Study of Adsorption Properties of Bentonite Clay

The clay used in this study was the bentonite from Mostagnem, Algeria. This material is used in many fields such as drilling, foundry, painting, ceramics, etc. It can also be applied in the treatment of wastewaters from chemical industries by means of adsorption. In this chapter the physicochemical properties of bentonite were determined by using several analyses techniques such as chemical composition, XRD, FTIR and SBET. The bentonite was intercalated by aluminum polycations solution and cethytrimethyl ammonium bromide. The acid activation of natural bentonite was performed by treatment with hydrochloric acid at different concentrations. The surface water pollutants removed by the modified bentonites are bemacid yellow E-4G and reactive MX-4R dyes, and fungicide chlorothalinil. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the related isotherms. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The changes of enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of adsorption process were also calculated.


Introduction
Bentonite clay is a volcanic rock that was deposited as volcanic ash in fresh or salt water millions of years ago.It was first discovered in 1890 in Wyoming (Montana, USA) near the Fort Benton site, hence its name.Currently there are a large number of bentonite deposits in the world, in USA, in Europe, in North Africa, in Japan, in China … In Algeria, the most economically important bentonite deposits are found in the west.We note in particular the quarry of Maghnia (Tlemcen) with reserves estimated at one million tons and that of M'zila (Mostaganem) with reserves of two million tons [1,2].
Bentonite is very soft plastic clay composed mainly of montmorillonite, a clay mineral 2: 1 type of phyllosilicate family formed of fine particles.Montmorilonite consists of two tetrahedral layers (SiO 4 ) separated by an octahedral layer (Al(OH) 6 ), its chemical formula is (Al, M 2+ ) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 , n H 2 O with M 2+ = Mg, Fe, … (Figure 1) [3].The total thickness of the sheet is approximately 14 Å.Montmorillonites has a negative charge on the surface, neutralized by compensating cations, the main origin of this surface charge comes from isomorphic substitutions resulting from the replacement of the metal cations of the lattice by cations of the same size but of lower charge (the substitution Al 3 + by Mg 2 + or Fe 2+ and the substitution of Si 4 + by Al 3 + ).
Bentonite has a privileged place in the purification of water [4,5].High specific surface area, chemical and mechanical stabilities, layered structure, high cation exchange capacity (CEC), tendency to hold water in the interlayer sites, and the presence of Brønsted and Lewis acidity have made clays excellent adsorbent materials [6,7].The chemical nature and pore structure of bentonite generally determine their adsorption ability [8,9].
The adsorption properties of natural clay minerals can often be improved either by intercalation of organic, inorganic, or organometallic molecules in the interlamellar space, or by heat or acid treatments [10,11].XRD measurements show that intercalation increases the spacing between layers.Among these modifications, the insertion of clays by poly cationic solutions has been used widely in recent years [12,13].In addition to their catalytic power, they are presented as excellent adsorbents.The main qualities that these pillared clays can develop are a high specific surface area and a large pore volume.
For the poly cation intercalation pillars to execute correctly, the synthesis protocol must pass through three steps: the first is to prepare the pillaring solution based on multivalent cation such as Al 3+ , Fe 3+ or Cr 3+ .The second is the impregnation of the polycationic solution within the interlayer space [10,14].The last step is the calcination at temperature between 400 and 500 °C in order to solidify the pillars [15].Some examples for montmorillonite intercalating by polycations cited in literature are the following: china montmorillonite was pillared by solution of Al 13 polycations to eliminate cadmium [16], the bentonite of Turkish origin pillared with Fe and Cr was applied as adsorbent for carbon oxide (CO 2 ) and hydrogen H 2 [17], the Al/Ti and Al/Zr-pillared montmorillonites from Brazilian Amazon was used for zinc cation removal [18] and Fe/Zr-pîllared montmorilointe (Guangdong, China) was tested for Cr(VI) removal [19].
The organic intercalation of montmorillonite can significantly enhance the organophilicity of the resultant product.Cationic organic compounds, such as surfactant cations, exchange the interlayer cations of montmorillonite [20], and the resulting organoclay is excellent for diverse organic pollutants, e.g.phenol [21], dye [22], and VOCs [23,24].Quaternary alkylammonium compounds (bromides or chlorides) are the most commonly employed for intercalation into bentonites.Due to their long-chain they offered to the clays a larger interlayer spacing.The most quaternary ammonium surfactants used are cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB), tetramethyl ammonium (TMA), trimethyl-phenyl ammonium (TMPA), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Unfortunately, sometimes the insertion of a surfactant weakens the specific surface of an organo-clay.To remedy this disadvantage, it's preferable to combine the intercalation of organic pillar with another mineral.For example, Jiang et al. used hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide added to Al/Fe-pillared montmorillonite [25].Zhu's group prepared an intercalated montmorillonite with both hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and Al13 cations, and discussed the influence of the addition sequence of these two modifiers on the final products [26].
Another method applied to improve adsorption capacity of bentonite consists of the reaction of clay minerals with a strong mineral acid solution, usually hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ).Acid activation leads to modification of Mt. with improved properties such as enhanced surface area, pore diameters, number of acid sites, and catalytic activities.The treatment of the naturally occurring and purified Mt. with hot mineral acid replaces exchangeable cations with H + ions.Gradual leaching of Al 3+ out of both tetrahedral and octahedral sites occurs, but the silicate groups remain largely intact [27,28].
Dyes released into wastewaters of different industrial plants such as dye manufacturing, textile, paper and food, are toxic, not degradable and stable.The presence of these substances in the surface waters can be carcinogenic and causes damage to human beings, such as dysfunction of kidneys and central nervous system [29,30].
Pesticides are synthesized substances or biological agents used for attracting any pest.They are mainly applied in agriculture to protect crops from insects, weeds, and bacterial or fungal diseases during growth [31].Some pesticides, like fungicides are used to kill or inhibit growth of fungi or insects that parasitize crops [32].Pesticides originating from human activity can also enter water bodies through surface runoff, leaching, and/or erosion.Pesticides can cause endocrine disruptions and neurological disturbancies, influence immune system, reproduction and development [33].
Wastewaters containing dyes or pesticides are often treated by conventional methods as ozonation, membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, oxidation, ion exchange coagulation and adsorption [34][35][36][37][38]. Adsorption is considered as an attractive and favorable alternate for the removal of dyes and other organic molecules from wastewater streams.Many efforts have been made to find an appropriate adsorbent.Clay adsorbents enable to adsorb anionic and cationic pollutants such as dyes, pesticides and metal ions.
In this context, the present chapter focused in the application of Mostaganem bentonite in the treatment of natural water contaminated by dyes and pesticide.We will also study the phenomenon of adsorption of these pollutants through the use of mathematical models to determine the reaction mechanism, kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption.

Materials and methods
Bentonite used in this investigation was purchased from M'zila deposit (Mostaganem, Algeria).This material is commercialized as industrial charge bentonite without additives by ENOF Company.The physicochemical properties of bentonite are resumed in chemical composition, point of zero charge, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and different analyses techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM and Specific surface area (BET).
The aim of the present study was the adsorption of two dyes, acid yellow E-4G and reactive yellow MX-4R.For this purpose two adsorbents were used: (i) bentonite intercalated by hydroxy-aluminum cations, (ii) bentonite pillared by cethyltrimethyl ammonium cation.
Bemacid A stock solution (1.0 g/L) of dye was prepared by dissolving accurate weight amount in deionized water and the other concentrations were obtained by dilution of this stock dye solution.
The product chlorothalonil (Chl) fungicide was removed by acid activated bentonite from aqueous solution.Chl was obtained by Syngenta Protection of Plants S.A, Bale, Switzerland.It contains 400 g/L of chlorothalonil in the form of concentrated suspension with some impurities.The Chl is an inhibitor of spore germination, which acts on various enzymes and on the metabolism of fungi.The chemical formula of Chl is C 8 Cl 4 N 2 , and its molecular weight is 265.93 g/mol.The solubility of chlorothalonil in water is 0.6 mg/L at 20 °C.

Preparation of pillared bentonite
The Al(III)-modified bentonite was obtained by mixing AlCl 3 solution (0.2 mol/L) with sodium hydroxide solution (0.2 mol/L) at 60 °C, up to the molar ratio OH − /Al 3+ = 2 [39].The solution was aged at room temperature for three days before using.The resulting pillaring solution was added to the bentonite by stirring for 4 h at 70 °C at the ratio of 50 mmol oligomeric cations per gram of bentonite [40].The slurry was stirred for 24 h at room temperature, filtered, and washed repeatedly with deionized water.The solid was dried at 80 °C and kept in a sealed bottle.The pillared bentonite obtained was designated as B-Al.

Preparation of CTAB-intercalated bentonite
The surfactant CTAB intercalated bentonite was synthesized as follows: the amount of CTAB (175 mg) corresponding to 1.0 times CEC of bentonite was dissolved in 1 L of distilled water at ambient temperature and stirred for 24 h.A total of 1 g bentonite was added to 100 mL surfactant solution.The dispersion was stirred for 4 h at 60 °C.The separated sample was washed several times and dried at 80 °C.The final product was noted as B-CTAB.

Acid activation of bentonite
Raw bentonite was treated by hydrochloric acid (HCl) (37% purity, Merck) at different concentrations (0.1, 1 and 6 N) at 70 °C.The amounts of 4 g of each treated sample were added to 400 mL of acid solution [41].The contact time of the samples with the acid solution was fixed as 4 hours.At the end of treatment, the bentonite was washed several times with distilled water and dried over night at 80 °C [42].

Adsorption experiment
The adsorption experiments were carried out in a series of Erlenmeyer flasks containing 0.1 g of B-Al or B-CTAB and 20 mL of dyes aqueous solution at the desired concentration and initial pH (adjusted with hydrochloric acid 0.1 N or Study of Adsorption Properties of Bentonite Clay DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.965240.1 N NaOH) in ambient temperature bath (23 °C).After shaking for 3 h of contact time, the flasks were removed and the concentration of MX-4R and E-4G after the adsorption was analyzed by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 425 and 400 nm, respectively.The adsorbed amount of dye (mg/g) was calculated as follow: where, q e (mg/g) is the equilibrium adsorption capacity, C 0 the initial dye concentration, C e the equilibrium dye concentration (mg/L), V the volume of solution (L) m is the mass of the adsorbent (g).
The chlorothalonil was prepared in the range of initial concentrations 100-500 mg/L, in order to know the maximum amount of fungicide that bentonite can adsorb.For each experiment, 20 mL of pesticide solution was added to 0.1 g of the solid.The suspension was shaken at room temperature (23 °C) for 3 h.The chlorothalonil was detected by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 360 nm.
The pH PZC value purified bentonite was found as 6.8.This value informs us about the electric charge on the solid surface.At pH value below than pH PZC the electrical charge on the surface is positive, it will be negative at pH higher than pH PZC .Cation exchange capacity of natural bentonite was determined to be 112 meg/100 g by applying the conductimetric titration method [44].The BET specific surface area measured via Quantachrome instrument was found 59.02 m 2 /g.The diffractogram of raw bentonite was shown in Figure 2. The bentonite sample contains some mineral phases such as the Montmonrillonite (M), Kaolinite (K), Calcite (C), Quartz (Q ) and Dolomite (D).The characteristic peak d 001 of montmorillonite appears at 2θ = 5.5°, the kaolinite is observed at 2θ = 10° and the peak of calcite appears at 2θ = 31°.
The FT-IR spectrum of raw bentonite was performed with Agilent Cary 630 Spectrometer in range of 4000-400 cm −1 .The FT-IR analysis illustrated in Figure 3 shows an intensive band at 1000 cm −1 which is attributed to the Si-O in plan stretching vibration and other bands at 520 and 470 cm −1 assigned to Al-O-Si (octahedral Al) and Si-O-Si bending vibrations, respectively [45].The small band at 1620 cm −1 is attributed to the deformation vibrations of the O-H bond of the constitution water.The band at 3620 cm −1 is assigned to hydroxyl groups Al 3+ is partially replaced by Fe 3+ and Mg 2+ .
The images of scanning electron microscope were made by microscope JSM-6360 to observe the morphology of bentonite particles.According to the Figure 4 the particles were formed by heterogeneous aggregates of different shape and size.It appears that these grains constitute a stack of sheets probably representing the clay layers.On the surface of the sample, a small luminous crystallite settles, may be of free silica (quartz).
According to the XRD analysis realized with INEL CPS 120 instrument employing cobalt radiation (λ = 0.178 nm), the hydroxy-aluminum polycations exchange increases the d 001 value to 14.3 Å, but the peak was much less intense compared to that of natural bentonite (Figure 5).The reduction in diffractogram might be caused by collapsing of the Mt.layers due to partial incongruent phase transition of hydroxy-Al into Fe/Al oxides and their interactions during aging and drying, as suggested by Thomas et al. [46].
The addition of surfactant causes the increasing of basal spacing of the bentonite around 18 Å, indicating location of CTA + ions between layers of montmorillonite.In order to increase more again the basal spacing, it must be increase in CTA + concentration, because as known, the amount of added surfactant has a direct effect on the interlayer expansion of Mt.
The pillaring bentonite with hydroxy-aluminum and CATB generated an enhancement of specific surface area where the values found were 110 and 194.4 m 2 /g for B-Al and B-CTAB, respectively.These values were very higher than that of untreated bentonite (59.02 m 2 /g).In the case of Al-modified bentonite the specific surface area was increased significantly but a slight increase was noted  through the basal spacing.This is due to the existence of electrostatic bonding between the negatively charges layers and pillaring oligocations in uncalcined Al-pillared clay.
The second application deals with the acid activation of Algerian bentonite and testing of his capacity to remove the chlorothalonil fungicide in aqueous solution.The hydrochloric acid solutions were used in the concentration range of 0.1-6 N.
The specific surface area of bentonite treated by 1 N (BA1N) and 6 N (BA 6 N) of hydrochloric acid were determined as 82.22 and 80.55 m 2 /g, respectively.We see that the specific surface areas of both activated bentonites are almost identical, which are much higher than that of the raw bentonite (59.02 m 2 /g).The specific surface area greatly increases at the acid concentration of 1 N, but slightly decreases at the concentrations higher than this value and then does not change much.Similar results were found by activating bentonite with sulfuric acid [47,48].
The XRD patterns of raw and activated bentonites at various concentrations (0.1, 1 and 6 N) were shown in Figure 6.We note that there is no difference between the spectra of BN and BA 0.1 N. The concentration of 0.1 N of hydrochloric solution seems not be sufficient to make significant changes in the structure of  bentonite.This means that it is a cation exchange causing the substitution of the exchangeable cations of interlayer space by protons H + .In contrast to the sample treated with 0.1 N, the samples BA 1 N and BA 6 N undergo a significant structural modification according to the XRD spectra, where we notice that the peaks of montmorillonite and the kaolinite almost disappeared, while that of the illite is reduced in intensity.So from 1 N concentration of HCl, the clay minerals of bentonite are exposed to the direct effect of acid leading to the destruction of the basic clay sheets.
This process generally increases the surface area and the acidity of the clay minerals [49].

Adsorption isotherms of dyes and models fitting
The adsorption isotherms are realized at different initial concentrations of dyes, adsorbent dose was 5 g/L, and pH effect was tested and maximum adsorbed amount of dye was noted at pH = 2-3.The isotherms are formed by amount of dye adsorbed by the plot vs. equilibrium concentration.The adsorption isotherms of MX-4R and E-4G by the pillared bentonites are presented in Figure 7.The results show that the amount of dye adsorbed increases with the increase in equilibrium concentration of dye.All isotherms are of S-shape according to the classification of Giles et al. [50].This type of isotherm originates from the cooperative isothermal adsorption, i.e. the adsorbed molecules promote higher adsorption of other molecules and tend to be adsorbed in groups.The maximum adsorbed amounts registered were 93.91 and Study of Adsorption Properties of Bentonite Clay DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.9652492.75 mg/g for MX-4R and E-4G respectively, attributed to B-CTAB sample.Those of B-Al adsorbent were 66.08 and 87.72 mg/g, respectively.According to these results, the B-CTAB sample has adsorption capacity most important than that of B-Al for the both dyes, in same operating conditions.
The adsorption isotherms were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich equations expressed in linear forms in relations ( 2) and ( 3), respectively: where Q 0 is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g), and K L (L/mg) is a constant that relates to the heat of adsorption.
K F and n are the Freundlich constants, indicating the capacity and intensity of adsorption, respectively.
The Langmuir and Freundlich constants and the linear regression correlations (R 2 ) for both isotherms model are listed in Table 1.The results reveal that the adsorption isotherms correlate with Freundlich model because the correlation coefficient (R 2 ) values obtained were above 0.98, while the model of Langmuir describes less well the experimental data where the linearization constants were insignificant except in the case of MX-4R.However Freundlich model is well used to describe the adsorption behavior of dyes on the both materials.This can be explained by the fact that the Langmuir equation is valid for monolayer adsorption onto a surface containing a finite number of identical sites, while Freundlich isotherm represents satisfactorily the sorption data on heterogeneous surfaces.

Adsorption kinetics of dyes
To evaluate the adsorption rate, the adsorption kinetic was examined by pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models.The evolution of adsorption capacity of MX-4R and E-4G dyes increases over time and attained an equilibrium state around 60 min.The adsorption rates of the E-4G and MX-4R by intercalated bentonites are rapid early in the process and becoming slower over time.The pseudo-first order kinetic using the linear Lagergren equation is generally expressed as follows [51]: where q t is amount adsorbed of dye at time t (mg/g) and k 1 is the rate constant of the pseudo-first order model (min −1 ).The k 1 and q e were calculated from the slope and intercept of plots ln(q e -q t ) versus t, respectively.
The pseudo-second order kinetic is expressed as follows [52]: where k 2 is the rate constant of the pseudo-second order model for the adsorption process (g/mg.min).Plots of t/q t against t have been drawn to obtain the rate parameters.
The calculated q e values agree with the experimental q e values, and the correlation coefficients for the pseudo-second-order kinetic plots were also found to be very high (R 2 = 0.98), indicating that pseudo-second order model fitted very well the kinetic adsorption.The pseudo second order model is based on the assumption that the rate limiting step may be chemisorption which involves valence forces by sharing or electron exchange between the adsorbent and the adsorbate [53].According to the Table 2, the rate constants increase from 0.002 and 0.011 g.mg −1 min −1 (B-CTAB) to 0.922 and 0.912 g.mg −1 min −1 (B-Al).This means that the adsorption of dyes onto B-Al is a fast reaction, and CTABmodified bentonite has a best adsorption capacity due to its high porosity and its large specific surface area.

Adsorption isotherms of chlorothalonil
The Figure 8 shows the adsorption of Chl by the activated bentonite.This figure indicates that the adsorbed amount of Chl onto raw and activated bentonite increases in parallel with the equilibrium concentration.The experimental isotherm obtained here may be classified as type S referring to the classification of Giles et al.This type of isotherm originates from the cooperative isothermal adsorption, i.e. the adsorbed molecules promote higher adsorption of other molecules and tend to be adsorbed in groups.We note also that the activated bentonite adsorbs much better than the natural bentonite.When the activated

Model
Langmuir Freundlich  heterogeneous systems with interaction between the molecules adsorbed.As seen from Table 3, the values of regression coefficients R 2 were close to the unit and the 1/n values were less than unity which indicates that the adsorption intensity was favorable and was a physical process.On the other hand, the experimental data fitted by Langmuir model were insignificant in terms of adsorption; this is why they are not mentioned.

Adsorption heats of chlorothalonil
In the case of adsorption of molecules on a solid surface, the Gibbs energy is composed of two functions, the enthalpy function (H), which is measure of the energy of interaction between the molecules and the adsorbent surface, and the entropy function (S), which reflects the change and the arrangement of molecules in the liquid phase and on the surface.The free energy ΔG was calculated according the following relation: The distribution coefficient K d (L/g) is calculated from the following Equations [54,55]: ( ) where ΔH°, ΔS°, and T are the adsorption enthalpy (kJ/mol), entropy (J/mol.K) and temperature in Kelvin, respectively, and R is the gas constant (8.31 J/mol.K).The slope and intercept of the plot of ln K d versus 1/T correspond to ΔH°/R and ΔS°/R, respectively.
It can be seen from Table 4 that the calculated ΔG° values have negative signs, indicating that the adsorption process is spontaneous in the experimental conditions and the spontaneity increases with increasing of temperature.All enthalpy values are positive, showing that the adsorption process is endothermic.The magnitude of enthalpy values suggests that the adsorption of Chl onto activated bentonite was physic in nature.The entropy values were positive that means the molecules disorder was located in interface solution/solid.

Table 1 .
Linearization constants of Langmuir and Freundlich equations.Study of Adsorption Properties of Bentonite Clay DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96524samples were compared, it was found that the maximum amount of adsorption (38.42 mg/g) was observed for BA 1 N.The isotherm model fit the experimental data very well is Freundlich model.The Freundlich equation is an empirical equation that can be used for

Table 2 .
Constants rates of the E-4G and MX-4R adsorption by B-Al and B-CTAB.
Adsorption isotherms of Chl onto activated bentonite.Sample T (

Table 3 .
The constants of Freundlich model.

Table 4 .
Heats adsorption of Chl onto activated bentonite.