Big Bang Bouncing Universes

Our Universe has multiple examples of unexplained gravitational losses in black holes and neutron stars.Squeezes to a certain size, nucleons are not further compressible. Gravitational loss will allow galactic black holes to cause dark energy and the big bang to begin as a bounce. A cold shell and a hot core will allow the big bang to solve galaxy formation problems. A quantum correction to general relativity well above Planck energies will cause a cyclical universe.This paper resolves the tension in the Hubble constant derived from CMB measurements in the early universe against that measured in cepheid variables in the late universe.


Introduction
There are a number of unsolved problems with the current hot big bang model of the Universe.General relativity has been most successful in explaining the Universe except in extreme density conditions: the big bang and black holes.Galaxies are constructed similarly despite their origins being physically too fair apart to be in casual contact (the horizon problem).Initial spacetime was Minkowskian-the big bang expansion energy exactly matched the gravitational energy (the flatness problem).The massive prebig bang matter must have been a black hole.There are large masses 9 and 10 × 10 10 M ⊙ , unexplained in the early Universe.The hot synthesis of light elements occurred in only 4 − 5% of the matter present.Extrapolation of general relativity many orders of magnitude in the big bang and black holes to or near singularities has not been successful in solving the Universe problems.There is no evidence that the Universe ever reached Planck energies.In the 'Road to Relativity' Einstein felt the gravitational tensors were 'rock solid' but stress-energy tensors were made of 'wood'.
Theew is no mathematical proof that the standard model of particle of particle physics is a quantized non-abelian theory through path integrals.It has 19 constants which are arbitrary and unrelated.It does not explain the lack of antimatter in our Universe.Dark matter and dark energy are unexplained.Quantum field theories break down before the Planck scale and can not explain general relativity.Hadrons should decay through weakening of strong forces at high energies and produce two and four quark particles.Looking for standard charge conjugation party (CP) violations so far have been unrewarding.Strange hadrons may yield (CP) violations that are complementary to keon decays, but complete explanation of missing antimatter is lacking.The small size of the Higgs boson will not allow production of non baryonic matter..An extension of the standard model has neutrinos with masses, which has never seen.Supersymmetry from the standard model has not been found by the LHC at Cern.The strange physics of highly squeezed matter will be explored here.
The standard Friedman-Robertson Walker geometry is perfect in generating isotropic homogeneous spacetime which prevents an initial big bang picture.. where where k = −1, 1, +1 depending on whether the universe is open geometry, flat or closed.Neutron stars have crusts, a surface region with densities < 10 14 g/cm 3 .Here in beta equilibrium, there are neutrons, nuclei and electrons.Relativistic degenerate electrons comprise most of the pressure.The baryon density is near nuclear saturation density n 0 ≈ 0.16 f m 3 .The general presumption has been that the core should be contain even more relativistic gravitational matter.Applying general relativity to a static spherical symmetric metric gives ds 2 = −e 2Φ(r) c 2 dt 2 + e 2Λ(r) dr 2 + r 2 dθ 2 + r 2 sin ( 2)θ dϕ 2 where ϕ is the azimuthal angle, θ is the polar angle and the radial coordinate r is defined such that at the origin the circumference of a circle is 2πr.Using a Schwarzschild geometry at the star surface, the boundary condition mandates If one assumes a perfect fluid to oversimplify calculations, this leads to the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov (TOV) equations: Here P = P (r), ρ = ρ(r) and the mass within the radius r is m(r).In that the TOV equations are relativistic, the pressure P should also add to gravitation especially at the core.At this boundary condition, m(0) = 0, ρ(0) = ρ c .With general relativity the pressure terms in the TOV equations will add much gravitation.However matter is not infinitely compressible.It has been found that squeezing protons to 0.3 fm.(femtometer) yields an enormous resistive pressure of 10 35 pascals [5].Squeezing protons to 0.1 fm will cause them to become highly repulsive.As they note, this requires more pressure than a neutron star core can generate.The following examples are going to show that gravitation is reduced both in neutron star cores and black holes.
In neutron stars: There is the unreasonable effectiveness of the post-Newtonian approximation in strong gravitational fields of neutron stars [27].This approximation assumes that gravitational fields in and around bodies are weak and the motions of matter are slow compared to the speed of light.
where v, M and τ are velocity, mass and separation of the system.Within masses p and ρ are the pressure and density and G and c are Newton's gravitational constant and the speed of light.What is used in post-Newtonian calculation is the 'reduced' Einstein equation where h αβ is the deviation of the space-time metric g αβ from the flat Minkowski space-time metric η αβ .They are related by the equation If gravity is weak everywhere, then the gravitational tensor potential h αβ must be small and can approximate the highly nonlinear equations of general relativity.
In 1974 the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16 was discovered.Each neutron star had a mass ≈ 1.4M ⊙ in a quite relativistic orbital system with a mean speed ≈ 200 km/sec.Strangely, it was found that the rate of decay of the orbit was in agreement with the post-Newtonian quadrupole formula.More recently, the relativistic double pulsar J 0737 − 3039 performed according to the post-Newtonian calculations despite being in very strong gravitational fields.An effacement process had been postulated that the gravitational binding energy reduces the gravitational mass of each pulsar by 10 − 20% compared to its rest mass.
A low mass Xray binary AXJ1745.62901 has steadily been losing extra orbital momentum over a 20 year period [19].The high rate of orbital period decrease is Ṗorb = −4.03±0.32×10−11 s/s.This is over an order of magnitude greater than expected loses due to gravitational waves, magnetic breaking, or conservative mass transfer.The data included unexplained 'jitter' of 10 − 20 seconds advancing or retarding the orbital period.Orbital loss explanations from accretion, a third body mass or an unrealistic .001M⊙ in the outer disc were rejected.
Black holes begin to form at densities Since the constants c 6 /G 3 = 6.272 × 10 84 grams 3 /cm 3 .The smallest black holes found in today's Universe are 4M ⊙ and will form at highest reachable densities.Smaller black holes requiring higher densities to form are nonexistent.
There is the mysterious survivor of an encounter with our Milky Way Super-massive Black Hole [2].As far back as 2006 a G2 'cloud' was found accelerating toward our galactic center mass ≈ 3 × 10 6 M ⊙ .The closest approach took place about February 2014.By Sept. 2014 G2 cloud was mysteriously moving away from the black hole.It even failed to trigger a flare up of accretion activity.
There is the amazingly weak magnetic field of a 9M ⊙ black hole in the binary V404 Cygni system [7].A burst of radiation was studied from a flare.It contained charged particles with electrons and protons in the black hole magnetic field.By calculating how quickly the burst dimmed, a team of astronomers found the magnetic field to be 461 ± 12 gauss, the strength of several bar magnets and almost 3 orders of magnitude less than theory predicted.
There is a galaxy which should not exist according to classical general relativity [4].Galaxy NGC 3147 has a mildly relativistic Broad Line Region circling and very close < 100 r * to the central black hole in an L/L Edel ≈ 10 −4 system.This contradicts the current understanding of accretion flow configuration at extremely low accretion rates.The only reason matter could be closely circling and not accreted in a massive galactic black hole is that the hole must have lost much of its gravitation.

The Case Against Singularities
Supposedly physical infinities are the singularities found in black holes and where the big bang started.If the universe started at or near a singularity and expanded, there should remain evidence of many of the following missing high energy phenomena.Monopoles are formed > 10 14 GeV.Antimatter is formed > 38 MeV.Domain walls would be the size of 10 28 h −1 cm. and have a mass ∼ 4 × 10 65 Λ 1/2 (σ/100GeV ) 3 grams or many orders of magnitude over the present Hubble volume.Its presence would cause a large defect in the CBR.Assuming the universe started as a fireball, the production of geometric flatness a ,t /a 2 = −k/a 2 + Λ/3 + 8πρ m a 3 o /3a 3 + 8πρ r a 4 o /3a 4 with k = 0 has required an unproven inflaton scalar ϕ, leaving most other problems unsolved.Despite multiple attempts to find evidence of inflation, no evidence has been found in the CBR polarization or anywhere else.Fireballs can't make high correlations in galaxies with the velocity-brightness relation, cor-responding rotations and all galactic parameters related to the central black hole size(see below).Considering the small size of the Higgs Boson (125 GeV), the big bang could not produce any cold dark nonbaryonic matter unless strange quarks were involved.Nucleosynthesis (the highest big bang energy confirmed) occurred after the end of quark-hadron boundary, requiring ≈ 95% cold dark matter.

Explaining Gravitation Loses
Gravitational masses may be treated as pinpoint sources.However, it defies logic that the gravitational properties of an infinitely collapsing mass would be the same as normal matter.For gravitational losses, matter must be highly squeezed and not a gas of noninteracting particles (perfect fluid) nor a Quark-Gluon Plasma.Nucleons highly squeezed to 0.3 fm.must be packed so tightly by 10 16 gm/cm 3 that there is no more remaining space nor motion except quantum jitters at all.In order to construct a stress-energy tensor [15], the matter 4-velocity u = (dt, 0, 0, 0), possibly adding only the observer 4-velocity.The 4-momentum is where E = mγ, γ = 1 nonrelativistic and ∆x, ∆y, ∆z = 0.A volume element Σ composed of basis vectors e x , e y , e z have zero magnitudes as there is no flow of 4-momentum.An observer in his Lorentz frame will measure mass-energy density in gm/cm 3 T 00 = T (e 0 , e 0 ), with the observers 4-velocity u replaced by e 0 .If the box is at rest in the observers frame, all matter kinetic and quantum energy will be sufficiently damped except possibly quantum spin.Space-time interaction will cease, T 00 = 0. To construct a volume in spacetime with a parallelopipid, use four different vectors for edges A, B, C, D. The vectors in standard Lorentz frame are A = (∆t, 0, 0, 0), B = (0, ∆x, 0, 0), C = (0, 0, ∆y, 0) and D = (0, 0, 0, ∆z).A 4-volume is A volume integral of a tensor S defined over a four dimensional region V of spacetime, calculated in a Lorentz frame The energy density measured in such a volume E = mγ/V = 0 as is the density of the 4-momentum dp/dV = 0 per 3 dimensional volume in an observers Lorentz frame.In the following, j, k = (1, 2, or 3) in what really is a symmetric tensor.T j,0 = 0 is the momentum density, j component.T 0,k = 0 is the energy flux, k component.T j,k = 0 is the j component of force from matter and fields acting around x k .This keeps the tensor divergence ∇ • T = 0 as nothing is moving.
For rotations of immobile squeezed nucleons, let S be a spacelike hypersurface with arbitrary event A and coordinates x α (A) ≡ a α using globally inertial coordinates.Total angular momentum on S about A can be defined as and will add to total momentum only if present.Here If S is a hypersurface of constant time t then In the systems rest frame, let P 0 = M , P j = 0 and at the center of mass For a large mass, intrinsic angular momentum is defined angular momentum about any event (a 0 , x j cm ) on the world line of the center of mass.Here components S 0j = 0 and The intrinsic angular momentum 4-vector S µ has components in the rest frame (0,S) The 4-velocity center of a large highly squeezed mass U β ≡ P β /M = 0. Angular momentum is composed of intrinsic and orbital parts.An arbitrary event a whose perpendicular distance from the center of mass world line is and the orbital part With the angular momentum about A and the 4-momentum known (zero is this case) one can calculate the vector from A to the center of mass world line.
In a swarm of identical particles with event P inside the swarm, m A is the rest mass.u A is the 4-velocity, and p A is the 4-momentum.N A is the number of particles per unit volume, as measured in the particles own rest frame.The number flux vector The particles have ordinary velocity v A , zero in packed supranuclear densities.u o A is the the Lorentz correction for volume and velocity 1/(1 Consequently the 4-momentum density has components The flux of the µ component of momentum with perpendicular projection e j is Here superscripts (µ, o) and (µ, j) of the frame independent equation By summing over all categories, the total number flux vector and stress energy tensor are obtained for all particles in the swarm.If u A = 0, these will be zero.
The total momentum flux accross a closed 3-dimensional surface must vanish T µ0 d 3 σ a = 0.There is no flux and no sinks and there is no momentum at these supranuclear densities.
Thorne's hoop conjecture states a black hole forms only when a given amount of mass-energy collapses through its own Schwarzschild radius R S = 2M , thus achieving compactness M/R > 0.5.A sufficient large collapsing shell is necessary.If one starts with collapsing black hole nucleons, each weighing ≈ 1.672 × 10 −24 gm., maximally squeezed to 0.3 fm radius and each with internal repulsive pressures ∼ 10 35 pascals, they can not be packed to more than ≈ 10 16 gm/cm 3 density.Due to complete core gravitational loss with thermal jitters and possibly zero point motion suppressed (use stress-energy tensor formation above), collapsing matter can not overcome these internal pressures.This is the core of black holes.Not near Planck energies.Like neutron star cores, black holes will begin to lose gravitation by ≈ 5×10 14 gm/cm 3 .Once the core begins to form, its little to no gravitational energy and virtual non-compressibility blocks further gravitational collapse.It takes a total of 4M ⊙ , including the non-gravitational core to produce a black hole.The presence of a nongravitational core will reduce M gravitation but otherwise not affect gravitational waves in black hole-black hole coalescence.
In neutron stars, gravitational losses must begin in their cores with density ranges 10 14−15 gm/cm 3 .With a normal stressed medium, thermal jitters suppressed, having velocities |v| << 1 with respect to a specific Lorentz frame, the spacial components of the momentum are T 0j = m jk v k .Here Here T μν are components of the stress energy tensor in the rest frame of the medium.Inside a neutron star core, where velocities are known low, and probably zero T 00 = 0 ∼ T jk .After a collapse is halted by gravitational losses, the most highly squeezed particles in the core will act as an energy sink.Geometrized units will be employed such that c = 1 = G.From the second law of thermodynamics here s is the entropy of the matter and V ∝ a 3 is the co-moving volume.
Integrating gives dp = (ρ + p)/T dT .Substituting this into the above gives two equations, and The shell entropy change is ṡ2 = E s V /T 2 and the core is ṡ1 = −E s V /T 1 .
Normally the energy and entropy increment would follow the temperature differential to a lower temperature as with radiation and dust or with a scalar field and radiation.
Quantum effects cause some strange properties.Temperature is a function of the velocity or kinetic energies of the particles, The core temperature and entropy will be reduced in highly squeezed particles by gravitational caused confinement.Due to quantum gravity effects, core matter, with the most highly squeezed particles, will act like an continuous energy sink and drain surrounding shell matter of most energies.Thus cold dark matter originated in shell baryons.The big bang hot core was about 4−5% of the total mass.There is still baryon conservation dn/dτ = −n∇•u.Energy conservation will still occur.Only d(nsV )/dτ ≤ 0. Quantum gravity effects will put matter in better order, that is with less entropy and kinetic energy.These effects will also solve the following.
In 1997-1998 two teams of astronomers published work trying to determine the geometry of the Universe by using Supernova Type 1A as standard candles [18], [20].They found that the supernova were 10 − 15% further away than even a low density Universe Ω M = 0.2.An energy loss will affect the measured supernova distances of co-moving galaxies, shown in Fig. 1.The geometry dσ 2 = g ij (t, x t )dx i dx j of each hyperspace is assumed to be the same due to homogeneity of the universe.The initial hyper-surface S I 3-geometry is γ ij x K ≡ g ij (t I , x K ).At time t I on surface S I , they are separated by the proper distance ∆σ(t At some later time t f , they will be separated by some other proper distance ∆σ(t f ).When spacetime is isotropic, then the ratio ∆σ(t f )/∆σ ( t I ) will be related to the Universe scale factor a(t f ) at time t f .The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy probe combined with the Hubble Space Telescope resulted in a very small value for the cosmological constant Λ = 3.73 × 10 −56 cm −2 which corresponds to Ω Λ = (Λ)/(3H 2 0 ) = 0.721 ± .015[12].Here H 0 = 70.1 ± 1.3 km/sec/M pc.The loss in gravitational energy will cause galaxies no longer to be co-moving and to move away from the Hubble flow.The increasing distances measured between them is known as dark energy.

A Cyclical Universe
The Friedmann equation assumes a perfect fluid.It will be valid only hours into the big bang when large shell fragments captured hot core gases forming protogalaxies.The equations describing the scale factor evolution originate in the Ricci tensor.The 0-0 component of the Einstein equation is the Friedmann equation needing energy changes.In a Friedmann universe, radiation density is inversely related to the fourth power of the scale factor ρ r ∝ a −4 and matter follows the third power ρ m ∝ a −3 .
Here a o is our present day universe and Λ is Einstein's term for energy of empty space.The question has long been why the initial geometry of the universe was flat or k = 0 in the above equation.If all the initial radiation ρ r was embedded in the matter and participated in the subsequent expansion and gravitation of a fairly large mass r radius ∼ 10 12 cm., then the flatness problem is explained.Due to the matching of gravitation and expansion energies (k = 0 above), it is most unlikely anything but nucleons stopped the prior universe collapse or restarted the expansion.There was no free radiation prior to the big bang.The energetic core photons participated in the reexpansion and nucleosynthesis.The small dark energy value attributed to Λ is actually due to later galactic black hole gravitational loss as explained.Our universe cycles as follows as shown in Fig. 2.During the universe contraction phase, there is a growing ultra-max black hole.All matter and photons inside its gravitational radius (r + → 10 26 cm.) will follow null geodesics into the inside matter.Their energy will be slowly transferred to highly squeezed core particles.The collapsing universe will eventually force all remaining matter and radiation into the growing r + .With the loss of gravitational energy and entropy, a subsequent universe bounce will not increase in size from The Cyclical Universe started from a spherical shaped mass at or near limiting density.Due to the bounce, the Universe expands to a maximum and then contracts.During contraction, there is a growing ultramax black hole.The collapsing universe will eventually force all matter and radiation into its gravitational radius.Kinetic energy of shell particles and radiation will slowly transfer to core.The gravitational energy and gravitational radius will slowly decrease to zero (cycle time estimated).Then core potential energy can start a new cycle of same size.Entropy is not increased.
the previous cycle.By bounce time, the gravitational radius has decreased to zero, r + → 0. The very energetic core electrons and nucleons, loaded with radiation, powered the re-expansion as well as resulting gravity and nucleosynthesis.Nucleosynthesis thus occurred only in the core, leaving the shell as cold dark matter.If all the matter in the universe were in one supermass, its radius would be ∼ 10 12 cm.Its 4 − 5% core released photons with an initial temperature ∼ 10 17 degrees in a Planck spectrum.The cold baryonic shell surrounding the hot core absorbed and did not reflect hot core photons.
It comprised a cavity close to the characteristic of a perfect black body with resulting radiation in thermal equilibrium.
In the initial mass expansion, a cold shell surrounds the hot core.After energy had been transferred to confined core baryons, gravitation loss permitted the expansion.The core originated Planck spectrum radiation and shell originated dark matter and black holes.Whether released from a small hole or the massive break up of the shell, subsequent light emission would have a Planck spectrum with temperature fluctuations ∼ 10 −5 .The energy density was where k B is Boltzmann's constant.The first term on the right represents the number of electromagnetic modes of the standing waves at frequency ν per volume of cavity.The second term represents the average energy per mode at this frequency.The primordial spectrum of curvature perturbations can be represented as a power spectrum WMAP [12] showed that the power spectrum n s = 0.963 ± .014,which is nearly scale free.The heights of the acoustic peaks are related to the related to the densities of the hot and cold (CDM) baryons.The bulk modulus is reduced by increasing baryon fraction which adds inertia but not pressure to the plasma.In the middle of the oscillations, the over-density increases the compression peaks (1, 3, 5 . . .).The measured Ω b h 2 = 0.02258 ± .00056 is consistent with nucleosynthesis.The angular scale of the acoustic peaks are related to r s /d a , which is the sound horizon co-moving distance divided by the angular distance back to the last scattering.This allows the spacetime curvature from the first acoustic peak to be measured.It was found to be flat to within 0.5%, all consistent with a bounce model.
A 78 megahertz radio signal in the sky was caused by an unexpectedly strong interaction of primordial hydrogen with cold dark matter [3].This signal in the cosmic radio frequency spectrum measuring up to −600mK (milliKelvins) is a clear sign of scattering of baryons with cold dark matter particles.With just baryon-cold dark matter cooling the signal could not be more than −200mK.Its observed brightness related to the CMB in mK x HI is the mass fraction of neutral non-ionized hydrogen.Ω m is the cosmic mean matter density and Ω b is the baryon part.T S is the 21 cm.spinflip transition of hydrogen at z. T R is background radiation temperature.
The brightness temperature will be much enhanced from −200mK in prior models to −600mK if the cold dark matter is also neutral hydrogen.The cross-section for baryon-dark matter collisions σ c .σ 1 is the cross-section assuming the relative velocity of 1 km/sec.The dependence of the crosssection on velocity is assumed v −4 .The cross section increases greatly with decreasing velocity.
In order for the brightness temperature to be reached, a baryon size particle must be present.A brightness temperature of −500mK implies σ 1 > 5 × 10 −21 cm 2 and a cold dark matter particle m χ < 1.5GeV .−300mK implies a particle m χ < 4.3GeV .A particle m χ < 0.5GeV would be unable to cool baryons sufficiently and make a maximum signal of log[−T 21 mK] 2.2 − 2.3 or 160 − 170mk at best.With cold dark matter as atomic hydrogen HI, this enhancement is explained.The loss of Gaussian curve can be explained by early star formation in primordial galaxies producing small amounts of UV, X-ray or γ-ray radiation tending also to inhibit further star formation.Decoupling here is different from standard models as the hot gas is held in much lower orbits from most cold dark matter.A low gas temperature would enhance the Jeans mass necessary for early star formation.The dissipation of hot-cold baryonic relative velocities will also increase star formation.The initial capturing of energetic hot core baryons in lower black hole orbits with cold shell baryons in higher orbits will be explained below.Baryon inflo in dark matter halos was completed hours after the big bang.

Baryonic Galaxy Formation
Big bang fireballs can not make highly structured galaxies [6], [13], [14], [17], [21].Galactic properties have been shown to be a function of only one variable: the central black hole mass [26].For most galaxies, there is a uniform history for galactic evolution [23].There is a synchronization timescale (τ s ≈ 1.5Gyr) where galaxies of fixed mass and red-shift go through a deterministic sequence of star formation, quasar accretion and eventual quiescence.This sequence negates the importance of stochastic processes.Protogalaxies must form in the very initial stages of the radiation dominant era.Radiation would not be able to destroy structures containing black holes with orbiting hot hydrogen and helium gases.The integrated Sachs-Wolf effect was designed for photons descending into and emerging from a gravitational well.Here P R (k) is the primordial co-moving curvature spectrum.r LS is the co-moving radius to the last scattering surface.g is the Λ growth suppression factor.T (k) is the transfer function for suppression during radiation domination.k ′ is the conformal time derivative of the co-moving wave number.Note it does not include effects of orbiting hot gases with electrons obscuring matter imprints on the CMBR photons.Thus structures much larger than the currently allowed 10 4 M ⊙ could have been present in the last scattering surface without enlarging the isotropy from 10 −5 .Starting from a big bang shell and hot core, early galaxy formation and high inter-galactic correlations become simplified.The shell laid down a fairly even cold dark matter density ρ DM .The DM halo mass distribution for galactic systems ranging from dwarf discs and spheroidals to spirals and ellipticals has been found essentially constant [8].This result also spans almost the whole galaxy magnitude range M B from −8 to −22 and gaseous to stellar mass fraction range of many orders of magnitude.
where µ 0D is the central surface density and is defined as r 0 ρ 0 .r 0 is the halo core radius and ρ 0 is the central density.This same finding was supported by another group [10].Since all dark matter lies within a halo orbiting the primordial black holes, its total density field is where i is the different halos, u = ρ/M is the normalized density profile and M is the halo virial mass.Within the original dark matter halos, massive black holes coalesced.The dark matter from the center to periphery of early type galaxies has been evaluated from a galactic stellar mass M * ∼ 10 10 M ⊙ to the more massive galaxies 10 12 M ⊙ [25].N-body simulations predict the the dark matter density profile ρ DM (r) should be independent of halo mass.
In the NFW profile it is described by two power laws.In the outer regions it is ρ DM (r) ∝ r −3 and in the center ρ DM (r) ∝ r α .Here α can vary −1 or −1.5 depending on the model.What has actually been found is a variation around the inverse gravitational square law (α = −2), as the halos are orbiting the primordial black holes.Galaxies larger than 3×10 10 M * have lower slopes than α ≈ 2 due to accretion of halo mass from smaller satellite galaxies.Smaller satellite galaxies under 3 × 10 10 M * have larger slopes due to loss of outlying halo matter.The rotation of the larger galaxies above this break point has been found highly correlated and perpendicular to the filament that they are located [9].The rotation of 65 galactic black holes has been found aligned using their radio galactic jets [24].The rotation of the smaller galaxies has been found parallel to the cosmic web that they belong.The hot core blast wave, which followed after the dark matter-black hole foundation, crossed these structures in a mostly perpendicular direction.The already formed larger black holes, with rotation already in the plane of their filaments, did not have their rotation direction changed during the capturing process.The smaller galaxies, in orbit around the larger galaxies as satellites, were forced to change their rotation into the plane of the filament.Large and small shell masses were driven into the universe forming filaments.Larger masses coalesced into black holes which held a fairly even density of smaller dark matter.Later hot core gas was captured according to the depth of the gravitational well.During capturing process, larger black holes, unlike smaller black holes, did not change the direction of rotation.The deeper the gravitational wells, the higher the velocity and more orbiting mass that could be captured.The capturing process described is divided by distance from the primordial black holes M .Outside the immediate area of black hole influence, capturing of hot core matter m streaming through the area of influence of each black hole is due to the amount of energy each particle possesses.Large kinetic energies result in hyperbolic or parabolic type orbits with the ability to escape any given gravitational well.Matter that is captured has the potential energy greater than the kinetic, As GM = ṙ2 r, then the galactic well will deepen as M ∝ ṙ2 or M ∝ r.The last term in equation above becomes ṙ8 /M 2 G 2 .When this term is dominant, it will allow capturing matter with ṙ to increase as the fourth power as the galactic black hole M increases, ṙ ∝ M 4 .This explains the Tully-Fisher and similar correlations [22].The black hole capturing cross sectional area, M csa ∝ M gravity since both scale as r 2 .
With the two stage gravitational formation process, angular momentum is preserved.Halo parameters are related to the luminous mass distribution since all rotating mass was captured by a given size black hole.An entirely baryonic model explains why the circular orbital speed from luminous matter, which dominates the inner regions, is so similar to dark matter at larger radii.With many stars in the center areas, initial conditions for dark and luminous matter no longer have to be closely adjusted to produce a flat rotation curve [11].The hot core matter of a certain velocity can be captured by the similarly sized black holes, explaining why there are similar circular speeds in all galaxies of a given luminosity no matter how the luminous matter is spaced.The depth of the gravitational well determines the circular speed and luminosity of captured matter.The hot and cold matter discrepancies are detectable only at accelerations below ∼ 10 −8 cm/sec 2 since they are all baryons.Much of the missing baryonic matter has been found in the intergalactic medium [16].

Discussion
General relativity has been extrapolated in black holes and the big bang to enormous energies and densities without consideration of properties of matter.Lightly squeezing nucleons like neutron stars will result in a light reduction of gravitational energy.Highly squeezing nucleons as in pre-big bang matter and black holes will result in elimination of gravitational energy.Counter-intuitively, this seems true regardless of the amount of radiation energy present.Using evidence of these quantum effects in the stress-energy tensor T µν → 0, very simple 'quantum gravity' can be produced.The gravitational losses including dark energy can't be explained any other way.Once damping of motion in highly squeezed particles is included, general relativity remains valid throughout the Universe.A cold shell and hot core produced the Planck spectrum radiation.The cold shell dispersion led to the great wall, filaments and voids.The basis of almost all galaxies formed simultaneously as cold dark shell matter coalesced into black holes.which captured subsequent hot core gases into protogalaxies.The formed stars ionized the intergalactic medium from z = 6 − 11.The fact that the Higgs Boson is 125 GeV and not larger, eliminates nonbaryonic matter as dark matter.
Gravitation is described by the Riemann metric.No negative energies are required nor is a vacuum energy necessary for empty space.The fact that initial universe had flat space time despite the apparent early radiation energy dominance has been explained.Since the origin of the big bang is a bounce, it should recollapse into the big crunch ∼ 100 billion years.The resulting neutrons will eventually decompose into the protons and electrons for hydrogen and helium during the next cycle.Black holes must continuously accrete mass-energy to maintain their gravitational strength.Gravity is not caused by matter itself but rather by the motion of matter particles.Galaxies were made in a two stage process.First the big bang shell laid down all halos and super-massive black holes.Then hot core gases were captured according to the size of each gravitational well.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2:The Cyclical Universe started from a spherical shaped mass at or near limiting density.Due to the bounce, the Universe expands to a maximum and then contracts.During contraction, there is a growing ultramax black hole.The collapsing universe will eventually force all matter and radiation into its gravitational radius.Kinetic energy of shell particles and radiation will slowly transfer to core.The gravitational energy and gravitational radius will slowly decrease to zero (cycle time estimated).Then core potential energy can start a new cycle of same size.Entropy is not increased.