812	0.054161152	0.013540288
62	Mexico	0.027153	0.00515907	0.050454157	0.012613539
63	Honduras	0.026732	0.00507908	0.049671879	0.01241797
64	Jamaica	0.026529	0.00504051	0.049294676	0.012323669
65	Timor-Leste	0.021533	0.00409127	0.040011393	0.010002848
66	Guyana	0.01855	0.0035245	0.034468553	0.008617138
67	Panama	0.017234	0.00327446	0.032023236	0.008005809
68	Gambia	0.013174	0.00250306	0.024479176	0.006119794
69	China, Taiwan Province of	0.011085	0.00210615	0.020597515	0.005149379
70	Micronesia (Federated States of)	0.00842	0.0015998	0.015645564	0.003911391
71	Suriname	0.007783	0.00147877	0.014461927	0.003615482
72	Tonga	0.006692	0.00127148	0.012434693	0.003108673
73	Cabo Verde	0.005124	0.00097356	0.009521125	0.002380281
74	Guatemala	0.004185	0.00079515	0.007776328	0.001944082
75	Burkina Faso	0.004046	0.00076874	0.007518047	0.001879512
76	French Polynesia	0.003937	0.00074803	0.007315509	0.001828877
77	Brunei Darussalam	0.003382	0.00064258	0.00628424	0.00157106
78	Solomon Islands	0.003381	0.00064239	0.006282381	0.001570595
79	Trinidad and Tobago	0.002355	0.00044745	0.004375927	0.001093982
80	Saint Lucia	0.001459	0.00027721	0.002711031	0.000677758
81	Sao Tome and Principe	0.001384	0.00026296	0.00257167	0.000642917
82	Dominica	0.001277	0.00024263	0.002372849	0.000593212
83	New Caledonia	0.000832	0.00015808	0.001545975	0.000386494
84	Belize	0.000725	0.00013775	0.001347154	0.000336788
85	Cook Islands	0.000718	0.00013642	0.001334147	0.000333537
86	Mauritius	0.000715	0.00013585	0.001328572	0.000332143
87	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.000586	0.00011134	0.001088872	0.000272218
88	Barbados	0.000486	0.00009234	0.000903057	0.000225764
89	Samoa	0.000474	0.00009006	0.00088076	0.00022019
90	Seychelles	0.000236	0.00004484	0.000438522	0.00010963
91	Grenada	0.000235	0.00004465	0.000436664	0.000109166
92	Bahamas	0.000203	0.00003857	0.000377203	9.43008E-05
93	Puerto Rico	0.00017	0.0000323	0.000315884	7.89711E-05
94	Antigua and Barbuda	0.000159	0.00003021	0.000295445	7.38612E-05
95	Niue	0.000044	0.00000836	8.17583E-05	2.04396E-05
96	Maldives	0.000005	0.00000095	9.29072E-06	2.32268E-06
97	World Total	303.568814	57.67807466	564.0742668	141.0185667

Table 10.

Global fertilizer savings from liquid fraction of CPR digestate.

^a

Data source: (Ref. [104]).

8. Conclusion

Haber-Bosch process facilitated the existence of inorganic fertilizers that revolutionized crop yield, improved nutrition, and enhanced food security. However, external costs associated with the production and application of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture are prodigious. Air quality degradation, climate perturbation, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, ocean dead zones, pollution of surface water bodies and groundwater aquifers used as potable water supply sources are notable examples. Anaerobic digestion in the context of circular economic paradigm could provide viable solution. Anaerobic digestion transforms organic wastes and residues to beneficial biogas fuel and digestate biofertilizer. This chapter analyzed and presented the cost implications of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate to supplant chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production. About 25% of fund used to purchase the chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production could be saved with the use of liquid fraction of CPR digestate. The global pecuniary saving is estimated at US$ 0.141 (€ 0.121) billion for year 2019 cassava root output. Thus, exploitation of liquid fraction of CPR digestate would save 25% pecuniary cost of inorganic fertilizers required for cassava root production, as well as attenuate afore mentioned external costs correlated with the production and application of the inorganic fertilizers.

Perspectives: There is severe scarcity of data on the speciation of nutrients content of digestates derived from anaerobic digestion of CPR as single feedstock. The few studies reported in available literature focused on biogas potentials of CPR co-digested with other substrates such as animal manures. The reports did not indicate any data on generated digestate. For future perspectives, experimental questions could address systematic studies to characterize the nutrient speciation in digestates derived from CPR as mono feedstock. Findings may not only corroborate the fertilizer values of CPR digestate reported in this chapter, but also establish CPR’s nutrients influence and contribution when co-digested with other feedstocks. Furthermore, the work for this chapter searched, and could not find any study on the effects of CPR digestate on crop performance. Agronomic experiments designed with CPR digestate as bio-fertilizer, would provide valuable knowledge and insight on the suitability and practical impact of CPR digestate on yield and other performance indicators for cassava, and perhaps other crops.

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Global Fertilizer Contributions from Specific Biogas Coproduct

Biogas - Basics, Integrated Approaches, and Case Studies

Abstract

Keywords

Author Information

Sammy N. Aso*

Simeon C. Achinewhu

Madu O. Iwe

1. Introduction

Figure 1.

2. Anaerobic digestion and digestate for circular economy

3. Nutrient content of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

4. Estimation of fertilizer credit for liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate derived from one metric ton (1000 kg) cassava root

Table 5.

5. Capability of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate to supplant chemical fertilizer in cassava root production

Table 6.

Table 7.

Table 8.

6. Cost analysis

Table 9.

7. Global fertilizer savings from liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

Table 10.

8. Conclusion

References

A Case Study for Economic Viability of Biogas Production from Municipal Solid Waste in the South of Chile

Global Fertilizer Contributions from Specific Biogas Coproduct

Biogas - Basics, Integrated Approaches, and Case Studies

Abstract

Keywords

Author Information

Sammy N. Aso*

Simeon C. Achinewhu

Madu O. Iwe

1. Introduction

Figure 1.

2. Anaerobic digestion and digestate for circular economy

3. Nutrient content of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

4. Estimation of fertilizer credit for liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate derived from one metric ton (1000 kg) cassava root

Table 5.

5. Capability of liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate to supplant chemical fertilizer in cassava root production

Table 6.

Table 7.

Table 8.

6. Cost analysis

Table 9.

7. Global fertilizer savings from liquid fraction (LF) of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate

Table 10.

8. Conclusion

References

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