Radiation-induced bystander effect induced by exosomes.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6792",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in HIV and AIDS Control",title:"Advances in HIV and AIDS Control",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The HIV epidemic has had a significant and profound impact on the world and health resources. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the risks and drivers of the epidemic. Antiretroviral drugs have relieved human suffering and prolonged life. However, access to quality management needs to scale up and be made universal. This book discusses critical issues related to the treatment of HIV infection and related co-infections and challenges in adherence and discordancy. New vaccine approaches discussed may provide the ultimate solution for eradication. Sharing knowledge from various experts in medical and basic sciences improves the quality of care for this persistent global threat. This book discusses emerging advances in HIV-AIDS management to support strategies for control and elimination.",isbn:"978-1-78984-603-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-602-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-710-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72981",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-hiv-and-aids-control",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ffd3734c22dba5fd811e1df9bcf3ba6e",bookSignature:"Samuel Okware",publishedDate:"December 12th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6792.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14228,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:52,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",biography:"Dr. Samuel Okware is a medical doctor, a public health specialist with international experience. He obtained his Ph.D. on emerging infections from the University of Bergen. He pioneered HIV research that established the first national HIV/AIDS prevention program which contributed to significant declines in HIV prevalence. He held several senior positions in the Health sector including communicable disease control and public health. He is currently the Director-General of the Uganda National Health Research Organisation which coordinates health research in the country. He is also a Commissioner in the East African Health Research Commission. He has published several peer-reviewed articles on HIV/AIDS. He received several international awards for his contribution to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and control of Ebola outbreaks.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"62127",title:"Brain Aging in HIV-1 Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77029",slug:"brain-aging-in-hiv-1-infection",totalDownloads:1139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It has been shown that patients carrying HIV-1 accumulate damage to cells and tissues that are not directly infected by the virus itself (e.g., neurons). Importantly, these include changes known as HIV-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorder (HAND) leading to the loss of neuronal functions. HAND is an outstanding problem in the clinical management of HIV-1 patients because suppression of infectious virus by c-ART does not completely block neurodegenerative changes. Neuropsychological studies disclose cognitive alteration (such as loss of Spatial and Declarative Memory) in a substantial proportion of HIV-1 infected patients, and analysis of post-mortem brain tissues isolated from HIV-1 patients treated with c-ART show signs of neurodegeneration. In the absence of HIV-1 infection of neurons, several mechanisms have been proposed for HAND, including indirect inflammatory effects in the CNS and direct effects of viral proteins (e.g., gp120) shed from activated HIV-1-infected cells. The fact that these viral proteins enter the neurons through several pathways suggests the presence of many competing mechanisms that can contribute to HAND, each of which has its advocates. Their relative contributions to clinical disease in vivo remain to be sorted out, and this is an outstanding problem in HIV research. This chapter will shed some light on the mechanisms used by HIV-1 leading to memory impairments and premature brain aging.",signatures:"Maryline Santerre and Bassel Sawaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62127",authors:[{id:"179781",title:"Prof.",name:"Bassel E",surname:"Sawaya",slug:"bassel-e-sawaya",fullName:"Bassel E Sawaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"62037",title:"Achieving 90-90-90: A Focus on Sero-Discordant Couples",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78313",slug:"achieving-90-90-90-a-focus-on-sero-discordant-couples",totalDownloads:942,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The South African Department of Health adopted numerous strategies to manage the HIV epidemic. Recently, the global 90-90-90 HIV treatment strategy was adopted. This strategy hope to ensure that 90% of people living with HIV will know their status, 90% of those testing HIV positive will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of those receiving antiretroviral therapy will reach and maintain viral suppression by 2020. With a focus on literature, policies and implementation interventions, this chapter aims to provide an overview on current strategies used to reach the 90-90-90 goals and discusses how these strategies can be strengthened among sero-discordant couples within the South African public health system.",signatures:"Jacqueline Mthembu, Gadija Khan and Thabile Manengela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62037",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62037",authors:[{id:"242038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Mthembu",slug:"jacqueline-mthembu",fullName:"Jacqueline Mthembu"},{id:"242726",title:"Ms.",name:"Gadija",surname:"Khan",slug:"gadija-khan",fullName:"Gadija Khan"},{id:"257395",title:"Mr.",name:"Thabile",surname:"Manengela",slug:"thabile-manengela",fullName:"Thabile Manengela"}],corrections:null},{id:"61196",title:"Immune Disorders in HIV-Infected Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis C Virus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76810",slug:"immune-disorders-in-hiv-infected-patients-coinfected-with-hepatitis-c-virus",totalDownloads:942,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Russia, more than half of HIV-infected people are coinfected with hepatitis C. Both viruses interact with the immune system compounding the disease course. HIV infection accelerates the onset of hepatitis-mediated liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatitis C slows down the recovery of CD4+ T-lymphocytes during antiretroviral treatment and fuels the already intense chronic inflammation. In the present review, we discuss coinfection prevalence and reasons for its abundance, provide extensive coverage of the known mechanisms that give rise to the detrimental health effects in HIV/hepatitis C-coinfected patients, and report our own data on the double infection consequences in people with discordant immunologic response to treatment.",signatures:"Konstantin Shmagel and Evgeniya Saidakova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61196",authors:[{id:"243465",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantin",surname:"Shmagel",slug:"konstantin-shmagel",fullName:"Konstantin Shmagel"},{id:"243495",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeniya",surname:"Saidakova",slug:"evgeniya-saidakova",fullName:"Evgeniya Saidakova"}],corrections:null},{id:"62254",title:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Virus (HIV-HBV) Coinfection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78567",slug:"human-immunodeficiency-virus-hepatitis-b-virus-hiv-hbv-coinfection",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The global epidemics of hepatitis B and HIV have led to a new understanding of the complex interactions between these two viruses. Due to similar patterns of contamination, the high prevalence of HBV infection among the 33 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) across the world is about 10%. In highly endemic areas such as sub-Saharan Africa, this prevalence can be as high as 15% and leads us systematically to seek HIV/HBV co-infection. According to WHO, nearly 240 million people are chronically infected with HBV worldwide. Of these, 4 million are co-infected with HIV. Overall, co-infection rates range from 5 to 14% in areas of low prevalence of HBV infection and 5–73% in areas of high prevalence for HBV infection. Studies have revealed the complexity of the infection relationship between HIV and HBV. This complex relationship is thought to be responsible for greater morbidity and mortality of hepatic origin in co-infected patients than in mono-infected individuals. This chapter will highlight the following main points:\nConcomitant negative impact of HIV and HBV on their natural histories\nImplication of concomitant negative impact on the overall management of HIV-HBV coinfection\nTreatment and management.",signatures:"Berthold Bivigou-Mboumba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62254",authors:[{id:"240993",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Berthold",surname:"Bivigou-Mboumba",slug:"berthold-bivigou-mboumba",fullName:"Berthold Bivigou-Mboumba"}],corrections:null},{id:"62249",title:"Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in HIV Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78657",slug:"drug-resistant-bacterial-infections-in-hiv-patients",totalDownloads:1304,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first detected in 1982 among homosexual men, and subsequently, it was further detected in various regions of world. In 2016, WHO estimated that 36.7 million people were living with HIV, 1.9 million were newly infected HIV patients and approximately 1 million people died worldwide. HIV attacks CD4 T cells and causes immunodeficiency. Weakened immune system of HIV patients increases the opportunity to acquire various infections caused by fungi, bacteria, parasites and other viruses. Bacterial infections that cause huge threats to HIV patients are tuberculosis, syphilis, bacterial enteric diseases and bacterial pneumonia. Important bacterial etiologies are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella spp. Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frequent bacterial infections in HIV patients increase the usage and also highly expose bacteria to antibiotics. Most problematic multidrug-resistant bacteria are extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli and K. pneumoniae; vancomycin-resistant enterococci; methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria complicate the treatment of infections in HIV patients with available antibiotics and sometimes cause death. It also causes higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, increased mortality and economic burden on families and societies.",signatures:"Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar and Narasingam\nArunagirinathan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62249",authors:[{id:"243388",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunagirinathan",surname:"Narasingam",slug:"arunagirinathan-narasingam",fullName:"Arunagirinathan Narasingam"},{id:"248349",title:"Dr.",name:"Rameshkumar",surname:"Marimuthu Ragavan",slug:"rameshkumar-marimuthu-ragavan",fullName:"Rameshkumar Marimuthu Ragavan"}],corrections:null},{id:"61225",title:"The Process of Adherence to Treatment in People Living with HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77032",slug:"the-process-of-adherence-to-treatment-in-people-living-with-hiv",totalDownloads:807,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to review the concept of adherence and analyze its implications for the social construction of the patient as a subject, since this affects the relationship established with the health services for the maintenance of care. The facilitators and barriers to adherence reported in the literature are presented, based on studies focused on the perspective of people living with HIV. At the end of the chapter, the individual elements that promote adherence to treatment are shown, according to the experience of highly adherent patients. In addition, individual and contextual barriers to the adherence process are identified in the pharmacological and nonpharmacological dimensions.",signatures:"Ariagor Manuel Almanza Avendaño, Martha Patricia Romero Mendoza and Anel Hortensia Gómez San Luis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61225",authors:[{id:"88905",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Romero-Mendoza",slug:"martha-romero-mendoza",fullName:"Martha Romero-Mendoza"},{id:"243287",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Almanza",slug:"manuel-almanza",fullName:"Manuel Almanza"},{id:"243293",title:"Dr.",name:"Anel",surname:"Gómez San Luis",slug:"anel-gomez-san-luis",fullName:"Anel Gómez San Luis"}],corrections:null},{id:"63934",title:"Neurological Manifestations of HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80054",slug:"neurological-manifestations-of-hiv",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are common in certain regions of the world, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. The chapter highlights the neurotropism and neurovirulence of HIV underlying its direct neuropathology. The high frequency of neurological HIV disease is discussed in respect with the different viral clades. Sub-Saharan Africa is highlighted as bearing the brunt of the HIV pandemic. An approach to neurological HIV disease is given with a sensible classification system of manifestations and complications according to the level of immune suppression, primary HIV-related versus secondary opportunistic conditions, and other metabolic, drug induced, nutritional, or unrelated causes. Major manifestations of neuro-HIV are aseptic meningitis, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV myelopathies and pediatric HIV-associated CNS disease; these are discussed in detail, and reference is made to the discrepancy of available data and literature between the so-called developed and developing countries. The role of antiretroviral treatment and its potential limitation in reaching the CNS compartment is stressed.",signatures:"Girish Modi, Andre Mochan and Mala Modi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63934",authors:[{id:"57835",title:"Prof.",name:"Girish",surname:"Modi",slug:"girish-modi",fullName:"Girish Modi"},{id:"267317",title:"Dr.",name:"Mala",surname:"Modi",slug:"mala-modi",fullName:"Mala Modi"}],corrections:null},{id:"63486",title:"Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management of TB-HIV Comorbidity in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80717",slug:"clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-management-of-tb-hiv-comorbidity-in-children",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of combination of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains urgent. Ninety percent of women with HIV infection are of childbearing age that results in increasing the number of children with HIV infection in perinatal contact. In Saint Petersburg from 2014 to 2017, about 5000 children were born from a perinatal contact for HIV infection; by 2017, more than 300 children have confirmed HIV infection. The comparative analysis of case histories of 25 children with TB/HIV combination and 50 children with tuberculosis without HIV infection was performed. Analysis of the study results showed that there are cases of late diagnosis of HIV infection. TB is detected clinically more frequently in children with HIV infection than in children without HIV infection (25 and 5%, respectively). More than one-third of the patients with coinfection had negative sensitivity to tuberculin and DST. The prevalence and the severity of TB in children with HIV infection correlates with the degree of immunosuppression. Eight percent of children had immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Treatment of patients with coinfection associated in most cases with the increased period of total treatment course. Four children with HIV infection vaccinated with BCG were diagnosed with generalized tuberculosis.",signatures:"Elena Vasilyeva, Marina Lozovskaya, Lyudmila Klochkova and Yuliya Yarovaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63486",authors:[{id:"260339",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Vasileva",slug:"elena-vasileva",fullName:"Elena Vasileva"},{id:"269819",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",surname:"Lozovskaja",slug:"marina-lozovskaja",fullName:"Marina Lozovskaja"},{id:"269820",title:"Dr.",name:"Liudmila",surname:"Klochkova",slug:"liudmila-klochkova",fullName:"Liudmila Klochkova"},{id:"269821",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",surname:"Yarovaya",slug:"julia-yarovaya",fullName:"Julia Yarovaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"62482",title:"Oral Neoplasms in HIV Positive Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78764",slug:"oral-neoplasms-in-hiv-positive-patient",totalDownloads:833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that manifests itself after the human body is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus destroys defense cells (T-CD4 lymphocytes) and an important increase identifier of immunosuppression and/or failure to an immune response, the early signs often appear in the oral cavity in the form of various lesions. With the advent of HAART, it was also observed that it is accompanied by medium- and long-term side effects, mainly metabolic and bone changes. Other clinical manifestations that may occur are the human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the oral cavity; HPV infections show exophytic growth and are often confluent, showing a “cauliflower” appearance and may or may not correspond to keratinized or non-keratinized tissues. In recent studies on papillomavirus, the literature indicates that HPV 16 and 18 are considered risk factors in the etiology of oral cancer development. Several neoplasias can occur in the oral cavity of patients with AIDS or HIV, and often the oral cavity is the place where we have the first manifestation of the disease, but multidisciplinary follow-up is necessary, so that the patient has care and a better quality of life.",signatures:"Kelly Cristine Tarquinio Marinho, Elcio Magdalena Giovani, Camila\nCorreia dos Santos and Rodolfo Georgevich Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62482",authors:[{id:"243508",title:"Prof.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Marinho",slug:"kelly-marinho",fullName:"Kelly Marinho"},{id:"252685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elcio",surname:"Giovani",slug:"elcio-giovani",fullName:"Elcio Giovani"},{id:"252686",title:"Prof.",name:"Camila",surname:"Santos",slug:"camila-santos",fullName:"Camila Santos"},{id:"257064",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodolfo",surname:"Georgevich Neto",slug:"rodolfo-georgevich-neto",fullName:"Rodolfo Georgevich Neto"}],corrections:null},{id:"62126",title:"Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Patho-Biology and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76665",slug:"latent-tuberculosis-infection-patho-biology-and-treatment",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tuberculosis continues to be an epidemic disease worldwide especially in the developing countries. One of the main reasons behind the continuation of this epidemic is latent tuberculosis infection. Globally, 2–3 billion people have latent TB infection. Prevention of reactivation TB is now considered as one of the important strategies of TB prevention and is one of the main pillars for the WHO “End TB Strategy.” Biostatistical modeling has shown that protecting 8% of persons with latent tuberculosis every year can bring down the global incidence rate by 14 times by 2050 as compared to that in 2013 without any other intervention. One of the most effective strategies recommended by WHO has been Isoniazid preventive therapy for 6–9 months. Chemoprophylaxis for LTBI can prevent 60–90% of reactivation TB. Isoniazid preventive therapy is considered safe; however, it can occasionally result in significant adverse effects like hepatitis and rarely mortality. In conclusion, chemoprophylaxis of LTBI can be considered an important intervention being done to curb the epidemic of TB especially in high-risk group and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with active TB disease.",signatures:"Rajneesh Thakur and Vangal Krishnaswamy Sashindran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62126",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62126",authors:[{id:"241625",title:"Dr.",name:"V K",surname:"Sashindran",slug:"v-k-sashindran",fullName:"V K Sashindran"},{id:"249255",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",surname:"Thakur",slug:"rajneesh-thakur",fullName:"Rajneesh Thakur"}],corrections:null},{id:"63342",title:"HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80483",slug:"hiv-associated-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, 17 million people worldwide are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection. There has been a dramatic decline in mortality from HIV infection in the last decade due to increased availability of ART. HIV-associated cardiac failure is on the increase, with more cases of diastolic dysfunction reported in the ART era. HIV increases the risk of CVD, because of longer survival on ART, ongoing subclinical inflammation, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the complications of chronic ART use. HIV-associated CVD encompasses a wide spectrum of heterogeneous clinical entities, which include diastolic dysfunction, asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, heart failure, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial steatosis, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, infective endocarditis, coronary artery disease and cardiac neoplasms (e.g. Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma). In this chapter, we review the complex association of HIV infection and CVD. We describe important recent developments and perspectives based on a systematic analysis of the important advances in this field published in the last decade.",signatures:"Hadil Saad and Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63342",authors:[{id:"241051",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntobeko",surname:"Ntusi",slug:"ntobeko-ntusi",fullName:"Ntobeko Ntusi"},{id:"241072",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadil",surname:"Saad",slug:"hadil-saad",fullName:"Hadil Saad"}],corrections:null},{id:"61298",title:"Artificial Epitope-Based Immunogens in HIV-Vaccine Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77031",slug:"artificial-epitope-based-immunogens-in-hiv-vaccine-design",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the promising approaches for designing HIV vaccines is construction of synthetic polyepitope HIV-1 immunogen using a wide range of conservative T- and B-cell epitopes of the main virus antigens. In theory this approach helps cope with HIV-1 antigenic variability, focuses immune responses on protective determinants and enables to exclude from the vaccine compound adverse regions of viral proteins that can induce autoantibodies or antibodies enhancing infectivity of virus. The paper presents the experience of our team in development of artificial polyepitope HIV-1 immunogens, which can induce both a humoral response, and responses of cytotoxic (CD8 + CTL) and helpers (CD4 + Th) T-cells. The design of HIV-immunogens has been done using our original software, TEpredict and PolyCTLDesigner. We describe development of the candidate HIV-1/AIDS vaccine – CombiHIVvac, which included two artificial polyepitope immunogens TBI and TCI for stimulating humoral and cellular responses. The results of the specific activity and safety of CombiHIVvac vaccine, obtained during preclinical and clinical trials, are presented.",signatures:"Larisa I. Karpenko, Sergei I. Bazhan, Alexey M. 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Sexual transmission rate is higher from men to women in developing countries and vertical transmission may also occur from mother to child. Hence, vaginal formulations are an interesting proposal for the protection of women, preventing the virus from infecting vagina through different mechanisms. Several drugs, such as Dapivirine, Tenofovir or Maraviroc, have been assessed and showed to be effective in this field. These microbicides are included in different dosage forms able to release the drug once in contact with the vaginal medium. Innovative excipients are being employed for the development of different systems trying to get an easier posology through control release and high comfortability, thus leading to a better compliance. In this line, several formulations have been developed and tested, such as rings, tablets, gels or films. Some of them are nowadays in clinical trials, such as a Tenofovir gel or a Dapivirine vaginal ring. The aim of this chapter is to synthetize the research and findings in the field of the development and assessment of vaginal formulations in the PrEP of HIV sexual transmission.",signatures:"María-Dolores Veiga-Ochoa, Roberto Ruiz-Caro, Raúl Cazorla-Luna, Araceli Martín-Illana and Fernando Notario-Pérez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61911",authors:[{id:"243463",title:"Prof.",name:"María",surname:"Veiga",slug:"maria-veiga",fullName:"María Veiga"},{id:"243475",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Ruíz-Caro",slug:"roberto-ruiz-caro",fullName:"Roberto Ruíz-Caro"},{id:"243477",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Notario-Pérez",slug:"fernando-notario-perez",fullName:"Fernando Notario-Pérez"},{id:"243478",title:"MSc.",name:"Araceli",surname:"Martín-Illana",slug:"araceli-martin-illana",fullName:"Araceli Martín-Illana"},{id:"243479",title:"MSc.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Cazorla-Luna",slug:"raul-cazorla-luna",fullName:"Raúl Cazorla-Luna"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7900",title:"Emerging Challenges in Filovirus Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96e8bc5be29a8ec351659b2947b15ee4",slug:"emerging-challenges-in-filovirus-infections",bookSignature:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10328",title:"AIDS Updates",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3eff37a164c0b098d04379946609f12",slug:"aids-updates-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6294",title:"Advances in Ebola Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b99780e19093622c55844a782f2b468",slug:"advances-in-ebola-control",bookSignature:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Hysteresis inverters are used in many low and medium voltage utility applications when the inverter line current is required to track a sinusoidal reference within a specified error margin. Line harmonic generation from those inverters depends principally on the particular switching pattern applied to the valves. The switching pattern of hysteresis inverters is produced through line current feedback and it is not pre-determined unlike the case, for instance, of Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM) where the inverter switching function is independent of the instantaneous line current and the inverter harmonics can be obtained from the switching function harmonics.
This chapter derives closed-form analytical approximations of the harmonic output of single-phase half-bridge inverter employing fixed or variable band hysteresis current control. The chapter is organized as follows: the harmonic output of the fixed-band hysteresis current control is derived in Section 2, followed by similar derivations of the harmonic output of the variable-band hysteresis controller in Section 3. The developed models are validated in Section 4 through performing different simulations studies and comparing results obtained from the models to those computed from MATLAB/Simulink. The chapter is summarized and concluded in section 5.
Fig.1 shows a single-phase neutral-point inverter. For simplicity, we assume that the dc voltage supplied by the DG source is divided into two constant and balanced dc sources, as in the figure, each of value
In Fig.2, the fundamental frequency voltage at the inverter ac terminals when the line current equals the reference current is the reference voltage,
Single-phase half-bridge inverter with fixed-band hysteresis control.
Referring to Fig.2, when valve
Reference voltage calculation and the instantaneous outputs.
The bang-bang action delivered by the hysteresis-controlled inverter, therefore, drives the instantaneous line current to track the reference within the relay band
The approach described in this section closely approximates the error current produced by the fixed-band hysteresis action, by a frequency-modulated triangular signal whose time-varying characteristics are computed from the system and controller parameters. Subsequently, the harmonic spectrum of the error current is derived by calculating the Fourier transform of the complex envelope of frequency modulated signal.
Results in the literature derived the instantaneous frequency of the triangular error current
and therefore:
where the average switching (carrier) frequency
and
Detail of
Effect of
Examining (Eq. 2), the instantaneous frequency
Now, with the help of Fig.3, we define the instantaneous duty cycle of the error current
Implicit into (Eq. 3) is the reference voltage
As the Fourier series of the triangular signal converges rapidly, the error current spectrum is approximated using the first term of the series in (Eq. 6). Therefore truncating (Eq. 6) to
where
determines the frequency bandwidth
that contains 98% of the spectral energy of the modulated sinusoid in (Eq. 7). To simplify (Eq. 7) further, we use the following convenient approximation (see Appendix-A for the derivation): Given that,
Therefore (Eq. 7) becomes,
Substituting
Next, the cosine term in (Eq. 12) is simplified by using the infinite product identity and truncating to the first term. That is,
Substituting (Eq. 13) into (Eq. 12) and manipulating, the error current approximation becomes:
where
where
The positive frequency half of the spectrum
where
Using the recurrence relation of the Bessel functions,
the positive half of the error current spectrum takes the final form:
where,
Effect of changing
The calculation of the non-characteristic harmonic currents using (Eq. 20) is easily executed numerically as it only manipulates a single array of Bessel functions. The spectral energy is distributed symmetrically around the carrier frequency
The harmonic model derived in the previous section describes the exact spectral characteristics of the error current by including the duty cycle
where the carrier (average) frequency
AC harmonics transfer to the inverter dc side.
The hysteresis switching action transfers the ac harmonic currents into the inverter dc side through the demodulation process of the inverter. As the switching function is not defined for hysteresis inverters, the harmonic currents transfer can be modeled through balancing the instantaneous input dc and output ac power equations.
With reference to Fig. 1, and assuming a small relay bandwidth (i.e.
The power balance equation over the switching period when
Using the instantaneous output voltage
in (Eq. 24), the dc current
where
The positive half of the dc current spectrum is thus computed from the application of the Fourier transform and convolution properties on (Eq. 27), resulting in
where
Each spectrum band of the ac harmonic current creates two spectrum bands in the dc side due to the convolution process implicitly applied in (Eq. 28). For instance, the magnitude of the ac spectrum band at
The harmonic performance of the hysteresis inverter in Fig. 7 under distorted dc and ac system voltages is analyzed. The presence of background harmonics in the ac and dc voltages will affect the instantaneous frequency of the inverter according to (Eq. 30) as
where the dc distortion
Hysteresis inverter operating with distorted system voltages.
Notice that in (Eq. 31),
where
are the frequency noise terms due to the system background distortions. The amplitude modulation indices of the ac and dc harmonic distortions are given by :
Integrating (Eq. 32), the error current
In (Eq. 35): the carrier frequency
where
Applying the Fourier transform and convolution properties on (Eq. 35), the positive half of the frequency spectrum
Where
are the ac and dc modulating spectra. Generally, for any
The harmonic line generation of the half-bridge inverter of Fig.1 under the variable-band hysteresis current control is derived. The constant switching frequency of the error current in (Eq. 2), i.e.
where the maximum value of the modulating relay bandwidth is
and
Substituting (Eq. 41) in (Eq. 43) and then applying the Fourier transform, the positive half of the frequency spectrum of
The error current spectrum in (Eq. 44) consists of a center band at the switching frequency
The approach developed in 2.2.4 also applies to compute the dc current harmonic spectrum when the variable-band hysteresis control. The positive half of the dc current harmonic spectrum is computed by substituting (Eq. 44) in (Eq. 28).
The presence of background harmonics in the ac and dc voltages, given in (Eq. 31) will affect the instantaneous frequency of the inverter according to (Eq. 30). Subsequently, to achieve the constant switching frequency
where
where
The new terms introduced by the background distortion appear as amplitude modulations in (Eq. 45). The error current
The harmonic spectrum of the error current
where
Examining (Eq. 49), the presence of the harmonic distortions in the system tends to scatter the spectrum over lower frequencies, more specifically, to
The harmonic performance of the half-bridge inverter under the fixed- and variable-band hysteresis control is analyzed. Results computed from the developed models are compared to those obtained from time-domain simulations using MATLAB/Simulink. Multiple simulation studies are conducted to study the harmonic response of the inverter under line and control parameter variations. The grid-connected inverter of Fig.1 is simulated in Simulink using:
The ac outputs of the half-bridge inverter under the fixed-band hysteresis current control are shown in Fig.8. the fundamental component
Inverter ac outputs under fixed-band hysteresis control.
Simulation results obtained from the developed model and Simulink.
The harmonic parameters of the model are computed the system and controller parameters as follows: substituting the reference voltage in (Eq. 4) results in an amplitude modulation index of
The spectrum bands are concentrated around the order of the carrier frequency and are stepped apart by two fundamental frequency orders
To study the effect of line parameter variations on the harmonic performance of the inverter, the DG source voltage is decreased to have the dc voltage
With reference to the results shown in Fig.10, the harmonic spectrum
The total spectral energy of the error current depends on the relay bandwidth
|
Results from reducing
Next, the system and control parameters are set to their original values and the inductance is decreased by 25% to
The width of the relay band is reduced by half while maintaining the rest of the parameters at their base values. As (Eq. 4) indicates,
To study the harmonic performance of the inverter under distorted system voltages, the system and control parameters are set to the original values and the 11th order voltage oscillator
Effect of injecting the 11
Comparing Fig. 8 and Fig. 13, the reference voltage is distorted due to the presence of the 11th voltage oscillator in the source. The output voltage of the inverter is still bipolar, i.e.
Instantaneous frequency of
According to (Eq. 32), the carrier frequency
Error spectrum when
Fig. 15 compares the harmonic spectrum
Similar analysis is performed to study the harmonic performance of the inverter when the dc voltage contains the distortion
Effect of injecting the 8
The dc distortions impose additional noise component on the instantaneous frequency, see Fig.17, and subsequently, according to (Eq. 38) the harmonic spectrum is drifting to lower order harmonics as shown in Fig.18.
Frequency of
Error spectrum when the 8
The harmonic performance of the same half-bridge inverter used in section 2.4.1 is analyzed when the variable-band hysteresis current control is employed. Similar harmonic studies to those in the previous section are performed to compute the spectral characteristics of the inverter harmonic outputs using the developed models in section 2.3 and compare them with results obtained from time-domain simulations using Simulink.
Instantaneous outputs of the variable-band hysteresis control.
The instantaneous line outputs of the single-phase inverter operating under variable hysteresis control are shown in Fig.19. With the maximum relay band
Comparing model results to Simulink.
The dc voltage
The new values are shown in Fig.21. Consequently, the spectrum
Error spectra when
Error spectra when relay bandwidth is halved.
when
The value of the inductance is decreased to
Inverter harmonic response to 25% reduction in
DC current harmonics under variable-band control.
Lower inductance results in higher switching frequency. The harmonic spectrum
Error current under distorted dc and ac system voltages.
The harmonic performance of the inverter under distorted system voltages is studied by simulating the system with the distorted 8th order dc voltage
The spectral characteristics of the line current under the fixed- and variable-band hysteresis control are compared in this section. For identical system configurations and controller settings, i.e.
The THD of the line current is directly proportional to relay bandwidth. For similar controllers setting
A closed-form numerically efficient approximation for the error current harmonic spectrum of single-phase two-level inverters employing either fixed- or variable-band hysteresis current control is derived. The models are based on the amplitude and frequency modulation theorems.
The instantaneous frequency of the inverter is first derived. Then it is used to closely approximate the error current by a modulated sinusoid. The error current harmonic spectrum is basically the Fourier transform of error current complex envelop. In the case of the fixed-band control, the spectrum reduces to a series of Bessel functions of the first kind whose argument is implicitly expressed in terms of the system and controller parameters, where as in the variable-band mode, the spectrum reduces to a 3-element array.
The spectral characteristics such as the carrier frequency and frequency bandwidth are derived analytically and related to line parameters; it is a development useful in inverter-network harmonic interactions. Unlike time-domain simulators, the developed models provide fast numerical solution of the harmonic spectrum as they only involve numerical computation of single arrays. Simulation results agree closely with the developed frequency-domain models in terms of frequency order, magnitude and angle.
In addition to the single-phase two-level inverter, the proposed approximations apply also to the harmonic output of certain three-phase two-level inverters where independent phase control is applicable, such as the neutral point inverter, and the full-bridge inverter in bipolar operation.
The models detailed in this chapter can be extended in a number of ways, both in terms of improving the proposed models as well as in the application of the models in other PWM applications.
The developed models neglected the dynamics of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and assumed that the inverter line current tracks a pure sinusoidal reference current. Possible extensions of the models include the effect of the harmonic current propagation through the ac network and the deterioration of the terminal voltage at the interface level and its effect on the reference current generation. As the PLL synchronizes the reference current with the terminal voltage, the propagation of harmonic currents might affect the detection of the zeros-crossings of the terminal voltage resulting in generating a distorted reference current. The hysteresis controller consequently will force the line current to track a non-sinusoidal reference which, in turn, modifies the harmonic output of the inverter.
The implementation of an LC filter at the inverter ac terminals could trigger a parallel-resonance which tends to amplify the harmonic voltages and currents in the ac network leading, in some cases, to potential harmonic instabilities. The improvement of the developed models to include the effect the filter capacitance on the harmonic performance of the inverter is an interesting improvement.
Reviews of the developed models show that hysteresis current controlled inverters can have a ‘switching function’ notation similar to those inherit with the Sinusoidal PWM inverters. The switching function is based on the error current characteristics which implicitly depend on the system and controller parameters. Such development will enable the various time- and frequency-domain algorithms developed for the harmonic assessment of linear PWM inverters to be applied to hysteresis controlled inverters.
Harmonic load flow studies of systems incorporating inverters with hysteresis current control can be formulated based on the developed models. The iterative solution of the harmonic load flow shall incorporate the harmonic magnitudes and angles obtained from the developed models for a faster convergence to the steady state solution.
Function
A1. Approximation of
satisfies the same properties in
Approximately half of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment making it critical in the treatment of cancer [1]. Radiation therapy is used in curative and palliative regimens to achieve locoregional control [2]. Furthermore, radiation therapy is often combined with surgery, chemotherapy, and more recently, immunotherapy [3]. Despite the progress made in approaches to deliver radiation, precision medicine and combined therapies, resistance to treatment, and recurrence continue to occur in the clinical setting. According to recent studies, components of exosomes such as miRNAs and lncRNAs perpetuate drug resistance. In gastric cancer, it is reported that exosomes from M2-macrophage-induced miR-21 mediated upregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling and reduced apoptosis and cisplatin resistance [4]. In breast cancer, exosomal miR-221/222 modulated p27 and estrogen receptor (ER) for tamoxifen resistance, and exosomal cargo-lncRNA UCA1 mediated tamoxifen resistance [5, 6]. In prostate cancer, cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes conferred gemcitabine resistance via Snail and miR-146a [7].
Biologically, radiation induces damage to DNA and other host cell structures by oxidative stress [8]. Following exposure to X-rays, free radical production caused by the interaction of ionizing radiation with water molecules and redox-mediated biological pathways are responsible for oxidative DNA damage and cell death. Interaction of free radicals with DNA causes the formation of different types of DNA oxidation in both nucleus and mitochondria. Oxidation of DNA and also cell death through necrosis or apoptosis can stimulate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, leading to further DNA damage. Oxidized cell-free DNA is elevated in cancer patients and also patients undergoing radiation therapy for their malignancies [9, 10].
Irradiated cells generate communication signals and cause biological changes in neighboring or distant non-irradiated cells. This phenomenon is known as the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) [11, 12]. Although, the exact mechanism of RIBE remains unclear, there is increasing evidence to suggest that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) support various cellular regulatory roles in the response to radiation [13, 14, 15].
Radiation therapy has recently been shown to have systemic immune-modulating effects in patients with cancer, including an abscopal effect whereby local radiation elicits a systemic immune response and alleviates the tumor burden in untreated areas [16]. Although, the mechanism of the abscopal effect remains to be fully elucidated, there is accumulating evidence indicating a strong association between this effect and tumor-derived exosomes.
Exosomes are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm that are released by the fusion of an organelle in the endocytic pathway, the multivesicular body, and the plasma membrane [17]. Exosomes are released in a four-stage process, namely, initiation, endocytosis, formation of multivesicular bodies, and release of exosomes. The exosome with its cargo, consisting of messenger RNA (mRNA), miRNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, retrotransposons, and various proteins (MHC class I and II molecules, cytokines, adhesion molecules, transmembrane molecules, integrins, and tetraspanin) are released by the host cells and transferred to the recipient cells [18, 19, 20]. Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are released by all types of cells, including tumor cells. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transporting various intracellular components, including cargos [21] and induce a variety of phenomena, including the proliferation of cancer cells [22], metastasis [23], and resistance to treatment [24]. Tumor-derived exosomes affect not only cancer cells themselves but also vascular endothelial cells and various types of immune cells (Figure 1). Exosomes released from tumor cells may affect proximal tumor cells and stromal cells in the local microenvironment and can also have systemic effects via their functional components, such as microRNAs and proteins, via the circulation. Emerging evidence suggests that tumor-derived exosomes have both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive activity that depends on the molecules inside these structures and the status of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment [24, 25].
Cancer-derived exosomes mediate various intercellular communications and induce the proliferation of cancer cells. Through communication with endothelial cells, vascular endothelial barriers are destroyed and metastasis is induced by cancer-derived exosomes. NK and CD8-positive cells are suppressed by cancer-derived exosomes. Macrophages are activated into M2 macrophages by cancer-derived exosomes. NK, natural killer.
Liquid biopsy is a term generally used to describe the collection of body fluid and has been explored as a non-invasive complementary tool for the diagnosis of cancer. Non-invasive measurement of cancer biomarkers using liquid biopsy allows for patient stratification, screening, monitoring of response to treatment, and detecting minimal residual disease following recurrence. Extracellular vesicles are considered to be significant biomarkers in the liquid biopsy-based diagnosis of cancer, and profiling of these vesicles has the potential to improve the early detection of cancer.
Liquid biopsy can provide more comprehensive information on the genetic landscape and track genomic evolution during disease progression in patients. The main biological biomarkers used in liquid biopsy include circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes originating from healthy tissue or tumor tissue [26]. Given that many tissues are difficult or impossible to biopsy or resect, conventional biopsies cannot provide information on the efficacy of treatment. Exosomes can be easily acquired from most types of body fluid; therefore, they are attracting attention as biomarkers in liquid biopsy for diagnosis (Figure 2).
Schema showing the liquid biopsy technique. Exosomes are released from cancer cells and enter blood vessels. Early diagnosis can be assisted by minimally invasive analysis of exosomes in blood vessels.
Early diagnosis of breast cancer increases the chances of cure and survival. Although, mammography is widely used, it is difficult to detect cancers in women with dense mammary gland tissue when using this method [27], and unnecessary radiated exposure should be avoided. Blood, nipple suction fluid, sweat, urine, and tears are being investigated as alternative diagnostic methods; among these, urine and tear tests have relatively high sensitivity and specificity. For example, the urinary miRNA profile in patients with primary breast cancer is different from that in healthy controls [28, 29, 30]. Cala et al. identified cancer-specific patterns and constructed models for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. They found that a combination of succinic acid and dimethylheptanoyl carnitine was able to separate patients with breast cancer (n = 31) from healthy controls (n = 29) with a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 86.2% [29].
Currently, reported urinary biomarkers of breast cancer are still in the discovery stage, and their specificity and sensitivity need to be verified in cohort studies. There are also multiple reports of biomarkers in tears [31, 32, 33, 34, 35], which are relatively easy to obtain using non-invasive methods. Inubushi et al. compared the exosomes in tears from five women with metastatic breast cancer with those from eight healthy volunteers and found higher amounts of exosome markers in tears than in serum and higher expression of breast cancer-specific miR-21 and miR-200c in tears from the patients with metastatic breast cancer [35]. Therefore, exosomes in tears could also be a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
Drug resistance is also a factor that affects prognosis. The role of exosomes in drug resistance has received a great deal of attention. There are numerous reports on the association between exosomes and drug resistance in breast cancer [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Biomarkers can be used to predict the response of a tumor to a particular treatment and may reflect tumor susceptibility and drug resistance. Although, few methods are currently recommended for routine clinical application, blood-based monitoring of the therapeutic response is a minimally invasive and promising technique. Based on those methods, liquid biopsy analysis may bring novel information as biomarkers of breast cancer [44, 45].
Prostate cancer is a tumor with a high mortality rate, and early diagnosis has a significant effect on the prognosis. Serum and urinary exosomes are promising non-invasive biomarkers that could aid in early diagnosis [46, 47, 48]. Prostate cancer has a good prognosis when hormone therapy is effective, but castrate-resistant prostate cancer has a markedly worse prognosis. Hessvik et al. identified 36 exosomal miRNAs as candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer in clinical studies [49]. Moreover, plasma miR-1290 and miR-375 levels correlate with reduced overall survival and have been identified as potential prognostic biomarkers of castrate-resistant prostate cancer [50, 51]. Expression of AR-V7 RNA in circulating tumor cells was identified as a predictor of the response to enzalutamide (an anti-androgen) and abiraterone (an anti-androgen and CYP17 inhibitor) in prostate cancer [52]. Del Re et al. detected the AR-V7 transcript preferentially in patients resistant to treatment with enzalutamide or abiraterone and proposed that the level of the AR-V7 transcript measured in extracellular vesicles in plasma could serve as a biomarker [53].
Screening with low-dose CT is currently used for early diagnosis of lung cancer but is associated with radiation exposure. miRNAs derived from exosomes in body fluids are stable and relatively easy to obtain. Therefore, they are expected to be useful biomarkers for the early diagnosis of lung cancer [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61]. Asakura et al. reported that serum miR-1268b and miR-6075 expression levels showed 99% sensitivity and 99% specificity for the diagnosis of lung cancer regardless of histological type or TNM stage [61]. This finding may lead to significant improvements in the results of screening for lung cancer and selection of more effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lebanony et al. reported that expression of exosomal miR-205 can distinguish between squamous and non-flat epithelial lung cancer even in poorly differentiated tumors [60]. Biomarkers that can predict the progression of lung cancer are also being investigated. Downregulation of miR-503 relative to non-malignant lung tissue has been observed in NSCLC tissue. For example, Liu et al. reported a link between the miR-503 level and advanced tumor stage and a poor prognosis [62]. These findings indicate that miR-503 may be a useful biomarker of survival in patients with NSCLC.
Radio-resistance is induced by certain conditions or pathways, and eventually limits the efficacies of radiation therapy. Molecular oxygen status is recognized as one of the most influential factors regulating radio-resistance. In general, cancer cells may be radio-resistant under hypoxic conditions in solid tumors [63, 64, 65]. Adapting to the hypoxic conditions, tumor cells acquire a hypoxia-resistant phenotype with the characteristic alterations in signaling, gene expression and metabolism. It is widely known that tumor cells in the hypoxia microenvironment induced radio-resistance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and several pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [66, 67, 68]. Tumor-derived exosomes promote angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and by transporting numerous pro-angiogenic biomolecules like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and microRNAs. The hypoxic condition induces angiogenesis. Uptake of the tumor-derived exosomes by normal endothelial cells activates angiogenic signaling pathways in endothelial cells and stimulates new vessel formation [69]. Exosomes can affect T cells through direct receptor-ligand interactions, but in ECs, exosomes usually use the internalization pathway [70].
The NF-κB is known as the most important transcription factors regulating the expression of a large number of genes involved in cellular processes, such as inflammatory responses, cellular growth, developmental processes and apoptosis. The inducers of NF-κB activity are highly variable, including ROS, TNFα, IL-1β, LPS, isoproterenol, ionizing radiation, viruses, and chemotherapeutic reagents [71]. Active NF-κB enters the nucleus and up-regulates the transcription of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, survivin and Akt leading to chemo- and radio-resistance. Yoshida and coworkers demonstrated that NF-κB is the strongest indicator of radio-resistance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases treated with radiation therapy alone without surgery nor combined chemotherapy [72]. As for the relationship between exosomes and NF-κB, Zeng et al. elaborated that exosomal miR-183-5p shuttled by M2-TAM mediated Akt/NF-κB pathway to accelerate colon cancer progression through targeting thioesterase superfamily member 4 (THEM4) [73]. Li J et al. demonstrated that hypoxic colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles deliver microRNA-361-3p to facilitate cell proliferation by targeting TRAF3 via the noncanonical NF-κB pathways [74].
Farias et al. reported that exosomes derived from irradiated MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) delay tumor growth and reduce metastasis after treatment with MSC plus radiation therapy [75]. In this report, the authors indicate that the effect of MSCs on the tumor is associated with ANXA1; recognized as an anti-inflammatory mediator which regulates migration and cellular responses. They also showed MSCs plus radiation therapy administered on an experimental murine model had a positive effect on the tumor-volume reduction of the contralateral, untreated tumor [75]. According to these reports, exosomes derived from MSC are expected to be able to improve the efficacy of irradiation for radiation-resistant cancers.
Radiation induces oxidative stress in host cells [8], and the RIBE induced by exosomes has been investigated in several studies. It has been reported that irradiated cells release more exosomes than non-irradiated cells [12, 76, 77]. Arscott et al. identified a relationship between increased secretion of exosomes and overexpression or mutation of p53 in glioblastoma cells [78]. Furthermore, it has been found that exosomes derived from irradiated cells are taken up by neighboring cells in greater numbers than those derived from non-irradiated cells [79]. Hazawa et al. suggested that one reason for this difference could be the enhancement of cellular attachment to exosomes via augmented formation of the CD29/CD81 complex induced by radiation [80]. Thus, the influence of irradiation is transferred to neighboring cells via interaction with exosomal cargo. Although, the mechanism via which cargo is included in exosomes is not clearly understood, exosomal expression of miRNA influences the effect of irradiation on cells [79, 81]. Nakaoka et al. also investigated this effect and found that exosomes derived from irradiated MIAPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells induced a radiosensitive effect on neighboring cells through an increase in levels of reactive oxygen species in cells [79], which they attributed to a reduction in expression of antioxidant enzymes via changes in the miRNA profile in exosomes. A summary of the molecules involved in RIBE is presented in Table 1.
Cargo | Molecule | Cell line | Interactions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
miRNAs | miR-7-5p | BEP2D | Induction of autophagy | 13 |
miR-208a | Non-small cell lung cancer cells | Promotion of cell proliferation Induction of radioresistance | 14 | |
miR-301a | Glioblastoma cells | Promotion of radiation resistance | 15 | |
miR-6823-5p | MIAPaCa-2 | Enhancement of radiosensitive effect | 79 | |
Proteins | Connective tissue growth factor Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 | LN18, U87MG and U251 | Enhancement of tumorigenesis and migration | 78 |
Radiation-induced bystander effect induced by exosomes.
Radiation therapy can have profound immune-stimulatory effects and is increasingly viewed as a promising partner in combination therapy for patients receiving immunotherapy. Intrinsic events in cancer cells induced by DNA damage are central to the immune-modifying effects of radiation therapy [82]. These events have been investigated in studies of the DNA damage response, which focuses on the tumor microenvironment. In addition to its ability to destroy cancer cells by damaging DNA, radiation therapy can modulate both the immunotherapy and adjuvant therapy of tumors by triggering the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, increasing tumor-infiltrating immune-stimulatory cells. and enhancing the expression of neoantigens [82, 83, 84] and immune-stimulatory signaling by cyclic dinucleotide cyclic GMP-AMP. Understanding the mechanistic basis of radiation therapy as an anticancer treatment has been transformed by the recent discovery that DNA damage in cycling cancer cells can activate cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors [82, 83]. The cGAS (cytoplasmic DNA-sensing cyclic GMP–AMP synthase)-STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway is involved in this process [85, 86]. Using this pathway, tumor-derived exosomes can shuttle TREX1-sensitive type I interferon-stimulatory double-stranded DNA from irradiated cancer cells to dendritic cells (Figure 3) [87].
Radiation and immune response via cancer-derived exosomes in the tumor microenvironment. The pathway related to activation of cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors. Tumor-derived exosomes can transport type I IFN-stimulatory dsDNA from irradiated cancer cells to dendritic cells via the STING pathway. T-cells produce IFN-𝛾. Inhibition of activation of CD8-positive T-cells by PD-1/L1 binding. cGAS cytoplasmic DNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; IFN, interferon; STING, stimulator of interferon genes.
Chemo-resistance should be solved for effective cancer therapy. Several studies indicated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contribute to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance [88, 89, 90, 91]. The anti-apoptotic signal which is activated by the STAT3 pathway is an important factor in causing initial drug resistance [88]. FAK is reported to promote invasive tumor growth with β-catenin [89]. EMT is popular with the induction of cancer metastasis [90], but it is also deeply related to drug resistance. Mani et al. reported that EMT may cause cancer cells to acquire epithelial stem cell properties [91]. EMT formation induces chemo-resistance [92] and it is induced by various signaling pathways, such as TGFβ, Wnt signal, etc. [93, 94].
Several studies have demonstrated that exosomal activity might be involved in chemo-resistance. In EMT, Shan et al. indicated that downregulation of exosomal miR-148b-3p may offer opportunities in the treatment of bladder cancer by increasing chemosensitivity via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promoting expression of PTEN [95]. In addition to it, Liu et al. reported that exosome-transmitted miR-128-3p increased chemosensitivity of oxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cancer by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inducing drug accumulation in cancer cells [96]. Furthermore, exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cells are often reported to contribute to chemo-resistance [97, 98]. According to these reports, exosomes are also important to the regulation of chemotherapy.
Exosomes play a critical role in cancer progression, including cell–cell communication, tumor-stromal interactions, activation of signaling pathways, and immunomodulation. Emerging data indicate that radiation-derived exosomes increase tumor burden, decrease survival, cause radiation-induced bystander effects and promote radio-resistance. Exosomes show abilities as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in various malignancies. Exosomes play a role in radio- and chemo-resistance through multiple pathways. The mechanism of the intercellular communication by exosomes, the transport of exosomal cargo, the secretion mechanism, cell dependence, immune response and radiation response have been intensively explored. Specifically, research on exosomes about radiation therapy has been expanding. Radiation-exposed cells release altered exosomes, and those exosomes play a role as cargo to bring multiple messages to their recipient cells leading to various radiation responses. Further understanding of the mechanisms of exosome-mediated radio-resistance might ultimately lead to the development of novel treatment strategies.
This research was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (21 J21801 to AN, and 21 K07642 to KK) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic 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by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81998",title:"Understanding the Neuropathophysiology of Psychiatry Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation",slug:"understanding-the-neuropathophysiology-of-psychiatry-disorder-using-transcranial-magnetic-stimulatio",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103748",abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and non-invasive tool that allows researchers to probe and modulate intracortical circuits. The most important aspect of TMS is its ability to directly stimulate the cortical neurons, generating action potentials, without much effect on intervening tissue. This property can be leveraged to provide insight into the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Using multiple patterns of stimulations (single, paired, or repetitive), different neurophysiological parameters can be elicited. Various TMS protocol helps in understanding the neurobiological basis of disorder and specific behaviors by allowing direct probing of the cortical areas and their interconnected networks. While single-pulse TMS can provide insight into the excitability and integrity of the corticospinal tract, paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) can provide further insight into cortico-cortical connections and repetitive TMS (rTMS) into cortical mapping and modulating plasticity.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Jitender Jakhar, Manish Sarkar and Nand Kumar"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. 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While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. 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He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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