Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Soliton Like-Breather Induced by Modulational Instability in a Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Written By

Saïdou Abdoulkary and Alidou Mohamadou

Reviewed: 19 September 2021 Published: 25 October 2021

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100522

From the Edited Volume

The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Edited by Nalan Antar and İlkay Bakırtaş

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Abstract

We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation modified by a rational nonlinear term. The model appears in various studies often in the context of the Ginzburg-Landau equation. We investigate modulational instability by means of a linear stability analysis and show how the nonlinear terms affect the growth rate. This analytical result is confirmed by a numerical simulation. The latter analysis shows that breather-like solitons are generated from the instability, and the effects of the nonlinear terms are again clearly seen. Moreover, by employing an auxiliary-equation method we obtain kink and anti-kink soliton as analytical solutions. Our theoretical solution is in good agreement with our numerical investigation.

Keywords

  • generalized nonlinear schrödinger
  • modulational instability
  • breather like-soliton

1. Introduction

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is the main equation which governs the propagation of pulses in various fields such as nonlinear optical systems, plasmas, fluid dynamics, Bose-Einstein condensation, and condensed matter physics. It has been shown to govern the evolution of a wave packets in weakly nonlinear and dispersive media and has thus arisen in such diverse fields. One other application of this equation is in pattern formation, where it has been used to model some nonequilibrium pattern forming systems. Most notable is the role it plays in understanding the propagation of electromagnetic waves in glass fibers and other optical waveguides [1].

In this paper we consider a NLS equation with inverse nonlinear terms. Inverse nonlinear term has been introduced for the first time by Malomed and al. [2] which has been later studied by [3, 4] in the case of the Ginzburg-Landau equation.

iuz+puxx+γ1ux2u2u+γ21u2u+γ3u2u=0,E1

where u is a complex amplitude that depends on z and x, γi (i=1,2,3) is a real constant and represents the nonlinear coefficient, p is a real constant and supposes to be the group-velocity dispersion (GVD) coefficient. Notice that Eq. (1) especially with γ1=γ2=0 appears in many contemporary work in physics and has been shown to be completely integrable [5] and to admit optical solitons by balancing the GVD and Kerr nonlinearity γ3 (the self-focusing interaction and defocusing interaction corresponding to bright and dark solitons, respectively). However, in many applications it contains also some small additional terms which destroy these properties. It describes either the propagation of a continuous wave (CW) beam in a planar waveguide or propagation of an optical pulse inside optical fiber, and show that this equation admits analytical solitary solution and exhibits a modulation instability (MI). This instability leads to spatial or temporal modulation of a constant-intensity plane wave.

Modulational instability is one of the nonlinear wave equations associated to NLSE and appears in many physical systems. It indicates that due to the competition between nonlinearity and the dispersive effects, a small perturbation of the initial plane wave may induce an exponential growth of the wave amplitude, resulting in the carrier-wave breakup into a train of localized waves [6].

The NLSE is also one of the original nonlinear partial differential equations, the study of which has lead to fundamental advances in theoretical physics. The study of NLS was motivated by a large number of theoretical problems ranging from optical pulse propagation in nonlinear fibers to hydrodynamics, condensed matter physics and biophysics. It is now known that NLS is one of the few examples of completely integrable nonlinear partial differential equations [7, 8].

The main objective of this paper is to study MI in a generalized NLSE that includes rational nonlinear terms given by Eq. (1). By means of the linear stability analysis we explicitly investigate the stability condition of a launched plane wave. The results show that the MI gain is strongly dependent on the nonlinear parameters as well as the GVD. Our numerical simulations show that those parameters contribute to the formation and the propagation of the soliton like-breather in the systems. Those parameters can generate either stable or unstable solitons. We also investigate analytical soliton solutions. By employing auxiliary equation method we obtain kink and antikink solutions of Eq. (1).

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The model is introduced in Section 2, which is followed by the analysis of the MI of the CW solutions in Section 3, direct simulations shown the formation of modulated wave as well as breather like-solitons and their stability in Section 4. Exact analytical kink and antikink soliton solutions are reported in Section 5, and the paper is concluded by Section 6.

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2. Modulational instability

The nonlinear Schrodinger Equation Eq. (1) has the simplest solution in the form of a continuous wave as u=u0expikxωz, where u0 is a constant and k and ω are respectively the the wave-number and the angular frequency and satisfy the dispersion relation ωk2p+γ1k2+γ2u02+γ3u02=0. Now we focus our attention on the modulational instability in the system. Therefore, we look at solutions of Eq. (1) in the form of

u=u01+bexpikxωz,E2

where b represents a small perturbation.

Substituting Eq. (2) into the NLS equation Eq. (1) and linearizing the resulting equations, we obtain a linear equation of b.

ibz+pbxx+2ikpbx+iγ1kbxbxγ2u02b+b+γ3u02b+b=0,E3

Looking for solutions to this function in the form of plane waves b=b1expiKxΩz+b2expiKxΩz, we obtain the dispersion relation

Ω=2pγ1kK±Kγ12k2+p2K2+2γ2u02p2γ3pu02,E4

where the wave number K and the frequency Ω characterize linear properties of the modulation wave. The dispersion relation given by Eq. (4) determine the condition for the stability of a plane wave with a wave number k in the system. This is the case as long as Ω is real. This stability condition is explicitly depends on the nonlinear parameters γ1, γ2, and γ3. It shows that the CW plane-wave is absolutely stable only in the case γ12k2+p2K2+2γ2u02p2γ3pu02<0. That is

γ12k2+p2K2Δ<u02<γ12k2+p2K2+Δ,E5

with Δ=γ12k2+p2K22+16γ2γ3p2.

The modulation instability gain is related to the imaginary part of Ω and is given by

g=ImKγ12k2+p2K2+2γ2u02p2γ3pu02,E6

Figure 1 shows the instability gain as a function of the perturbation wave number K for u0=1 and 1.5. The gain exists for both positive and negative values of K in the range K<K0=1/22γ12k2u024γ2p+4γ3pu04/u0p. The peak gain occurs for K=K0 and has the value gmax=1/2K02γ12k2+4γ2p/u024γ3pu02. Now let us study the latter gain. We have plotted a qualitative study of its behavior. Figure 1a shows that the peak gain increased with the amplitude u0 increasing as well as it width. In Figure 1b one can see the inverse phenomenon. Figure 2 shows the evolution of the peak gain as a function of nonlinear parameters γ2 and γ3. Here we are seeing the increasing of the peak with the nonlinear terms (see Figure 2a). There is a limit cycle where the peak remains constant for certain values of both γ2 and γ3. This is clearly seen through the contour plot in Figure 2b. This aspect is better analyzed in Figure 3 where the peak gain increased by increasing both γ2 and γ3 in the left side of top panel (a) as well as the gain width. This is confirm by fixing one nonlinear parameter (γ2) when the last one (γ3) is varying (see panel (b)). One observe the inverse phenomenon by fixing γ3 when γ2 increasing (see panel (c)). The last panel (d) is very particular while we are seeing the peak and the width gain are almost constant by varying the nonlinear parameters (γ2) when the background amplitude u0=2.

Figure 1.

Gain spectrum gK of modulation instability as a function of wave number with effect of the background amplitude u0=1 (dashed line) and 1.5 (soline) when the GVD is 0.5 for the left-hand panel (a) with γ1=0.1, γ2=0.4, γ=0.8 and the GVD is 0.5 for the right hand-panel (b) with γ2=0.8, γ3=0.01.

Figure 2.

Maximum gain spectrum gmax of modulation instability for u0=1 versus nonlinear parameters γ2 and γ3 (panel (a)), while in panel (b) we show its contour plot.

Figure 3.

Gain spectrum gK of modulation instability as a function of wave number with effect of the nonlnear parameters γ2, γ3. In the top panel (a) on left we set γ2=0.03, γ3=0.3 for dashed line, γ2=0.3, γ3=0.4 for the solid line, γ2=0.5, γ3=0.6 for o-line. On right (b) we set γ2=0.2, and γ3=0.1,0.3,0.6 (respectively for dashed, solid and o-line. In botton we got on left panel (c) γ2=0.01,0.1,0.2 (respectively for dashed, solid and o-line) and γ3=0.3. For all the previous panels we got u0=1 and γ1=0.1. On right panel (d) we consider the same values in (c) when u0=2.

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3. The numerical simulation analysis

Analytical analysis done by linear stability shown the possibility of the formation of modulated waves in the consider system. This prediction can be numerically confirmed. In this way let us launch as initial condition a modulated plane wave: u0x=1+εcosKx where fixed boundary conditions are used and the numerical constants used in the calculation are the following: ε=0.01, p=0.5, k=0, K=0.2π, γ1=0.1,0.2,0.3 in γ2=0.01,0.1,0.4,0.6 and γ3=0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9 normalized units. The question we are going to answer is the influence of the parameters γi on the formation of modulated wave.

From Figure 4 one can see the formation of bright solitary wave. The left hand top panel shows the generation of a pulse train toward the boundary regions but the intensity is smallest at the center. On right hand panel we can see the bright solitary wave behaves like a breather soliton is forming. This may be a multisoliton quasiperiodic solutions. It can be seen that the breather solutions keep their oscillating shapes, while the wave packets move as periodic solitons along the x-axis for certain values of z. Those breathers are periodic in the x coordinate and aperiodic in the z coordinate. There is more generation of breathers in bottom panels (e) and (f). Comparing panel (b) with panels (e) and (f), one can see that in panels (e) and (f), under the influence of the increasing values of the parameter γ3, the number of peaks on the same space interval is increasing when x goes up even z. The breathers have compressed in width and peak, and this is clearly seen through the contour plot figures given by panels (c), (d), (g) and (h). Those phenomenon are certainly caused by increasing of the nonlinear parameter γ3 when γ2 remains small and constant. We can see the evolution of the peak amplitude of the wave over the z-axis for each case above in Figure 5. One can see that in panel (a) the peak amplitude increases gradually and oscillation little beat over the parameter z. The oscillation of the peak is increasing when the nonlinear parameter γ3 increases and the curve believes sharp. This is perceptible in the rest panels (b, c and d). One can clearly confirms The dynamical process of the spatial pattern formation induced by MI. When γ3 increases, the rate of MI increases too and the MI occurs earlier. Another interesting phenomenon is the width of the breather which decreases by increasing the consider nonlinear parameter.

Figure 4.

The evolution of the typical intensity profile done by numerical simulation of Eq. (1) when γ3 is varying (0.1, for (a), 0.3 for (b), 0.6 for (e) and 0.8 for (f)) by fixing γ1=0.1 and γ2=0.01, while panels (c), (d), (g) and (h) show their respective contour plots.

Figure 5.

Representation of the maximum amplitude versus z corresponding of each panels (a), (b), (e) and (f) of Figure 4 respectivelly.

There is more breathers when γ2 is negative. Figure 6 shows the evolution of the typical intensity profile done by numerical simulations. In panel (a) one can see that there are more breathers that appears more stable than the previous one. This analysis is more perceptible in panel (b) where we plot the contour plot of the consider figure. We are seeing both presence of breathers and bright soliton. This means that the consider parameter is strongly responsible of the formation of those solitons. This is more view in Figure 7 where panels (a) and (b) shown how breathers are broke and the bright soliton takes place and propagate through the system when the wave vector is small than the previous one (0.01π).

Figure 6.

The influence of negative value of γ2 on the evolution of the typical intensity profile done by numerical simulation of Eq. (1) with p=1/2, γ1=0.1, γ2=0.2, γ3=0.4 showed by panel (a), while panel (b) shows its contour plot.

Figure 7.

Influence of γ2 and wave number K on the evolution of the typical intensity profile done by numerical simulation of Eq. (1) when γ2=0.03 in (a) and γ2=0.03 (b), the rest of the parameters are γ1=0.1, γ3=0.5 and K=0.01π.

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4. Exact analytical solutions to the consider stationary model

We now discuss about the analytical solution to the stationary NLS of Eq. (1). Suppose that

uzx=Vxexpz,E7

is the solution of Eq. (1) where V is independent of z and ϕ the phase. Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (1) we obtain two equations for V and ϕ. The phase equation shows that ϕ should be of the form ϕz=βz, where β is a constant and V equation is

βV+pVxx+γ1Vx2V+γ21V+γ3V3=0,E8

For solving this equation we set V=G12 and then the Eq. (8) yields

14γ1pĠ2+12pGG¨+γ2GβG2+γ3G3=0,E9

This is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which can be solve by the auxiliary equation method.

4.1 The auxiliary equation method

The auxiliary equation method has been defined by [9, 10] while it allows to find more and new multiple solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations. The main steps of using this method is summarized as follows.

For solving equation

Puutuxuxxuxxx=0,E10

we set ξ=x+ωt then the nonlinear partial differential equation in two independent variables xt becomes a nonlinear ordinary differential equation

Quuuu=0,E11

We seek for the solutions of Eq. (11) in the following generalized form

uξ=i=02MaiFiξ,E12

in which ai (i = 0, 1, 2,…, 2 M) are constants to be determined and M=2. The variable Fξ should satisfy the following variable separated ordinary differential equation

F2ξ=aF2ξ+bF4ξ+cF6ξ,E13

where a, b, c are parameters to be determined. Substituting Eq. (12) into (11) by taking in account Eq. (13) and equate the coefficients of all powers of Fξ to zero yields a set of algebraic equations for unknowns a, b, c, ai (i = 0, 1,…, 2 M) and ω. We solve the set of algebraic equations by the use of Maple and substitute the solutions obtained in this step back into (12) so as to obtain the exact traveling wave solutions for Eq. (10).

The solution of Eq. (9), balancing GG with G3 gives M=2. Therefore we may choose

G2=a0+a1Fξ+a2F2ξ+a3F3+a4F4,E14

where a0, a1 and a2, a3, a4 are constants to be determined. By applying the defined method we obtained the following exact kink and anti-kink solutions for the stationary NLSE (9).

G=±a0tanhxa,E15

where a0=γ2γ31+2pγ1 and a=γ2γ1a0. We must have γ2/γ1<0 in order to ensure that the pulse width a is real.

Having obtained exact solutions of the stationary NLSE Eq. (9), we will use them together to construct soliton solutions of the NLSE Eq. (1). In this case, the kink-soliton and anti-kink solutions of Eq. (1) can be written in the form

uzx=±a0tanhxaexpiβz,E16

where β=2aγ1+p. Figure 8 shows the representation of the analytical solution to the stationary NLSE.

Figure 8.

Kink and anti-kink representations of the analytical solutions done by Eq. (16). The following parameter values are used p=1/2, γ1=1.1, γ2=0.3 and γ3=0.6.

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5. Conclusion

In the present study a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with particular nonlinearities has been introduced. The model including rational nonlinearity that arise from Malomed model and describes the propagation of nonlinear surface waves on a plasma with a sharp boundary. We explicitly investigated MI gain by means of linear stability analysis. Results reveal that the nonlinear parameters are strongly influences the dynamics of the launched plane wave. We further tested the evolutionary modulate plan wave numerically, which indicates that those parameters allow the formation of breather-like soliton in the system as well as bright soliton. We have investigated analytical kink and anti-kink soliton too.

It would be particularly worthwhile to extend this study to the generalized NLS with time and space modulated nonlinearities and potentials. This could allow more stability and more formation of the breather-like soliton as well as the Akhmediev breather [11], Peregrine rogue wave [12], and Kuznetsov-Ma breather [13, 14] and even high-order rogue waves [15]. MI gain distributions could bring different nonlinear excitation pattern dynamics.

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Classification

PACS numbers: 05.45,Yv, 04.20.Jb, 42.65.Tg

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Written By

Saïdou Abdoulkary and Alidou Mohamadou

Reviewed: 19 September 2021 Published: 25 October 2021